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Computer Viruses.

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A computer virus is a type of malicious software that can infect a computer and cause a wide range of problems, from slowing down performance to stealing sensitive information. Viruses can spread quickly and easily through email attachments, software downloads, and other online sources. Once a virus infects a computer, it can replicate itself and spread to other computers on the same network. Some viruses are designed to be stealthy, making them difficult to detect and remove. To protect against computer viruses, it's important to use antivirus software and keep your operating system and other software up to date. It's also important to be cautious when downloading and opening files from the internet or unknown sources. You can use this template if you want to explain this idea to your audience.

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Computer Virus

Mar 18, 2019

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Computer Virus. What is a Computer Virus? A computer virus is a parasitic program that infects another legitimate program, which is sometimes called the host. To infect the host program, the virus modifies the host to store a copy of the virus.

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Computer Virus What is a Computer Virus? A computer virus is a parasitic program that infects another legitimate program, which is sometimes called the host. To infect the host program, the virus modifies the host to store a copy of the virus. Many viruses are programmed to do harm once they infect the victim’s system. To qualify as a virus, a program must be able to replicate (make copies of itself). This can mean copying itself to different places on the same computer or looking for ways to reach other computers, such as by infecting disks or traveling across networks.

Viruses can be programmed to replicate and travel in many ways: • Receiving an infected file attached to an e-mail message. E-mail has become the single most common method for spreading viruses, especially so many people use the Internet to exchange messages and files. • Downloading an infected file to your computer across a network, an online service or the Internet. Unless you have anti-virus software that inspects each incoming file for viruses, you probably will not know if you have downloaded an infected file. • Receiving an infected disk (a diskette, a pen (thumb) drive or a CD created by someone with a CD-R drive) from another user. In this case the virus could be stored in the boot sector of the disk or in an executable file (program) on the disk. • Copying to your disk a document file that is infected with a macro virus. An infected document might be copied from another disk or received as an attachment to an e-mail message.

What Can a Virus do? • The majority of computer virus are relatively harmless; their purpose is to annoy their victims rater than to cause specific damage. Such viruses are described as benign. • Other viruses are indeed malicious, and they can do great damage to a computer system if permitted to run.

Viruses can be programmed to do many kinds of harm including the following: • Copy themselves to other programs or areas of a disk. • Replicate as rapidly and frequently as possible, filling up the infected system’s disks and memory, rendering the system useless. • Display information on the screen. • Modify, corrupt, or destroy selected files. • Erase the contents of entire disks. • Lie dormant for a specified time or until a given condition is met, and then become active.

Open a ‘back door’ to the infected system that allows someone else to access and even take control of the system through a network or Internet connection. • This type of virus may actually be a type of program called a ‘Trojan Horse’ and can be used to turn an infected system into a ‘zombie’ which the virus’s author can use to attack other systems. • By using viruses to create a large number of zombie systems, the author can use the zombies to send thousands of requests to a specific Web server, effectively shutting it down. • Such an attack is sometimes called a ‘denial of service (DOS) attack’ or a ‘distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack’ because it prevents the server from providing service to users.

Categories of Viruses Some specific categories of viruses include the following: • Bimodal, Bipartite or Multipartite Viruses - This type of virus can infect both files and the boot sector of a disk. • Bombs – two most prevalent types of bombs are time bombs and logic bombs. Time bombs hides on the victim’s disk and waits until a specific date (or date and time) before activating. A logic bomb may be activated by a date, a change to a file or a particular action taken by a user or a program. • Boot Sector Viruses – is regarded as one of the most hostile types of virus. It infects the boot sector of a hard disk or floppy disk which stores essential files the computer accesses during startup. The virus moves the boot sector’s data to a different location and when the computer is started, it copies itself into memory where it can hide and infect other disks.

Categories of Viruses .. /cont’d • Cluster Viruses – This type of virus changes to a disk’s file system. If any program is run from the infected disk, the program causes the virus to run as well. This technique creates the illusion that the virus has infected every program on the disk. • E-mail Viruses – can be transmitted via e-mail messages sent across private networks or the Internet. Some e-mail viruses are transmitted as an infected attachment – a document file or program that is attached to the message.

File-Infecting Viruses – infects program files on a disk (such as .exe or .com files). When an infected files is launched, the virus’s code is also executed. • Joke Programs – are not viruses and do not inflict any damage. Their purpose is to frighten their victims into thinking that a virus has infected and damaged their system. • Macro Viruses – is designed to infect a specific type of document file, such as Microsoft Word or Excel files. These documents can include macros, which are small programs that execute commands. A macro virus, disguised as a macro, is embedded in a document file and can do various levels of damage to data, from corrupting documents to deleting data.

Polymorphic, Self-Garbling, Self-Encrypting or Self-Changing Viruses – This type of virus can change itself each time it is copied, making it difficult to isolate. • Stealth Viruses – take up residence in the computer’s memory making them hard to detect. They can also conceal changes they make to other files, hiding the damage form the user and the operating system. • Trojan Horse – is a malicious program that appears to be friendly. They do not make duplicates of themselves on the victim’s disk but are often used by hackers to create a ‘back door’ to an infected system. • Worms – is a program whose purpose is to duplicate itself. An effective work will fill entire disk with copies of itself and will take up as much space as possible in the host system’s memory. An entire LAN or corporate e-mail system can become totally clogged with copies of a work, rendering it useless.

Preventing Infection • Safeguarding a system against viruses is not difficult if you have little knowledge and some utility software. • Start by being aware that viruses can come from many sources – even sources you trust. • For example, an e-mail virus may arrive in your inbox disguised as a message from a friend or colleague because it has already infected that person’s computer. • Even programs purchased in shrink-wrapped packages from reputable stores have been known to harbour viruses on rare occasions.

Checking for viruses requires antivirus software which scans your computer’s memory and disks for known viruses and eradicates them. Some popular antivirus programs include: • McAfee VirusScan • Norton Antivirus • Virex • PC-Cillin • Avast! • Symantex • You must make sure that you understand all the program’s options and set them to give you maximum protection. Once the program is in place, scan your computer’s disk at least once every week to check for viruses. Your program may include a scheduling function that can automate disk scanning for you.

As a Reminder • Because new viruses are being released almost daily, no antivirus can offer absolute protection against them all the time. • Many antivirus software vendors allow users to download updated virus definition or virus pattern to their programs on the Internet. • It is also good to stay up-to-date on the latest news about viruses. • The newest generation antivirus programs can find, download, and install updated virus definition by themselves, automatically whenever your computer is connected to the Internet.

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Top 25 Virus PowerPoint Templates To Beat the Invisible Threat

Gunjan Gupta

Viruses are curious little creatures. These tiny tagalongs aren’t exactly living per se, but they are not inanimate either. They’ve replicated themselves into multiple forms both fatal and non-fatal in billions of years and continue to do so even today. These beings have a long trail of history attached to their evolution and perhaps even had a hand or a squishy-squashy protein coating- in helping them mutate and become ever so dangerous. So, much so that they have become a threat to human existence.

In the recent turn of events, where the global pandemic Corona virus popularly known as Covid-19 is on a rise bringing along a chain of untimely deaths and mourns throughout the world, it is necessary to have a much closer look at these tiny microbial compounds. 

If you are also curious to know about these tiny, yet not-so-tiny beings, their origination, evolution, health effects, and more, well tag along.

The evolutionary history of viruses is a fascinating, yet debatable topic for virologists and cell biologists, because of their diverse nature. As such it is a constant struggle to classify these entities and relate their existence to the human tree of life. They may be genetic elements or previously living organisms evolving as parasites. Constant research is going on these topics. 

So, to support the vision of virologists and help them with their never-ending search, SlideTeam professionals have designed a few virus PowerPoint templates that will resolve some of the basic queries about these “microbes”. Each of these templates are apt to unfold new facts about viruses, and their existence, endangering the lives of the only living species in the world- us HUMANS!

Virus Templates to Download and Use 

We are well aware that viruses are diverse in nature and so is their biological composition. Some have RNA genomes while some are made up of DNA genomes. This template can be used to explain the structure as well as the replication strategies of these microbes. It can also be used to explain the dizzying array of functions and health effects of viruses on human health as well as the research conducted on it. Some interesting facts about coronavirus and its genetic mutation can be unfolded in this section and presented to get a better understanding of the origin of this virus. These may include the 10-time mutation study of the virus, posing the biggest threat to humanity. Let alone, various other studies and scientific evidence can be presented by healthcare professionals by utilizing this interesting layout that can be customized. 

  Template 2

Science is the be-all and end-all of our findings. With the outbreak of the world deadliest virus ‘Coronavirus’, creating havoc in the lives of billions of people, this is a classic template that can be used by researchers and scientists to present their interesting studies. The biological composition of various viruses and their origination can be outlined and presented. This template can also be used by healthcare professionals to explain some of the symptoms and ill effects of various viruses. Not all the viruses are deadliest and so information about its various types can be elaborated on in this template. It also comes in handy for biological students to present their research findings after careful analysis of viruses, thus helping them impress their teachers. 

Download Virus Science PowerPoint Templates 

The Internet is flooded with false information about coronavirus and its outbreak. This template can be used by healthcare professionals to create awareness and stop the spreading of false rumors. It can also be used to present the recent worldwide stats of the infection as well as some safety measures that can be adopted by the masses to keep the spread in check. The science behind various viruses can be outlined in this template, to increase the overall understanding of the viewers. Nonetheless, it is an apt design for biomedical students to present their results, findings, and reviews on various viruses to advise medical practitioners. 

Download Virus Science PowerPoint Templates And PowerPoint Background

Influenza is a major public health concern as it infects nearly 5-10% of the global population annually. Hence, there is a need to understand the molecular structure of this virus to reduce its strain on human health. Our professionally designed template can help you give a brief about how the virus multiples, infects, and how to combat infection, making it extremely useful for virologists and cell biologists. Additionally, it can be used to present researchers on few vaccines formulated to reduce the risk of influenza as well as the treatment prescribed. This design is fully adaptive to your needs so feel free to make any changes as you like depending upon your field of interest. 

Download Structure Of The Influenza Virion Medical Images For PowerPoint

This template is ideal for a biology class to show and share important information on various viruses, their origin, infections caused by them, and others. The theme is formal and hence can be used to demonstrate any topic in science class and submit an assignment as well. Doctors, nurses and paramedical staff can also utilize this template to present the information on vaccine reactions which may happen to patients, thus creating awareness. A lot of studies conducted on viruses is also the topic this slide caters to. Additionally, such medical templates are apt for drug health lessons in ordinary schools, colleges, and medical universities. All of these characteristics make this a universally efficient template. Hence, any individual can download it to present his topic in a comprehensive manner. 

Download Virus Microorganism Geographical PowerPoint Templates And PowerPoint Backgrounds

The outbreak of coronavirus throughout the world has become one of the most notorious events of the decade, if not the current century. We can say that we have welcomed a new decade with a catastrophe of death and mourning. Since, this pandemic is nothing short of deadly, taking away lakhs of lives, every bit of information helps a lot. This virus danger template can help you create awareness on this global pandemic. It is a virus and microorganisms based theme template to put everything topic related to the context. The control and prevention of this disease can be the pillars of your talking points after utilizing this presentation theme. Also, there is a consistency in the theme of this template and includes font size that can be easily viewed from a distance. Thus, making it an efficient design that can help you present great presentations on science, biology, virology, and other related fields. 

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This template is designed for HIV and Aids doctors, students, academicians, and other professionals looking for comprehensive designs to create presentations for their universities, hospitals, seminars, and several others. HIV and Aids is a very important topic for medical practitioners to get acquainted with. This template can help you showcase important information on Aids and the causes of its spread. This is also a great design for medics and professionals to convey their thoughts on the topic, thus helping them become better communicators. 

HIV Virus Medical PowerPoint Templates And PowerPoint Backgrounds

The mechanism of HIV entry to the host cell can be explained with this pre-designed template. This layout focuses on the design needs of medical professionals to give a descriptive view of the topic. It is apt for doctors, nurses, paramedics, researchers, academicians, and others working in the field of HIV Aids and its transmission. This content-ready template enables you to deliver great presentations revolving around the topic of HIV with minimum effort and maximum effect. Its simple to download layout requires only a few clicks to get you ready for your upcoming medical presentations. Hence, convey your thoughts and ideas on HIV with this template, that is subjected to numerous alterations, depending upon the requirements of the user. 

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Classification and explanation of the nomenclature of viruses is a breeze with this template. It is specifically designed for paramedical staff to discuss their views on Hepatitis B and how it affects the liver of the infected patient. Since almost 1 million people die every year because of chronic hepatitis B infection which is preventable and treatable this template comes in very handy to present the important details and facts. Also, new perspectives on the life cycle of hepatitis B can be thoroughly explained in medical universities with this thoughtfully designed template. Since this template is versatile and flexible it is easily adaptable to all your needs and requirements. All you have to do is click on the download button and use it extensively. 

Download Hepatitis B Virus Medical Images For PowerPoint

Template 10

This template can be used to explain the microscopic view and nomenclature of the Papillomavirus or HPV infection. It can also be used to understand its preventive measures, causes, and treatment making it an ideal fit for doctors to give a deeper understanding of the topic. Hospitals and medical universities can utilize this template to teach and train students and staff members. This slide acts as a very good teaching tool as the viewers are able to get a thorough understanding of health care issues, proposed safety measures, reasons for infections, and similar other topics. Additionally, the pre-designed layout of this template showing the entire structure of the virus makes it extremely easy to deliver great medical presentations with minimum effort. 

Download Human Papilloma Virus Medical Images For PowerPoint

Template 11

This template can be used by doctors, medical universities, researchers, virologists, cell biologists, and others to present a thorough understanding of the structure of HIV and how it leads to a non-treatable infection. It showcases two types of infection latent and active and how the synthesis happens. Since this template is so descriptive designed using apt color scheme, it is efficient enough to grab this immediate attention of the viewer. You can either use this template in conjunction with your presentation or as a single entity as it is complete in itself. 

Download Latent And Active Infection Of T Cell By HIV Medical Images For PowerPoint

Template 12

Adenovirus is ubiquitous viruses that cause various pediatric illnesses including common cold. They can also cause gastrointestinal, ophthalmologic, neurologic, and genitourinary symptoms. This template has especially been designed for paramedics and cell biologists to explain the basic structure of adenovirus and its prevention. While illness caused due to viruses have become quite common, having a thorough understanding of the illness is important. This template can be used in a discussion session needing to study the causes of viral growth, its production, and other aspects. Due to its attractive layout, it never fails to impress any audience. 

Download Adenovirus Morphology Medical Images For PowerPoint

Template 13

This is yet another adenovirus template that is suitable to discuss the structure and movement of viruses in the human body. You can also explain the causes of its growth, infection and expansion with this template that is fully adaptable to one’s needs and requirements. Biological experiments and genetic engineering projects can also be presented using this template that is fully responsive. 

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Template 14

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Open Access

Primers provide a concise introduction into an important aspect of biology highlighted by a current PLOS Biology research article.

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Plant viruses traveling without passport

Affiliation Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

* E-mail: [email protected]

• Cristina Sáez, 
• Israel Pagán

Published: May 10, 2024

• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002626
• Reader Comments

All plant viruses were thought to encode in its genome a movement protein that acts as a “passport,” allowing active movement within the host. A new study in PLOS Biology characterizes the first plant virus that can colonize its host without encoding this protein.

Citation: Sáez C, Pagán I (2024) Plant viruses traveling without passport. PLoS Biol 22(5): e3002626. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002626

Copyright: © 2024 Sáez, Pagán. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: This work was supported by Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain (Plan Estatal I+D+i grant number: PID2022-141836OB-I00 to IP). The funder played no role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or the writing of this manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Viruses are the main causal agents of emerging diseases in plants [ 1 ]. Recent examples are the rapid spread of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in cucurbit crops worldwide [ 2 ], or tomato yellow leaf curl disease, caused by a complex of plant viruses, which affects tomato crops globally [ 3 ]. These epidemics are still to be efficiently controlled, causing significant yield losses, and representing a continuous threat for food safety [ 2 , 3 ]. To reduce such negative impacts, it is essential to gain deep knowledge on how plant viruses achieve successful infections, for which they need to colonize the plant from entry points.

Unlike animal viruses, which evolved receptor-mediated mechanisms to facilitate exploiting the extracellular environment for within-host dissemination, plant viruses are restricted to the intracellular compartment (symplast). Thus, cell-to-cell movement occurs through symplastic channels (plasmodesmata), which transverse the plant cell walls and connect adjacent cells. The plasmodesmata are not cell-to-cell highways: Although they are permeable for small molecules, there is a size exclusion limit that precludes free passage of larger molecules such as virus particles [ 4 ]. In these cases, active transport mechanisms are required, and plant virus genomes encode movement proteins (MPs) that act as “passports” by increasing the size exclusion limit and mediating virus passage across plasmodesmata. This way, viruses reach the plant vasculature, but they still need to transit through it to colonize other parts of the plant. For that, plant viruses are mainly transported via phloem—the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis—, a process in which MPs are also very important [ 4 ]. Thus, MPs play crucial roles in short- and long-distance dissemination of plant viruses within the host ( Fig 1 ), and it has been long accepted that MPs are their signature proteins. The work by Ying and colleagues [ 5 ] in this issue identifies 2 plant viruses (citrus yellow vein associated virus 1 and 2: CY1 and CY2) that systemically colonize their host without needing an MP, which may represent a game-changer in the current view of how these pathogens move within their hosts and achieve successful infections.

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(A) Viral MP-dependent movement, as required for most plant viruses, in which host proteins (phloem proteins 1 and 2, and/or others) may also be involved. Movement may involve virions (purple hexagons), but for most RNA viruses it involves naked RNA protected from RNases by viral and/or host proteins (ribonucleoprotein complexes) like citrus yellow vein associated virus 1 (CY1) in the adjacent panel. (B) Host MP-dependent movement as shown by Ying and colleagues [ 5 ] for CY1 and CY2, which depends on the host protein PP2. Viral (red dots) and host (dark blue shapes) MPs act as “passports” for viral cell-to-cell and long-distance movement through the phloem. Viruses can move as virions (light blue spheres) or as naked genomes (wavy purple lines) that are protected by host proteins like PP2. For clarity, naked CY1 viral RNA is shown as attached to a single PP1/PP2 protein, but these proteins cover the entire molecule to exert their protective role. Phloem also transports other molecules: small RNAs (wavy pink lines), small proteins (green shapes), sugars (blue pentagons), etc., which move freely, and large molecules (orange ovals) that require active transport like viruses. Scheme was constructed using BioRender.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002626.g001

CY1 and CY2 are not the only plant viruses that lack MPs. Then, what makes them so unique? Currently, there are 2 known types of plant viruses lacking MPs: (i) viruses that are strictly transmitted from parent-to-offspring via seeds [ 6 ], such as species in the families Endornaviridae , Narnaviridae , and Mitoviridae . Because these viruses only need to invade the plant germline, which they do via cell division, cell-to-cell movement is not needed making MPs unnecessary [ 7 ]. (ii) Plant viruses that are not self-sufficient and, because they lack MP, need to partner with another virus that provides this function. For instance, members of the genus Umbravirus associate with species of the genus Luteovirus as helper viruses using their MPs for within-host colonization. In contrast, no helper viruses have been identified for CY1 and CY2. Moreover, although it is not clear how these viruses are dispersed in nature, it has been proposed that they could be transmitted by insect vectors, and they are experimentally transmitted via grafting of infected plant material into healthy one [ 8 ]. This striking discovery therefore shows that, first, harboring an MP is not mandatory for plant viruses, which changes the current view of the features that constitute the identity of these pathogens, and second, that the minimum protein toolkit that plant viruses need to complete their life cycle (which is typically considered to be restricted to a replication protein, an MP, an RNA silencing suppressor, and a capsid protein [ 9 ]) can be even smaller. This highlights the extraordinary capacity of plant viruses to subvert the host functioning with even less proteins that was thought to date.

If CY1 and CY2 do not require an MP for host colonization, how do they do it? During infection, plant viruses significantly alter protein composition within cells and in the phloem, both because of the plant defence response and of virus manipulation of the host machinery to its benefit. Then, it is logical to think that at least part of these changes would help the pathogen to achieve a successful infection, for instance, contributing to plant colonization. Indeed, several plant proteins have been described to facilitate virus short- and long-distance within-host dissemination [ 4 ]. The role of these host proteins is not mutually exclusive with that of MPs and has been traditionally considered to be necessary but not sufficient for virus movement. Starting from the hypothesis that, in the case of CY1 and CY2, host proteins may complement the lack of MPs, Ying and colleagues [ 5 ] identify phloem protein 2 (PP2) as necessary for plant colonization ( Fig 1 ). The PP2, together with PP1, is the most abundant phloem protein in cucurbits [ 10 ]. Both have structural characteristics featured by MPs, modify the exclusion size of plasmodesmata and appear to protect the virus during phloem trafficking, being considered as plant MPs. Although PP1 and PP2 has been reported to interact with various plant viruses even if these encode their own MPs [ 4 ], this is the first time that it is shown that they can replace the function of viral MPs. This suggests that PP1 and PP2 play a main role in the life cycle of a wide range of plant viruses. Future studies should confirm this idea and, if so, these phloem proteins will be ideal candidate targets to develop control strategies based on interfere with virus within-host colonization.

Relying on a host protein for a crucial step in the virus life cycle such as within-host colonization, rather than encoding the required function in its own genome, seems to be a risky strategy for CY1 and CY2. Therefore, how can we explain the evolution of these viruses? A plausible explanation is that they do not represent an evolutionary end point but an intermediate. It has been proposed that plant viruses evolved from insect viruses by acquiring MPs in 2 different ways: by incorporating in their genomes the MPs from the host plant or by duplicating the coat protein (CP) and repurposing one copy to act as MP. This second hypothesis is based on the structural similarities of CPs and many MPs, and recent work based on computer protein folding supports it [ 11 ]. Interestingly, CY2 encodes a protein with structural characteristics common to MPs and CPs. Ying and colleagues [ 5 ] show that this protein is not an MP, but rather it would act as a CP. This would be compatible with the idea that CY2 would be an intermediate of evolution from which an MP may evolve by duplication and repurposing of the CP. Further analyses are needed to address this question, but certainly the characterization of CY1 and CY2 provide new tools to understand the origins of plant viruses either through phylogenetic studies or experimental evolution.

• View Article
• PubMed/NCBI
• Google Scholar
• 7. Roossinck MJ. Persistent plant viruses: molecular hitchhikers or epigenetic elements? In: Witzany G, editor. Viruses: Essential Agents of Life. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012. p. 177–186.
• 9. Hull R. Plant Virology. 5th ed. London: Academic Press; 2014.

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Virus Infographics

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In this new template you will find a whole lot of infographics ready to be used in presentations that talk about viruses. These themed diagrams appear as timelines, maps, columns, hexagons and many more. Some health-related icons are provided too to help you place everything into context at a glance.

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