political change essay example

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Political change essay.

Political change often occurs as major events—such as wars, economic crises, and sudden electoral shifts—lead to punctuated turning points, which are then followed by enduring ideological, institutional, or coalitional transformations. Indeed, across international and domestic contexts, whether one addresses security crises like those that marked the commencement of the cold war or war on terror, economic crises such as the great crash of 1929 or subprime crisis of 2007 to 2009, or the critical elections that transformed U.S. party systems in 1932 or 1968, certain moments in political time stand out as having a particular impact. These events often lead to lasting changes in international relations, economic policy, or coalitional alignments. In addressing these sources of change, scholars have sought to not only identify the key mechanisms through which such events acquire a particular significance, but also highlight broader implications for agency, policy progress, and reform.

Over the past several decades, as scholars have addressed such mechanisms of change, a basic theoretical divide has given rise to a broad debate. From the former vantage, materialists highlight the exogenously given, preinterpretive sources of change, such as shifts in the distribution of power, economic recourses, or demographic trends. Where shifts in such relative power relations alter the balance of power among state and societal actors, materialists argue that they help to determine the outcomes of international or domestic struggles over “who gets what, when, and how.” In justifying this approach, materialists assume that political agents make efficient use of information in reacting to military, economic, or societal changes, and that those who do not correctly act on their real interests will be “selected out” of their competitive systems.

In contrast, from the latter vantage, constructivists highlight the social sources of change—rooted in shifts in shared ideas, economic ideologies, or cultural understandings. Constructivists assume that ideas of these sorts matter because agents are plagued by what John Maynard Keynes termed the fundamental constraint of uncertainty. With respect to a number of important potential developments (e.g., the price of oil in ten years, the likelihood of a terrorist attack) agents simply cannot form any meaningful expectations, and so must fall back on “conventional” judgments for guidance. In other words, agents must interpret crises before they react to them. Moreover, as agents interpret events as legitimating ideological changes, this can lead to transformations of their own interests—or beliefs about how to meet needs—in ways that assume lives of their own. Put differently, from the constructivist vantage, political struggles do not simply pertain to who gets what, when, and how, but also involve arguments over the meaning of events in ways that can reshape agents’ views of who they are and what they want.

To be sure, materialist and constructivist perspectives are not monolithic, and—given these broad assumptions—varieties of each exist. For example, from the materialist vantage, while realist approaches cast hegemonic wars as mechanisms that restore equilibrium to the balance of power, alternative Marxist frameworks highlight the role of wars and crises as sources of dialectical change from more imperialist orders to more emancipatory or socialist alternatives. Likewise, constructivist frameworks vary from those stressing the role of more elite-based, paradigmatic ideas to those stressing the preconscious, affective influences on a wider range of agents.

Nevertheless, setting aside such differences, the underlying debates over material or social forces prove quite enduring, having broad parallels in economic debates between classical and Keynesian perspectives, and psychological controversies over the importance of behavioral incentives or socialization processes. In the largest sense, these perspectives reflect different views of the human condition, as to whether agents are materially or socially constructed, whether material constraints limit possibilities for change, and whether ideas can assume evolving “lives of their own.”

International Security: From Hegemonic To Constitutive Wars

In the security realm, scholars have long noted the association between major wars and postwar settlements that reshape international orders. Perhaps most prominently, Robert Gilpin argues that hegemonic war serves as “the principal mechanism of change throughout history.” In this view, per iodic hegemonic conflicts, reinforced by postwar conferences and accords, determine which “states or states will be dominant and will govern the system.” Questions arise, however, about how a victorious hegemon might define its interests—along more conservative or liberal lines, or in more benign on more predatory fashions. Materialist approaches, at a systemic level, are likely to be underdetermining.

One materialist solution offers a supplemental stress on domestic material influences, rooted in the domestic institutional and societal characteristics of major states. For example, G. John Ikenberry concedes that “historical junctures . . . come at dramatic moments of upheaval and change within the international system, when the old order has been destroyed by war and newly powerful states try to reestablish basic organizing principles.” However, Ikenberry elaborates, “Democratic states have greater capacities to enter into binding institutions” and that hegemonic settlements established by democratic regimes can support more stable, legitimate orders. Nevertheless, despite its merits, Ikenberry’s legal shift to the domestic realm fails to offer a fundamental solution to theoretical problems of how institutional agents define their interests. Even the meaning of democracy itself is variable, and no theoretical fundamental precludes the emergence of violent differences over the meaning of democracy itself—as between the United States and Germany in World War I (1914–1918).

In a broader sense, materialist arguments remain wanting to the extent that the meaning of power and the nature of institutions are always endogenous to a social context. First, “major” asymmetries in the balance of power cannot be abstracted from the social context of, for example, friendship or enmity between states. While rivals or enemies may shift alliances to prevent any single state from attaining dominance over the system, states enjoying socially grounded ties of friendship may simply ignore the ostensible incentive structure of the distribution of power. As Alexander Wendt argues, U.S. policy makers view North Korean missiles differently than they do British missiles. Secondly, even “major” wars occur in meaningful contexts, as when Harry Truman cast the cold war as a struggle over “ways of life” or when George W. Bush emphasized the implications of the ostensible war on terror for the United States’s “deepest beliefs.” Conversely, even apparently “minor” crises can carry disproportionate lessons during periods of uncertainty, as when the post–cold war “Black Hawk down” incident in Somalia prompted an isolationist backlash. In this light, even wars that fundamentally disrupt the balance of power cannot be understood outside some social context.

To the extent that uncertainty complicates the interpretation of material incentives, constructivists have stressed the need to more directly examine the understandings that give wars and crises meaning. Providing the foundation for such an approach, John Ruggie argues that hegemonic wars might often be better seen as constitutive wars that can reshape notions of sovereignty itself. Indeed, Ruggie argues that the emergence of the sovereign state system can itself been seen as having “resulted in part from a transformation in social epistemology” following from the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) and Peace of Westphalia (1648). From this vantage, Ruggie argues that preWestphalian epistemes and “the mental equipment that people drew upon in imagining and symbolizing forms of political community underwent fundamental change.” As Ruggie puts it, “the very ontology of the units—that is to say, what kind of units they would be” provides the focus of constitutive wars. In contrast, in configurative wars, the nature of the units is accepted, though “their territorial configuration remain[s] contested.” Finally, Ruggie defines as positional wars all of “the familiar strategic and tactical wars ever since.”

However, to the sense that the Westphalian era has been characterized by continued debate over the meaning of sovereignty—whether to advance the rights of monarchs, nations, workers, or theocratic designs of varied sorts—wars might still be seen as having ongoing, constitutive significance. For example, Bruce Cronin and J. Samuel Barkin suggest that modern struggles from the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) to the cold war have played a key role in reconciling tensions between statist or nationalist views of sovereignty, which alternately locate authority in “the territories over which institutional authorities exercise legitimate control” or in varied “communities of sentiment.”

In this view, it is not shifts in power, but tensions over prevailing understandings that drive war and change in world politics. Indeed, such social understandings provide the focus of debates over the lessons of conflict, most recently in U.S. settings in cold war–era debates over the lessons of Vietnam. What Vietnam “meant” with respect to definitions of vital or peripheral interests had important implications for policy debate during the Nixon, Carter, and Reagan administrations. In more recent post–cold war debates over the meaning of the war on terror, the shift from the Bush to Obama administration can similarly be seen as accompanying a shift from a view of the September 11 attacks as highlighting the need for a more unilateral or multilateral definition of the national interest. In the absence of mechanisms for managing systemic change, wars and threats do not “speak for themselves,” but must be given meaning to advance state and societal change.

International Political Economy: The Meaning Of Crises

Paralleling these views of wars as revealing shifts in the distribution of power or in prevailing ideas, scholars of the international political economy have engaged in an ongoing debate over views of crises as disrupting the economic distribution of power or prevailing ideological frameworks. From the materialist vantage, hegemonic stability theorists like Gilpin cast the rise and fall of great powers as the most important factor in explaining stability. However, as in the security realm, other materialist scholars have recognized the indeterminacy of systemic incentives and argued for a greater stress on domestic incentives. Indeed, Gilpin himself concedes the role of ideology and stresses the need for a “dominant liberal power” to enable economic cooperation. From this vantage, in the nineteenth century, British hegemony might be seen as having supported the classical gold standard, until interwar British collapse undermined the classical order. Likewise, in the twentieth century, the post–Great Depression rise and (as some argue) decline of U.S. hegemony might explain international monetary change, from the Keynesian Bretton Woods fixed-exchange rate system to the current order.

More explicitly highlighting the material sources of domestic preferences, Peter Gourevitch stresses the effects of economic crises—defined as “major” economic downturns and shifts in the “geographic distribution of production”—on domestic preferences and transnational support for international regimes. Given some fluctuation in relative factor endowments, political agents will apply their reallocated resources to successfully (or unsuccessfully) defend their policy preferences. Gourevitch argues that material shocks alter the bases of domestic coalitions, as “social actors, affected by their situation, evaluate alternative policies in reaction to the likely benefits or costs.” Thus, to explain post–Great Depression Keynesian cooperation, Gourevitch stresses the effects of the crises of the 1930s on the relative position of capital and labor, arguing that labor-led coalitions advocated the adoption of Keynesian policies as alternatives to austerity.

Offering a somewhat greater stress on the autonomy ideas from a comparative vantage, scholars like Elinor Ostrom and Douglass North provide a more nuanced view of the interplay of power and ideas. They cast competitive pressures as often mediated and constrained by formal institutions (e.g., constitutions, rules, and laws) and informal structures (e.g., conventions, norms, and standards of behavior). To be sure, such institutions, even if they can exert a path dependent effect on behavior, still leave the fundamental material impediments to collective action in place.

In this light, despite their merits, these international and comparative analyses ultimately remain wanting for the same reason as basic materialist theories of hegemonic war. First, the effects of the distribution of capabilities in abstraction from the social context are indeterminate. Where states share a sense of the common interest, no hegemonic capabilities may be needed to maintain stability. Conversely, where such positive identification is lacking, no level of capabilities may be sufficient to guarantee stability. Second, the shift to a focus on domestic interests and practices does not resolve the problem of the indeterminacy of incentives, since domestic incentives are often equally unclear. For example, neither firms, nor unions, nor representatives of civil society can identify their “true” interests in abstraction from some intersubjective setting. Through much the era following the depression, for example, representatives of business and capital came to recognize the existence of shared interests in rising wages as a means to bolster demand. Finally, concerns for “major” crises run aground on the inability to precisely define what counts as a “major” change. Even exogenous shocks must be interpreted in a larger context, requiring a more explicit stress on paradigmatic debate over varied Classical or Keynesian economic theories.

In light of these objections, constructivists have stressed the importance of the social context to stability and change. Ruggie has once again played a key role in developing such arguments, reflected in his stress on not only “power” but also “purpose” in explaining the rise of the Bretton Woods system after the depression, in which the state assumed an active role in advancing shared corporate and labor interests in rising employment, demand, and output. Mark Blyth builds upon Ruggie’s insights, introducing a dynamic stress on the construction of crises to explain “great transformations” in economic arrangements in international and comparative settings. Blyth rejects frameworks that treat international political development as progressing through a series of self-apparent exogenous shocks. He instead defines crises in terms of their intersubjective impact, arguing that they occur during periods of uncertainty, when agents “are unsure as to what their interests actually are, let alone how to realize them.” Blyth argues that, given uncertainty, state and societal interests can only be defined in terms of the ideas agents themselves have about the causes of uncertainty.

Drawing on the insights of Keynes, constructivists thereby cast uncertainty as a condition under which there is no scientific basis to form any calculable probability. In this light, economic crises matter as they reshape the terms of policy debate. In other words, as Keynes once put it, “the ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else.” Indeed, reactions to the subprime crisis of 2007 to 2009—as it drove the Bush and Obama administrations alike to engage in Keynesian “lender of last resort assistance”—cannot be understood outside an understanding of Keynes’s own ideas. The subprime crisis did not “speak for itself ” in compelling such policies, but rather spurred debate over the role of the state in society and has legitimated a renewed acceptance of deficit spending and the need for financial reform.

Conclusions

Scholarly debates over the sources of political-scale change broadly concern the importance of material or social forces. From materialist perspectives, while agents might adapt with greater or lesser degrees of skill to exogenous shifts, they cannot fundamentally evade the exogenous constraints of the balance of military or economic power. In contrast, constructivist perspectives highlight the influence of the shared ideas that shape interpretations of material incentives. Perhaps more important, these frameworks have important implications for the scope of agency, progress, and reform. Materialist approaches arguably obscure the full scope of agency, limiting it to mere adaptation. These approaches suggest that agents can only respond to material shifts with differing degrees of skill, and that efforts at transforming international or domestic systems in fundamental ways are likely to be frustrated as proponents are selected out of the system. In contrast, constructivists highlight the role of agents in giving meaning to material changes, in ways that can reshape shared understandings, state and societal interests, and institutional possibilities. In this sense, the materialist-constructivist debate is rooted in enduring controversies over not simply the nature of structural constraints, but broader questions of agency, progress, and change.

Bibliography:

• Barkin, J. Samuel, and Bruce Cronin. “The State and the Nation: Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty in International Relations. International Organization 48, no. 1 (1994): 107–130.
• Blyth, Mark. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• Gilpin, Robert. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
• War and Change in World Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
• Gourevitch, Peter A. Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986.
• Ikenberry, G. John. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
• Keynes, John Maynard. “The General Theory of Employment.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51, no. 2 (1937): 209–223.
• The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1936.
• North, Douglass. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York:W.W. Norton, 1981.
• Oren, Ido. “The Subjectivity of the ‘Democratic’ Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany.” International Security 20, no. 2 (1995): 147–184.
• Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
• Ruggie, John Gerard. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change.” In International Regimes, edited by Stephen Krasner, 195–232. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
• “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations.” International Organization 47, no. 1 (1993): 139–174.
• Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization 46, no. 2 (1992): 391–425.
• Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Widmaier,Wesley, Mark Blyth, and Leonard Seabrooke. “Exogenous Shocks or Endogenous Constructions? The Meanings of Wars and Crises.” International Studies Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2007): 747–759.

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Essay on Politics: Topics, Tips, and Examples for Students

Defining What is Politics Essay

The process of decision-making that applies to members of a group or society is called politics. Arguably, political activities are the backbone of human society, and everything in our daily life is a form of it.

Understanding the essence of politics, reflecting on its internal elements, and critically analyzing them make society more politically aware and let them make more educated decisions. Constantly thinking and analyzing politics is critical for societal evolution.

Political thinkers often write academic papers that explore different political concepts, policies, and events. The essay about politics may examine a wide range of topics such as government systems, political ideologies, social justice, public policies, international relations, etc.

After selecting a specific research topic, a writer should conduct extensive research, gather relevant information, and prepare a logical and well-supported argument. The paper should be clear and organized, complying with academic language and standards. A writer should demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject, an ability to evaluate and remain non-biased to different viewpoints, and a capacity to draw conclusions.

Now that we are on the same page about the question 'what is politics essay' and understand its importance, let's take a deeper dive into how to build a compelling political essay, explore the most relevant political argumentative essay topics, and finally, examine the political essay examples written by the best essay writing service team.

Politics Essay Example for Students

If you are still unsure how to structure your essay or how to present your statement, don't worry. Our team of experts has prepared an excellent essay example for you. Feel free to explore and examine it. Use it to guide you through the writing process and help you understand what a successful essay looks like.

How to Write a Political Essay: Tips + Guide

A well-written essay is easy to read and digest. You probably remember reading papers full of big words and complex ideas that no one bothered to explain. We all agree that such essays are easily forgotten and not influential, even though they might contain a very important message.

If you are writing an essay on politics, acknowledge that you are on a critical mission to easily convey complicated concepts. Hence, what you are trying to say should be your main goal. Our guide on how to write a political essay will help you succeed.

Conduct Research for Your Politics Essay

After choosing a topic for the essay, take enough time for preparation. Even if you are familiar with the matter, conducting thorough research is wiser. Political issues are complex and multifaceted; comprehensive research will help you understand the topic better and offer a more nuanced analysis.

Research can help you identify different viewpoints and arguments around the topic, which can be beneficial for building more impartial and persuasive essays on politics. Sometimes in the hit of the moment, opposing sides are not able to see the common ground; your goal is to remain rational, speak to diverse audiences, and help them see the core of the problem and the ways to solve it.

In political papers, accuracy and credibility are vital. Researching the topic deeply will help you avoid factual errors or misrepresentations from any standpoint. It will allow you to gather reliable sources of information and create a trustworthy foundation for the entire paper.

If you want to stand out from the other students, get inspired by the list of hottest essay ideas and check out our political essay examples.

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Brainstorm Political Essay Topics

The next step to writing a compelling politics essay is to polish your thoughts and find the right angle to the chosen topic.

Before you start writing, generate fresh ideas and organize your thoughts. There are different techniques to systematize the mess going on in your head, such as freewriting, mind mapping, or even as simple as listing ideas. This will open the doors to new angles and approaches to the topic.

When writing an essay about politics, ensure the topic is not too general. It's always better to narrow it down. It will simplify your job and help the audience better understand the core of the problem. Brainstorming can help you identify key points and arguments, which you can use to find a specific angle on the topic.

Brainstorming can also help you detect informational gaps that must be covered before the writing process. Ultimately, the brainstorming phase can bring a lot more clarity and structure to your essay.

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Create Your Politics Essay Thesis Statement

Thesis statements, in general, serve as a starting point of the roadmap for the reader. A political essay thesis statement outlines the main ideas and arguments presented in the body paragraphs and creates a general sense of the content of the paper.

Creating a thesis statement for essays about politics in the initial stages of writing can help you stay focused and on track throughout the working process. You can use it as an aim and constantly check your arguments and evidence against it. The question is whether they are relevant and supportive of the statement.

Get creative when creating a statement. This is the first sentence readers will see, and it should be compelling and clear.

The following is a great example of a clear and persuasive thesis statement:

 'The lack of transparency and accountability has made the World Trade Organization one of the most controversial economic entities. Despite the influence, its effectiveness in promoting free trade and economic growth in developing countries has decreased.'

Provide Facts in Your Essay about Politic

It's a no-brainer that everything you will write in your essay should be supported by strong evidence. The credibility of your argument will be questioned every step of the way, especially when you are writing about sensitive subjects such as essays on government influence on economic troubles. 

Provide facts and use them as supporting evidence in your politics essay. They will help you establish credibility and accuracy and take your paper out of the realm of speculation and mere opinions.

Facts will make your essay on political parties more persuasive, unbiased, and targeted to larger audiences. Remember, the goal is to bring the light to the core of the issue and find a solution, not to bring people even farther apart.

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Structure Your Political Essay

Your main goal is to communicate your ideas to many people. To succeed, you need to write an essay that is easy to read and understand. Creating a structure will help you present your ideas logically and lead the readers in the right direction.

Sometimes when writing about political essay topics, we get carried away. These issues can be very emotional and sensitive, and writers are not protected from becoming victims of their own writings. Having a structure will keep you on track, only focusing on providing supported arguments and relevant information.

Start with introducing the thesis statement and provide background information. Followed by the body paragraphs and discuss all the relevant facts and standpoints. Finish it up with a comprehensive conclusion, and state the main points of your essay once again.

The structure will also save you time. In the beginning, creating an outline for essays on politics will give you a general idea of what should be written, and you can track your progress against it.

Revise and Proofread Your Final Politics Essay

Once every opinion is on the paper and every argument is well-constructed, one final step should be taken. Revision!

We know nothing is better than finishing the homework and quickly submitting it, but we aim for an A+. Our political essay must be reviewed. You need to check if there is any error such as grammatical, spelling, or contextual.

Take some time off, relax, and start proofreading after a few minutes or hours. Having a fresh mind will help you review not only grammar but also the arguments. Check if something is missing from your essays about politics, and if you find gaps, provide additional information.

You had to spend a lot of time on them, don't give up now. Make sure they are in perfect condition.

Effective Political Essay Topics

We would be happy if our guide on how to write political essays helped you, but we are not stopping there. Below you will find a list of advanced and relevant political essay topics. Whether you are interested in global political topics or political science essay topics, we got you covered.

Once you select a topic, don't forget to check out our politics essay example! It will bring even more clarity, and you will be all ready to start writing your own paper.

Political Argumentative Essay Topics

Now that we know how to write a political analysis essay let's explore political argumentative essay topics:

• Should a political party take a stance on food politics and support policies promoting sustainable food systems?
• Should we label Winston Churchill as the most influential political figure of World War II?
• Does the focus on GDP growth in the political economy hinder the human development index?
• Is foreign influence a threat to national security?
• Is foreign aid the best practice for political campaigning?
• Does the electoral college work for an ideal political system?
• Are social movements making a real difference, or are they politically active for temporary change?
• Can global politics effectively address political conflicts in the modern world?
• Are opposing political parties playing positive roles in US international relations?
• To what extent should political influence be allowed in addressing economic concerns?
• Can representative democracy prevent civil wars in ethnically diverse countries?
• Should nuclear weapons be abolished for the sake of global relations?
• Is economic development more important than ethical issues for Caribbean politics?
• What role should neighboring nations play in preventing human rights abuse in totalitarian regimes?
• Should political decisions guide the resolution of conflicts in the South China Sea?

Political Socialization Essay Topics

Knowing how to write a political issue essay is one thing, but have you explored our list of political socialization essay topics?

• To what extent does a political party or an influential political figure shape the beliefs of young people?
• Does political influence shape attitudes toward environmental politics?
• How can individuals use their own learning process to navigate political conflicts in a polarized society?
• How do political strategies shape cultural globalization?
• Is gender bias used as a political instrument in political socialization?
• How can paying attention to rural communities improve political engagement?
• What is the role of Amnesty International in preventing the death penalty?
• What is the role of politically involved citizens in shaping minimum wage policies?
• How does a political party shape attitudes toward global warming?
• How does the federal system influence urban planning and attitudes toward urban development?
• What is the role of public opinion in shaping foreign policy, and how does it affect political decision making
• Did other countries' experiences affect policies on restricting immigration in the US?
• How can note-taking skills and practice tests improve political engagement? 
• How do the cultural values of an independent country shape the attitudes toward national security?
• Does public opinion influence international intervention in helping countries reconcile after conflicts?

Political Science Essay Topics

If you are searching for political science essay topics, check our list below and write the most compelling essay about politic:

• Is environmental education a powerful political instrument? 
• Can anarchist societies provide a viable alternative to traditional forms of governance?
• Pros and cons of deterrence theory in contemporary international relations
• Comparing the impact of the French Revolution and World War II on the political landscape of Europe
• The role of the ruling political party in shaping national policies on nuclear weapons
• Exploring the roots of where politics originate
• The impact of civil wars on the processes of democratization of the third-world countries
• The role of international organizations in promoting global health
• Does using the death penalty in the justice system affect international relations?
• Assessing the role of the World Trade Organization in shaping global trade policies
• The political and environmental implications of conventional agriculture
• The impact of the international court on political decision making
• Is philosophical anarchism relevant to contemporary political discourse?
• The emergence of global citizenship and its relationship with social movements
• The impact of other countries on international relations between the US and China

Final Words

See? Writing an essay about politic seems like a super challenging job, but in reality, all it takes is excellent guidance, a well-structured outline, and an eye for credible information.

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Political Context and Social Change

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• Martin J. Tomasik 3 &
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Ecological systems theory

Social change refers to changes in the political or economic context of societies which affect the vast majority of the population, albeit not necessarily in a uniform way. It may occur gradually (as in the process of globalization) or abruptly (as in the case of political revolutions) and be more or less broad in its scope. Social change can be driven by collective action, changes in values , technological innovation, and other exogenous or endogenous factors. Usually, various political institutions, norms of living together, and cultural symbols are affected simultaneously.

Description

In this essay we describe how changes in the political system (such as German unification after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe) may affect individual quality of life . We begin with the description of the ecological contexts in which individual development is embedded and argue that political changes may affect all these contexts as...

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Pinquart, M., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2004). Human development in times of social change: Theoretical considerations and research needs. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28 , 289–298.

Silbereisen, R. K. (2005). Social change and human development: Experiences from Germany unification. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29 , 2–13.

Silbereisen, R. K., Pinquart, M., & Tomasik, M. J. (2010). Demands of social change and psychosocial adjustment: Results from the Jena study. In R. K. Silbereisen & X. Chen (Eds.), Social change and human development: Concept and results (pp. 125–147). London: Sage.

Silbereisen, R. K., & Tomasik, M. J. (2011a). Mapping demands of social change (LLAKES Research Paper No. 21). London: Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies.

Silbereisen, R. K., & Tomasik, M. J. (2011b). Psychosocial functioning in the context of social, economic, and political change. In X. Chen & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Socioemotional development in cultural context (pp. 305–331). New York: Guilford Press.

Silbereisen, R. K. & Wiesner, M. (2000). Cohort change in adolescent developmental timetables after German unification: Trends and possible reasons. In J. Heckhausen (ed.), Motivational psychology of human development: Developing motivation and motivating development (pp. 271–284). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Tomasik, M. J., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2009). Demands of social change as a function of the political context, institutional filters, and psychosocial resources. Social Indicators Research, 94 , 13–28.

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Tomasik, M. J., Silbereisen, R. K., Lechner, C. M., & Wasilewski, J. (2013). Negotiating demands of social change in young and middle-aged adults from Poland . Manuscript submitted for publication.

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Tomasik, M.J., Silbereisen, R.K. (2014). Political Context and Social Change. In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3746

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Essay on Politics for Students and Children

500+ words essay on politics.

When we hear the term politics, we usually think of the government, politicians and political parties. For a country to have an organized government and work as per specific guidelines, we require a certain organization. This is where politics comes in, as it essentially forms the government. Every country, group and organization use politics to instrument various ways to organize their events, prospects and more.

Politics does not limit to those in power in the government. It is also about the ones who are in the run to achieve the same power. The candidates of the opposition party question the party on power during political debates . They intend to inform people and make them aware of their agenda and what the present government is doing. All this is done with the help of politics only.

Dirty Politics

Dirty politics refers to the kind of politics in which moves are made for the personal interest of a person or party. It ignores the overall development of a nation and hurts the essence of the country. If we look at it closely, there are various constituents of dirty politics.

The ministers of various political parties, in order to defame the opposition, spread fake news and give provocative speeches against them. This hampers with the harmony of the country and also degrades the essence of politics . They pass sexist remarks and instill hate in the hearts of people to watch their party win with a majority of seats.

Read 500 Words Essay on Corruption Here

Furthermore, the majority of politicians are corrupt. They abuse their power to advance their personal interests rather than that of the country. We see the news flooded with articles like ministers and their families involving in scams and illegal practices. The power they have makes them feel invincible which is why they get away with any crime.

Before coming into power, the government makes numerous promises to the public. They influence and manipulate them into thinking all their promises will be fulfilled. However, as soon as they gain power, they turn their back on the public. They work for their selfish motives and keep fooling people in every election. Out of all this, only the common suffers at the hands of lying and corrupt politicians.

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Lack of Educated Ministers

If we look at the scenario of Indian elections, any random person with enough power and money can contest the elections. They just need to be a citizen of the country and be at least 25 years old. There are a few clauses too which are very easy.

The strangest thing is that contesting for elections does not require any minimum education qualification. Thus, we see how so many uneducated and non-deserving candidates get into power and then misuse it endlessly. A country with uneducated ministers cannot develop or even be on the right path.

We need educated ministers badly in the government. They are the ones who can make the country progress as they will handle things better than the illiterate ones. The candidates must be well-qualified in order to take on a big responsibility as running an entire nation. In short, we need to save our country from corrupt and uneducated politicians who are no less than parasites eating away the development growth of the country and its resources. All of us must unite to break the wheel and work for the prosperous future of our country.

FAQs on Politics

Q.1 Why is the political system corrupt?

A.1 Political system is corrupt because the ministers in power exercise their authority to get away with all their crimes. They bribe everyone into working for their selfish motives making the whole system corrupt.

Q.2 Why does India need educated ministers?

A.2 India does not have a minimum educational qualification requirement for ministers. This is why the uneducated lot is corrupting the system and pushing the country to doom. We need educated ministers so they can help the country develop with their progressive thinking.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Book Review — Farewell My Concubine: the Role of Political Change

Farewell My Concubine: The Role of Political Change

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Political Economy and Economic Changes Essay

Weber had different suggestion that he made on classical thought. In that he had views that were different from other sociologist that existed in that time. He argued for a strict separation between scientific objectivity and all the judgments of value and he supposed that the ethical and political commitments to be the property that was embraced without any effort to supply their rational foundations. He made an argument on the loss of individual freedom to the efficient but over rationalized bureaucracy that rose in service of economic investment. He came up with a classical organization theory where he made several definitions of terms which include bureaucratic, power and control. In bureaucratic administration he meant the fundamental exercise of control on the basis of knowledge and from the thought of sociology power was seen to be exemplified within organizations by the process of control. (Bramble, 2002, pp, 80).

He distinguished between authority and power by first defining the relationship that existed within which one person could impose his will regardless of the resistance from the other while authority was seen when there was a belief in the legitimacy of that power. He made classification of organizations according to the nature of legitimacy in that charismatic authority is based on the sacred or outstanding characteristic of the individual. In this authority the person is in charge of the operations that take place in the organization and does not have to get ideas from others in the organization. This means that this person is an authoritative in that he or she does his or her decisions alone. The traditional authority is a respect for custom in this authority an organization has set rules and regulations that have to be followed therefore what this person should have to do is to ensure that they follow the rules for the proper operation of the organization. This means that in an organization that has this authority they have to put in mind the set rules and regulations because if a person dopes not follow them then they are reliable to punishment and rewards are set for those who follow the set rules. There is the rational legal authority that is based on set rules in that this will mean that people will have to follow the set rules that are legally set by government to be followed by all in a particular organization. According to Weber the rational legal authority is attained through the efficient form of organization. In explaining bureaucracy he argued that managers should not rule through arbitrary personal whim but should have a form of system of rule and he had a list of beliefs which he thought were best in dealing with legal authority. (Bramble, 1993, pp, 160).

The legal code can be established which can claim obedience from members of the organization, the law is a system of rules that have to be applied in particular cases and administration has to look after the interest of the organization within the limit of that law, the person who has to exercise authority has to obey impersonal order, being a member then one will be able to obey the law, obedience is due not to the person who holds the authority but to the impersonal order which has to be granted to the position that is set. Weber was convinced that bureaucracy as being more effective than other forms and he claimed that this day administration was based on written documents, therefore this tended to make office the focus of organization. His concern was to establish ways of behaving which avoided the corruption, unfairness and nepotism which was characterizing the 19 th century organizations. He had ideas of the organizations and came up with different characteristics which include a continuous organization of official functions that is bound by rules, there was specialization in that each office had a defined sphere of competence involving the division of labor in that he made that the organizations had departments that were to be run by specific people and this led to reduction of time wastage and high production achieved. There was clear definition of hierarchy of offices in that a firm system of supervision was based on clear levels of authority. There were set rules in that there was stable, comprehensive system of conduct which had to be learned and required technical qualifications to understand and administer. There was impersonality in that no hatred with equality of treatment for all the clients of the organizations in that the staff members were free of any external responsibilities and constraints in other words the staff were able to attend their duties in a fair and objective way. There was free selection of appointed officials in that the selections of professionals is based on qualifications so that no question of bias. (Bell, 1980, pp, 180).

The officials were paid on basis of hierarchical rank and the officials were appointed on basis of a contract. There was clear career structure and a system of promotion that is based on seniority of superiors. The officials could work on a detached fashion from the ownership of the organization. There was strict, systematic discipline and control of the officials work. Even though he based the idea on formal rationality he believed that bureaucratic control would lead to a number of social consequences, in that a tendency to a leveling of social classes by allowing a wide range of recruits with technical competence, there was plutocracy due to the time that was required to achieve the necessary technical training and the greater degree of social equality due to dominance of the spirit of impersonality. In fact the information that was given to Weber concerning the classical organization can believe in this modern time in that there are set rules and regulations that people are supposed to follow so that they come up with information that is required. This will mean that with the set rules then no one in organization is supposed to go against them if they have to work without conflict. Therefore Weber used the knowledge he had on power and authority claimed that this is important in the modern organizations. The suggestions that Weber made in classical thought can be used in modern thought this is because in that time people who were in change of organizations had to use traditional authority to govern them this meant that they were to follow the traditions that were set for the operation of the organization in that they had to know what exactly was required so that they could work and perform well in that the organizations were supposed to have things set for workers so that they could not conflict in their operation. Weber had believe that ultimate values could not give justified that is through value free analysis and he had comparison of different religions, political or social systems and one system could not be chose over the other without taking the value, end, purpose and perspective that was established. Weber believed that objective comparisons among systems could be made once a particular end had been established, acknowledged and agreed upon. (Bryan, 1991, pp, 100).

Therefore from this point then Weber was able to make an objective comparison on the economic systems as capitalism and socialism. Although Weber announces the value from which he intended to analyses a particular policy he also acknowledges that the value may be merely a construct of ones culture and an example that he gave was on the influence of culture that was upon perspective lies on his comments about political economy. Weber had his information been based on other economist according to what they thought about a issue in that they had to have a value to something therefore in explaining the political economy he was able to come up with the ideals that were seen to be important in any discussion so that he could have the right discussion that could not conflict with that of others. In other words the modern thought of Weber laid on the discussions that were made by others and in making explanations then he could have a base on what to talk about. Therefore in dealing with the political; economy for example he was able to know which route to take so that they get the information that was required. in that hew used the ideals to introduce the subject matter of the science and the values that he talked about had to stand above the subject matter in a higher order he had criticism on those scientist who unconsciously allowed the starting point for the analysis and explanations of economic events to determine their judgments of these events. Therefore he was not always for the activities that scientist believed on about the organizations. Through all the arguments of Weber then we can conclude that he had different view from other scientist concerning a certain discussion. Therefore there is need for one to know the objective arguments that are supporting subjective values while maintaining the truth.

There have been questions to whether the monarchies could still exist in Australia in the 21 st century. This is because there has need many changes that have taken place as people have been in need of change like the changes in technology and other changes in the industries this means that there has been a question on what to do so that they can have changes incorporated in their organizations. In Australia there have been many changes that have been brought about by globalization this means that with globalization then there has been changes in global market and organizations has also changed. The monarchies could not survive in this country during the 21 st century due to the challenges that came with globalization and the views that were brought by Weber, this ,meant that the globalization led to new markets this is because there were new technology that was used therefore the organizations were ready to produce and sell to customers. Therefore they had to keep in line with the changes so that they could succeed. In comparing the classical thought and modern thought of Weber it can be clear that these two thoughts were interrelated in a way in that the modern thought had some values that were for classical thought therefore in connection to the organization set up the officials had to work in a manner that could allow all people to do what was required.( Bramble,1997,pp, 30).

This meant that they had to ensure that they did their work so that they can have their success just in the same manner it is in globalization. This means that with these two thoughts then people can have clear information on how organization is framed and how it has to operate so that they come in terms with changes that are taking place that is globalization. Without information on globalization then one can not be able to succeed in leading an organization to success. This is because from the information that was given by Weber about values then he had the right information that people should follow so that they have values for an organization. Generally to have success in something one should know which way to follow in that they should have right information that will lead to achievement of what they intend to have in the organization. According to Weber power and bureaucracy have to work together so that an organization can succeed in that there should be those in authority ruling the employees so that they have a way through to success. What I mean is that an organization that has no authority and set rules can not bear the challenges that are brought about by globalization therefore they end up having problems in their operations. (Bryan, 1996, pp, 425).

Modern thought and classical thought have to go together so that they provide information that is desirable. This is because people are in need of having information on political economy and economic changes that are required in the world today therefore with the information of Weber then one can have a foundation in running an organization as a manager and have the employees work for the good of their organization.

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Example Of Using Film For Political Change Essay

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: United States , Politics , Cinema , Martin Luther King , America , Film , Movies , Violence

Words: 2250

Published: 02/17/2020

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Introduction

Political change is the altering in the theory and practice of influencing individuals of the same interest. In its narrow sense political change is the modification of ways of achieving and practicing of governance position. Various methods and tools are used in bringing about political change in the society. The tools usually employed in bringing about political change are far reaching tools and methods like movies, media and general political campaigns. Political change in this case is the promotion of intended political perspective on matters pertaining making laws, negotiation amongst political subjects, exercising force and general governance. Film is one way of impacting political change in a society. Film is usually chosen for this because of its far reaching characteristics and the capturing of large audience. The film Doing the Right Thing by Spike Lee is a political tool used to impact and address political dynamism to the minds of its audience. The movie is a depiction of street living in one of the pronounced intense summer waves at Brooklyn neighborhood. The movie reflects the engagement that existed between the residents and the vendors of the local Pizzeria in addition to their interaction with the area police. Racial tensions rose with the same warmth like the summer heat, until it caused the culminating riot that claimed the life of an Africa-American young Radio Raheem in addition to property destruction at the popular Pizza restaurant. Spike Lee presents this political agenda between the current and older generation and the general political difference the whites and blacks. The movie takes its main character Mookie and moves along with audience as he distributes pizza to the neighborhoods. This is represents the Bugging’ Out’s intent at boycott of Sal’s Smiley’s high regard for Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcon X. Thus this was a representation of another way of doing politics (Lee 12). Spike Lee’s work exhibits a generational difference between current youth and older generation youths and how they are in the move to politically look for ways of gaining control of their history and change the all political scene of stereotypes and the way to react to situations like that of the Radio Raheem death (Lee 42). Lee in this movie presents the historic situations that were used in an attempt to bring democracy and equality to America and pass the same to various generations (Lee 18). Lee uses historic examples like commercial nervousness that prevailed after the civil war in addition to the hip hop political impact, the stereotypical prevalence, riots and boycotts in the Africa-America history of the US. In the movie, Lee talks of the intra-racial division existing between Mother Sister (Ossie Davis) and Da Mayor thus showing the bloc of elders in political agenda. Buggin’ Out’ and Radio Raheem are restless to move with political change. This is a replica of a radical political environment where some people are left in political dilemma and disillusion. Similarly Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcon X differ in political ideologies for achievement of Justice, the Southern Christian Leadership Congress (SNLC) and StudentNonviolent Coordination committee (SNCC) show disagreement on achievement of justice in the US. Lee makes an ambiguous quotation that shows the difference in political agendas of Malcon X and Martin Luther King, Jr. “violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral,” Malcolm X claims, “I am not against using violence in self defense. I don‟t call it violence when it‟s self defense, I call it intelligence.” (Powell 32). The film represents both these political ideologies during the various mixed reactions towards the death of Radio Raheem. Mother Sister and Da Mayor who preferred legal procedures in addressing the situation represented the political ideas of Martin Luther King Jr. while Mookie and Buggin’ Out’ represents those of Malcon X, since the prefer violence as the vital resolution to solving the prevailing injustice. They saw physical destruction of Sal’s as important for protection of justice (Lee 34). Da Mayor is similar to Martin Luther King Jr. representation of the voice of rationality and the un-official representation of the needs of black people. This is similar to Martin’s appeal to the whites and blacks of the middle class. The difference in political ideologies between the older and young generations in Lee’s work is a replica of the historic difference between the SNCC and the SCLC along with the National Association of Colored People (NAACP). The SNCC in this case is known of pushing violence, boycotting and rioting against the continuing social injustices in the US than the SCLC. For instance in the film, Buggin’ Out’ at the Sal’s boycotting influentially talks to youth groups and instructs them on the use of direct action which was a famous technique with the NAACP. When reflecting back to the historic division between the SNCC and the SCLC during the 1961 voter education project, the NAACP grew cautious of their direct action policy as it had the possibility of fostering diversionary and problematic operations that will move away from the goal of the orientation (Powell 50). This is the same thing that happens in the film as Da Mayor and Mother Sister are uncomfortable with direction action that was characterized by violence and riots whereas the neighborhood youth are comfortable with direct action as a way of self defense and a method of garnering the whites’ reaction on the matter. Mister Senior Love Daddy whole plays a vital role in the movie applauds on his radio show the African-American artists music. He draws the list of African-American singers despite of the riot. Leroi Jones was among the listed African-American singers. His music was analyzed by Senor Love Daddy and his audience during the Radio show. To their realization are the sporadic changes in reaction of the Negros towards America. The various changes were clearly reflected in Leroi’s music. The other issue depicted in the music is fact that African-America culture is at the same as American culture. The Italian Sal makes statements that his wall of fame has no relation with the blacks though they were his major customers. This was a political denial of the rights to contribute to the American culture. This is in addition to the civil war; the Sal pizza showed how the suppliers were biased that consumers are always white. The whole film is a replica of the political difference and change that existed in the African-American world. The film is used to impact the need for political change in the society though people will always differ in political ideologies. The film helps in freeing justice from the violence of its designated confinement within the terms forged in by racism. Malcolm X is amongst the celebrate films in the American history that played a big role in the fight for equality in the America society. The film also is an inspiration to viewers who watch the film and get to understand the power of success in our lives lies in our own hands (Marcus 34). The story of Malcolm X symbolizes the rising of the foreign Americans who believed in the American dream that everybody has equal chance of succeeding no matter the background. In this section, we are to discuss the role of the film Malcolm X in the political change of America as it influences the American people. The film begins with a brief history of the Malcolm X. the film starts with a brief historical background of Malcolm x family, where his father believed the natives Americans would never accept black people in their society and the hope of having a good life was return to Africa. During his early life, Malcolm was victim of violence. He witnessed his father’s death, white clan burn their house down and having to depend on their mother who was unable to cater for their own needs. The film exposes the difficult situations African America children were forced to grow up in witnessing separation within the American society where there were schooled reserved for black children alone while other were meant for white children. The film has a lot of issues being raised (Lee, Marvin 112). One of the important issues is equality in humanity to all citizens despite their color and background. In the movie, there is focus of racism against black children, which dehumanizes them after several attempt of Malcolm trying to join school and a teachers tells him that he should look for something to do and work with his hands. This action makes him feel that there are using him because there though they were different from black people. In return Malcolm dehumanizes some white people in revenge of the subjugation he faced from the white teacher. This movie play a big role in assembles political leaders who share some ideology with Malcolm X. Malcolm X ideologies was to make shape the society to be a fit for all social groups to live together in peace and harmony. In the modern political arrangement between the democrats and republican there are divided by the political ideologies of what Malcolm left in America. Each political party champions for equal right in all citizens despite of their background in order for every citizens. In addition, Malcolm started to acknowledge the presence of good white people after he meets white skinned people in Mecca who treated him as equal to them. This incident is very symbolical to the current political arena. There is a great improvement of political leaders who acknowledge the kindness of white in the society. This comes after realization that whether white or black, blood is red and we all experience same issues (Lee, Marvin 132). Whether you are white or black, you feel the pressure of gas prices when their go up and thus hating each other because of skin color will not solve the social economical challenges we experience. The movie makes the audience understand that as citizens we all go through same economical challenges and we all the same. The films movies aims to makes Americans understand the whole idea of humanity. In the film, Malcolm character is used to reflect on the dark past of America racism and unfairness in the society. The movie helps political leaders champion for equal opportunity in the society which Malcolm never lived to see. The change in the political field is as a result of political influence of political style of Malcolm and the America he wanted to live in. the destiny of America has been influence by its dark history, which up to date has an influence on the political life of Americans. When we choose leaders, there are characters of leadership which we ought to see in every candidate that represent the wish of America. In the film, Elijah Muhammad uses Malcolm to strengthen his organization for the fight of Muslim laws to be included in the American constitution (Marcus 56). Today, the sheria laws which are similar to Muhammad will are being considered by political leaders who want to scope the Muslim vote. The politics in America are issue based and politicians are supposed to talk about issues affect all citizens not by representing a small group with their own interest. The movie takes a role of educating Americans on choosing issues that represent all nationalities, races and gender hence shaping the political future of political in America since all citizens are aware of negative of racism based politics and the harm on the economy of the country. Both films are source of media for of disseminating information to the public. The influence caused by the two films in shaping the political future of America has made a difference in the way politics are played today. In both movies, there is deep revelation the harm caused by negative vices America experienced before early 60’s. Politicians and political parties are keen to identify ideologies that are aimed towards lifting the lives of American to a higher standard. Adding to this, both films are educative about the dangers of social segregation towards the people and the economy. In do the thing right, the symbolism of humanity. The movie discourages racism based politics (Marcus 117). The same theme is well represented in Malcolm X where the main character act spreads the word of humanity to all citizens despite their skin color. In conclusion, the film industry is keen on speaking on social injustices within the society of America. The movie makers have represented the ideology of an equal society where all citizens are equal before the government. The two films represent an error when America was divided by social status and skin color and some individuals seemed to enjoy more rights than the other. Adding to this, the films advocate for the need of having a political life that is aimed towards ensuring that citizens live a good life as the government promised the slaves. In my own opinion, I think the two films are a good stepping stone in uniting American and bring us to a common understanding. If you are keen in understanding the politics of America, there is much affiliation to the ideologies of Malcolm. More films should be created to encourage healthy political competition in the future in order to educate more Americans who prefer movies over new and other form of sharing information.

Works Cited

Lee, Spike, Danny Aiello, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Bill Nunn, Richard Edson, Rosie Perez, Giancarlo Esposito, and John Turturro. Do the Right Thing. Irvington, NY N.p., n.d. Print. Lee, Spike, Marvin Worth, Arnold Perl, Terence Blanchard, Denzel Washington, Angela Bassett, Albert Hall, Al Freeman, and Malcolm X. Malcolm X. Burbank, CA N.p., n.d. Print. Marcus, Alan S. Celluloid Blackboard: Teaching History with Film. Charlotte, NC: IAP-Information Age Pub, 2007. Print. Powell, Gerald A. A Rhetoric of Symbolic Identity: An Analysis of Spike Lee's X and Bamboozled. Dallas: University Press of America, 2004. Print.

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