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Computing, Computer Science, and Information Technology resources for GCSE, IGCSE, IB, and GCE A-Level

Teach computing.

Revision notes, activities, lesson plans, teaching ideas, and other resources for GCSE, A-Level, and IB Computer Science teachers and students.

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Programming languages - from Scratch to machine code

The CS Field Guide has a very comprehensive guide to different types of pro...

Assembly language simulators

There are several assembly language simulators available for use online. Si...

3.2 Data Representation

Lesson resources, 3.2.1 understand how computers encode characters, characters, symbols and the unicode miracle.

Characters, Symbols and the Unicode Miracle explains how ASCII arose from the need to communicate data in a compatible manner between computer systems, and the problems that arise with this apparently simple task. It then discusses the creation of the Unicode system.

Unicode Table

Unicode table is a nice scrollable web page which lists all of the unicode characters. The title and a brief description of each section is presented while you scroll. This page is useful for helping students realise just how many different characters need to be represented by computer systems, and the problems this would cause with a standard like Unicode.

Lesson - Data representation - text

This download contains all lesson resources necessary to teach students how ASCII is used to representation text in a computer system. The download includes several fun activities where students have to uncover 'secret' messages using their understanding of binary and ASCII. There are different worksheets for students of different levels.

This lesson is one of the many excellent resources provided under CC-NC-SA by Mr Colley .

Text representation worksheets

Gary Kacmarcik at the excellent cse4k12 site has created a set of sheets for a lesson activity on text representation. The first sheet is an ASCII table and the other two sheets ask students to encode a text message and decode a message respectively. Note that students are expected to encode and decode using hexadecimal rather than binary (although they could easily be asked to use binary instead).

CS Field Guide - Data representation

CS Field Guide is an absolutely fantastic resource filled with material that is well written, clear,and accessible. Each section comes with highlighted key points, extension points, and even interactives to help understand the concepts. The interactives are excellent as teaching resources (many of them are linked here), while the notes themselves make excellent revision resources - particularly for GCSE.

This section covers all aspects of data representation - numbers, text, images, and instructions.

Spot the mistakes exercises

The slides in this presentation present basic 'facts' about computing fundamentals: input, output, binary, hexadecimal, and data representation. Each slide contains a number of basic mistakes (highlighted on the following slide). Students simply need to read through the text, spot the mistakes - and correct them. These activities work well as quick lesson starters or plenaries to check understanding.

Representing Text in Binary

This video clearly explains the two main ways of representing text in binary - ASCII and Unicode, plus the advantages and disadvantages of each. The limitations of ASCII, which led to the development of Unicode, are also clearly explained.

3.2.2 Understand how bitmap images are represented

B&w pixelation.

There are three versions of this excellent applet, designed for the University of Chicago's Introduction to Computer Science course to help students understand image representation in computers. In the first version , students simply enter binary digits to represent black or white pixels. In the second version students are introduced to the concept of a very basic file format, with the first two bytes representing the image dimensions. Students can also enter the data in binary or hexadecimal. The final version is even more complex, allowing students to specify the colour depth of the image, and requiring them to enter the appropriate number of bits for each pixel.

Overall this site is an excellent introduction to data storage and image representation, and makes a complex subject quite entertaining.

Bitmaps Activity

These activities involve students converting between bitmap images and numeric representations of them in binary and hexadecimal. This is a great way to see how relatively complex information can still be represented as binary. You can download the worksheet with guidance and an additional blank worksheet .

The activities were created by Gary Kacmarcik at the Computer Science & Engineering for K-12 site, which contains an excellent range of activities. They are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License .

Hexadecimal colour codes

Section 5.5.2 of this much bigger page on data representation covers the uses of hexadecimal numbers to represent colours in images. It explains the correlation between the hexadecimal digits and the number of bits available, and the effect the bit depth has on the appearance of the image. The excellent interactives really make the concept come alive and visually highlight these differences to students. A highly recommended resource.

Pixel colour code viewer

This pixel viewer can help students understand how images are created and represented. Zooming right into the image reveals the RGB values of each pixel, shown in decimal.

Image bit depth comparison

This is a great little resource for demonstrating the effect of bit depth on images. The same image is displayed at various colour depths from 24 bit to 2 bit. It is also possible to upload your own images and have them displayed in the same way.

RGB Colour matcher

A colour matching tool that asks users to play with the RGB sliders to match a specified colour. This is a great way to help students understand how red, green, and blue are mixed to produce colours. What makes this colour matcher stand out is that it also represents the colour values in binary (24 bit) at the bottom. This makes it a useful companion for tools like Pixelization (see elsewhere on this page).

3.2.3 Understand how analogue data is represented in binary

Lesson - data representation - sound.

This download contains all lesson resources necessary to teach students how sound is represented in binary. It includes PowerPoint presentations, worksheets, and sample sounds for students to play.

3.2.4 Understand the limitations of binary representation of data

Teach Computer Science

Data Representation

Topics include binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers, and the conversions between them.

Computational Thinking

We may think that computers “think” and that they outsmart humans “just like that”. However that’s not the case, computers do exactly what we humans tell them to do, or better said, what we program them to do. Once programmed a computer can only execute problems and produce solutions more efficiently than humans. Computational thinking …

For Data Units, candidates should be able to: define the terms bit, nibble, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte understand that data needs to be converted into a binary format to be processed by a computer. Data units in computer systems Bit This is a single unit of memory and can only store 2 possible binary …

Image Representation

For Image Representation, candidates should be able to: explain the representation of an image as a series of pixels represented in binary explain the need for metadata to be included in the file such as height, width and colour depth discuss the effect of colour depth and resolution on the size of an image file. …

Sound Representation

For Sound Representation, candidates should be able to: explain how sound can be sampled and stored in digital form explain how sampling intervals and other considerations affect the size of a sound file and the quality of its playback. How can sound be sampled and stored in digital form? A microphone converts sound waves into …

Number Systems

For Number Systems, candidates should be able to: convert positive denary whole numbers (0-255) into 8-bit binary numbers and vice versa add two 8-bit binary integers and explain overflow errors which may occur convert positive denary whole numbers (0-255) into 2-digit hexadecimal numbers and vice versa convert between binary and hexadecimal equivalents of the same …

Character Sets

Candidates should be able to: explain the use of binary codes to represent characters explain the term character set describe with examples (for example ASCII and Unicode) the relationship between the number of bits per character in a character set and the number of characters which can be represented. How are binary codes used to …

Computer Instructions

In regards to computer instructions, candidates should be able to: explain how instructions are coded as bit patterns explain how the computer distinguishes between instructions and data. Computer Instructions: How are program instructions coded? Machine code instructions are binary numbers and are coded as bit patterns, for example, a 16 bit machine code instruction could …

Converting Decimal to Binary

Converting Decimal to Binary: The Decimal Numbering System Decimal is a base 10 numbering Binary Numbering System Binary is a base 2 numbering system that is made up of two numbers: 0 and 1.  0 means OFF and 1 means ON.  The computer’s central processing unit (CPU) only recognizes these two states – ON and …

Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

Hexadecimal Numbering System Hexadecimal is a base 16 numbering system that is made up of 16 digits: 0 – 9 and six more, which is A through F. Uses of Hexadecimal The hexadecimal numbering system is often used by programmers to simplify the binary numbering system.  Since 16 is equivalent to 24, there is a …

Converting Hexadecimal to Binary

Converting Hexadecimal to Binary Hexadecimal Numbering System Hexadecimal is a base 16 numbering system which is made up of 16 digits: 0 – 9 and six more, which is A through F. Uses of Hexadecimal Hexadecimal numbering system is often used by programmers to simplify the binary numbering system.  Since 16 is equivalent to 24, …

Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal: The Decimal Numbering System Decimal is a base 10 numbering system that is made up of 10 numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.  It is the most commonly used numbering system.  The reason behind that is convenience.  We have 10 fingers that we use for …

Uses of Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal Numbering System Hexadecimal is a base 16 numbering system that is made up of 16 digits: 0 – 9 and six more, which is A through F.The table below shows how the hexadecimal system works and its equivalent decimal number: Hexadecimal Decimal   Hexadecimal Decimal 0 0   11 = (1 x 16) + …

Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

Binary Numbering System Binary is a base 2 numbering system which is made up of two numbers: 0 and 1.  0 means OFF and 1 means ON.  The computer’s central processing unit (CPU) only recognizes these two states – ON and OFF.  It is the foundation for all binary code, which is used in computer …

Converting Binary to Decimal

Converting Binary to Decimal: The Binary Numbering System Binary is a base 2 numbering system that is made up of two numbers: 0 and 1.  0 means OFF and 1 means ON.  The computer’s central processing unit (CPU) only recognizes these two states – ON and OFF.  It is the foundation for all binary code, …

Bitmap Image and Colour Depth Quiz

Further Readings: Bitmap Color depth

Colour Depth Gap Fill Exercise

Further Readings: Color depth

Data Units Gap Fill Exercise

Further Readings: Units of information

Data Units Multi-Choice Quiz

Colour mapping and direct colour.

Pupil Resources – EXTENSION TOPIC What is the difference between Colour Mapping and Direct Colour? Colour mapping With low colour depths (up to 8-bit) it is practical to map every colour to a binary code. 1-bit colour mapping – (2 colours) monochrome, often black and white. 2-bit colour mapping – (4 colours) CGA – used …

Instructions

Candidates should be able to: explain how instructions are coded as bit patterns explain how the computer distinguishes between instructions and data. How are program instructions coded? Machine code instructions are binary numbers and are coded as bit patterns, for example, a 16-bit machine code instruction could be coded as 001010101101001011. In machine code, the …

Sound – Quality, Size & Storing Solutions

Candidates should be able to: How can sound be sampled and stored in digital form? A microphone converts sound waves into voltage changes. If a microphone is plugged into a sound card then the voltage can be sampled at regular intervals (the sample rate) and each value converted into a binary number. This digitising of …

Data Representation

1.1 number systems.

  • Understand how and why computers use binary
  • What is hexadecimal?

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IGCSE Computer Science Chapter 1 - Data Representation [174x Animated Slide+PYQ]

IGCSE Computer Science Chapter 1 - Data Representation [174x Animated Slide+PYQ]

Subject: Computing

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

AS& A,IGCSE Computer Science & Physics A* Teaching Resources

Last updated

27 February 2024

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data representation computer science igcse

Complete IGCSE Computer Science [Chapter 1 - Data Representation] teaching/revision slides (2023 - 2025 syllabus)

Topic included: Chapter 1.1 - Number System (Denary, Binary and Hexadecimal conversion) Chapter 1.2 - Usage of Hexadecimal System Chapter 1.3 - Addition of binary numbers Chapter 1.4 - Binary Shifting (Multiplication and division of binary numbers) Chapter 1.5 - Two’s complement (Representing negative number in binary) Chapter 1.6 - How text, sound and images are represented in binary Chapter 1.7 - Measurement of Data Storage and Calculation of File Size Chapter 1.8 - Data Compression

Features of the slides: Feature 1 - Animated PPT Feature 2 - DIY (Do it yourself) session for students to practice what they just learned Feature 3 - Carefully slides using Canva to improve students’ engagement Feature 4 - Details step-by-step explanation (A textbook is not required) Feature 5 - Past year questions for students to practice for the IGCSE exam

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Introducing an invaluable time-saving solution! Discover our meticulously crafted bundle of high school Computer Science slides, designed to enhance the learning experience for both you and your students. As an experienced educator, James, I have dedicated over 200 hours to curating this comprehensive collection, ensuring optimal engagement and improved academic outcomes. When you purchase this exceptional bundle, you gain access to a wealth of professionally designed slides that cover the entire IGCSE 2023-2025 syllabus for Computer Science. Each chapter is thoughtfully organized and meticulously animated to captivate your students' attention while fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Let's explore the extensive chapters included in this bundle: 1. Chapter 1 – Data Representation (174 slides) 2. Chapter 2 – Data Transmission (108 slides) 3. Chapter 3 – Hardware (275 slides) 4. Chapter 4 – Software (128 slides) 5. Chapter 5 – Internet and the World Wide Web (179 slides) 6. Chapter 6 – Automated System (A.I) (87 slides) 7. Chapter 7 – Algorithm and Problem Solving (182 slides) 8. Chapter 8 – Programming with Python and Pseudocode (200 slides) 9. Chapter 9 – Databases (53 slides) 10. Chapter 10 – Logic Gates (117 slides) The features of these slides are tailored to maximize student engagement and understanding: 1. Engaging Visuals: Our slides don't rely solely on words; they incorporate captivating images to keep your class fully engaged throughout each lesson. 2. Enhanced Comprehension: The animated elements integrated into the slides enhance student comprehension, allowing complex concepts to be grasped more easily. 3. Aesthetic Design: These slides are meticulously crafted using a beautiful color palette, ensuring an appealing visual experience that complements the educational content. Additionally, we have gone the extra mile to provide you with supplementary materials. This bundle includes worksheets for Chapters 1 to 5, 7, 9, and 10. These self-made worksheets consist of topical past-year questions from 2019 to 2022, accompanied by comprehensive answers, giving your students valuable practice and reinforcement. Contact me (find my email at profile) if you have any query. Don't miss out on this time-saving opportunity to revolutionize your Computer Science lessons. Invest in our meticulously curated bundle of slides today and witness the transformation in your classroom's engagement and academic success.

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A character set for all characters on a standard keyboard and control codes.

A method used to reduce the size of a sound file.

Audio compression

The maximum rate of transfer of data across a network, measured in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps)

Data transmission

High Frequency

Low Frequency

A number system based on 2 and can only use the values 0 and 1

Denary Number System

Hexadecimal Number System

Binary Number System

Octal Number System

The basic computing element that is either 0 or 1 and is formed from the phrase Binary digit

The number of bits used to represent the smallest unit in a sound file

sampling rate

sampling resolution

An image made up of pixels

A list of characters that have been defined by computer hardware and software. It is necessary so that the computer can understand human characters

Extended ASCII

character set

The number of bits used to represent the colours of a pixel

colour depth

image resolution

The reduction of the size of a file by removing repeated or redundant pieces of data; this can be lossy or lossless

compression

An error message generated by the computer

HTML colour codes

MAC address

A number system based on the value 16 which uses denary digits 0 to 9 and letters A to F

A language used in the design of web pages

Visual Basic

The number of pixels in the X-Y direction of an image

(for example, 4096 × 3192 pixels)

Identified either as IPv4 or IPv6; it gives a unique address to each device connected to a network identifying their location

A form of lossy file compression used with image files which relies on the inability of the human eye to distinguish certain colour changes and hues

An operation that shifts bits to the left or right in a register; any bits shifted out of a register (left or right) are replaced with zeroes

one's complement

two's complement

logical shift

illogical shift

A file compression method that allows the original files to be fully restored during the decompression process, for example, run length encoding (RLE)

lossy compression

lossless compression

A file compression method in which parts of the original file cannot be recovered during the decompression process, for example, JPEG, MP3

This hexadecimal number uniquely identifies a device on the internet; it takes the form:NN-NN-NN-DD-DD-DD, where NN-NN-NN is the manufacturer code and DD-DD-DD is the device code NN-NN-NN-DD-DD-DD

Error Codes

Lossy file compression methods used for music files

The result of carrying out a calculation that produces a value that is too large for the computer’s allocated word size (8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, and so on)

overflow error

Derived from the term ‘picture element’, this is the smallest element used to make up an image on a display

Number of pixels per square inch

pixel density

This is the result of zooming into a bitmap image to such a degree that the actual pixels themselves can be seen

A lossless file compression technique often used to reduce the size of text and photo files

Run length encoding (RLE)

The number of sound samples taken per second in digitalsound recording

A character set which represents all the languages of the world (the first 128 characters are the same as ASCII code)

Extended ASCII code

A method of representing negative numbers in binary; when applied to an 8-bit system, the left-most bit (most significant bit) is given the value −128

three's complement

four's complement

The number of bits used to represent sound amplitude in digital sound recording (also known as bit depth)

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: reft: representation finetuning for language models.

Abstract: Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods seek to adapt large models via updates to a small number of weights. However, much prior interpretability work has shown that representations encode rich semantic information, suggesting that editing representations might be a more powerful alternative. Here, we pursue this hypothesis by developing a family of $\textbf{Representation Finetuning (ReFT)}$ methods. ReFT methods operate on a frozen base model and learn task-specific interventions on hidden representations. We define a strong instance of the ReFT family, Low-rank Linear Subspace ReFT (LoReFT). LoReFT is a drop-in replacement for existing PEFTs and learns interventions that are 10x-50x more parameter-efficient than prior state-of-the-art PEFTs. We showcase LoReFT on eight commonsense reasoning tasks, four arithmetic reasoning tasks, Alpaca-Eval v1.0, and GLUE. In all these evaluations, LoReFT delivers the best balance of efficiency and performance, and almost always outperforms state-of-the-art PEFTs. We release a generic ReFT training library publicly at this https URL .

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IMAGES

  1. IGCSE Computer Science

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  2. IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25

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  3. IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25

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  4. Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science

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  5. iGCSE Computer Science: 1.1.1 (a)

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  6. IGCSE Computer science Data Representation

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VIDEO

  1. Paper1_1- IGCSE Computer Science (0478 / 0984 New) Unit 1 Data Representation 1

  2. IGCSE Computer Science 2023 25 Data Representation Number Systems 1 1a Binary

  3. 0417 CIE ICT IGSCE Database Reports Creating new Calculated Fields and Using Search Criteria

  4. ICT IGCSE Database Overview Part 3

  5. IGCSE Computer Science, Chapter 1: Data Representation

  6. 0478/13 Computer Science Paper 1: Cambridge IGCSE May/june 2023

COMMENTS

  1. Data representation Topical Past Papers Computer Science 0478 IGCSE

    IGCSE O Level Solved Past Papers - Yearly AS & A Level IGCSE O Level Books. Free Ebooks AS & A Level IGCSE O Level Pre U Coursebook & Recommended AS & A Level IGCSE O Level Notes. Notes AS & A Level IGCSE O Level Pre U Premium Notes AS & A Level IGCSE O Level Practice Papers. AS & A Level IGCSE O Level Teachers. AS & A Level IGCSE O Level ...

  2. Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science 0478

    Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science textbooks. In the data representation topic students will study the use of binary and hexadecimal number systems. This includes their roles in computing systems, such as the use of hexadecimal in colour definitions (such as in HTML and CSS). The final part of section 1.1 studies different ways data can be ...

  3. Representing Images

    The colour depth of an image refers to the number of bits used to represent each colour. A higher colour depth means that more colours can be represented, resulting in a more realistic image but also requires more storage space. E.g. an 8-bit colour depth allows for 256 different colours to be represented (28=256), while a 24-bit colour depth ...

  4. CAIE IGCSE Computer Science Theory Revision Notes

    Lossy File Compression. The file compression algorithm eliminates unnecessary data bits like MP3 and JPEG formats. In this, the image's resolution and colour depth are reduced. Best free resources for CAIE IGCSE Computer Science 0478 Theory including summarized notes, topical and past paper walk through videos by top students.

  5. IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25

    Understand how and why computers use binary to represent all forms of data in the Computer Science SyllabusCambridge IGCSE™ (9-1 0984) (A*-C 0478)For exams ...

  6. Units

    Analogue data is a real-life signal that can vary greatly in value. Examples include: sound waves. pressure. temperature. Digital data is binary data which represents analogue data. Computers work ...

  7. IGCSE Computer Science

    Purchase the slides I used in my videos here:https://james-gan.com/?post_type=productTimestamp:0:00 Binary System 2:37 Binary to Denary 4:42 Denary to Binary...

  8. iGCSE Computer Science: 1.1.1 (a)

    The first of a series of videos to address the iGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE Section 1 - Theory of Computer Science1.1 Data representation1.1.1 Binary systemsCandid...

  9. Edexcel IGCSE Computer Science

    Spot the mistakes exercises. The slides in this presentation present basic 'facts' about computing fundamentals: input, output, binary, hexadecimal, and data representation. Each slide contains a number of basic mistakes (highlighted on the following slide). Students simply need to read through the text, spot the mistakes - and correct them.

  10. Data Representation Theory Revision Notes

    Once programmed a computer can only execute problems and produce solutions more efficiently than humans. Computational thinking …. Data Representation Theory Notes & Resources. Topics include binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers, and the conversions between them. Perfect for Computer Science teachers.

  11. Binary Addition

    Adding binary steps: Step 1: Start by writing the two binary numbers you want to add underneath each other, with the least significant bit (LSB) on the right. Step 2: Begin by adding the LSBs together. If the sum is less than or equal to 1, write it down in the sum column.

  12. Data Representation

    Free resources for IGCSE computer science. Created by Jared Rigby.. Support this website. The content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

  13. IGCSE Computer Science Chapter 1

    When you purchase this exceptional bundle, you gain access to a wealth of professionally designed slides that cover the entire IGCSE 2023-2025 syllabus for Computer Science. Each chapter is thoughtfully organized and meticulously animated to captivate your students' attention while fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

  14. IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25

    IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25 - (1) Data Representation - 1.2(a) Text, Sound and ImagesComputer Science SyllabusCambridge IGCSE™ (9-1 0984) (A*-C 0478)For ...

  15. Conquer Computer Science: Data Representation (Part 3/5)

    Beginner students will learn the basics of binary numbers, data representation, and Boolean logic. Intermediate and Advanced students will deepen and reinforce their knowledge with clear and detailed explanations. This course is aimed at students studying Computer Science in the IGCSE, GCSE, or other secondary school level curriculum.

  16. CIE IGCSE Computer Science Data Representation

    computer science Draw the computation dag for computing P-SQUARE-MATRIX-MULTIPLY on 2 × 2 matrices, labeling how the vertices in your diagram correspond to strands in the execution of the algorithm. Use the convention that spawn and call edges point downward, continuation edges point horizontally to the right, and return edges point upward.

  17. Number Systems

    1.1 Number Systems. A school network has several computers. Each computer in the network has a media access control (MAC) address. Hexadecimal is used for MAC addresses. Part of a MAC address is given. 97-5C-E1. Each pair of digits is stored as binary in an 8-bit register. Complete the binary register for these two pairs of digits.

  18. Resources > Computer Science > Igcse > 0478 Unit 1 Data Representation

    Summary - New 2023-2025 Exam Specification. This unit is subdivided into seven learning hours plus an end-of-unit assessment. It is a theoretical unit covering the latest Cambridge IGCSE 0478 / 0984 and O level 2210 Computer Science specifications. Binary systems and hexadecimal systems are covered along with conversions with denary numbers.

  19. IGCSE Computer Science: Data Representation (Images and Sound)

    Data about data. In the case of image files it is the data the computer needs to interpret the image data in the file, for example: resolution, colour depth and image dimensions. Can also include gps data, the date and camera information. Calculating colour depth. 2 to the power of the number of bits available. For example:

  20. IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25

    Computer Science SyllabusCambridge IGCSE™ (9-1 0984) (A*-C 0478)For exams in 2023, 2024 and 2025.VIDEO to support TOPIC 1 : Data Representation and the firs...

  21. Chapter 1

    Multiple Choice. A character set for all characters on a standard keyboard and control codes. 2. Multiple Choice. A method used to reduce the size of a sound file. 3. Multiple Choice. Already have an account? Chapter 1 - Data Representation (IGCSE Computer Science) quiz for 9th grade students.

  22. IGCSE Computer Science FLASHCARDS 1

    IGCSE Computer Science 2023-25 - (1) Data Representation - FLASHCARD REVISION Computer Science SyllabusCambridge IGCSE™ (9-1 0984) (A*-C 0478)For exams in 2...

  23. ReFT: Representation Finetuning for Language Models

    Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods seek to adapt large models via updates to a small number of weights. However, much prior interpretability work has shown that representations encode rich semantic information, suggesting that editing representations might be a more powerful alternative. Here, we pursue this hypothesis by developing a family of $\\textbf{Representation Finetuning ...

  24. CIE IGCSE Computer Science Revision Notes 2023

    Revision Notes. Concise resources for the CIE IGCSE Computer Science course. 1. Data Representation. 1.1 Number Systems. 1.2 Text, Sound and Images. 1.3 Data Storage and Compression. 2. Data transmission.