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DPhil (PhD) studies in Mathematical Finance @ Oxford

The Mathematical and Computational Finance Group (MCFG) at Oxford is one of the largest and most dynamic research environments in mathematical finance in the world.

We combine core mathematical expertise with interdisciplinary approach. We foster lively interactions between researchers coming from different backgrounds and a truly impressive seminar programme, all this within one of the world's top universities, singular through its tradition and unique environment.

If you are passionate about mathematics and research and want to pursue a DPhil in Financial Mathematics, Oxford simply offers one of the best and most exciting places to do it!

 Research Topic and Supervisor Allocation

We welcome students with their own particular ideas of research topic as well as students with a broad interest in the field of Mathematical Finance. You have an opportunity to tell us about your research passions, and indicate potential supervisors, in your application form. This will be followed up during the interview.

In light of this, if you are offered a place, an appropriate supervisor will be proposed prior to your arrival in Oxford. However, there can be some flexibility over this once you arrive.  Keeping with the Oxford tradition, we offer our students independence and respect as early researchers, and always aim to match students with the most appropriate supervisors.

Outstanding students with a strong background in analysis, probability and data science are welcome to apply for our DPhil program. Each year we receive a large number of excellent applications. The selection process is extremely competitive and we can only admit a handful of candidates each year.

In order to apply for DPhil studies in Mathematical & Computational Finance, please indicate your interest in Mathematical and Computational Finance on your application form. Selected applicants will be invited for an interview -- either in person or by video call.

For general information on DPhil please consult our  Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) admissions pages .

For the CDT Mathematics of Random Systems please consult our  the CDT website .

Or please contact  @email .

Funding for DPhil students is available from a variety of sources. Please note that some funding opportunities have deadlines: it is advised to apply before the deadline in order to maximise your chances of receiving funding.

Funding is also available through the  Centre for Doctoral Training in Mathematics of Random Systems . To apply for this program please How to Apply .

Email:  @email Phone:  +44 (0)1865 615234

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• PhD in Mathematical Finance

The PhD in Mathematical Finance is for students seeking careers in research and academia. Doctoral candidates will have a strong affinity for quantitative reasoning and the ability to connect advanced mathematical theories with real-world phenomena. They will have an interest in the creation of complex models and financial instruments as well as a passion for in-depth analysis.

Learning Outcomes

The PhD curriculum has the following learning goals. Students will:

• Demonstrate advanced knowledge of literature, theory, and methods in their field.
• Be prepared to teach at the undergraduate, master’s, and/or doctoral level in a business school or mathematics department.
• Produce original research of quality appropriate for publication in scholarly journals.

After matriculation into the PhD program, a candidate for the degree must register for and satisfactorily complete a minimum of 16 graduate-level courses at Boston University. More courses may be needed, depending on departmental requirements.

PhD in Mathematical Finance Curriculum

The curriculum for the PhD in Mathematical Finance is tailored to each incoming student, based on their academic background. Students will begin the program with a full course load to build a solid foundation in not only math and finance but also the interplay between them in the financial world. As technology plays an increasingly larger role in financial models, computer programming is also a part of the core coursework.

Once a foundation has been established, students work toward a dissertation. Working closely with a faculty advisor in a mutual area of interest, students will embark on in-depth research. It is also expected that doctoral students will perform teaching assistant duties, which may include lectures to master’s-level classes.

Course Requirements

The minimum course requirement is 16 courses (between 48 and 64 units, depending on whether the courses are 3 or 4 units each). Students’ course choices must be approved by the Mathematical Finance Director prior to registration each term. The following is a typical program of courses.

• CAS EC 701 Microeconomic Theory
• CAS MA 711 Real Analysis
• CAS MA 779 Probability Theory I
• QST FE 918 Doctoral Seminar in Finance
• CAS EC 703 Advanced Microeconomic Theory
• CAS MA 776 Partial Differential Equations
• CAS MA 781 Probability Theory 2
• QST FE 920 Advanced Capital Market Theory
• CAS EC 702 Macroeconomic Theory
• CAS MA 783 Advanced Stochastic Processes
• QST MF 850 Advanced Computational Methods
• QST MF 922 Advanced Mathematical Finance
• CAS EC 704 Advanced Microeconomic Theory
• CAS MA 751 Statistical Machine Learning
• QST MF 810 FinTech Programming
• QST MF 921 Topics in Dynamic Asset Pricing

Additional Requirements

Qualifying examination.

Students must appear for a qualifying examination after completion of all coursework to demonstrate that they have:

• acquired advanced knowledge of literature and theory in their area of specialization;
• acquired advanced knowledge of research techniques; and
• developed adequate ability to craft a research proposal.

Guidelines for the examination are available from the departments. Students who do not pass either the written and/or oral comprehensive examination upon first try will be given a second opportunity to pass the exam. Should the student fail a second time, the student’s case will be reviewed by the Mathematical Finance Program Development Committee (MF PDC), which will determine if the student will be withdrawn from the PhD program. In addition, the PhD fellowship (if applicable) of any student who does not pass either the written and/or oral comprehensive examination after two attempts will be suspended the term after the exam was attempted.

Dissertation

Following successful completion of the qualifying examination, the student will develop a research proposal for the dissertation. The final phase of the doctoral program is the completion of an approved dissertation. The dissertation must be based on an original investigation that makes a substantive contribution to knowledge and demonstrates capacity for independent, scholarly research.

Doctoral candidates must register as continuing students for DS 999 Dissertation, a 2-unit course, for each subsequent regular term until all requirements for the degree have been completed. PhD students graduating in September are required to register for Dissertation in Summer Session II preceding graduation.

Academic Standards

Time limit for degree completion.

After matriculation into the PhD program, a candidate for the degree must meet certain milestones within specified time periods (as noted in the table below) and complete all degree requirements within six years of the date of first registration. Those who fail to meet the milestones within the specified time, or who do not complete all requirements within six years, will be reviewed by the PhD PDC and may be dismissed from the program. A Leave of Absence does not extend the six-year time limit for degree completion.

Performance Review

The Mathematical Finance Program Development Committee will review the progress of each doctoral candidate. Students must maintain a 3.30 cumulative grade point average in all courses to remain in good academic standing. Students who are not in good academic standing will be allowed one term to correct their status. Prior to the start of the term, the student must submit a letter to the Faculty Director (who will forward it to the PDC) explaining why the student has fallen short of the CGPA requirement and how the student plans to correct the situation. Failure to increase the CGPA to acceptable levels may result in probation or withdrawal from the program, at the discretion of the PhD Program Development Committee (PDC).

Graduation Application

Students must submit a graduation application at least five months before the date they expect to complete degree requirements. It is the student’s responsibility to initiate the process for graduation. The application is available online and should be submitted through the Specialty Master’s & PhD Center website for graduation in January, May, or August.

If graduation must be postponed beyond the term for which the application is submitted, students should contact the Specialty Master’s & PhD Center to defer the date. If students wish to postpone their graduation date past the six-year time limit for completion, they must formally petition the PhD Program Development Committee (PDC) for an extension. The petition, which must include the reason(s) for the extension as well as a detailed timetable for completion, is subject to departmental and PDC approval.

PhD degree requirements are complete only when copies of the dissertation have been certified as meeting the standards of Questrom School of Business and have been accepted by Mugar Memorial Library.

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Department of Mathematics

Financial mathematics.

A pioneer in its field, the Financial Mathematics Program offers 15 months of accelerated, integrated coursework that explores the deep-rooted relationship that exists between theoretical and applied mathematics and the ever-evolving world of finance. Their mission is to equip students with a solid foundation in mathematics, and in doing so provide them with practical knowledge that they can successfully apply to complicated financial models. Financial Mathematics students become leaders in their field; program alumni have gone forth to find success at companies like JP Morgan, UBS, and Goldman Sachs. Read more

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The field of finance covers the economics of claims on resources. Financial economists study the valuation of these claims, the markets in which they are traded, and their use by individuals, corporations, and the society at large.

At Stanford GSB, finance faculty and doctoral students study a wide spectrum of financial topics, including the pricing and valuation of assets, the behavior of financial markets, and the structure and financial decision-making of firms and financial intermediaries.

Investigation of issues arising in these areas is pursued both through the development of theoretical models and through the empirical testing of those models. The PhD Program is designed to give students a good understanding of the methods used in theoretical modeling and empirical testing.

Preparation and Qualifications

All students are required to have, or to obtain during their first year, mathematical skills at the level of one year of calculus and one course each in linear algebra and matrix theory, theory of probability, and statistical inference.

Students are expected to have familiarity with programming and data analysis using tools and software such as MATLAB, Stata, R, Python, or Julia, or to correct any deficiencies before enrolling at Stanford.

The PhD program in finance involves a great deal of very hard work, and there is keen competition for admission. For both these reasons, the faculty is selective in offering admission. Prospective applicants must have an aptitude for quantitative work and be at ease in handling formal models. A strong background in economics and college-level mathematics is desirable.

It is particularly important to realize that a PhD in finance is not a higher-level MBA, but an advanced, academically oriented degree in financial economics, with a reflective and analytical, rather than operational, viewpoint.

Recent Publications in Finance

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The Mathematical and Computational Finance Program at Stanford University (“MCF”) is one of the oldest and most established programs of its kind in the world. Starting out in the late 1990’s as an interdisciplinary financial mathematics research group, at a time when “quants” started having a greater impact on finance in particular, the program formally admitted masters students starting in 1999. The current MCF program was relaunched under the auspices of the Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering in the Stanford School of Engineering in 2014 to better align with changes in industry and to broaden into areas of financial technology in particular. We are excited to remain at the cutting edge of innovation in finance while carrying on our long tradition of excellence.

The MCF Program is designed to have smaller cohorts of exceptional students with diverse interests and viewpoints, and prepare them for impactful roles in finance. We are characterized by our cutting edge curriculum marrying traditional financial mathematics and core fundamentals, with an innovative technical spirit unique to Stanford with preparation in software engineering, data science and machine learning as well as the hands-on practical coursework which is the hallmark skill-set for leaders in present day finance.

Why Study for a Mathematical Finance PhD?

I was emailed by a reader recently asking about mathematical finance PhD programs and the benefits of such a course. If you are considering gaining a PhD in mathematical finance, this article will be of interest to you.

If you are currently near the end of your undergraduate studies or are returning to study after some time in industry, you might consider starting a PhD in mathematical finance. This is an alternative to undertaking a Masters in Financial Engineering (MFE), which is another route into a quantitative role. This article will discuss exactly what you will be studying and what you are likely to get out of a PhD program. Clearly there will be differences between studying in the US, UK or elsewhere. I personally went to grad school in the UK, but I will discuss both UK and US programs.

Mathematical finance PhD programs exist because the techniques within the derivatives pricing industry are becoming more mathematical and rigourous with each passing year. In order to develop new exotic derivatives instruments, as well as price and hedge them, the financial industry has turned to academia. This has lead to the formation of mathematical finance research groups - academics who specialise in derivatives pricing models, risk analysis and quantitative trading.

Graduate school, for those unfamiliar with it, is a very different experience to undergraduate. The idea of grad school is to teach you how to effectively research a concept without any guidance and use that research as a basis for developing your own models. Grad school really consists of a transition from the "spoon fed" undergraduate lecture system to independent study and presentation of material. The taught component of grad school is smaller and the thesis component is far larger. In the US, it is not uncommon to have two years of taught courses before embarking on a thesis (and thus finding a supervisor). In the UK, a PhD program is generally 3-4 years long with either a year of taught courses, or none, and then 3 years of research.

A good mathematical finance PhD program will make extensive use of your undergraduate knowledge and put you through graduate level courses on stochastic analysis, statistical theory and financial engineering. It will also allow you to take courses on general finance, particularly on corporate finance and derivative securities. When you finish the program you will have gained a broad knowledge in most areas of mathematical finance, while specialising in one particular area for your thesis. This "broad and deep" level of knowledge is the hallmark of a good PhD program.

Mathematical Finance research groups study a wide variety of topics. Some of the more common areas include:

• Derivative Securities Pricing/Hedging: The technical term for this is "financial engineering", as "quantitative analysis" now encompasses a wide variety of financial areas. Some of the latest research topics include sophisticated models of options including stochastic volatility models, jump-diffusion models, asymptotic methods as well as investment strategies.
• Stochastic Calculus/Analysis: This is more of a theoretical area, where the basic motivation stems from the need to solve stochastic differential equations. Research groups may look at path-dependent PDEs, functional Ito calculus, measure theory and probability theory.
• Fixed Income Modeling: Research in this area centres on effectively modelling interest rates - such as multi-factor models, multi-curve term structure models as well as interest rate derivatives such as swaptions.
• Numerical Methods: Although not always strictly related to mathematical finance, there is a vast amount of university research carried out to try and develop more effective means of solving equations numerically (i.e. on the computer!). Recent developments include GPU-based Monte Carlo solvers, more efficient matrix solvers as well as Finite Differences on GPUs. These groups will almost certainly possess substantial programming expertise.
• Market Microstructure/High-Frequency Modeling: This type of research is extremely applied and highly valued by funds engaged in this activity. You will find many academics consulting, if not contracting, for specialised hedge funds. Research areas include creating limit order market models, high frequency data statistical modelling, market stability analysis and volatility analysis.
• Credit Risk: Credit risk was a huge concern in the 2007-2008 financial crisis and many research groups are engaged in determining such "counterparty risks". Credit derivatives are still a huge business and so a lot of research goes into collateralisation of securities as well as pricing of exotic credit derivatives.

These are only a fraction of the total areas that are studied within mathematical finance. The best place to find out more about research topics is to visit the websites of all the universities which have a mathematical finance research group, which is typically found within the mathematics, statistics or economics faculty.

The benefits of undertaking a PhD program are numerous:

• Employment Prospects: A PhD program sets you apart from candidates who only possess an undergraduate or Masters level ability. By successfully defending a thesis, you have shown independence in your research ability, a skill highly valued by numerate employers. Many funds (and to a lesser extent, banks) will only hire PhD level candidates for their mathematical finance positions, so in a pragmatic sense it is often a necessary "rubber stamp". In investment banks, this is not the case so much anymore, as programming ability is generally prized more. However, in funds, it is still often a requirement. Upon being hired you will likely be at "associate" level rather than "analyst" level, which is common of undergraduates. Your starting salary will reflect this too.
• Knowledge: You will spend a large amount of time becoming familiar with many aspects of mathematical finance and derivatives theory. This will give you a holistic view into the industry and a more transferable skill set than an undergraduate degree as you progress up the career ladder. In addition, you will have a great deal of time to learn how to program models effectively (without the day-to-day pressure to get something implemented any way possible!), so by the time you're employed, you will be "ahead of the game" and will know best practices. This aspect is down to you, however!
• Intellectual Prospects: You are far more likely to gain a position at a fund after completing a PhD than without one. Funds are often better environments to work in. There is usually less stress and a more relaxed "collegiate" environment. Compare this to working on a noisy trading floor, where research might be harder to carry out and be perceived as less important.

I would highly recommend a mathematical finance PhD, so long as you are extremely sure that a career in quantitative finance is for you. If you are still unsure of your potential career options, then a more general mathematics, physics or engineering PhD might be a better choice.

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