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How to Cite a Book in APA

Book – A written work or composition that has been published – typically printed on pages bound together.

Understanding how to cite books will provide you with the basis for citation conventions in APA style. Books are key components of many papers and are often an invaluable resource, so this guide will show you how to format reference page citations and in-text citations for APA 7th edition.

Citing a book in which the chapters are written by different authors is a little more involved than citing other types of books. You will find information on this type of book in this guide, but you can find also find more in-depth information here, in the article How to Cite a Chapter in a Book APA . That article is also helpful for in-text citations that include page numbers.

Guide Overview

What you need.

• Citing a book (print)
• Citing an E-book (online or digital book)
• Citing a book (found in a database)
• Citing an audiobook
• Citing a book with an editor credited on the cover
• Citing an edited book

Troubleshooting

In APA, a basic book citation includes the following information:

• Author’s name
• Title of the book
• Publisher of the book
• Year published

Additional information is needed when citing:

• DOI or stable URL if available
• Name of the translator or editor
• Title of the translator or editor (trans. or ed. respectively)
• Name of the chapter author
• Name of the chapter
• Name of the book editor or author
• Page numbers or ranges used
• Volume numbers and/or edition numbers
• New edition number
• Name of forward or introduction author if applicable
• Original publication date

Citing a book in APA (print)

View Screenshot

Note: Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and any subtitles (the first word that follows a colon), as well as the first letter of any proper nouns. See our APA Citation Basics guide or the APA Publication Manual for more information.

Citing an E-book in APA (online or digital book)

An e-book is considered a written work or composition that has been digitized and is readable through computers or e-readers (Kindles, iPads,nooks etc.). As of the APA 7th edition, a special notation does not need to be made for e-reader versions. Simply include the book’s URL or DOI number at the end of the citation. However, if you’re citing an audiobook, scroll down this page to see the different citation structure for audiobooks.

Citing a book in APA (found in a database)

Some e-books may be available online through your library’s databases or catalogs. According to the 7th edition of APA style, most books found via academic databases do not need to include the database name or link in the citation. This is because these books are usually widely available in many place and resources.

Citing an audio book in APA

An audiobook is a book that has been converted into audio files or an audio format. They are also sometimes called “books on tape.”

Citing a book with an author and an editor

Citing an edited book (no single author credited).

Here is a video that reviews book citations in APA style:

Solution #1: How to cite a book in another language

Books written in another language should contain the translation in brackets next to the title. If the language contains characters that are different from the Roman alphabet, transliterate the alphabet into the Roman alphabet for your citation.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year). Title of the book in original language [Translated title]. Publisher.

Sanchez, E. (2018).  Yo no soy tu perfecta hija Mexicana  [I am not your perfect Mexican daughter]. Vintage Espanol.

Solution #2: How to cite a republished translated book

For translated books, include the name of the original author at the start of the citation, but for the year, include the date of publication for the version you are using. After the title, include the translator’s name, and after the publisher, provide the original publication date. For in-text citation, two dates are required. Write the date of the original publication first, then add a slash followed by the current version that you are using.

Reference page structure:

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year). Title of the work (Translator’s F. Last name, Trans.; Edition number ed.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Reference page example:

Freud, S. (1950). Beyond the pleasure principle (J. Strachey, Trans., 2nd ed.). Liveright. (Original work published 1920)

In-text citation structure:

Parenthetical structure: (Author last name, date of original publication/date of current version) Narrative structure: Author last name (date of original publication/date of current version)

In-text citation example:

                  Parenthetical example: (Freud, 1920/1950)

        Narrative example: Freud (1920/1950)

Solution #3: How to cite an ancient Greek or Roman work

Much like translated versions, include the original date of publication after the publisher (or DOI link). However, for ancient texts, be sure to include “ca.” (which stands for “circa”) with the date, followed by B.C.E. or C.E. For the in-text citation, you will also need to include ca. and B.C.E. or C.E. after the author’s name, followed by the date of the current version.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year). Title of the work (Translator’s F. Last name, Trans.; Edition number ed.). Publisher. (Original work published ca. date)

Homer. (1990). The odyssey (R. Fitzgerald, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published ca. 8 B.C.E.)

Parenthetical structure: Author last name, original date of the work/current version date

                     Narrative structure: Author last name (original date of the work/current version date)

                   Parenthetical example: (Homer, ca. 8 B.C.E./1990)

Narrative example: Homer (ca. 8 B.C.E./1990)

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

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To cite a book in APA style, you need to have basic information including the authors, publication year, book title, and publisher. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of a book written by a single author along with examples are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Dean (2010)

Parenthetical

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Dean, 2010)

Reference list entry template and example:

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Book title: Subtitle of the book . Publisher Name.

Dean, J. (2010). Blog theory: Feedback and capture in the circuits of drive . Polity Press.

Set the book title in italics and sentence case. Capitalize the first word after a colon. If an edition number is given, place it after the title in parenthesis. The style should be, for example, (2nd ed.).

To cite a book chapter with multiple authors in APA style, you need to have basic information including the names of the authors, publication year, chapter title, editors, publisher, and place of publication. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of a book chapter along with examples are given below:

When the source has 3–20 authors

In the text, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”

First Author Surname et al. (Publication Year)

Rong et al. (2017)

(Author Surname et al., Publication Year)

(Rong et al., 2017)

List the names of all authors in the reference list. Use “&” before the last author’s name. The book title is set in italics. The word “In” is used before the editor’s name. Note that the style for setting the editors’ names is the initial of the first name (and if applicable, the middle name) followed by the surname. Use “(Eds.)” after the editors’ name. Do not include the publisher’s location in the reference. The example below is for three author names.

Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F.M., &  Author Surname, F.M. (Publication Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In F. Editor1 & F. Editor2 (Eds.), Book title (pp. #–#). Publisher Name.

Rong, X. L., Hilburn, J., & Sun, W. (2017). Immigration, demographic changes, and schools in North Carolina from 1990 to 2015. In X. Rong & J. Hilburn (Eds.), Immigration and education in North Carolina (pp. 1–24). Sense.

When the source has more than 20 authors

In the text, use the first author’s surname followed by et al.

Alvarez et al. (2019)

(Alvarez et al., 2019)

List the first 19 author’s names in the reference list followed by an ellipsis. Then add the last author’s name.

Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., . . . Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In F. Editor1 & F. Editor2 (Eds.), Book title (pp. #–#). Publisher Name.

Alvarez, L. D., Peach, J. L., Rodriguez, J. F., Donald, L., Thomas, M., Aruck, A., Samy, K., Anthony, K., Ajey, M., Rodriguez, K. L., Katherine, K., Vincent, A., Pater, F., Somu, P., Pander, L., Berd, R., Fox, L., Anders, A., Kamala, W., . . . Nicole Jones, K. (2019). Unsung psychology pioneers: A content analysis of who makes history (and who doesn’t). In R. Lerner & W. Overton (Eds.), The handbook of life-span development (pp. 509–553). Wiley.

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APA Style (7th Edition) Citation Guide: Books & Ebooks

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Biblical Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Films/Videos/TV Shows
• How to Cite: Other
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Book In Print With One Author

Book in Print More Than One Author

Chapters, Short Stories, Essays, or Articles From a Book (Anthology or Collection)

Article in an online reference book (e.g. encyclopedias, dictionaries).

Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.

Authors/Editors

An author won't necessarily be a person's name. It may be an organization or company, for example Health Canada. These are called group or corporate authors.

If a book has no author or editor, begin the citation with the book title, followed by the year of publication in round brackets.

If an author is also the publisher, omit the publisher from the reference. This happens most often with corporate or group authors.

When a book has one to 20 authors or editors, all authors' names are cited in the Reference List entry. When a book has 21 or more authors or editors, list the first 19 authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.

Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title. If there is a colon (:) in the title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

Capitalize the first letter of proper names in titles, such as names of places or people. 

Italicize titles of journals, magazines, newspapers, and books. Do not italicize the titles of articles or book chapters.

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.

Place of Publication

Do not include the publisher location in the reference. Only for works associated with a specific location, like conference presentations, include the location. For cities in the US and Canada list the city name and the province or state code. For other countries, list the city name and the country. Examples: Toronto, ON ; Tokyo, Japan

Electronic Books

Don't include the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) in the reference. Include the publisher name. For audiobooks, include the narrator and audiobook notation.

Ebooks from Websites (not from library databases)

If an ebook from a website was originally published in print, give the author, year, title, edition (if given) and the url. If it was never published in print, treat it like a multi-page website.

Book In Print With One Author or Editor

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.

Note: If the named person is an editor, place "(Ed.)." after the name.

Mulholland, K. (2003). Class, gender and the family business . Palgrave McMillan. 

In-Text Paraphrase:

(Author's Last Name, Year)

Example: (Mulholland, 2003)

In-Text Quote:

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (Mulholland, 2003, p. 70)

Book in Print More Than One Author or Editor

Last Name of First Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given, & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name.

Note: Authors' names are separated by commas. Put a comma and an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author cited.

Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."

Note: If the listed names are editors rather than authors, include "(Eds.)." at the end of the list of names. The below example shows a list of editors.

Reference List Example:

Kaakinen, J., Coehlo, D., Steele, R., Tabacco, L., & Hanson, H. (Eds.). (2015). Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research (5th ed.). F.A. Davis Company.

In-text Citation

Two Authors/Editors

(Kaakinen & Coehlo, 2015)

Direct quote: (Kaakinen & Coehlo, 2015, p. 57)

Three or more Authors/Editors

(Kaakinen et al., 2015)

Direct quote: (Kaakinen et al., 2015, p. 57)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication).  Title of book: Subtitle if given  (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL

Example from Website:

Rhode, D. L. (2002). Divorce, American style . University of California Press. http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=kt9z09q84w;brand=ucpress

Example: (Rhode, 2002)

Example: (Rhode, 2002, p. 101)

If no author or creator is provided, start the citation with the title/name of the item you are citing instead. Follow the title/name of the item with the date of publication, and the continue with other citation details.

Remember: an author/creator may be an organization or corporation, for example Health Canada. If you don't have a person's name as the author, but do have the name of an organization or corporation, put that organization/corporation's name as the author.

If and only if an item is signed as being created by Anonymous, use "Anonymous" where you'd normally put the author's name.

When you have no author, use a shortened version of the title where you'd normally put the author's name.

If you're citing something which is part of a bigger work, like an article from a magazine, newspaper, journal, encyclopedia, or chapter/short story from a book, put the shortened title in quotation marks in your in-text citation:

Example, paraphrase: ("A few words," 2014)

If you're citing an entire work, like a book, website, video, etc., italicize the shortened title in your in-text citation:

Example, paraphrase: ( A few words , 2014)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter, article, essay or short story. In Editor's First Initial. Second Initial if Given. Editor's Last Name (Ed.),  Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition, pp. first page number-last page number). Publisher Name.

Note:  If you have more than one editor list their name(s) after the first editor listed in the book, giving their initials and last name. Put an ampersand (&) before the last editor's name.

When you have one editor the short form (Ed.) is used after the editor's name. If you have more than one editor use (Eds.) instead.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). Springer. 

Note: If there is no editor given you may leave out that part of the citation.

(Author's Last Name, Year) 

Example (2 authors): (O'Neil & Egan, 1992)

(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number) 

Example (2 authors): (O'Neil & Egan, 1992, p. 998)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In Editor's First Initial. Second Initial if Given. Editor's Last Name (Ed.),  Title of book: Subtitle if given (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher Name. URL or DOI

Caviness, L. B. (2008). Brain-relevant education. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of educational psychology . Sage Publications. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageedpsyc/brain_relevant_education/0?institutionId=5407

Example (1 author): (Caviness, 2008)

Example (1 author): (Caviness, 2008, Focus on the brain section, para. 2)

Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from.

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APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Article in a Reference Book

• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Article in a Reference Book

• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with 1 Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3–20 Authors
• Journal Article 21 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper

About Citing Books

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words. For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue .

In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.

References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

General Format

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Author Surname [of Article], Year)

In-Text Citation (Quotation):

(Author Surname [of Article], Year, page number)

References (Quotation):

Author Surname [of Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.), Reference book title: Subtitle (# ed. edition, Vol. volume #, pp. page range of article). Publisher.

(Lindgren, 1994)

(Lindgren, 1994, p.468)

References:

Lindgren, H. C. (1994). Stereotyping. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 468-469). Wiley.

Subject Guide

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APA 7th Edition Citations Guide - Maple Woods

• APA 7th Edition: Guiding Principles
• Reference List
• Books- Multiple or Group Authors
• Books - with Editors or Translators
• Books- Essay, Short Story, Poem, etc.
• Books- Later Editions
• Articles- Scholarly Journals
• Articles- Newspapers
• Articles- Magazines
• YouTube Video
• Television Shows
• Podcasts/ Audio Books
• References: Websites
• References: Social Media
• Personal Communications (Email, Interview, etc.)
• Annotated Bibliography
• Don't See an Example for Your Source?
• Plagiarism and Copyright This link opens in a new window
• Workshop Recording
• Contact and Hours

A Work (e.g., essay, short story) in an Anthology or Compilation

When you are citing a work from an anthology, you will treat the work as being republished and not reprinted.  Consult section 9.40 in the APA Style Guide for more information.

Author of Work Within Book Last Name, First initial. (Publication year of the anthology). Title of the particular story/chapter/essay/poem. In Editor             first initial. Last name (Ed.),  Title of the anthology ( pp. of chapter/essay/poem). Publisher. URL or DOI, if available (Original work published             XXXX)                      

Note:  The reference list entry for a republished or reissued work should contain information about the new publication that was used. Follow the new publication information with the year the work was originally published in parentheses using the following format:  (Original work published XXXX)

Frost, R. (2006).The road not taken. In J. Parini (Ed.), T he Wadsworth anthology of poetry ( p. 598). Cengage Learning. (Original work published 1916)          

Parenthetical Citation: (Frost, 1916/2006)

Narrative Citation: Frost (1916/2006)

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• Peterborough

APA 7 Style: Citing Books and Sections of Books

• Book with single author
• Book with two authors
• Book with three to twenty authors
• Book with more than 20 authors
• Book with editor
• Book with translator
• Book with organizational author
• Reference book (Dictionary or Encyclopedia)
• Chapter or Essay in a Book
• Article or chapter reprinted in a Coursepack
• Entry with no author
• Entry with no publication date
• Entry in a print reference book (dictionary or encyclopedia)

Book With Single Author

In-text citation.

(Panagia, 2009)

Author's Name: Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book . Publisher.

Panagia, D. (2009). The political life of sensation . Duke University Press.

Book With Two Authors

(Aronowitz & Giroux, 1991)

Author's Last Name, First Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book . Publisher.

Aronowitz, S., & Giroux, H. A. (1991). Postmodern education: Politics, culture, and social criticism.  University of Minnesota Press.

Article or Chapter in Edited Book

(Martino & Berrill, 2007)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Article title. In Editor’s First Initial and Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. #-#). Publisher.

Martino, W., & Berrill, D. (2007).' Dangerous pedagogies': Exploring issues of sexuality and masculinity in male teacher candidates' lives. In K. Davison & B. Frank (Eds.), Masculinities and schooling: International practices and perspectives (pp. 13-34). Althouse Press.

• For a book with one editor, use the abbreviation "Ed." For a work with multiple editors, use the abbreviation "Eds." The first and last page numbers of the article are listed after the title of the book, just before the publisher.

Book With Three to Twenty Authors

In the first reference for a work with three or more authors, use the surname of the first author followed by et al.

(Illston et al., 1979)

Provide last name and initials for all authors (up to twenty authors).

Author's Last Name, First Initial., Author's Last Name, First Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication).  Title of book. Publisher.

Illston, J. M., Dinwood, J. M., & Smith, A. A. (1979).  Concrete, timber, and metals: The nature and behaviour of structured materials . Van Nostrand Reinhold.

• Do not change the order of authors in a multi-authored work; the first author in the list is the lead author. For example, do not change Lee, Brown, & Green to Brown, Green, & Lee; Lee must be listed first.

Book With More Than 20 Authors

For a work with more than 20 authors, use the surname of the first author followed by et al.

(Eves et al., 2019).

For a work with more than 20 authors, list the first 20 authors and insert ellipses. After the ellipses, write the last author's name.

Author's Last Name, First Initial., Author's Last Name, First Initial., (list first 20 authors), . . . Final Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of Book . Publisher.

Eves G., Dunaway, Z., Wilkins, R., Thompson, L., Martin, K., Corp, J., Leonard, F., Xi, F., Smith, S., Patel, S., Arnott, A., MacQuarrie, C., Stafa, A., Alam, J., Zuckerman, J., Brownlee, R., Lane, H., Goldman, H., Eamon, S., Ginter, T., . . . Goulding, N. (2019).  How to succeed in university. First Line Press.

Electronic Book

Online only: in-text citation.

(Stevens, n.d.)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication).  Title.  URL

Stevens, K. (n.d.).  The dreamer and the beast.    http://www.onlineoriginals .com/showitem.asp?itemID=321 

Also in Print: In-Text Citation

If the book you are referencing is identical to the print version, there is no need to mention the e-reader or platform you used to access it. If, however, you are citing a special e-book version of the text, you should mention the platform.

(Chong, 2012)

(Downey & Baumann, 2004)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication).  Title. [E-reader file type]. Publisher. URL

Chong, K. (2012).  My year of the racehorse: Falling in love with the sport of kings.  [Kindle Edition]. Greystone Books. https://www.amazon.ca/My-Year-Racehorse-Falling-Sport-ebook/dp/B0073JCWB6

Downey M., Baumann A. O., & Nursing Study Sector Corporation. (2004).  The international nursing  labour market.  [Gibson Library Connections]. Nursing Study Sector Corporation. http://books2.scholarsportal.info/viewdoc.html?id=27776   

• When a URL is too long to fit on one line, create a break where there is punctuation (period, slash, dash).  As you can see in the example, the punctuation starts the next line.  Do not end the URL with a period if it is not in the original.
• If the electronic book provides a doi (digital object identifier), it will go in place of the URL. 

Book with Editor

(Gibbs, 2001)

Editor's Last Name, First Initial. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of book . Publisher.

Gibbs, J. T. (Ed.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. Jossey-Bass.

• Use the abbreviation "Ed." in parentheses after the editor's name.If there is more than one editor, use the abbreviation Eds. in parentheses after listing all of the authors' names.

Article or Chapter in a Coursepack

An in-text citation for an article or chapter in a coursepack includes the original source publication date and the reprint date.

(Morgan, 2006/2013)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Article Title. In Editor's First Initial and Last Name (Ed.), Title of Coursepack (pp. #- #). Publisher. (Reprinted from Original publication title, page range, original author or editor, original publication date, original publisher)

Morgan, G. (2013). Mechanization takes command: Organizations as machines. In B. Ahlstrand   (Ed.), ADMN 2410H: Organization theory (pp. 31-50). CSPI - Coursepack. (Reprinted from Images of organization, pp. 19-38, by G. Morgan, 2006, Sage   Publications)

• For a book with one editor, use the abbreviation "Ed." For a work with multiple editors, use the abbreviation "Eds." The coursepack page numbers are listed after the title of the book, just before the city of publication. The original source page numbers are listed in the reprint information. Any in-text citation that includes a page reference (i.e. for a direct quotation) should refer to the coursepack page numbers. The reprint information is usually listed on the first page of the article or chapter in the coursepack.

Book With Translator

Eisenstein (1943/1968)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Republication). Title of Book (Translator’s First Initial. and Last Name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR).

Eisenstein, S. (1968). Film sense (J. Leyda, Trans.). Faberand Faber. (Original work published 1943).

• The translator's name is followed by "Trans." and placed in parentheses after the title. Because the example for a translated book is of a republished work, date of original publication and date of republication are given.

Book with Organizational Author

Associations, corporations, study groups, and government agencies are some examples of what is considered a group author. Only list individual authors if they are listed on the cover or title page of the work; otherwise, list organizational author in reference list and in-text citations.

If there is a readily identified abbreviation, in the first in-text citation the full name of the organization is given in full, with the abbreviation in square brackets:

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2010)

Subsequent references use the abbreviation:

(APA, 2010)

For in-text citations, where the organization has no abbreviation (Trent University, City of Oshawa), the full name of the organization continues to be given: (Trent University, 2010)

Name of Group or Corporate Author. (Year of Publication). Title of Book (Edition #). Publisher and/or URL

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

• Do not abbreviate the name of the group in the reference.
• In this case the corporate author is also the publisher. Do not list publisher if the same as author. The APA (2020) manual (7th edition) lists its correct reference listing on the interior cover of its print manual, and it includes a doi, as shown above.

Reference Book

(Coleman, 1994)

Editor's Last Name, First Initial. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of Book . Publisher.

Coleman, A. M. (Ed.). (1994). Companion encyclopedia of psychology . Routledge.

Entry in an Online Reference Book (Dictionary or Encyclopedia)

Often we wish to cite information, such as a definition or particular facts about a topic, and we need to cite an entry in a reference work, such as an encyclopedia or dictionary.

When the entry has no named author, begin the reference with the group or organization that created the reference work. If the reference work has an editor, include this information before the title of the reference work.

Entry in an Online Reference Book with No Author

(Cambridge University Press, 2015)

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Name of editor (ed.),  Title of reference work. URL

Cambridge University Press. (2015). Cognitive dissonance. In R. Audi (ed.), The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy.  https://www-cambridge-org.proxy1.lib.trentu.ca/core/books/cambridge-dict...

Entry in an Online Reference Book with No Publication Date

Many online reference works are continuously updated and thus do not have a publication date. In this case, use n.d. to indicate that there is no publication date, but also include the date on which you retrieved the information in your reference.

(American Psychological Association, n.d.)

Institutional or Group Author. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Title of reference work . Retrieved Month Day, year, from URL

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Cognitive dissonance. In APA dictionary of psychology . Retrieved July 8, 2020, from  https://dictionary.apa.org/cognitive-dissonance

Entry in a Print Reference Book (Dictionary or Encyclopedia)

(Merriam-Webster Incorporated., 2008).

Institution or Group Author. (Year of Publication). Title of entry. In Editor's First Initial and Last Name (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition and pp. #-#). Publisher.

Merriam Webster Incorporated. (2008). Cognitive dissonance. In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed., p. 240). Merriam-Webster Incorporated.

APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Undated Sources
• Citing a Source Within a Source

Citing a Source within a Source

• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical + Research Reports
• Court Decisions
• Treaties and Other International Agreements
• Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
• Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
• Executive Orders
• Charter of the United Nations
• Federal Statutes
• Dissertations and Theses
• Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
• Social Media
• Business Sources
• PowerPoints
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Klein. You want to cite Klein's article, but you have not read Klein's article itself.

Reference list citation

Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play? Cognitive Science , 31 (6), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725

Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Klein's article.

In-text citation

Klein's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that...

Your in-text citation gives credit to Klein and shows the source in which you found Klein's ideas.

See  Publication Manual , p. 258.

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• Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 12:55 PM
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Q. How do I refer to a book by title in-text in APA format?

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Answered By: Gabe Gossett Last Updated: Jun 22, 2023     Views: 633695

The basic format for an in-text citation is: Title of the Book (Author Last Name, year).

One author: Where the Wild Things Are (Sendak, 1963) is a depiction of a child coping with his anger towards his mom.

Two authors (cite both names every time): Brabant and Mooney (1986) have used the comic strip to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping. OR The comic strip has been used to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping (Brabant & Mooney, 1986).

Three or more authors (cite the first author plus et al.): Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy (Clare et al., 2016) depicts a young man's experience at the Shadowhunter Academy, a place where being a former vampire is looked down upon.OR Clare et al. (2016) have crafted a unique story about a young man's journey to find himself.

No author: Cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report. Examples: From the book Study Guide (2000) ... or ("Reading," 1999).

Note: Titles of periodicals, books, brochures, or reports should be in italics and use normal title capitalization rules.

If you are citing multiple sources by multiple authors in-text, you can list all of them by the author's last name and year of publication within the same set of parentheses, separated by semicolons.

Example: (Adams, 1999; Jones & James, 2000; Miller, 1999)

For more information on how to cite books in-text and as a reference entry, see the APA Publication Manual (7th edition) Section 10.2 on pages 321-325 .

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Comments (13)

• This was very useful for me! I was having a really hard time finding information on how to mention an article title AND the author in text in APA so this was very helpful!!! by Ryan Waddell on Jun 27, 2019
• If I just mention that I used a book to teach a topic do I have to include it in the reference list? by Franw on Oct 17, 2019
• @Franw, if it is a source that informs your paper in any way, or if your reader would have reason to look it up, then you should include a full reference list entry for the book. by Gabe [Research & Writing Studio] on Oct 18, 2019
• Maybe I'm misunderstanding the question, but I think the OP is asking how to refer to a book title, not how to cite one. I believe APA uses quotation marks around book titles and MLA uses italics. by AB on Dec 12, 2019
• @AB: The first sentence has been tweaked to clarify title of book usage, reflecting the examples given. For APA style you should use italics for book titles. It would be quotation marks. by Gabe [Research & Writing Studio] on Dec 12, 2019
• Hi, can any one help me with in-text-citation of this, how can i cite it in the text Panel, I. L. (2002). Digital transformation: A framework for ICT literacy. Educational Testing Service, 1-53. by Milad on Aug 20, 2021
• @Milad: In that case it would be (Panel, 2002). If you are quoting, or otherwise choosing to include page numbers, put a comma after the year, then p. and the page number(s). by Gabe Gossett on Aug 20, 2021
• Hey, I'm a little bit curious, what if I'm mentioning a book and paraphrasing it but still want to give credit. Would I put the information into parenthesis instead? Like: Paraphrased info. ("Title in Italics" Author, year) by Kai on Sep 14, 2023
• @Kai: Apologies for not seeing your question sooner! (Our academic year has not started yet). If I am understanding your question correctly, what I suggest is referring to the book title in the narrative of your writing, rather than in the in-text citation. I do not see an examples of using a book title in an in-text citation except for rare circumstances including citing a classic religious text or using the title when there is no author information because it is the start of your reference list entry. Basically, APA's in-text convention is supposed to make it easy for your reader to locate the source being cited in the reference list. So the first part of the in-text citation, usually authors, comes first to locate it alphabetically. Putting the book title first when you have an author name can throw that off. by Gabe Gossett on Sep 21, 2023
• Perhaps this is along the lines of the response to Kai - Can you reference a book title as a common point of social understanding to demonstrate a common concept? Is official citing required if you use widely known titles such as "Where's Waldo" and "Who Moved My Cheese?" to make a point of illustration? by Chez Renee on Sep 30, 2023
• @Chez: Aside from some classical religious texts, if it is a published book, I'd try to make sure that it is appropriately cited for APA style. That said, I think I understand where it gets tricky with things like Where's Waldo, since that is a series of books and stating "Where's Waldo" is a cultural reference many people would understand, though you can't reasonably cite the entire series. I don't believe that APA gives guidance for this particular issue. If it is being referred to in order to back up a claim, it would help to cite a particular book. If not, then it might work to use a statement such as, "Hanford's Where's Waldo series . . ." by Gabe Gossett on Oct 02, 2023
• How to cite a dissertation thesis in apa form? by Elizabeth on Feb 05, 2024
• @Elizabeth: For citing a dissertation or thesis you can check out our page answering that here https://askus.library.wwu.edu/faq/153308 by Gabe Gossett on Feb 05, 2024

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How To Properly Reference A Book In An Essay – (2024 Style Guide)

May 18, 2024 | 0 comments

May 18, 2024 | Blog | 0 comments

Referencing a book in an essay is a crucial skill in academic writing.

It not only supports your arguments but also helps avoid plagiarism.

Yet, the process can be complex, considering various styles and formats.

This article aims to simplify that process.

We’ll explore common referencing styles like APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and OSCOLA.

By the end, you will understand how to reference a book in an essay, regardless of your style guide.

Read Also : Research Paper Format: How to Cite a Research Paper in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, ASA Styles

Understanding the Importance of Book Referencing

Book referencing is more than just a formality in academic writing. It’s a way to credit the authors whose work has informed your research and show respect for their intellectual property.

Moreover, it allows your readers to track down your sources if they wish to explore the topic further. This transparency enhances your work’s credibility and allows the academic dialogue to continue beyond your essay.

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Common Referencing Styles Overview

Several referencing styles are used in academic writing. Each style has its own set of rules for formatting citations and reference lists.

The choice of style often depends on the academic discipline. For instance, humanities often use MLA, while social sciences prefer APA.

Here are the most common styles:

APA (American Psychological Association)

Mla (modern language association), chicago manual of style, harvard referencing style, oscola (oxford university standard for citation of legal authorities).

APA style is commonly used in social sciences. It emphasizes the author and the date of publication in its in-text citations.

The reference list entries start with the author’s last name, followed by the initials of the first and middle names. The year of publication comes next, followed by the title of book and the publisher.

MLA style is popular in humanities, especially in literature and language studies. It focuses on the author’s name and the page number in its in-text citations.

The reference list entries start with the author’s name, the book’s title, the publisher, and the year of publication.

The Chicago Manual of Style is versatile and used in various academic disciplines. It offers two citation systems: notes, bibliography, and author-date.

The notes and bibliography system is preferred in literature, history, and the arts, while the author-date system is more common in the physical, natural, and social sciences.

Harvard style is widely used in many universities worldwide. It uses an author-date system for in-text citations.

The reference list entries start with the author’s last name and initials, year of publication, title of the book, city of publication, and publisher.

OSCOLA is a referencing style used specifically for legal documents . It uses footnotes for citations and does not require a bibliography.

The first citation of a book includes the author’s name, the title, the edition, and the publisher’s details. Subsequent citations include the author’s name, the abbreviated title, and the relevant page number(s).

Read Also : Step-By-Step Guide on How To Write A Process Essay (W/ Essay Example)

Step-by-Step Guide to Referencing a Book

Referencing a book in an essay involves the in-text citation and the reference list entry. The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted.

It should direct readers to the entry in your reference list, which contains detailed information about the book you cited.

Here’s a general guide:

• Start by listing the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the first name.
• After the author’s name, write the title of the book.
• Then, list the place of publication or the city of publication, followed by a colon and the publisher’s name.
• Finally, include the year of publication.

MLA Style Referencing

In MLA style, the author’s name is inverted (last name first). The title of the book is should be in italics.

The city of publication is not required unless the book was published before 1900. The publisher’s name is followed by the year of publication.

For example: Smith, John.  The Great Book . Penguin, 2005.

Read Also: IEEE Format: Writing Guide With IEEE Citation Style Examples

APA Style Referencing

In APA style, the author’s name is also inverted. The year of publication comes after the author’s name.

The book title is in sentence case and italicized, meaning only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or a dash, and any proper nouns are capitalized.

For example: Smith, J. (2005).  The great book . Penguin.

Chicago Style Referencing

The author’s name is not inverted in the bibliography entry in the Chicago Manual of Style. The book title is in title case and italicized.

The city of publication, publisher’s name, and year of publication follow the title.

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APA Style: How to Write Book Titles in Essays

In APA style, you must italicize the title of the book when referring to the book in your essay. Here’s how you do it:

• Write the name of the author, e.g. , “According to Smith (2020),…”
• Italicize the title : The Great Gatsby.
• Include the publication and page numbers if you are quoting directly: (Smith, 2020, p. 23).

Questions? You might be wondering if there are exceptions. Yes, if you are writing the book title within the text, always use italics .

MLA Style Essay: Citing a Book Title

In MLA style, the process is slightly different. Here’s what you need to know:

• Italicize the title of the book.
• List the author’s name : First name Last name, followed by the title in italics , e.g. , Fitzgerald, F. Scott, The Great Gatsby .
• Ensure you include the name of the publisher and the year of publication on the works cited page : Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925.

If you have two authors , list them both: Smith, John, and Jane Doe, Book Title .

For three or more authors , list the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”: Brown, et al.

Read Also: Bibliography vs Works Cited: How To Succeed Writing It

Chicago Style Essay: Writing the Book Title

In Chicago style, you also italicize the title of the book. Here’s how:

• List the author’s name first: Last name, First name.
• Title in italics : The Great Gatsby .
• Include the publisher, publication year , and page number if needed: (New York: Scribner, 1925).

When citing in-text, you might ask, “Do I need to include the publication details every time?” No, just the author’s last name and the page number are fine for subsequent citations.

Should We Underline or Italicize Book Titles?

A common question: Should book titles be underlined or italicized ? In modern writing styles, italicizing is the standard. However, in older documents, you might find books underlined . For clarity:

• Titles of stories, essays, and poems should be placed in quotation marks .
• Longer works like books should always be italicized.

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How to Cite a Book (entire book)- In-Text Citations vs. Reference List Entries

In-text citations and reference list entries are two sides of the same coin. They work together to provide complete information about the sources you’ve used.

As the name suggests, in-text citations appear within the body of your essay. They briefly signal the source of your information, usually by including the author’s last name and the year of publication.

On the other hand, reference list entries appear at the end of your essay. They provide full details about each source, allowing readers to locate and consult them if desired.

In-Text Citation Examples

In MLA style, an in-text citation might read: (Smith 45). This indicates that the information comes from page 45 of a work by Smith.

In APA style, the citation would include the year of publication (Smith, 2005, p.45). This shows that the information comes from page 45 of a work published by Smith in 2005.

Reference List Entry Examples

A reference list entry in MLA style, usually placed under the works cited section, might read: Smith, John. The Great Book . Penguin, 2005.

In APA style, the entry would look slightly different: Smith, J. (2005).  The great book . Penguin.

These entries provide all the information needed to locate the source: the author’s name, the title of the work, and the publisher’s name and year of publication.

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Citing a Chapter or Essay from a Book

When citing a chapter or essay from a book, you need to acknowledge the specific part of the work you’re referring to. This is important because it allows your readers to locate the exact source of your information.

In MLA style, you might write: Smith, John. “Chapter 1.”  The Great Book , Penguin, 2005, pp. 1-20.

The format would be slightly different in APA style: Smith, J. (2005). Chapter 1. In  The Great Book  (pp. 1-20). Penguin.

These formats indicate that the information comes from the book’s first chapter, which spans pages 1 to 20.

Citing Books with Multiple Authors

When a book has multiple authors, you need to include all their names in the citation. The order of the names should match the order on the book’s title page.

In APA style, you would write: Smith, J., & Johnson, M. (2005).  The Great Book . Penguin.

In MLA style, the format would be: Smith, John, and Mary Johnson.  The Great Book . Penguin, 2005.

These formats show that the book was co-authored by John Smith and Mary Johnson.

Special Cases in Book Referencing

Special cases in book referencing require a different approach. These include edited books, translations, books without authors, and e-books or online sources.

Edited Books and Translations

You should include the editor’s name in the citation for edited books.

For example, in APA style: Smith, J. (Ed.). (2005).  The Great Book . Penguin. For translations, include the translator’s name: Smith, J. (Trans.). (2005).  The Great Book . Penguin.

Books Without Authors

Books without authors should be cited by their titles.

For example, in MLA style, the format would be:  The Great Book . Penguin, 2005. In APA style, the format would be:  The Great Book . (2005). Penguin.

E-Books and Online Sources

E-books and online sources should include the URL or DOI at the end of the citation.

For example, in APA style: Smith, J. (2005).  The Great Book . Penguin. https://doi.org/10.1234/abcd.

Other Types of Print Books

There are different ways to cite a book title depending on the type of book:

• For a chapter of a book , list the chapter title in double quotation marks , followed by the book title in italics.
• When using a book with three or more authors , list the first author and add “et al.”
• For a single author: Smith, John. Understanding Psychology .
• For a chapter: Smith, John. “Cognitive Development,” in Understanding Psychology .

Remember to list at the end all the works cited in a works cited list or bibliography, depending on your citation style.

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Final Tips and Best Practices

Consistency is key when referencing a book in an essay. Ensure that you use the same citation style throughout your work. This will make your work look professional and make it easier for your readers to follow your references.

Remember to always check your citations for accuracy. A small mistake in the author’s name, title, or publication year can lead to confusion, so keeping a running list of sources as you research is also a good idea. This will make the referencing process much easier when writing your essay.

In conclusion, referencing a book in an essay is a crucial skill in academic writing. It not only helps avoid plagiarism but also adds credibility to your work.

By understanding and applying the correct referencing styles, you can ensure your work is professional, accurate, and respected in the academic community.

How to Reference a Book in an Essay- FAQs

How do you write a reference for a book in an essay .

When referencing a book in an essay , you should include the author ‘s last name and the page number in parenthesis after the quotation marks or paraphrased text . For example: (Doe 45).

How do you reference a book in a sentence ?

To reference a book in a sentence , you can mention the author’s name within the text and include the page number in parenthesis at the end of the sentence. For example: According to Doe (45)…

How do you Harvard reference a book in an essay ?

When using the Harvard referencing style for a book in an essay , include the author’s name and the year of publication in parenthesis after the cited text. For example: (Doe 2010).

How to write a reference of a book example ?

An example of referencing a book would be: Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of Book. Publisher.

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Reference List: Textual Sources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Basic Format for Books

Edited book, no author, edited book with an author or authors, a translation.

Note : When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dates: Plato (385-378/1989)

Edition Other Than the First

Article or chapter in an edited book.

Note : When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers. List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72).

Multivolume Work

Articles in periodicals.

APA style dictates that authors are named with their last name followed by their initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical.

Article in Print Journal

Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available.

Article in Electronic Journal

Note :  This content also appears on Reference List: Online Media .

As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article.

DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar.

Article in a Magazine

Article in a newspaper.

How to Cite the Bible in APA

Table of Contents

The Bible is a collection of religious books frequently used to reference different types of academic papers. Biblical references are mandatory when carrying out research or composing theology papers. You can use the guidelines of the APA 7 th edition to cite the Bible, which includes citing translated versions, online sources, and also printed editions. 

This article provides great insights on how to cite the Bible in APA 7 th edition. Learn the basic rules for citing the Bible in APA and get inspiration from the examples we provide.

How to Cite the Bible in APA 7th Edition

Citing the Bible in APA is similar to citing a book. However, there are some specific rules you must follow when citing Bible texts. It is imperative to note that the Bible is considered a collection of books without an author. Thus, you should cite the Bible texts and references according to the specific version that was used. The Bible version acts as the title of your citation. Also, ensure you add the precise text location, whether you intend to use it as a paraphrase, quote or summary. 

Keep in mind that the Bible has primary and secondary sources; the printed Bible version is considered the primary version, while others are secondary. As stated above, citations depend on the Bible version in question. So, let us review APA Bible citation s for different versions. 

Printed Bible Version

If you want to cite a printed version, ensure you write the name of the Bible version in italics, followed by the particular book, chapter, and verse(s) you want to cite. 

In-text citation: “ I am the bread of life” (King James Version, 2011, John 6.35).

Reference list: King James Version. (2011). Christian Publishers. (Original Year of Publication)

Translated Bible Version 

In this case, you must include the translator’s name after the Bible version in the reference list. Then, include the year of publication and the publisher’s name. 

Reference list: New International Version (Translator B.K. Smith, Trans. (2009). Christian Publishers.

Online Source

You can also cite a Bible on a website or any other online source by adding the URL. 

In-text citation: “Trust in the Lord with all your heart” (New International Version, 1973/2011, Proverbs 3:4-6).

Reference list: Bible Version . Year of publication. Publisher/Website Name. URL (Original Work Published Year)

New International Version. (2011). Biblica. (URL). 1973

APA Bible Citation : Biblical Abbreviations

Mastering how to cite the Bible in APA format is simple if you understand the rules. Below are essential rules for in-text bible citations:

• Add the name of the Bible version or translation you are citing. 
• Include an abbreviated Bible title.
• Write the abbreviated title in italics. 
• Use a colon to separate the chapter from the verse. 

In-text citation: “I am the bread of life” ( King James Version, 2011, John 6:35).

Paraphrase: According to the King James Version, Jesus declared that he is the bread of life (John 6:35).

Original Publication Dates

When you want to cite a traditional Bible version, you will reference the modern reprint instead of the original version. The first date in the citation represents the year of reprint, while the original year of publication will be at the end of the reference list. 

In contrast, the order is reversed for in-text citations. The original year of publication is cited first, then the year of the reprint, with a slash separating the dates. 

Here are examples of the in-text citation and reference list structures:

Suppose you want to quote or paraphrase a specific excerpt from a verse. In that case, you should include the Bible version, year(s) (ensure you add the original year of publication, include a slash, and the year of the publication of the version you are using), chapter, and verse. 

“Let the little children come to me” (New International Version, 1973/2011, Mark 10:14).

(Bible Version name, Year, Name of Chapter: Verse)

• Reference List

Bible Version. (Year). Publisher. (Original Publication year)

New International Version (2011). Christian Publishers. (1973)

Learning how to quote the Bible in APA can be challenging, but with practice and understanding the rules, you will become a pro. 

If you need further assistance, talk to us and experience a fulfilling academic journey. 

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The Enigma of Ed Gein’s Kill Count

This essay about the elusive kill count of infamous serial killer Ed Gein. Despite being convicted for one murder, his disturbing crimes and gruesome artifacts suggest he may have killed more. Speculation and urban legends surround his true victim count, leaving the mystery unresolved. Gein’s legacy, immortalized in popular culture, continues to fascinate and terrify, highlighting the enduring impact of his macabre actions.

How it works

Ed Gein, a name that has become synonymous with the macabre and the grotesque, continues to intrigue and terrify people to this day. Born in 1906 in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, Gein gained infamy for his gruesome crimes, which inspired numerous books, films, and urban legends. However, the exact number of people he killed remains shrouded in mystery and speculation.

Gein’s notoriety stems primarily from his activities as a grave robber and a necrophiliac. Between 1947 and 1952, he exhumed corpses from local graveyards, fashioning trophies and keepsakes from their bones and skin.

It wasn’t until 1957, however, that his crimes escalated to murder when he killed hardware store owner Bernice Worden.

While Gein was only convicted of one murder, his chilling modus operandi and the grisly artifacts discovered in his home led many to believe that he may have been responsible for more deaths. Some speculate that his victims could number in the dozens, citing the numerous unidentified body parts found at his property. However, due to a lack of concrete evidence and Gein’s own conflicting statements, the true extent of his murderous spree remains a subject of debate among criminologists and historians.

The ambiguity surrounding Gein’s kill count has fueled countless theories and urban legends. Some suggest that he may have been involved in other unsolved cases in the area, while others argue that his psychological profile indicates a propensity for more violence than is officially recorded. Additionally, the sensationalized media coverage of Gein’s crimes has contributed to the mythos surrounding him, making it difficult to separate fact from fiction.

Despite the uncertainty surrounding his kill count, there is no denying the lasting impact of Ed Gein’s crimes on popular culture. His story has inspired numerous works of fiction, including novels, films, and television shows, many of which have perpetuated the myth of Gein as a prolific serial killer. However, it is essential to remember that behind the sensationalized accounts lies the tragic reality of the lives lost and the communities shattered by his actions.

In conclusion, the question of how many people Ed Gein killed remains a mystery that may never be fully resolved. While he was only convicted of one murder, the gruesome nature of his crimes and the eerie artifacts found at his home suggest that his true body count may be higher. However, without conclusive evidence, the exact number of his victims will likely remain unknown, leaving Ed Gein’s legacy as one of the most enigmatic figures in criminal history.

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A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

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The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

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Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

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A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

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There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Collective Translation as Forking (分岔)

• Shih-yu Hsu
• Winnie Soon
• Tzu-Tung Lee
• Chia-Lin Lee

This is an accepted article with a DOI pre-assigned that is not yet published.

Together with a Taiwanese working group, we have been producing a Chinese translation of Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies, a free and open source book first written by Winnie Soon and Geoff Cox in 2020, and released in English in a git repository, dynamic website, downloadable PDF and printed form. Apart from learning to code in p5.js, the book addresses the cultural and aesthetic dimensions of programming from its insides, as a means to think and act critically, and to understand the importance of programming as a cultural practice that can develop discussion of issues that are relatively under-acknowledged in technical subjects such as gender, race and sexuality. Importantly, the book is understood as a computational object, not released as a fixed and universal teaching resource, but rather a situated curriculum with the potential for extension and customization with other arts and coding communities. The use of Git has allowed the authors to formalize its production as an iterative process, allowing for reversioning and for others to fork a copy and customize with different references, examples, critical reflections and even new chapters. The interest is in forking a book like forking software, and incorporating local knowledge and examples, and how this resonates with a politics of cultural translation. This essay will elaborate on the process of running two open participatory workshops that were conducted in Taipei and London (in 2023) with the aim to challenge some of the normative social relations of production associated with translation, and explore other possibilities of collective practice.

The politics of translation has been well-established in general, but what of the specifics of translating a book such as this? Aside from the technical and aesthetic challenges and implications, this raises the question of how the Chinese language model enforces particular hegemonic worldviews that occlude differences. With all the variants of Chinese language, how is this tied to expressions of colonial power that resonates with our use of English? Given the rich variations of Chinese and indigenous languages (not least in a Taiwanese context), we are curious how we might be sensitive to language diversity that challenges the Western-centrism of programming in English (and inherent nationalisms). We are also mindful of the way that “queer” politics has informed the way that terms can be appropriated/expropriated, as a means to “talk back” to the source codes of oppression. What are the implications of drawing the practices of forking and translating together?

Keywords: Open source, Forking, translation, language, taiwan, chinese, programming

Accepted on 15 May 2024

Peer reviewed, creative commons attribution-sharealike 4.0, harvard-style citation.

Hsu, S , Soon, W , Lee, T , Lee, C & Cox, G. () 'Collective Translation as Forking (分岔)', The Journal of Electronic Publishing . doi: 10.3998/jep.5377

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Vancouver-Style Citation

Hsu, S , Soon, W , Lee, T , Lee, C & Cox, G. Collective Translation as Forking (分岔). The Journal of Electronic Publishing. ; doi: 10.3998/jep.5377

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APA-Style Citation

Hsu, S Soon, W Lee, T Lee, C & Cox, G. (, ). Collective Translation as Forking (分岔). The Journal of Electronic Publishing doi: 10.3998/jep.5377

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