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The Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological advancement and economic growth that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. This revolution had a profound impact on society, transforming the way people lived and worked. If you are studying this important historical period and are in need of essay topic ideas, look no further. Here are 128 Industrial Revolution essay topic ideas and examples to help you get started:

• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on urbanization
• The role of women in the Industrial Revolution
• Child labor during the Industrial Revolution
• The effects of industrialization on the environment
• The invention of the steam engine and its impact on industry
• The spread of industrialization to other countries
• The rise of capitalism and industrialization
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the working class
• The role of government in regulating industry during the Industrial Revolution
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on global trade
• The relationship between industrialization and imperialism
• The impact of technological advancements on industry during the Industrial Revolution
• The role of inventors and innovators in the Industrial Revolution
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on agriculture
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on transportation
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on communication
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on education
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on medicine
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on social class
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on family life
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on art and culture
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on religion
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on politics
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on immigration
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on women's rights
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on child labor laws
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on factory conditions
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on urban planning
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on social reform movements
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the growth of cities
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of consumer culture
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of mass production
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of labor unions
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of socialism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of communism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of imperialism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of nationalism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of democracy
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of fascism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of totalitarianism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of authoritarianism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of populism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of globalism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of protectionism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of regionalism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of globalization
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of multiculturalism
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of diversity
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of inclusivity
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of equality
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of equity
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of justice
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of fairness
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of freedom
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of liberty
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of rights
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of responsibilities
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of duties
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of obligations
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of commitments
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of regulations
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of laws
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of policies
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of practices
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of procedures
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of standards
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of guidelines
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of frameworks
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of systems
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of structures
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of organizations
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of institutions
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of corporations
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of businesses
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of companies
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of industries
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of sectors
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of markets
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of competition
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of innovation
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of entrepreneurship
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of technology
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of science
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of engineering
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of mathematics
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of physics
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of chemistry
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of biology
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of medicine
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of psychology
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of sociology
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of anthropology
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of economics
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of political science
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of history
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of geography
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of philosophy
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of literature
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of art
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of music
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of theater
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of dance
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of film
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of television
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of radio
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of newspapers
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of magazines
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of books
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of libraries
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of museums
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of galleries
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of exhibitions
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of performances
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of concerts
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of festivals
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of events
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of celebrations
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of traditions
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of customs
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of rituals
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of ceremonies
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of holidays
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of vacations
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of leisure
• The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the rise of entertainment

These essay topic ideas and examples cover a wide range of aspects of the Industrial Revolution, providing you with plenty of inspiration for your research and writing. Whether you are interested in the social, economic, technological, or cultural impacts of this period, there is sure to be a topic that piques your interest. Happy writing!

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Descriptive Essay: The Industrial Revolution and its Effects

The Industrial Revolution was a time of great age throughout the world. It represented major change from 1760 to the period 1820-1840. The movement originated in Great Britain and affected everything from industrial manufacturing processes to the daily life of the average citizen. I will discuss the Industrial Revolution and the effects it had on the world as a whole.

The primary industry of the time was the textiles industry. It had the most employees, output value, and invested capital. It was the first to take on new modern production methods. The transition to machine power drastically increased productivity and efficiency. This extended to iron production and chemical production.

It started in Great Britain and soon expanded into Western Europe and to the United States. The actual effects of the revolution on different sections of society differed. They manifested themselves at different times. The ‘trickle down’ effect whereby the benefits of the revolution helped the lower classes didn’t happen until towards the 1830s and 1840s. Initially, machines like the Watt Steam Engine and the Spinning Jenny only benefited the rich industrialists.

The effects on the general population, when they did come, were major. Prior to the revolution, most cotton spinning was done with a wheel in the home. These advances allowed families to increase their productivity and output. It gave them more disposable income and enabled them to facilitate the growth of a larger consumer goods market. The lower classes were able to spend. For the first time in history, the masses had a sustained growth in living standards.

Social historians noted the change in where people lived. Industrialists wanted more workers and the new technology largely confined itself to large factories in the cities. Thousands of people who lived in the countryside migrated to the cities permanently. It led to the growth of cities across the world, including London, Manchester, and Boston. The permanent shift from rural living to city living has endured to the present day.

Trade between nations increased as they often had massive surpluses of consumer goods they couldn’t sell in the domestic market. The rate of trade increased and made nations like Great Britain and the United States richer than ever before. Naturally, this translated to military power and the ability to sustain worldwide trade networks and colonies.

On the other hand, the Industrial Revolution and migration led to the mass exploitation of workers and slums. To counter this, workers formed trade unions. They fought back against employers to win rights for themselves and their families. The formation of trade unions and the collective unity of workers across industries are still existent today. It was the first time workers could make demands of their employers. It enfranchised them and gave them rights to upset the status quo and force employers to view their workers as human beings like them.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution was one of the single biggest events in human history. It launched the modern age and drove industrial technology forward at a faster rate than ever before. Even contemporary economics experts failed to predict the extent of the revolution and its effects on world history. It shows why the Industrial Revolution played such a vital role in the building of the United States of today.

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The Industrial Revolution

How it works

The industrial revolution was the start of fast growth for machines and mechanics. This was the big change for our society. The cities grew and factories were being built and the revolution started from water, iron, steam and shift from agriculture. The second phase of the revolution was based on new technologies of technology, oil, the petrol engine emerged, and greater use of cheap steel.

In the Industrial Revolution, there was a huge population shift. It began moving from rural agriculture to work in factories and to work in cites.

The more cities produced it would get bigger and there was mass production of goods. This increased the pace and subtracted average costs and this made it easier and more efficient to produce more. Steam power, steam trains, and railroads were produced. This was the rise of steam-powered machines. This also expanded our scientific discoveries and created a revolution for our world and for the material world.

Poor conditions for working was caused by rapid industrialization and this also had a cost in terms of pollution. The main reasons for the Industrial Revolution was for the new technologies because of the transportation speeds. This has dramatically changed the speed of transportation. The first railway was created in 1830 between Liverpool and Manchester. These made it super easy to be transported very quickly and cheaply. For example, “In 1700, it took four days to travel from London to Manchester, by 1870, it took four hours.” The device that increased the productivity of labour was the development of the steam engine. This was very important in the Industrial Revolution.

What this did, it would allow steam trains to work, and also steam-powered pumps and machines. The Agricultural Revolution created high food output but only from a few farmers. This lead to surplus workers who could possibly go and work in factories. This was another type of revolution only because it was for food and had new technologies such as the crop rotation, and selective breeding. The Industrial Revolution was also mainly created for the growth of global trade. Britain had a very large shipping capacity and a huge empire. This was basically a new source of raw materials that helped other countries.

The important inventions and discoveries were the steam engine, smelting iron, steam train, machine tools, chemicals, cement, tarmacked roads, telegraph wire, and the bicycle. What the Edmund Cartwright’s power loom did was create cloth but this was mass production. The steam engine was made first for the cotton industry and then it would later be used for steam trains. Smelting iron by Abraham Darby, was a new, smart, and efficient way of producing iron.

Instead of using charcoal they would use coke and therefore this created a higher production. Iron was mainly used for railways and buildings. The steam train, developed by Richard Trevithick, was important because he made the first working steam train. Machine tools were very important to the revolution and metal was created by hand. Things like cylinder boring tools and something called the milling machine, created mass production and was important for the steam trains. Cement was very important because of the new products such as the Thames tunnel.

A major problem in the Industrial Revolution was pollution. Pollution is mainly caused by the burning of coal, high population and no regulations on factories. The ‘Black Country’ was located in the West Midlands and the reason they call it that is because of the dark foundries and a very smoky atmosphere. Life expectancy was 30, but if you work in factories it would be lowered. There was child labour and they would work long hour and was poorly paid They were very unhealthy and were expected to early death. During these times there were slave trades. Some companies would need slaves for the cotton picking.

The benefits of the Industrial Revolutions were good for people who worked in factories. They were paid very badly but the wages rose throughout this time. Agriculture had very bad returnings and they got paid very poorly. Life expectancy slightly rose and big diseases were getting handled and getting put under control. The government looked into child labour and they provided safety legislation due to the number of deaths they had. Schools were finally being made for children and it was free education so most children wouldn’t have to be working. The movement of people changed. What this means is people wouldn’t leave the area they were born in. The revolution changed that and helped people travel as far as they liked. Wealth led to philanthropy. This means people have sent big donations to charities and libraries, and also health care.

During these times there were also political movements. One of them were called Marxism. Karl Marx wrote a book called “Das Capital and The Communist Manifesto” He argued about capitalism and he also argued how it wasn’t fair for workers and continued to argue about capitalism and to overthrow it. Chartism was a movement to gain rights for men working-class men to have the right to vote. The Suffrage Movement was the movement for women so they could get their rights. Trade Unions were large workforces and they aimed for better working conditions and for better wages.

The Luddite Movement was not a political movement, but this involved self-employment and this would make workers destroy machines because they felt like they couldn’t work in that type of work environment anymore. The last movement is the Nationalist movement and this movement helps support other strong national movements. For example, “The Industrial revolution was a factor in changing Italian society and encouraging the growth of a united Italy, e.g.”.

Child labour was terrible for children in these tough days. They would work in factories, mines, and mills. Factory owners would need to have unskilled workers at this time so they would have to hire kids because they wouldn’t be getting paid a lot of money. These machines were so easy to work that you could have a small child operate one of the machines. They would also use kids to get into small areas, possibly for maintenance and adults wouldn’t be able to fit into a small spot like a child. Children would not join workers who go on strike either. Children would get paid 1/10 of what men usually get.

Two-thirds of factory workers were operated by children. The factories were very unsafe and unhealthy for children to be working there. A doctor described the kids to be sticky, small, and barefoot. They looked no younger than 7 and the men were 16 to 18. British Parliament looked at children conditions and so things could be more safe for them and so there wouldn’t be that much deaths. One of the doctors sent an investigator to check out the factories to find out what is making the kids so sick and die in a short amount of time. Sadler wanted to pass a bill to decrease child labor at to regulate everyone time to 10 hours daily. To this day that is the best primary source evidence of child labor.

Women had simple jobs but they had no rights and had no respect. They were mainly apart of the agricultural society and they would work in the production type of area. They would knit, work in factories, or tending to the fire. Women were a huge role in producing goods and food for the household or for work. Usually they would knit or work at factories. Women took care of the home and most of them would quit when they would get married. Factory workers would have to work 10-14 hours a day.

Industrial working families did not work together because it didn’t have a economic purpose to raise money or to even help one another. Women such as Jane Goode had twelve children and most of them had to work. There is a article that talks more about her and what she and her children had to go through and what they had to do. They all struggled and some of them died because they worked in a factory. She said she went from 12 to 8 in under 4 years due to these difficult times and how she struggled throughout this outrageous time. She even said that five of her children died before they were even a quarter of a year old.

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Industrial Revolution Essay

500+ words industrial revolution essay it’s history, the impact and pros and cons of industrial revolution.

The Industrial revolution was a period of major changes, which transformed the largely handicraft and agriculture based economy to machine manufacturing. European and American society was completely dependent on agriculture, hand production methods, which meant lower production. But in the latter half of the 18th century, the introduction of mass producing machines and industrialization changed this. This modern method of production led to mass production, which brought about major changes in the economy.

The industrial revolution brought about several social changes too. It led to new job opportunities, lowered prices, better quality of life and communication. But it wasn’t all good, the industrial revolution had its disadvantages too. While it did improve the quality of life with a better economy, it also led to harsh working conditions. Industrialization also led to pollution, lower pay and in some cases, unemployment too.

Learn more about the history, the impact and the pros and cons of the industrial revolution in this industrial revolution essay.

Industrial Revolution Essay: History Of Industrial Revolution

Before the industrial revolution, the economy was completely dependent on agriculture and handmade products. This meant fewer products were produced and the cost of production and the goods were higher too. But all this changed with the introduction of machines and factories in the late 1700s and mid 1800s. The industrial revolution transformed the largely rural and agriculture based society into urban, machine-powered factories. It began in Britain and soon spread to America, Japan and other European countries.

The industrial revolution brought about several economic and social changes across the world. Learn more about how the industrial revolution impacted society and its advantages and disadvantages. 

Also explore: Read more essays on related topics like technology essay and pollution essay .

Industrial Revolution Essay: The Impact Of The Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution led to several important developments. First, the textile industry was changed. Machines were invented to make the cleaning, gathering, spinning and weaving processes easy. With modern methods of production, large amounts of cloth could be produced at once. The invention of the steam engine further improved the production. Gradually, industrialization spread to all kinds of industries like farming, transportation, communication, banking etc.

The Advantages Of The Industrial Revolution

• Ease Of Production: Industrialization made way for cheaper and more efficient production. Additionally, it made production quicker and easier.
• Innovation and development: The industrial revolution made way for innovation and development in several fields like communication, transportation, farming etc.
• Better job opportunities: The advent of machines and factories made way for jobs with specialized skills, which created new job opportunities. With better economic opportunities, the quality of life also improved. 
• Improved healthcare: The industrial revolution also helped make several advancements in the field of healthcare. Medical equipment and medicines could be manufactured easily and innovated, which resulted in better healthcare.

But while it had several advantages, the industrial revolution had several disadvantages too. Learn more about the cons in this industrial revolution essay.

The Disadvantages Of The Industrial Revolution

• Unemployment: With the advent of machines, several particular jobs became obsolete. People and families that performed these jobs were left without jobs or income. This led to unemployment and poverty.
• Overcrowding of cities: With more and more people from rural areas moving to the cities hoping for better wages, cities became overcrowded. The sudden influx of migrants in poorly planned cities and towns led to unsanitary living conditions and spread diseases.
• Harsh working conditions: With factories churning out products in mass quantities, factory owners prized profit over everything else. The workers were underpaid and forced to overwork with no concern for their safety. The dirt, the soot, smoke and chemicals expelled from the factories made working conditions in the factories unsanitary and hazardous to the workers’ health too. This resulted in accidents, the workers getting injured and even death in certain cases. 
• Pollution: One of the greatest ills that the industrial revolution brought about is the pollution and environmental ills that it caused. The factories also used natural resources endlessly, which led to global warming and other ecological problems. 
• Economic gap:  The factory and industry owners looked at their gain above all else. So, the workers were exploited and forced to overwork in unsanitary conditions for low wages. As a result, the factory owners got richer, while the workers stayed poor. This unequal distribution of wealth created an economic gap. 

The industrial revolution has its advantages and disadvantages, but our society wouldn’t be the same without it. Nonetheless, we can continue to enjoy the benefits by focusing on innovation without compromising on safety and equality.

We hope you found this industrial revolution essay helpful. Osmo has several essays on a wide variety of topics. For more information, check essays for kids .

Frequently Asked Questions On Industrial Revolution

What is the industrial revolution.

Industrial revolution was a period during which the largely rural, agricultural and hand produced economy shifted to modern, machine based manufacturing.

What are some advantages of the industrial revolution?

Industrialization and urbanization made way for mass production, innovation and development, better job opportunities and improved quality of life, cheaper products etc.

What are some cons of the industrial revolution?

Industrialization led to unemployment, depletion of natural resources, pollution, harsh working conditions, overpopulation and unequal distribution of wealth.

337 Revolution Essay Topics on the American, French, Russian Revolutions, & More

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• The War of 1812 as the Conclusion of the American Revolution Though the 1812 war was far not as popular as the Revolutionary War or Civil War, it had immense effects on the United States becoming a strong independent nation.
• Abigail Adams and Her Impact on the American Revolution Abigail Adams is an excellent example of a woman who uses her status to improve social problems, she also was a woman who has been both mother and wife to two U.S. presidents.
• The French Revolution and Structural Theory Applied The French revolution is perhaps the most perplexing event in the history of modern Europe. The revolution commenced in 1789 and ended towards the latter stages of the 1790s.
• Irish Revolution and Civil War of 1918-1923 This paper analyzes Walsh’s ideas about the place of the Irish Revolution and Civil War in the context of the postwar world and the struggle for self-determination.
• Impact of the Digital Revolution on the Labor Market The labor market bears the costs of an increased automation rate. The essay examines the impact of machine exploitation on the workforce and its activities.
• The Role of the Natives in the American Revolution This essay will provide a short account of the natives in the American Revolution and explain their reasons for siding with either party.
• History of Textile Designing Craft Before the Industrial Revolution The paper is a clear demonstration of the transformation of the textile designing and production industry through the sixteenth until after the industrial revolution.
• Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution The harsh working conditions for ordinary people marked the Industrial Revolution in England. This paper reviews the evidence from workers documented in the XIX century.
• Porfirio Diaz in the Mexican Revolution The paper provides a biography of Porfirio Diaz, discusses the Mexican Revolution, his participation in it, and how this Revolution affected Diaz and other people of Mexico.
• The Industrial Revolution & the Rise of Capitalism The Industrial Age and early capitalism have made a significant contribution to the perceptions of wealth and business. This paper discusses this theme in presentation style.
• The Russian Revolution in October 1917 The Russia Rebellion became one of the most explosive political uprisings of the 19th century. This Revolution was violent, ending the Romanov throne and decades of imperial rule.
• The American Industrial Revolution The American Industrial Revolution commenced after the first advances of industrialization had already occurred in Europe.
• The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Globalization The fourth industrial revolution has made it possible for countries and manufacturing companies to produce and stabilize their economies.
• Industrial Revolution and International Affairs Industrial Revolution presents one of the most important events in human history, which determined the future of society’s way of living.
• Industrial Revolution and Nationalistic Movement There are more differences between nationalism and the industrial revolution than similarities. They take place in somewhat similar periods.
• The Industrial Revolution Impact on European Society This essay analyzes the influence of the Industrial Revolution on European societies, focusing on the modified working processes, shifts in social classes, and technology.
• Positive and Negative Impacts of the Industrial Revolution in England The Industrial Revolution has largely positively influenced economic development, living and working conditions, production, and infrastructure.
• Industrial Revolution and Large-Scale Combat Operations Most of the technologies that have become widespread from the eighteenth century to the present day were created during the industrial revolution.
• American and French Revolutions’ Goals and Progression During 1765-1783, the American Revolution took place, and a little later, in 1789-1799 – the French. Citizens fought for their freedom against the full power of the monarchs.
• The American Revolution Influence on the World’s Political Course The colonial rule of England was overthrown; an independent, non-monarchical state was formed and further advancement to Western lands was permitted.
• Social Media Influencing World Activism and Revolution Social media networks play a crucial role in contemporary communication. They promote the unity of people in promoting common goals, initiating social change.
• China Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward The China’s Cultural Revolution mainly affected people in urban centers but generally the consequences of the revolution were felt across the country.
• History: The Communist Revolution in East Asia and the Cold War The collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War de-legitimized the system and removed the rationale that initially had underpinned the global economy fragmentation.
• The Role of Social Media’s Influence on Revolution Recent revolutions were massively impacted by social media. With contemporary social media, properly selected content can create and direct the passionate crowd.
• Social Media Role: Activism and Revolution The nature and lifestyle of people in the world have been influenced by social networks. Recent developments in social networks include: Facebook, YouTube and Twitter.
• Social Media’s Influence: Activism and Revolution The primary benefit and problem of social media is that it allows freedom of speech and expression, irrespective of whether or not the views should be heard.
• Industrial Revolution Affects on British Workers Lives Although industrialization had caused a significant increase in the standard of living for the ordinary folk in industrial market economies, it came at cost.
• The Industrial Revolution: Key Factors An industrial revolution depends on four key factors: natural resources, capital resources, human resources, and entrepreneurship.
• Violence as a Political Tool During the Second Revolution During the French Revolution, violence was one of the political tools. The reason for the use of violence was to cause panic and fear among citizens.
• Analysis of the French Revolution The critical event in French history was the revolution of the 18th century because a combination of reasons made people infuriated with the situation in the country.
• Industrial Revolution in History of Engineering The discovery of the puddling furnace method to produce iron presented significant importance for developing mathematics and introducing new opportunities for engineering.
• American Revolution as the Turning Point in History This work presents an outline and annotated bibliography for an article on the causes, course, and consequences of the American Revolution.
• Martin Luther King`s Revolution of Values This article explains what King’s beliefs were and explodes if it is possible to get the revolution of values that King sought so earnestly.
• The Industrial Revolution and Class Conflict The Industrial Revolution brought about global changes, social divisions and urbanization. Capitalism has been assaulting laborers since the time the industrial revolution began.
• The Industrial Revolution and Its Effects on America Since the industrial revolution, the face of America and other nations around the world has gradually been changing sometimes experiencing very drastic transformations.
• Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 The French Revolution led to the French Republic, guided by new Enlightenment and democratic ideals, the political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
• Industrial Revolution, Democracy and Equality The impact of the industrial revolution on society should not be understated. It transformed mostly agrarian economies into those oriented towards goods and services.
• The American Revolution Period The British crown neglected the demands and needs of the American people, and the only way to build a great life on the solid of America is through revolution.
• The American Revolution Period The American revolution had several ideological, social, and economic reasons for its outbreak. In its foundation laid the vision for freedom and equality.
• Galileo: Role in the Scientific Revolution Philosophers such as Galileo contributed knowledge to the Scientific Revolution through thought experiments that led to numerous discoveries.
• Market Revolution: Agriculture and Global Trade In the era of traders, the vast land area and rich natural resources created many economic opportunities. Most people lived in rural areas and were engaged in agriculture.
• Post-American Revolution Changes Over Time This essay will cover the broad changes in the newly-born state after the American Revolution. The aim is to trace the major political, economic, and social changes.
• The Hardhat Riot: The Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution The Hardhat Riot by Kuhn entailed an account of the 1970 dispute between citizens dissenting against the unending war.
• The Material and Ideological Gains of the American Revolution and Civil War During a war or a conflict between countries, there is a set goal for why soldiers are sent to battlegrounds and commit to fighting until they get a victory.
• The American Revolution Period (1775-1784) This essay will consider some crucial questions about the essence of the American Revolution between 1775 and 1784.
• The Industrial Revolution: Immigration Policies The Industrial Revolution period, which was defined by massive technological advancement, changed the nature of work, mainly in the United States.
• The American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence Cultural and geographic separation from Britain was a crucial cause of the American Revolution. The Declaration of Independence is a critical document for the foundation of the US.
• Patriots and the American Revolution Most challenges in the USA were encountered in the 18th century when the national struggle for independence and freedom from European colonial rule.
• The Industrial Revolution and New Mode of Life The essay explores the connections among industrialization, immigration, and urbanization, analyzing how each process catalyzes and fuels the others.
• Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes The paper discusses “Those Damned Rebels: The American Revolution as Seen through British Eyes”. It provides a perspective of the British on the American Revolution.
• American Experience After the Revolution After the revolution, America gained independence from the British, resulting in marketing changes that prompted political alterations.
• The Russian Revolution and Its Implications The Russian Revolution laid the foundation for a socialist government, bringing industrialization and modernization to Russia.
• Aspects of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. The Industrial Revolution changed the way of life in the United States. Agrarian changes came about through labor automation and the introduction of factories.
• The Market Revolution Analysis The industrial revolution resulted in significant advancements in farming, transport, and working as well as the economy.
• “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” Book by Thomas Kuhn The book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” by Thomas Kuhn arguably begins with the author’s reflection on his learning journey.
• The People’s Republic of China: Impact of the Communist Revolution The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949 following the Chinese Communist Revolution, which had a profound impact on China’s political, social, and economic spheres.
• Changing Landscape of Mexican Politics Since Revolution This paper explores the transformation of Mexican politics from the revolutionary period to the implementation of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement).
• Haitian Revolution as a Completely Independent Event The paper states that the Haitian Revolution is a unique battle that involved former and freed slaves who advocated for freedom and equality.
• The American Revolution: A History Documentary The American Revolution would only burst in 1775, but for more than ten years, the prerequisites for its start would accumulate.
• Aspects of America’s Religious Revolution American immigrants define the scope of religion in their new land. The emergence of Methodist and Baptist churches offered intense competition.
• The Impact of the American Revolution Empire intrigues, dynasty conflicts, aspiration, money, and American concerns influenced the American Revolution.
• Industrial Revolution in America The industrial revolution in American society encompassed changes in the manufacturing, transportation, and communication sectors.
• Will the Revolution be Tweeted or Facebooked? In their article, Harlow and Guo (2014) explore how the meanings of “activism” and “activist” are changing due to the use of digital media.
• Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted? Social media activism could make people pay attention to particular problems with low risk, but not as good as traditional activism because it does not lead people to sacrifice.
• Ethics and Civics of Patriots: The American Revolution During the 18th century, various groups were fighting for their country, which led to changes that greatly influenced Americans’ current state.
• The Chinese and Russian Revolutions The seizure of power and the establishment of totalitarianism are the major features uniting the Chinese and Russian revolutions, but these two countries have pursued different goals.
• Individual’s Role in the American Revolution The Revolution began as a popular movement that impacted nearly every resident of modern-day American territory.
• Black Revolution: Fundamentals and the Role of Women The aim of this paper is to analyze the concerns and reasons for Black women to protest, the role of Black women in the revolution, and the significance of their contributions.
• American Independent and Revolution History The 1812 war was a turning point for the United States since it provided an opportunity for the young nation to gain its second independence from the British.
• American Industrial Revolution The American Industrial Revolution occurred between 1820 and 1870 and was characterized by the rapid growth of industries.
• The Haitian Revolution and Slavery The Haitian Revolution is intertwined with the ideas of enslaved people’s desires for freedom, social justice, and equity.
• Unemployment After the US Industrial Revolution Since the commencement of the industrial revolution, the process of automation, or more broadly the replacement of human employees by machines, has piqued widespread interest.
• Was the Industrial Revolution Positive for Society? The impact of the Industrial Revolution is relatively positive since it allowed modern society to be at the level of development that can be observed now.
• French and Haitian Revolutions Comparison The issue of freedom is central in all the events happening during Haitians’ fights for their independence. The French and Haitians perceived freedom variously.
• Lasting Environmental Impacts of Industrial Revolution
• The Revolutions of 1848: Historical Overview
• The Russian Revolution of 1917 From the Perspective of Claude Anet
• Patriots in the American Revolution
• The Causes of the French Revolution
• Technology Changes and Their Impacts on Industrial Revolution
• Concepts of Revolution and Freedom in United States
• The American Revolution’s Analysis
• Contrasting Effect of Cotton Industry on the Preindustrial Revolution
• Market Revolution in Building American Republic
• The American Revolution: Causal Issues and Results
• Texas Revolution of 1835-1836: Causes and Key Events
• Industrial Revolution and the Nineteenth Century Society
• French Revolution: The Birth of Freedom and Equality
• The Industrial Revolution and 19th-Century Society
• Industrial Revolution’s Influence on Work Sphere
• Impressionism as a Revolution in Art
• American Revolution and Independence for Wealthy vs. Poor
• How Taxation Led to the American Revolution
• Industrial Revolution in the United States
• “Modern Capitalism Needs a Revolution…” by Cohen
• Chalmers’ Argument on the American Revolution
• The Scientific Revolution of Copernicus, Bruno, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes
• People’s Daily Live After the Industrial Revolution
• Life Transformation After Industrial Revolution
• The History of American Revolution
• Revolutionary Aspects of Scientific Revolution
• Analysis of the Industrial Revolution
• Social Contract in the French Revolution
• The Second Industrial Revolution in History
• Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
• Marcus Garvey’s Life and Cultural Revolution
• French Revolution and Consequences of Radical Reform
• Ownership and Capital Implications of the Second Industrial Revolution
• Runaway Slaves: The Embodiment of the Principles of American Revolution
• Upper and Lower Classes in the American Revolution
• “The Underdogs: A Novel of the Mexican Revolution” by Azuela
• “The Battle for Algiers”: The Revolution in Algeria in the 1950s
• French Revolution’s Effects on European Peasantry
• Discussion of American Revolution
• Tennessee During the American Revolution
• The Revolution in American History
• The Sexual Revolution of the Roaring Twenties by Clark
• Enlightenment and Its Impact on the French Population and the Industrial Revolution
• Liberty and the French Revolution Reflections
• Abraham Lincoln and the Second Revolution
• The American Revolution as a Historical Event
• Influence of Enlightenment and the Great Awakening on the American Revolution
• Scientific Revolution and Technological Advancement
• Industrial Revolution and Immigration
• The American Revolution and its Consequences
• Evolution, Not Revolution: Gender Law and Women Rights in Saudi Arabia
• The American Revolution History
• The Radio Frequency IDentification Revolution
• The Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution
• Egyptian Protests and Revolution
• American Revolution and Republic
• The Haitian Revolution: A New Vision of Freedom
• American Revolution Overview and Analysis
• Texas Revolution of 1835-36 Causes and Texas Secession of 1861
• French and Indian War and American Revolution
• American Revolution as a Social Process
• The New Industrial Revolution: Autonomous Systems
• Ideological Camps in the Mexican Revolution
• The Major Rights and Reforms Wanted During the French Revolution
• The American Revolution: History of the United States
• Hewes and the Ideological Premise of the Revolution
• Political Science: Human Security & Revolution-in-Military-Affairs
• The American Revolution: Triggers
• The American Revolution in the History of the United States
• Intimacy Implications and “Sexual Revolution”
• The American Revolution: Causes
• American Revolution: The Abolitionism Movement
• Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube in Activism and Revolution
• New Deal as the Second American Revolution
• Factory Life and Work Conditions in Industrial Revolution
• Sustainability in the Modern World and the Prospects of the Third Industrial Revolution
• Opposing the American Revolution
• The History of American Revolution and Revolutionists
• The Americas in the Age of Revolution 1750-1850
• The Second Industrial Revolution in World History
• The Role of Social Media in Activisms and Revolution
• Oral Histories of China’s Revolution by Jicai Feng
• The Second Industrial Revolution (1840-1900)
• The Important of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution in the Development of Culture
• Was World War One the Main Cause of the Russian Revolution?
• Russian Revolution of 1917: Two Sides of One Coin
• October Days During the French Revolution
• America and Great Britain on American Revolution
• French Revolution: Memories, Symbols, and Rituals
• Scientific, Industrial, and Technological Revolution
• The American Civil War: A History of the American Revolution
• Benedict Arnold as a Controversial Figure in the American Revolution
• The World War I and the October Revolution
• The American Revolution: Was it Inevitable?
• Tocqueville and the French Revolution
• Views of Edmund Burke and His Role in Revolution
• Revolution and the Union of Socialist Soviet Republic
• Russian Revolution by Vladimir Lenin
• Civil War: The Second American Revolution
• Workers East: Taylorism and Revolution
• Russian Revolution in Modern European History
• Voices of the Revolution: Document Analysis
• The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth
• Taylorism as Ideology and Russian Revolution
• The Cuban Revolution and Relations with the USSR
• The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth History
• Revolution Roots: Political Action and Philosophy
• Industrial Revolution’s Input to Economic Growth
• Georges Seurat’s Revolution in Neo-Impressionism
• American Revolution: The Coming of Independence
• American Revolution and Its Justification
• Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution
• Economic Revolution: History and Theories
• San Diego Plan During the Mexican Revolution
• Egyptian Revolution: Macrosociological Perspective
• Social Media Activism in the Arab Spring Revolution
• Enlightenment Culture and 18-th Century Revolutions
• Industrial Revolution Causing Population Shift
• The Relationships Between American Revolution and Cultural Diversity
• Communist Revolutions and Cold War in East Asia
• Fanon Frantz on Revolution Leaders and Masses
• Revolution Strategy and Tactics
• Media Revolution and Advertisement Interrelation
• Blockchain Revolution in the Healthcare Industry
• American History of the Revolution
• The Communist Revolution in East Asia
• Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (1760-1840)
• Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China?
• Spreading Information with Social Media in Activism and Revolutions
• Revolution Leaders and Masses in Fanon’s Work
• Poverty and Violence During the Mexican Revolution
• The Lack of Industrial Revolution in China
• Cultural Revolution: Soviet Union and Kosovo
• Radicalism Phenomenon During the American Revolution
• Cuban Revolution and Seven-Step War Model
• Social Media’s Effect on Activism and Revolution on the World Stage
• Print and Social Media in 2011 Egyptian Revolution
• The Egyptian Revolution and Resulting Reforms
• Merrill Lynch: Evolution, Revolution, and Sale
• Stories from the Syrian Revolution by Lafferty et al.
• History: Communist Revolutions in East Asia
• Social Media’s Influence in Activism and Political Revolution
• Social Networking Media and the Revolution
• The Role of Social Media in Activism and Revolution
• The Importance of Social Media in the Activist Movement
• The African American Soldiers in the American Revolution
• The Dominican Republic Revolution
• The Impact of the American Revolution on the French
• French Intervention in the American Revolution
• Effects of French Revolution on European Peasantry
• The French Revolution and the Rights of Men
• Main Historical Events of American Revolution
• American Revolutions in Early 19th Century
• Why the Industrial Revolution First Occured in Britain Assignment?
• Can Technological Change Account for the Sexual Revolution?
• Who Won the Mexican Revolution and When Did It End?
• Why Did the Orange Revolution Happen in Ukraine?
• What Did the Haitian Revolution Do to End Racial Slavery?
• Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in Europe? Assignment?
• What Were the Achievements of the 1848 Revolution and Why Did It Fail?
• Why Did the Communist Revolution Originally Seek to Quell Confucianism?
• What Was the Transportation Revolution, Why Was It Needed and What Did It Tie Together?
• Why Did Nova Scotia Fail to Join the American Revolution?
• Why Did the 1905 Revolution Fail to Overthrow Czardom?
• Why Financial Accounting Thought Is Undergoing a Revolution?
• Can Central Banking Survive the It Revolution?
• Why Did Revolution Break Out in Russia in 1905?
• Which Leader Best Carried Out the Ideals of the Russian Revolution: Lenin or Stalin?
• Why Did the British Lose the American Revolution?
• Why Did Martin Luther’s Teachings Cause a Revolution?
• Why Did the Tsar Survive the 1905 Revolution but Not the 1917 Revolution?
• What Were the Most Important Causes of the French Revolution?
• Why Did the French Revolution Start in 1789?
• Why the Scientific Revolution Was in Europe and Not China?
• Why Was the Irish Revolution of 1919-21?
• What Did Lenin Mean When He Says That the 1905 Revolution Was a Dress Rehearsal?
• Why Did the Industrial Revolution First Begin in England?
• Why Was the Russian 1917 Revolution Successful?
• The responsibility of the French nobility for the fall of the old regime.
• The role of women in the French Revolution.
• The significance of the Thermidorian Reaction in the French Revolution.
• What issues in France contributed to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte?
• The impact of the Reign of Terror on French society.
• What role did the Enlightenment ideas play in the French Revolution?
• The connection between the French Revolution and modern nationalism.
• Effects of the French Revolution on agriculture and trade.
• The influence of the French Revolution on colonial territories.
• The transformation of art and culture during and after the French Revolution.
• Political and ideological causes of the American Revolution.
• Military strategies and leadership of George Washington during the American Revolution.
• The Battle of Saratoga: impact on soldiers’ morale and the overall course of the war.
• Native Americans’ involvement in the American Revolution.
• Financial challenges of colonies during the American Revolution.
• Propaganda during the American Revolution.
• The role of guerilla warfare in the American Revolution.
• The impact of the American Revolution on the US Constitution and democratic ideals.
• The involvement of foreign powers in the American Revolution.
• The Battle of Yorktown: its impact on the surrender of the British forces.
• Vladimir Lenin’s leadership during the Russian Revolution.
• The role of peasants and workers in the Russian Revolution.
• How did WWI affect the Russian Revolution?
• Lenin’s New Economic Policy: impact on economy and society.
• The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: advantages and disadvantages for Russia.
• The impact of the Russian Revolution on international relations.
• Challenges faced by the Provisional Government.
• The influence of the Russian Revolution on the women’s rights movement.
• The Red Terror: motivations behind it and its consequences.
• The major outcomes of revolutions in October and February 1917 in Russia.

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StudyCorgi . "337 Revolution Essay Topics on the American, French, Russian Revolutions, & More." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/revolution-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "337 Revolution Essay Topics on the American, French, Russian Revolutions, & More." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/revolution-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Revolution were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 9, 2024 .

Rough Draft for The Industrial Revolution

• Categories: Development Industrial Revolution

About this sample

Words: 684 |

Published: Mar 1, 2019

Words: 684 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Table of contents

Industrial revolution essay outline, industrial revolution essay example, introduction.

• Overview of the American Industrial Revolution as a transformative period in U.S. history
• Mention of the economic changes and innovations that occurred during this time

Samuel Slater and the Start of the Industrial Revolution

• Introduction to Samuel Slater as a key figure in the American Industrial Revolution
• Description of his role in establishing the first industrial mill in the United States

Impact on the Northern States

• Explanation of how the Industrial Revolution affected the Northern states
• Mention of the growth of factories and textile production in the North
• Influence of railroads on the Northern economy

Impact on the Southern States

• Description of the changes in the Southern economy due to the Industrial Revolution
• Emphasis on the cotton industry's growth, including inventions like the cotton gin
• Transformation of the South into a dominant cotton-producing region
• Summary of the transformative effects of the American Industrial Revolution on the U.S. economy
• Recognition of its lasting impact on the nation's development

Works Cited

• History.com Editors. (2009, November 9). Industrial Revolution. History. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution
• Ushistory.org. (n.d.). The Industrial Revolution. Independence Hall Association. Retrieved from https://www.ushistory.org/us/25.asp
• Gordon, J. (2018). The American Industrial Revolution. EH.Net Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-american-industrial-revolution/
• Nash, G., & Jeffries, J. (2019). The American Industrial Revolution. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-2
• Calhoun, C. (2013). The American Industrial Revolution: A Brief History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-american-industrial-revolution-24376907/
• History Channel. (n.d.). The Industrial Revolution in America. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/the-industrial-revolution-in-america
• Scherer, F. M. (2002). The industrial revolution and the emergence of modern business. Business and Economic History, 31(2), 1-18.
• Berg, M. (2009). The age of manufactures: Industry, innovation, and work in Britain, 1700-1820. Routledge.
• Ashton, T. S. (1997). The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830. Oxford University Press.
• Leland, R. (2003). Crafting the Industrial Revolution: The industrial revolution in Great Britain and America. Edwin Mellen Press.

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Industrial Revolution Essay

Essay by 3rd Form pupil, Elena Kelsall

The Industrial Revolution was hugely beneficial for the British people 1750 – 1900. Do You agree?

The Industrial Revolution was a period of mass industrialisation from 1750 to 1900. There were massive shifts in the main industry in the UK. Before the Industrial Revolution 80% of people lived in the countryside as farmers and 20% of people lived in the city’s, during the Industrial Revolution those figures swapped due to the substantial increase of jobs in the cities. There were many positives and negatives to the Industrial Revolution. Whether the positives, for the people of that time, outweighed the negatives is an ongoing debate. There were many changes made during the Industrial Revolution and not all were for the best.

A major new feature in the city’s skyscapes were factories and mines. They dominated the skyline and played a key part in the Industrialisation of Great Britain. The new factories could mass produce goods such as cloth and car parts at a much faster rate and for a lot less money. Because these items costed less to make, they costed less to buy. This in turn meant that more people on Britain could afford to have items they couldn’t have beforehand. There was a lot more economic freedom in the UK which sparked the Revolution, this freedom inspired entrepreneurs to experiment and invent. For lots of the entrepreneurs, this was how they made their name. The Industrial Revolution meant that factory owners got richer, as did the entrepreneurs. Due to the invention of cars, canals and steamboats, good and materials were getting around the country at far quicker than they had done before. Some factory owners were genuinely nice to their employees, such as Robert Owen. He gave is workers payed holidays, homes, and schooling before it was law, even to adults. He worked with his employees to combat alcoholism and abuse. The large majority of factories provided food for their employees who would not otherwise be able to feed themselves. The fact that they did not have to buy food meant that they could save up and spent their money on things like holidays, clothes and homes. The mines provided the fuel to the Industrial Revolution both metaphorically and literally. Coal was essential to powering machinery and was a resource that was plentiful in the UK. The growing demand for coal provided jobs for more people as the mines got bigger. The mine owners also got extraordinarily rich for coal was so important, it was known as black gold. It was these rich factory and mine owners that boosted the economy and made Britain a world power.

There were, however, several negatives too. Factory owners like Robert Owen were a rarity and the majority of owners cared little for their employees who where little more then slaves. Workers had very few breaks and no protective equipment. The owners could be as beastly as they wanted to their workers and there were countless reports of cruelty towards men, women, and children. Lots of the workers developed lung problems as a result of the pollution and smoke in the air. Young children had no hope of being able to get a job anywhere else because of the fact that they had no education. There were no laws around the way employees were treated until the factory acts of 1833 and 1847. In some ways, the conditions were even worse for the miners. They had to go down onto pitch black holes and because of the rise in demand for coal, the mine shafts were getting deeper and deeper. There were multiple safety hazards and collapsing mine tunnels and poisonous gas build ups were a common occurrence. Children as young as 6 were sent into mines. There was no policing in the mines until the mine act of 1842. There was a dramatic change in the public health during the industrial revolution. Doctors were sent to monitor health under a scheme run by a man called Chadwick. There was a rise in awareness of killer diseases such as Cholera. Later on in the industrial revolution a man called Dr Snow discovered the cause of Cholera and how minor changes could slow the spread around a town thus saving thousands of lives. There was a raised awareness of general hygiene which had, until this point, has been unbelievably bad. A new sewer system was put in place which stopped water from becoming contaminated and full of bacteria. This led to fewer cases of typhoid and other horrible diseases. Cholera was declared officially eradicated in 1866 and there was the beginning of a cure and vaccine for smallpox which was eradicated just after the end of the Revolution. The air became cleaner and more nurses were being employed. This created both jobs and a healthier and more able population.

Before all of the major positive health changes were made, public health was dreadful. The average age of death was just 30 and 142 out of 1000 (14.2%) children died before they became adults. There were more child deaths then adult deaths in the early parts of the Revolution. There were reports of coffin makers being overloaded with orders, there were so many that they couldn’t make them fast enough there was a large amount of wate on the streets however, the initially poor public health did improve drastically.

In conclusion, I believe that although working conditions in factories and mines were bad and public health was bad to begin with, when you consider the positives, it changed the lives of the people in Great Britain for the better. The massive advances in medicine, the boost to the economy and the fact that it made Britain a world power positively effected the lives of the majority of the population. Ordinary peoples lives got better due to higher wages and longer life expectancy.

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Learning from Ricardo and Thompson: Machinery and Labor in the Early Industrial Revolution, and in the Age of AI

David Ricardo initially believed machinery would help workers but revised his opinion, likely based on the impact of automation in the textile industry. Despite cotton textiles becoming one of the largest sectors in the British economy, real wages for cotton weavers did not rise for decades. As E.P. Thompson emphasized, automation forced workers into unhealthy factories with close surveillance and little autonomy. Automation can increase wages, but only when accompanied by new tasks that raise the marginal productivity of labor and/or when there is sufficient additional hiring in complementary sectors. Wages are unlikely to rise when workers cannot push for their share of productivity growth. Today, artificial intelligence may boost average productivity, but it also may replace many workers while degrading job quality for those who remain employed. As in Ricardo’s time, the impact of automation on workers today is more complex than an automatic linkage from higher productivity to better wages.

The authors are co-directors of the MIT Shaping the Future of Work Initiative, which was established through a generous gift from the Hewlett Foundation. Relevant disclosures are available at shapingwork.mit.edu/power-and-progress, under “Policy Summary.” For their outstanding work, we thank Gavin Alcott (research and drafting), Julia Regier (editing), and Hilary McClellen (fact-checking). We also thank Joel Mokyr for his helpful comments. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

We are grateful to David Autor for useful comments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from Toulouse Network on Information Technology, Google, Microsoft, IBM, the Sloan Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation.

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Robert Hessen on the Industrial Revolution

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By David Henderson, May 2 2024

Last month, I posted on some of the intellectual contributions of economic and business historian Robert Hessen, who died on  April 15. At the time, I didn’t have access to his contribution to Ayn Rand’s book Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal . But I got a copy from the library and found his essay. It’s titled, “The Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Women and Children.”

My view now is that it’s quite good. My view when I first read it, at age 17, was that it was incredibly good. Why the change in my views? Because I now know more of the literature and so his reasoning and conclusions, which I still think are sound, don’t come as a surprise to me. But back then, they did. I was not particularly a reader, except in spurts, and much of my reading was fiction. So if you had asked me whether the industrial revolution was good or bad for women and children, I would have answered what people around me were saying: it was bad.

Bob Hessen’s calm reasoning came at me like a thunderclap. He patiently worked through the effects of the industrial revolution on child mortality (it dropped), on women’s opportunities and income (they increased), and on women’s independence (it increased.) He also answered the major critics of the Industrial Revolution. Everything he said made sense: it’s just that I had never thought about these issues.

Here’s an excerpt from near the start of his essay.

One cannot evaluate the phenomenon of child labor in England during the Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century unless one realizes that the introduction of the factory system offered a livelihood, a means of survival, to tens of thousands of children who would not have lived to be youths in the pre-capitalist eras. The factory system led to a rise in the general standard of living, to rapidly falling urban death rates and decreasing infant mortality–and produced an unprecedented population explosion. In 1750, England’s population was six million; it was nine million in 1800 and twelve million in 1820, a rate of increase without precedent in any era. The age distribution of the population shifted enormously; the proportion of children and youths increased sharply. “The proportion of those born in London dying before five years of age” fell from 74.5 percent in 1730-49 to 31.8 percent in 1810-29. [His quote is from Mabel C. Buer, Health, Wealth, and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution , 1760-1815.]

P.S. Here’s Clark Nardinelli’s take , in David R. Henderson, ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics , on how quickly wages grew during the Industrial Revolution.

P.P.S. In March 2020, I posted on Robert Hessen’s work uncovering Charles Lindbergh’s heroic role in reporting on the German war effort in airplane manufacture before World War II.

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Richard W Fulmer

May 2 2024 at 12:08pm.

Before the Industrial Revolution, people and nations often amassed wealth by theft, conquest, and slavery. Adam Smith pointed to another way: free trade. He argued that conquering or enslaving one’s neighbors was more costly and less profitable than trading with them – a lesson that Japan and Germany were to relearn during WWII.

By conflating Gross Domestic Product with Gross Domestic Expenditure, Edward Baptist – and the portion of the 1619 Project that was based on his work – tried to prove that slavery is more productive than free labor, implying that developing countries should adopt the practice to jumpstart their economies.

Similarly, progressives claim that poverty – both at home and abroad – is best addressed by redistribution rather than by increasing productivity. They repudiate Smith’s formula for prosperity of trade, “peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice.” Instead, they harken back to the pre-industrial “prosperity formula” of theft, conquest, and slavery.

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