how to cite photo essay

• Ask a Librarian

Locating and Using Images for Presentations and Coursework

• How to Cite Images
• Alt Text Image Descriptions
• AI & Images

Copyright, Public Domain, and Fair Use

• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States from Cornell University Library
• Copyright Overview from Purdue University
• Fair Use Chart from the Visual Communication Guy
• ALA Fair Use Evaluator
• Creative Commons Licenses

Attribution

Attribution : the act of attributing something, giving credit (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist. When you have given proper attribution, it means you have given the information necessary for people to know who the creator of the work is.

The majority of images you find are under copyright and cannot be used without permission from the creator. There are exceptions with Fair Use, but this Libguide is intended to help you locate images you can use with attribution.

***Please read about public domain . These images aren't under copyright, but it's still good practice to include attribution if the information is available.

Citation General Guidelines

Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples).

• Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.)
• Title of the image
• Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
• Date the image was posted online
• Date of access (the date you accessed the online image)
• Institution (gallery, museum) where the image is located/owned (if applicable)
• Website and/or Database name

Citing Images in MLA, APA, Chicago, and IEEE

• Directions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago MLA: Citing images in-text, incorporating images into the text of your paper, works cited APA 6th ed.: Citing images in-text and reference list Chicago 17th ed.: Citing images footnotes and endnotes and bibliography from Simon Fraser University
• How to Cite Images Using IEEE from the SAIT Reg Erhardt Library
• Image, Photograph, or Related Artwork (IEEE) from the Rochester Institute of Technology Library

Citing Images in Your PPT

Currently, citing images in PPT is a bit of the Wild West. If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options:

1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image. Use that citation when available. Copy the citation and add under the image. For example, an image of a lake from Creative Commons has this citation next to it:  "lake"  by  barnyz  is licensed under  CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 .

2. Include a marker, such as Image 1. or Figure 1., and in the reference section, include full citation information with the corresponding number

3. Include a complete citation (whatever the required format, such as APA) below the image

4. Below the image, include the link to the online image location

5. Hyperlink the title of the image with the online image location

• << Previous: Images
• Next: Alt Text Image Descriptions >>
• Last Edited: Sep 18, 2024 4:10 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/images

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Picture or Image in APA

How to Cite a Picture or Image in APA

Referencing visual media in your research paper, thesis, or dissertation can be an engaging and effective way to support your argument. Photographs, paintings, infographics, and maps are only a few examples of the many types of visual content that can be included.

In this guide, you will learn how to create accurate APA citations for digital images, infographics, maps, and even artwork from museums. The information from this guide comes from the 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Chapter 10, Section 10.14).

Looking to cite a different type of media, like an audio recording or a radio interview? EasyBib.com has citing tools that can help! There are also other guides on these different media types, like how to cite a movie in APA and how to cite a YouTube video in APA .

Guides Overview

Here is an overview of everything this page includes:

• Citing vs. ‘Reproducing’

Citing a digital image or photograph

Citing an image from a museum or a museum website, citing an infographic, citing a map, citing a map from google maps, citing powerpoint slides, citing lecture notes, citing clip art or a stock image.

• What you need

Citing vs. ‘reproducing’

This guide provides information on how to cite images and photographs. However, reproducing the image inside of your essay or research paper might require additional permissions and/or attributions. Section 12.15 of the Publication Manual provides more information on reproducing images and graphics.

Creating an APA 7 citation for a digital image is easy. In the following example, we are going to show you how to cite a digital image found online.

Note: In the above example, the photograph is not presented with a title. For untitled photographs, a description of the photo is included inside of square brackets in the place of the title. 

The following citation structure can be used for all types of museum artwork, including paintings, photographs, drawings, and even sculptures.

Note: If you accessed an image through a museum’s website or online collection, then include the URL at the end of the reference entry.

According to APA 7, infographics are treated identically to any other type of image or photograph. Infographics tend to include all the necessary reference information within the image itself, usually in the bottom corner.

Dynamically created maps like those generated by Google Maps do not have titles, so  the map must be cited with a clear description in brackets, as well as a retrieval date ( Publication manual , p.347).

Note: Some Google Maps links can get unnecessarily long. Link shortener services like Bitly and Ow.ly allow users to create shortened links that will make your references list cleaner and easier to look at. 

Note: Include the learning management system name and URL when you are writing for an audience that does not have 

Note: No citation is necessary for clip art from Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint ( Publication manual , p. 346)

Here’s a quick video overview of how to cite an image or picture in APA:

What You Need

The guidelines for citing visual works are detailed in section 10.14 of the APA handbook and include a number of different images and source types. In every case, the following information is required:

• Name of author, artist, or photographer
• Date of publication or creation
• Title of work
• A bracketed description of media type (e.g., [Photograph] or [Painting])
• Publisher, production company, or museum name
• Location of publisher (if it is from a museum or university)
• URL if accessed online

For most images sourced online, the above information is easily accessible and usually provided alongside the image.

For digital images, using Google’s reverse image search is an effective way to determine the creator and creation date of a particular image.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Cambridge University Press. (1912). Historical map of the religious divisions of Germany c. 1610 [Map]. Emerson Kent. https://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/germany_1610.htm

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Auckland to Wellington, New Zealand]. Retrieved June 13, 2020 from https://bit.ly/37wTTvx

Lutz, E. (2014). An animated chart of 42 North American butterflies [Infographic]. Tabletop Whale. https://tabletopwhale.com/2014/08/27/42-butterflies-of-north-america.html

Monet, C. (c. 1900) Waterloo bridge [Painting]. Denver Art Museum, Colorado, United States.

Stone, M. (2020). [Picture of fireflies at night in Congaree National Park] [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/06/synchronous-fireflies-rare-look-congaree-national-park/#/fireflies-congaree-1994.jpg

Published 20, 2012. Updated June 23, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau . Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib. You can find her here on Twitter. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

You will need the name of the image creator, the image title or an image description, the year of publication, the name of the publisher or website, and the URL (if it’s online). Here are two examples:

MLA : Johnson, Herbert. Critical Moments . 1921. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/resource/acd.2a09222/.

APA : Johnson, H. (1921). Critical moments [Photograph]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/resource/acd.2a09222/

See this guide for more information on citing an image in APA .

To cite an image in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the name of the photographer or artist, title of the image, publisher/museum/gallery, and/or URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for in-text citations and reference list entries of an image along with examples are given below:

In-text citation template and examples:

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Watkins (1867)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Watkins, 1867)

Reference list entry template and example:

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the image [Medium]. Name of the Museum, location of museum. URL

Watkins, C. E. (1867). View on the Columbia, cascades [Photograph]. The Met, New York, NY, United States. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/262612

You need to set the title of the image in italics and sentence case. The medium of the image should be set inside square brackets after the title. Do not give a period after the URL.

To cite an image with no author in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the title of the image, publication year, publisher/museum/gallery, and/or URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for in-text citations and reference list entries of an image along with examples are given below:

If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title or a shortened version using the first word or two. For example, a parenthetical citation might look like this:

( Title of the Image , publication year)

( Parliament, Vienna, Austro-Hungary , ca. 1890)

Title of the image . (Publication Year). [Medium]. Name of museum/gallery, location. URL

Parliament, Vienna, Austro-Hungary. (ca. 1890). [Photograph]. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., United States. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002708394/

You need to set the title of the image in italics and sentence case. The medium of the image should be set inside square brackets after the date. Do not give a period after the URL.

APA Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

How to Cite an Image or Photo in MLA Format

If you don’t know how to cite an image in MLA format, it’s easy to learn. For images or photographs you find online, the most recent edition of the MLA style guide (the 9th) recommends that you include the creator’s name , image title , name of the website hosting the image , date of origin , and URL , in that order.   Give your writing extra polish Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly Those of you familiar with how to write a research paper or how to write a report already know that citations on the works cited page must follow a specific format. If you found a picture online—whether a photograph, digital image, or any other visual—follow this formula for citing a picture in MLA format: 

Last name of creator, First name. “Image title.” Website name , Day Month Year of posting, URL. 

Note that the image title may be in italics instead of quotation marks if the work is a painting or photograph. If the image has no title , you can write a basic description of the image, without quotation marks, in its place.

If you found the image online, writing the URL is a necessary part of how to cite a photo in MLA format. A helpful tip to stay organized is to write down the URL in your essay outline when researching so you don’t have to go back and search for it later. In MLA format, you drop the “http://” or “https://” from the URL and start with “www” or whatever text comes first. 

In practice, your works-cited-page citation should look like this: 

Hertzberg, Karen. “Star Wars vs. Star Trek.” Grammarly Blog , 8 Apr. 2022, www.grammarly.com/blog/star-wars-vs-star-trek-you-cant- force-good-writing .

As with other sources used in academic writing , you need to include in-text citations for images referenced in your paper. This remains true even if you’re paraphrasing the source material, although in that case it’s recommended that you run your excerpt through a plagiarism checker . 

In-text citations for images and photos in MLA format simply list the creator’s last name in parentheses, like so: 

(Last name of creator)

(Hertzberg)

As long as you found your image online, those are the basic formulas for how to cite a picture in MLA format. Note that this formula applies to both primary and secondary sources . 

However, if you didn’t find your image online, it’s a different story. If you’re citing images you found in a museum or art gallery or images from a book or journal article, you use a different set of MLA citation guidelines. Likewise, if you want to reproduce an image in your paper and give proper credit to the source, you also follow different guidelines. Below we explain how to cite a photograph in MLA format in all these situations.  

Here’s a tip: Citations can be difficult, but they don’t have to trip you up. Grammarly’s Citation Generator ensures your essays have flawless citations and no plagiarism. Try it for tricky MLA image citations like book or  magazine covers , or graphic novels .

How to cite an image from a book in MLA format

When citing an image in MLA format from a book, the first question to ask yourself is whether the creator is the same as the book’s author. 

If the creator and the author are the same , you can cite the image by using the formula for citing the book —although you have to also include the image’s figure number in an in-text citation. 

(Last name of author, fig. #, p. #)

(Seuss, fig. 3, p. 12)

However, if the author is not the creator , you use this formula: 

Last name of image creator, First name. Image title . Year of origin for image. Book title , by First name Last name of author, Book publisher, Year of publication, p. # of image.  

In practice, your citation should look like this: 

Kusama, Yayoi. All the Eternal Love I Have for the Pumpkins . 2016. Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts , by Debra DeWitte, et al., Thames & Hudson,  2018, p.1. 

The in-text citation uses only the creator’s last name in parentheses . You don’t need to include a page number because the page number is already in the citation on the works cited page. 

(del Sarto)

How to cite an image from a journal article in MLA format 

Just like with images from books, the rules for how to cite an image in MLA format from a journal article depend on whether the image creator is also the article author. If so, cite the image following the standard guidelines for citing journal articles, adding the figure number for in-text citations (see the above section). 

If the image creator and the article’s author are different , follow this formula for citations on the works cited page:

Last name of image creator, First name. Image title . Year of origin for image. “Article title,” by First name Last name of author, Journal name , vol. #, no. #, Month Year, pp. #–# of the article, URL or DOI, p. # of image.  

Just to be clear, the first set of page numbers is for the entire article, and the last page number is for the image. If either the volume or issue number isn’t available, feel free to skip over it. In practice, it should look like this: 

Wyler, Otto. Maloja . 1917. “Contemporary Swiss Art,” by Paul Ganz, The Brooklyn Museum Quarterly , vol. 8, no. 2, Apr. 1921, pp. 9–27, www.jstor.org/stable/26459449, p. 14.

Again, in-text citations require only the creator’s last name in parentheses . 

How to cite an image from a museum or gallery in MLA format 

Images viewed in a museum or art gallery, both in person and through the venue’s website, can also be cited as reference sources. 

If you viewed the image in person, use this formula to cite images in MLA format: 

Last name of creator, First name. Image title . Year of origin, Name of museum or gallery, Location.

When formatted correctly, it should look like this: 

Klimt, Gustav. The Kiss . 1909, The Belvedere, Vienna. 

If you viewed the image on the museum’s or gallery’s website, use this formula instead:

Last name of creator, First name. Image title . Year of origin. Website name , URL. 

Your citation should look like this: 

Klimt, Gustav. The Kiss . 1909. Belvedere , sammlung.belvedere.at/objects/6678/der-kuss-liebespaar.

In-text citations still require only the creator’s last name in parentheses .

How to reproduce an image in text with MLA format

If you want to include a copy of the image in your paper, MLA format has some special guidelines. For starters, image captions are labeled as figures, using the formula “Fig. #.” After that, there are two methods for writing caption citations:

• Give the full information for the source next to the caption and do not include the source on the works cited page. 
• Give partial information for the source next to the caption and include the full citation on the works cited page. 

In the first method, you give the full citation for the source below the image in your paper and do not include it on the works cited page. After the figure number and a period, simply cite the source exactly as you would on a works cited page, with one exception: the creator’s name is written as “First name Last name.”  

In practice, your image caption should look like this: 

Fig. 1. Andrea del Sarto. The Madonna del Sacco . 1525. A History of Art for Beginners and Students: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture , by Clara Erskine Clement, Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1887, p. 106. 

The second method uses a shorter, simpler citation for the caption but still includes the full citation on the works cited page. Simply follow this formula when writing the caption below the image in your paper: 

Fig. #. First name Last name of creator, Image title , Year of origin. 

A final caption citation using this method looks like this: 

Fig. 1. Andrea del Sarto, The Madonna del Sacco , 1525. 

• AI Writing Services
• AI Detectors
• Coding Homework Help
• Citation Generators
• Editing Websites
• Essay Writing Websites
• Language Learning Websites
• Math Solvers
• Paraphrasers
• Plagiarism Checkers
• Reference Finders
• Spell Checkers
• Summarizers
• Tutoring Websites
• Essay Checkers
• Essay Topic Finders
• Top Lists and Recommendations
• Writing an Essay
• Writing a Review
• Writing a Research Paper
• AI Writing Guides
• AI Detection Guides
• Citation Guides
• Coding Guides
• Grammar Guides
• Humanities Guides
• Language Learning Guides
• Paraphrasing Guides
• Plagiarism Guides
• Summary Writing Guides
• STEM Guides
• Academic Text Samples
• Application Essay Samples
• Business Writing Samples
• Creative Writing Samples
• Letter Writing Samples
• Writing Tips and Rules
• Student Life
• Higher Education News
• EdTech News
• Job Market for Students
• Academic Writing Tips
• Language Learning Tips
• Coding Tips and Trends
• AI Detector
• AI Essay Checker
• AI Essay Writer
• Citation Generator
• Grammar Checker
• Literature Review Generator
• Paraphraser
• Plagiarism Checker
• Reference Finder

Most Popular

13 days ago

A*Helpful Fact: We Should Stop Asking are Dolphins Dangerous and Start Asking Why They Might Be

12 days ago

A*Helpful Fact: What Is the World Record for Sleeping?

How to cite an image.

Image: freepik.com

When writing research articles and papers, the use of visual elements like images, diagrams, and tables can significantly enhance the presentation of data and arguments. However, you have to properly cite these elements to maintain academic integrity and respect copyright laws. This article guides you through the general rules and specific scenarios for citing images, with a focus on Harvard referencing, and explains how to list these references effectively.

Citing Images in Academic Works – General Rules

When you incorporate an image, table, or diagram into your academic work, it’s essential to provide a citation that includes the author, date, title, and source of the image. The purpose of citing images is to acknowledge the original creator and to allow your readers to trace the source material. This process typically involves two components: an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in the list of references.

For the list of references, the full citation of an image should include:

• the author’s name,
• the year of publication,
• the title of the image,
• and the internet address or publication where the image was found.

If the image is untitled, a brief description can be used in place of a title.

Citing and Referencing Specific Types of Images

Online/Digital Images . When citing an online image or diagram, the citation should include the author (if known), the date of creation (or the date it was accessed) for the in-text citation, and the title, and the internet address for full reference. The Harvard referencing system requires these details in both the in-text citation and the list of references.

In-Text Citation Example : “The cartoon by Frith (1968) humorously illustrates the political climate of the time, highlighting…” .

Reference Example: Frith J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon by John Frith, Old Parliament House, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2007, http://www.oph.gov.au/frith/theherald-01.html.

Online Images/Diagrams Used as Figures . Online images used as figures in your work should be properly numbered and include a figure caption. The figure caption typically consists of the figure number, a brief description, and an in-text citation.

For example: Figure 1: A diagram of the solar system (Smith, 2020).

Citing a Photograph or Image from a Museum or Institution (Viewed Online). In the case of citing photographs or images from museums or institutions viewed online, include the name of the artist, the year of creation, the title of the image, the name of the institution, and the internet address where the image was found. This type of citation recognizes both the creator of the work and the institution that houses it.

In-Text Citation Example: “The picture (Van Gogh) evokes a deep sens of..”

Example Reference: Van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889. The Museum of Modern Art, www.moma.org/collection/works/79802.

Properly Citing a Photograph You Took. If you are citing a photograph that you took, the citation should include your name, the year the photo was taken, a title or descriptive caption, and a note indicating that it is your own work. For instance, in the Harvard referencing style, it would be: (Your Name, 2024, View of the Grand Canyon, author’s collection).

In-Text Citation Example: “The landscape’s stark beauty is captured in the photograph (Doe),” if the photograph was taken by a student named Jane Doe.”

Reference List Citation Example: Smith, Jade. Playing dogs. 21 Aug. 20010. Author’s personal collection.

The Differences of Citing Images in APA, MLA, and Chicago

Citing images in academic writing is an important practice for acknowledging sources and respecting copyright. The citation style varies depending on the format (APA, MLA, Chicago) and where the image was accessed (online, in-person). Here are general rules and unique examples for each style:

Online Images:

• General APA Format : Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Site Name. URL
• Reference Entry Example: Johnson, K. (2022). Sunset Over the Mountains [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/sunset-mountains
• In-Text Citation: (Johnson, 2022)

Images Viewed in Person:

• APA Format: Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Institution Name, Location. URL (if applicable)
• APA Reference Entry Example: Monet, C. (1900). Water Lilies [Painting]. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
• APA In-Text Citation: (Monet, 1900)
• General MLA Format: Author Last Name, First Name. “Image Title.” Website Name, Day Month Year, URL.
• Works Cited Entry Example: Thompson, Alice. “Full Moon Reflection.” Pixabay, 5 Apr. 2022, https://pixabay.com/photos/full-moon-reflection-2022
• In-Text Citation: (Thompson)
• General MLA Format: Author Last Name, First Name. “Image Title.” Year, Institution Name, City.
• Works Cited Entry Example: Van Gogh, Vincent. “Starry Night.” 1889, The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
• In-Text Citation: (Van Gogh)

Chicago Style

• Chicago Bibliography Entry Example: Smith, Robert. Morning Dew on Leaves . May 15, 2021. Photograph. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/morning-dew-leaves
• Chicago Footnote: 1. Robert Smith, Morning Dew on Leaves , May 15, 2021, photograph, Flickr, https://flic.kr/p/morning-dew-leaves.
• Chicago Bibliography Entry Example: Degas, Edgar. The Star . 1878. Pastel on paper, 73 x 60 cm. The Louvre, Paris.
• Chicago Footnote: 1. Edgar Degas, The Star , 1878, pastel on paper, 73 x 60 cm, The Louvre, Paris.

When citing images via a free citation machine , it’s important to include all necessary details such as the creator’s name, the title of the image, the year it was created or published, the format (e.g., photograph, painting), and its location or source. If the image is included directly in the text as a figure, a copyright/permissions statement should also be provided. Following these guidelines allows proper attribution and enhances the credibility of your academic work.

Accurately citing images, whether sourced online, from a database or taken personally, is a critical aspect of academic writing.  Now, that you know how to cite an image, you can move on to bigger things and learn how to cite Youtube videos . It upholds academic integrity and shows respect for the original creators of these visual elements. By following these guidelines and using the Harvard referencing system, you can be sure that your use of images, tables, and diagrams adheres to the best practices of academic writing, making your work credible and ethically sound. Remember, a well-cited image not only adds value to your argument but also enhances the overall quality and reliability of your academic work.

Do I need to cite images in academic papers?

Yes, you need to cite images in academic papers. Citing images is crucial for several reasons: it acknowledges the original creator’s work, avoids plagiarism, and provides your readers with a source they can refer to for more information. Whether the image is a photograph, a painting, a diagram, or any other type, proper citation is essential in academic writing.

Is there a difference in citing images from websites and books?

Yes, there is a difference in citing images from websites and books. When citing an image from a website, you typically need to include the author’s name, the date the image was published or accessed, the title of the image, the format (e.g., photograph, digital image), the website name, and the URL. For images in books, the citation should include the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the image, the format, the title of the book, the publisher, and the page number or location of the image in the book.

How do I cite an image with no author or date?

If an image does not have an author or a specific date, you can still cite it by providing as much information as possible. For an image without an author, start the citation with the title of the image. If the date is unavailable, use ‘n.d.’ (no date) to indicate this. For example, in APA style, it would look like this: Image Title [Format]. (n.d.). Website Name. URL.

Should I include URLs in image citations?

Yes, you should include URLs in image citations for images found online. URLs are important as they allow readers to directly access the source material. However, for images found in print sources or physical locations like museums, URLs are not necessary unless there is a specific webpage for the image.

How to format image citations?

The format of image citations depends on the citation style you are using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). Generally, the citation should include the author’s name, the year of creation or publication, the title of the image, the format, and where the image was found (website and URL, book title and page number, museum location, etc.). Follow the specific rules of the citation style required for your academic work, including how to format in-text citations and the reference list or bibliography entries.

Follow us on Reddit for more insights and updates.

Comments (0)

Welcome to A*Help comments!

We’re all about debate and discussion at A*Help.

We value the diverse opinions of users, so you may find points of view that you don’t agree with. And that’s cool. However, there are certain things we’re not OK with: attempts to manipulate our data in any way, for example, or the posting of discriminative, offensive, hateful, or disparaging material.

Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

More from Citation Guides

How to Cite a Bill

How to Cite a Speech in MLA

How To Cite A Quote Within A Quote

Remember Me

Is English your native language ? Yes No

What is your profession ? Student Teacher Writer Other

Forgotten Password?

Username or Email