essays in biology form 1

Biology Form 1 Notes | Biology Form 1 Questions and Answers

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• BIOLOGY FORM 1 REVISION QUESTIONS
• Biology Form 1 Term Exams (Term 1, Term 2, and Term 3)
• Biology Form 1 Quiz 11 With Answers - Quiz Set 11

High School Biology Form 1 Topics

Introduction to biology - form 1 biology, classification i - form 1 biology, the cell - form 1 biology, the cell - structure and functions of the cell organelles - form 1 biology, the cell - estimation of the cell size - form 1 biology, cell physiology - the cell membrane and diffusion - form 1 biology, cell physiology - osmosis and active transport - form 1 biology, nutrition in plants & animals - introduction - form 1 biology, nutrition in plants - photosynthesis - dark and light reaction stages - form 1 biology, nutrition in plants & animals - chemicals of life - form 1 biology, nutrition in plants & animals - enzymes - form 1 biology, nutrition in plants & animals - heterotrophism and dentition - form 1 biology, nutrition in animals - digestion - form 1 biology, nutrition in animals - absorption - form 1 biology.

Biology Form One Revision Questions and Answers on all topics including Characteristics of Living Things, Classification I, The Cell, Cell Physiology, Nutrition in Plants, Chemicals of Life, Dentition and Digestion

• BIOLOGY FORM ONE REVISION QUESTIONS

High School Biology Classes

Biology form 2 notes, revision questions and answers, biology form 3 biology notes, revision questions and answers, biology form 4 biology notes, revision questions and answers.

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Biology form 1 revision questions

This document contains Biology  form 1 revision questions which are suitable for both students and teachers.It is well analysed and prepared with the aim of preparing KCSE candidates,

In PDF format so that your print or read from any smartphone, laptop or computer.

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The document  is written in a manner that both the candidates and teachers will immensely benefit from it.

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Biology Form 1 - Form 4 Revision Notes PDF (100)

Biology is taught in Kenyan schools as a science subject. Get the complete Form 1 - Form 4 biology notes based on the CBC curriculum for free on Easy Elimu to help you prepare for local and national exams.

This category contains all biology simplified notes from form 1 to form 4. It also contains topical revision questions from form 1 to form 4. Moreover, there are also all the key biology essays with answers for KCSE and MOCKS preparation. 

The Biology Form 1 to Form 4 notes in this category are obtained from the numerous high school approved text books, including KLB, and others. For the purpose of preparing for both national and local exams, it includes the complete Biology form 1 - form 4 notes based on the latest learning curriculum.

You can get these form one to form four Biology notes for  free  without having to pay a cent on our  Easy Elimu Study App , which you can get from Google Playstore  here . Also, get any of the biology notes, topical revision questions, or KCSE-MOCKS essay questions in PDF format.

As a bonus, each biology topic and subtopic has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over writing that  mwakenya , which makes passing that summative biology form 1 - form 4 term 3 exam easy. No matter the term—term 1, term 2, or term 3—these free biology form 1 - form 4 summary notes will get you an A.

Biology Notes FAQs

What is biology short notes?

What Is Biology?

What is biology form?

How should I make biology notes?  

Frequently Asked Questions Biology

Q: what is biology short notes.

A:   Biology short notes are biology summarizd notes such as the notes you can get here on The Easy Elimu website. Biology short notes help you revise and practice the main concepts in a topic or subtopic easily and conveniently.

Q: What Is Biology?

A: Biology is the study of life. Alternatively, you can say that Biology is the study of living organisms.

Q: What is biology form?

A: The meaning of biology form varies depending on the context the words are use.  For example, when you say biology form 1 notes that esentially means that the biology notes are for class/grade 1.

Q: How should I make biology notes?

A: Biology is a relatively easy subject to study, especially when one has good notes. 

To make good biology notes:

Go through the table of contents in your textbook..

To understand the topics you will study or make notes on first go through the table of content. If your biology teacher gives you subject guidelines, go through them thoroughly. Doing this ensures that you understand the subject objectives, the topics covered in the subject, and the assessment criteria.

Create a basic outline.

Based on the initial glance of the table of content create a basic outline of what is expected.This outline contains the main point of each topic within the subject. this ouline will act as a guide when you start writing your notes.

Read the textbook before a specific class.

This is called an initial reading. Doing this ensures you know what will be taught in the biology class before the lesson begins.

Listen to your teacher.

In class, listen to the teacher/professor and let them clarify any points that you did not get during your initial reading. Remember to listen to the lecture. Do not write extensive notes at this point. Only write shorthand notes that you can expand on later.

Conduct a follow-through read of your textbook.

Highlight the main points in your textbook, so they will be easy to refer to. Remember, do not simply highlight everything but only the most significant things.

At this point, you can start writing more comprehensive notes.

• Ensure that your notes are organized and neat.
• Write a title head and the main points below the title head in bullet points.
• Ensure you leave no questions unanswered while writing notes that do not miss points.
• For diagrams and experiments, ensure that everything is neatly labeled for easy identification and referral.

As you write your notes, ensure that they are accurate. Noting down wrong facts ensures that you get wrong answers pertaining to that concept when it is time for an assessment.

Remember, you will use your notes as a reference point when taking your biology exams. Biology form 1, biology form 2, biology form 3, or biology form 4 exams.

Review and update your notes

Review and update your notes continuously as you learn new facts and get new topical information. This ensures that all your bases are covered so that you will pass that biology KCSE exam.

Download the Easy Elimu study app now

Biology Notes Form 1 (5)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get the entire biology Form 1 syllabus for free . These biology form 1 notes are aggregated from the various high school approved text books, including KLB biology form 1, Finder biology form 1, etc. The biology notes cover various topics, as shown below.  

The form 1 biological concepts that you can learn using our notes include;

• An Introduction to Biology   
• Classification 1
• Cell Physiology
• Nutrition in plants and animals  

You can get the notes for free without having to pay a cent on our Easy Elimu Study App , which you can get from the Google Playstore here . 

As a bonus, each topic has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over writing that mwakenya , which makes passing that summative biology form 1 term 3 exam easy. Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 1 summary notes will give you that grade A. 

How to optimally use this page:

• For easy navigation, instead of scrolling down, you can click on the links above to go to the specific topic within the page that you want to check out.
• To download a specific chapter in PDF format, click on any of the chapter headings (below) and you will be redirected to another window where you can download the biology topical notes in PDF format.

Chapter 1: Summarized notes on introduction to biology

This topic covers various subtopics including:

• Definition of Biology - What is Biology? 
• Branches of Biology 
• Importance of biology 
• Nutrition 
• Respiration 
• Gaseous Exchange 
• Excretion 
• Growth and Development 
• Reproduction 
• Irritability 
• Movement 
• Sweep net 
• Fish net 
• Pooter 
• Bait trap 
• Pit fall trap 
• Pair of forceps 
• Specimen bottles 
• Magnifying lens 
• Precautions During Collection and Observation of Specimen 
• Comparison Between Plants and Animals 

Chapter 2: Summarized notes on classification 1

This topic covers various subtopics including;

• Introduction 
• External features of plants used in classification 
• External features of animals used in classification 
• Importance of Classification 
• Historical background of Classification 
• Taxonomic Units of Classification 
• Scientific Naming of Living Organisms 
• Origin of Scientific Names 

Chapter 3: Summarized notes on the cell

• Parts of a Microscope 
• Handling and Care of the Microscope 
• How to use the Microscope 
• Cell Structure under Light Microscope 
• The Cell as seen under the Electron Microscope 
• Structure and Functions of the Cell Organelles 
• Comparison between Plant Cells and Animal Cells 
• Tissues 
• Organs 
• Organ System 

Chapter 4: Summarized notes on cell physiology

• Structure of the Membrane 
• Properties of the cell membrane 
• Physiological Processes of the Cell membrane 
• Demonstration of the Process of Diffusion using Potassium Manganate (VII) 
• The Role of Diffusion in Living Organisms 
• Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion 
• Demonstration of Osmosis Using a Visking Tubing 
• Explanation of Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure & Osmotic Potential 
• Water Relations in Animals 
• Water Relations in Plants 
• Role of Osmosis in Organisms 
• Factors Affecting the Rate of Osmosis 
• Role of active transport in living organisms 
• Factors affecting the rate of Active Transport 

Chapter 5: Summarized notes on nutrition in plants and animals

• Modes of Nutrition 
• Importance of Photosynthesis 
• External Leaf Structure 
• Internal Leaf Structure 
• Adaptations of the Leaf to Photosynthesis 
• Raw Materials for Photosynthesis 
• Conditions for Photosynthesis 
• Photosynthesis Process 
• Testing for Starch in a Leaf 
• Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis 
• Experiment to Investigate the Gas Produced During Photosynthesis 
• Experiments on Factors Necessary for Photosynthesis 
• Carbohydrates 
• Lipids 
• Proteins 
• Enzymes 
• Modes of Heterotrophism 
• Dentition 
• Classes of Holozoic Heterotrophs 
• Dental Formula 
• Dental Diseases
• Dental Hygiene
• Digestion in the Mouth
• Digestion in the Stomach
• Digestion in the Ileum
• Assimilation
• Importance of Vitamins, Mineral Salts, Roughage and Water in Human Nutrition
• Factors affecting energy requirements in humans

KCSE-MOCKS Biology essays Questions and Answers (66)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get all biology essays with answers here . These biology essay questions are aggregated from all the KCSE examinations. Unique essay questions are also from Form 4 Mock past papers. The biology essays cover all topics from form 1 to form 4.

This category contains all biology essay questions with answers to help with your high school exam revision. Study the most commonly asked biology essays in preparation for KCSE or MOCK examinations.

You can get access to the notes for free without having to pay a cent on the  EasyElimu Study App , which you can get from the Google Playstore here .

As a bonus, each KCSE-MOCKS biology essay question is fully answered. The answers are summarized but fully explained, so you won’t have to stress over writing that mwakenya, which makes passing that biology exam easy. Whether it’s form 1, 2, 3, or 4, term 1, 2, or 3, these free biology essay questions and answers pdf will give you that grade A.

Visit the EasyElimu App to get the answers to the KCSE-MOCKS Biology essays questions for free. Alternatively, click the blue links at the end  of this page to download, in PDF format, the specific KCSE-MOCKS Biology essays questions with answers

All the Key Biology Essay Questions

• Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions-KCSE Biology Essays
• Explain how the various specialized cells are modified to carry out their functions in plants and animals - KCSE biology essays
• Describe how the mammalian body protects itself against infections -KCSE biology essays
• How are the leaves of higher plants adapted to their functions? - KCSE biology essays
• Explain how the various teeth adapt mammals for nutrition - KCSE biology essays
• Describe the process of urine formation in the mammalian kidneys - KCSE Biology Essays
• Explain the role of the following hormones during homeostasis - KCSE Biology Essays
• Distinguish between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus - KCSE Biology Essays
• Explain how the various abiotic factors may affect plants - KCSE Biology Essays
• Discuss the causes, effects and control measures for water pollution - KCSE Biology Essays
• How are xerophytes and hydrophytes adapted to their habitats? - KCSE Biology Essays
• Outline the differences between wind and insect pollinated flowers - KCSE Biology Essays
• Describe what happens in a flower from the time of pollination up to the time of seed and fruit development - KCSE Biology Essays
• Discuss the adaptations of the female reproductive system of humans - KCSE Biology Essays
• Describe the process of gaseous exchange in terrestrial plants - KCSE Biology Essays
• How is the mammalian gaseous exchange system adapted to its functions? - KCSE Biology Essays
• Describe the structure and function of the mammalian skin - KCSE Biology Essays
• Luteinising Hormone (LH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Progesterone
• What is secondary growth?
• Describe the process of secondary thickening in a woody stem
•  Explain how the following blood cells are adapted to their functions - KCSE Biology Essays
• Discuss Lamarck’s and Darwin’s theories of evolution - KCSE Biology Essays
• What is natural selection?
• Discuss three examples of natural selection in action
• Discuss the various mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata - KCSE Biology Essays

Describe the process of mitosis - KCSE Biology Essays

Describe the adaptations of schistosoma spp to their parasitic mode of life - kcse biology essays, what is meant by the term symbiosis - kcse biology essays.

• Describe five types of symbiotic relationships in a natural ecosystem - KCSE Biology Essays

Discuss the various ways employed by preys to avoid the predators - KCSE Biology Essays

• Describe the nitrogen cycle - KCSE Biology Essays
• Describe how the various supportive tissues in plants adapt them to their habitats - KCSE Biology Essays
• Why is locomotion necessary in higher animals? - KCSE Biology Essays

What is digestion? - KCSE Biology Essays

• What is the importance of a balance diet in human nutrition? - KCSE Biology Essays

Explain how the process of evolution may result to the formation of a new species - KCSE Biology Essays

Discuss the role of the various hormones in plant growth and development - kcse biology essays, how is the mammalian eye adapted to its functions kcse biology essays, what is transpiration - kcse biology essays.

• Explain how the various environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration - KCSE Biology Essays

Distinguish between mutations, mutants and mutagens - KCSE Biology Essays

How are seeds and fruits of plants adapted to their mode of dispersal - kcse biology essays, discuss the composition and functions of mammalian blood - kcse biology essays, describe the adaptations of the nervous system to its functions - kcse biology essays, state the economic importance of members of monera and fungi and for each economic importance name a suitable or appropriate organism - kcse biology essays, discuss the structure and functions of the various muscle tissues found in humans - kcse biology essays, discuss the adaptations of the male reproductive system of humans - kcse biology essays, explain the factors that affect enzyme activity - kcse biology essays.

• Carbon (IV) Oxide
• Chlorophyll
• Suitable temperature and pH
• Describe the route taken by water from the soil up to the evaporating surface of a plant - KCSE Biology Essays
• How is the mammalian heart adapted to its functions? - KCSE Biology Essays
• What is a reflex action?
• Outline the activities that occur in the body when one touches a hot object
• Discuss the various ways in which anaerobic respiration is utilized in industries and homes - KCSE Biology Essays

To download a specific chapter in PDF format, click on the question heading (below) and you will be redirected to another window where you can download the biology KCSE Essay question with answers in PDF format.

Alternatively, you can copy and paste the specific questions you want to search for on the search bar at the top of the page and you will be redirected to the question you want.

Good Luck and happy reading :)

Biology Notes Form 2 (4)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get the entire biology Form 2 syllabus for free. These biology form 2 notes are aggregated from the various high school approved text books, including KLB biology form 2, Finder biology form 2, etc. The biology notes cover various topics, as shown below.   The form 2 biological concepts that you can learn using our notes include;  

• Transport in plants and animals.
• Respiration.
• Gaseous exchange.
• Excretion and homeostasis.

You can get the notes for free without having to pay a cent on our Easy Elimu Study App, which you can get from the Google Playstore here .  

As a bonus, each topic has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over writing that mwa ken ya , which makes passing that biology form 2 term 3 exam easy. Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 2 summary notes will give you that grade A

• To download a specific chapter in PDF format, click on the chapter heading (below) and you will be redirected to another window where you can download the biology topical notes in PDF format.

Chapter 1: Summarized notes on transport in plants and animals

• Internal Structure of Roots and Root Hairs 
• Internal structure of a Root Hair Cell 
• The Stem 
• Absorption of Water and Mineral Salts 
• Structure and Function of Xylem 
• Forces Involved in Transportation of Water and Mineral Salts 
• Importance of Transpiration 
• Factors Affecting Transpiration 
• Phloem 
• The Circulatory System 
• Transport in Insects 
• Structure and Function of the Heart 
• Pumping Mechanism of the Heart 
• Structure and Function of Arteries, Capillaries and Veins 
• Diseases and Defects of Circulatory System 
• Composition of Blood 
• ABO Blood Groups 
• Blood Transfusion 
• Lymphatic System 
• Types of Immunity 
• Importance of Vaccination 
• Allergic Reactions 

Chapter 2: Summarized notes on respiration.

• Meaning and Significance of Respiration
• Mitochondrion Structure and Function
• Aerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration
• Practical Activities
• Comparison Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
• Comparison Between Energy Output in Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
• Substrates for Respiration
• Application of Anaerobic Respiration in Industry and at Home

Chapter 3: Summarized notes on gaseous exchange.

• Necessity for Gaseous Exchange in Living Organisms
• Structure of Guard Cells
• Mechanism of Opening and Closing of Stomata
• Process of Gaseous Exchange in Root, Stem and Leaves of Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants
• Gaseous Exchange Through Stems
• Gaseous Exchange in Roots
• Types and Characteristics of Respiratory Surfaces
• Characteristics of Respiratory Surfaces
• Gaseous Exchange in Amoeba
• Gaseous Exchange in Insects
• Gaseous Exchange in Bony Fish (e.g, Tilapia)
• Gaseous Exchange in Amphibians - Frog
• Gaseous Exchange in a Mammal -Human
• Dissection of a Small Mammal (Rabbit) to Show Respiratory Organs
• Diseases of the Respiratory System

Chapter 4: Summarized notes on excretion and homeostasis.

• Homeostasis
• Plant Excretory Products their Source and Uses
• Excretory Products in Animals
• Excretion and Homeostasis in Unicellular Organisms
• Structure and Function of the Human Skin
• Structure and Functions of the Kidneys
• Common Kidney Diseases
• Role of Liver in Excretion
• Common Liver Diseases
• Neuro-Endocrine System and Homeostasis
• The Skin and Temperature Regulation
• Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature in Humans
• Behavioural and Physiological Responses to Temperature Changes
• The Skin and Osmoregulation
• The Kidney and Osmoregulation

After you are done reading the summarized notes, you can test yourself with our biology form 2 questions and answers, which you can access here .

Moreover, if you are having a problem with a specific topic or want to practice more, you can practice with our biology Form 2 topical questions and answers, which you can access here .

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Biology Notes Form 3 (4)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get the entire biology Form 3 syllabus for free . These biology form 3 notes are aggregated from the various high school approved text books, including KLB biology form 3, Finder biology form 3, etc. The biology notes cover various topics, as shown below.  

The form 3 biological concepts that you can learn using our notes include; 

• Classification 2
• Reproduction in plants and animals
• Growth and development

You can get the notes for free without having to pay a cent on our Easy Elimu Study App , which you can get from the Google Playstore  here . 

As a bonus, each topic has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over writing that  mwakenya , which makes passing that biology form 3 term 3 exam easy. Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 3 summary notes will give you that grade A.

How to optimally use this page: 

• For easy navigation, instead of scrolling down, you can click on the links above to go to the specific topic within the page that you want to check out. 

Chapter 1: Summarized notes on classification 2

• General Principles of Classification
• Binomial Nomenclature
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protoctista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Division Bryophyta
• Division Pteridophyta
• Division Spermatophyta
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Phylum Chordata
• Rules Used to Construct a Dichotomous Key
• Some Common Features Used for Identification
• To Examine Bryophyta
• To Examine Pteridophyta
• To Examine Spermatophyta
• Examination of Arthropoda
• Examination of Chordata

Chapter 2: Summarized notes on ecology

• Introduction
• The Ecosystem
• Carrying Capacity
• Abiotic Factors (Environmental Factors)
• Biotic Factors
• Competition
• Saprophytism
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Food Chains
• Decomposers
• Pyramid of Numbers
• Pyramid of Biomass
• Quadrat Method
• Line Transect
• Belt Transect
• Capture-recapture Method
• Hydrophytes (Water Plants)
• Halophytes (Salt Plants)
• Effects and Control of causes of Pollutants in Air, Water and Soil
• Bacterial Diseases
• Protozoa Diseases
• Parasitic Diseases 
• Adaptions to Habitat
• Comparison of Root Nodules from Fertile and Poor Soils - Root Nodules
• Estimation of Population using Sampling Methods

Chapter 3: Summarized notes on reproduction in plants and animals

• Asexual Reproduction
• Types of Asexual Reproduction.
• Structure of a Flower
• Pollination
• Fertilisation in Plants
• Fruit Formation
• Placentation
• Methods of Fruit and Seed Dispersal
• Reproduction in Humans
• Fertilisation in Animals
• Implantation
• Role of Placenta
• Gestation Period
• Reproductive Hormones
• Secondary Sexual Characteristics
• Menstrual Cycle
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STl)
• Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
• Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
• Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
• Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

Chapter 4: Summarized notes on growth and development

• Concept of Growth and Development
• Lag Phase (slow growth)
• Exponential Phase (log phase)
• Decelerating Phase
• Plateau Phase
• Structure of the Seed
• Dormancy in Seeds
• Seed Germination
• Primary and Secondary Growth
• Role of Growth Hormones in Plants
• Apical Dominance
• Growth and Development in Animals
• Role of Hormones in Insect Metamorphosis

After you are done reading the summarized notes, you can test yourself with our biology form 3 questions and answers, which you can access  here .

Moreover, if you are having a problem with a specific topic or want to practice more, you can practice with our biology Form 3 topical questions and answers, which you can access  here .

Biology Form 1 Topical Revision Questions and Answers (5)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get biology form 1 topical revision questions with answers for  free .

These biology topical revision questions are aggregated from the various high school KICD approved textbooks, including KLB biology form 1, Finder biology form 1, Mentors biology form 1, Spotlight biology form 1, Moran biology form 1, Pearsons biology form 1, etc.

The biology topical revision questions with answers cover various topics, as shown below.

The form 1 biological concepts that you can revise with these topical revision questions include;

• An Introduction to Biology
• Nutrition in plants and animals 

You can get the topical revision questions for free without having to pay a cent on our  EasyElimu Study App , which you can get from the Google Playstore  here .

As a bonus, if you need to refresh your knowledge on a topic, EasyElimu has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over looking for notes , which makes passing that summative biology form 1 term 3 exam easy.

Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 1 revision topical questions will give you that grade A.

Visit the EasyElimu App to get the answers to the topical revision questions for free.

Alternatively, click the blue download notes button on this page to download in PDF format the specific topical revision questions with answers

Questions per topic

Introduction to biology questions and answers - form 1 biology topical revision.

• Write three major differences between plants and animals.
• List the uses of the energy obtained from the process of respiration.
• State three characteristic similar in plants and animals.
• Motor vehicles move, use energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. Similar characteristics occur in living organisms yet motor vehicles are not classified as living. List other characteristics of living things that do NOT occur in motor vehicles.

Classification 1 Questions and Answers - Form 1 Biology Topical Revision

• What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature? (1 mk)
• Give two reasons why classification is important. (2 mks)
• Classification
• Binomial nomenclature.
• Ascaris lumbricoides is an example of an endoparasite. The name Ascaris refers to
• Black jack ( Bidens pilosa) belong to the family compositae. What does pilosa stand for? (1 mk)
• Define the term species. (1mk)
• Distinguish between Taxonomy and taxon. (1mk)
• Give two characteristics that distinguish scientific names of organisms from the ordinary names  
• Name the branch of Biology that deals with the study of animals
• Write the name correctly
• Identify the genus and species names 

The Cell Questions and Answers - Form 1 Biology Topical Revision

• Skeletal muscle cell 
• Palisade cell
• Protein synthesis
• Transport cell secretions

• Name the parts labeled x and y
• Suggest why the structures labeled x would be more on one side than the other side.
• State the function of cristae in mitochondria (1mk)

• Name the part labeled Y (1mk)
• State the function of the part labeled X (2 mks)
• What is the formula for calculating linear magnification of a specimen when using a hand lens? (1mk)
• Give a reason why staining is necessary when preparing specimens for observation under the microscope. (1mk)
• State three functions of Golgi apparatus. (3mks)
• Name two structures found in plant cell but are absent in animals cell.
• Root hair cell
• Red blood cell
• The diameter field of view of a light microscopic is 3.5mm. Plant cells lying of the diameter are 10. Determine the size of one cell microns (1mm = 1000μm)
• Organ system
• Digestion and destruction of worn out organelles.
• Osmoregulation
• Use of a sharp cutting blade

• Plasma membrane
• What is the of nucleus of a cell made up of?
• In a laboratory exercise a student observing a drop of pond water under a microscope saw and drew a spirogyra. If the magnification of the eye-piece was x5 and that of the objective lens was x100, what was the magnification of the spirogyra?
• If the spirogyra has a length of 5cm at the above magnification, calculate the actual length in micrometers

• How is the organelle you have identified in (a) above suited to its function
• Synthesize ribosomes
• Regulate exchange of substances in and out of the nucleus
• State the roles of enzyme catalase in living cells
• Which factor inactivates enzyme?

• Identify the cell organelle
• What is the function of the part labelled A
• Osmoregulation in amoeba
• Carries out digestion and destruction of worn out cell organelles
• State three properties of the cell membrane

• Name a carbohydrate which forms part of the structure labelled S
• State two functions of the part labelled R
• Name two structures present in the diagram but absent in the animal cell
• Biochemistry

• Chloroplasts
• What is the formula for calculating linear magnification of a specimen when using a hand lens
• Centrioles ;
• Cell membrane
• Name parts labelled X and Y
• Suggest why the structures labelled X would be more on one side than the other
• During a practical class, form fours estimated the field of view to be 3.5mm. Using the low power objective, they observed spirogyra cells across the same field of view and counted 8cells. Calculate the size of each cell and give your answer in micrometer.
• Magnification and resolution of a microscope
• Mounting and staining of a specimen
• Transport of packaged glycoproteins
• Destruction of worn out cell organelles
• Synthesis of proteins
• Making of thin sections
• Using a sharp blade to make the sections
• Eye piece lens
• Given that the diameter of the field of view of a light microscope is 2000um. Calculate the size of a cell in mm if 10 cells occupy the diameter of the field of view
• A cell was found to have the following under a light microscope; cell membrane, irregular in shape, and small vacuoles. Identify the type of the cell above
• Golgi apparatus
• The eye piece lens
• The objective lens

• Identify the organelle
• State the function of the organelle
• What is the importance of infoldings in the inner membrane.
• Give two examples of tissues where you would expect many such organelles in animal body.

Cell Physiology Questions and Answers - Form 1 Biology Topical Revision

• Sodium ions
• Potassium ions
• For each processes named in (a) (i) and (ii) above, state one condition necessary for the process to take place. (2mks)
• Explain how water in the soil enters the root hairs of a plant. (4mks)
• Explain how drooping of leaves on a hot sunny day is advantageous to a plant. (2mks)
• What is diffusion? (2mks)
• Diffusion gradient (1mk)
• Surface area to volume ratio (1mk)
• Temperature (1mk)
• Outline 3 roles of active transport in the human body (2mks)
• State the importance of osmosis in plants (3mks)

• State the expected results. (1mk)
• Explain your answer in (a) above. (3mks)
• Explain why plant cells do not burst when immersed in distilled water. (2mks)
• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. (2mks)
• Isotonic solution
• Hypotonic solution
• Hypertonic solution (3mks)
• Addition of large amounts of salt to soil in which plants are growing kills the plants. Explain. (6mks)
• Red blood cells burst when placed in distilled water while plant cells remain intact.
• Fresh water protozoa like amoeba do not burst when placed in distilled water. (2mks)
• What change was expected in strip A and B
• Account for the change in strip A

• State the expected result at the end of one hour
• Explain the observations made in this experiment
• Strong salt solution 
• Distilled water
• State three physiological processes that are involved in movement of substances across the cell membrane

• Calculate the average mass of a potato cylinders after reweighing. Show your working.
• Explain why mass of the cylinders had increased.

• Account for the shape of the cell at the end of the experiment.
• Draw a diagram to illustrate how a plant cell would appear if subjected to the same treatment.

• What name is given to the process that occurs when the cell is placed in solution Y ?
• Describe the process that would occur in a plant cell when placed in a similar solution as that of solution X

• What is the name given to the process that occurs when the cell is put into solution B ?
• Compare the results obtained when the cell is put in solution B to the results that would be obtained if a plant cell was put in the same solution.
• Account for the results in the set-up
• the number of red blood cells
• the appearance of red blood cells if viewed under the microscope
• Cells being turgid
• Cells being thickened by cellulose
• Cells being thickened by lignin

• Suggest the nature of solutions X and Y .
• Name the process A and B .
• What would happen to normal blood cell if it were placed in a isotonic solution.
• Name two plant processes in which diffusion plays an important role.
• Sucrose solution
• What would be the result in terms of length if a boiled potato was used?
• Explain your answer in (b)(i)  above.
• State two uses of the physiological process being demonstrated in the experiment

• Name the structure labelled A .
• State the function of structure B.
• If eight of cell I were observed across the diameter of the filed of view of 0.5 mm, Work out the actual diameters of each cell in micrometers.
• Suggest the identity of the solution Q.
• Account for the change in cell I above.
• State any one importance of the physiological process being demonstrated above in animals. 

Nutrition in Plants and Animals Questions and Answers - Form 1 Biology Topical Revision

• Suggest the identity of substances K and L. (2mks) K ________________________ L ________________________
• Other than temperature state three ways by which the rate of reaction  could be increased. (3mks)
• Explain how substance L slowed down the reaction. (1mk)
• State the role of light in the process of photosynthesis. (2mks) Name one product of dark reaction in Photosynthesis (1mk)
• State one effect of magnesium deficiency in green plants.

• A and B (3mks)
• B and C (2mks)
• How can the rate of reaction be increased after point B? (1mk)
• State two factors that affect the rate of enzyme reaction. (2mks)
• State the function of co-factors in cell metabolism. (1 mk)
• Give one example of a metallic co-factor. (1 mk)
• Name two mineral elements that are necessary in the synthesis of chlorophyll.  (2mks)
• What is the role of the vascular bundles in plants nutrition? (3mks)
• Describe what happens during the light stage of photosynthesis. (3mks)
• Light stage occurs
• Dark stage occurs (2mks)
• How is dark stage dependant on the light stage of photosynthesis? (2mks)
• Why was the solution boiled with hydrochloric acid? (1mk)
• To which class of carbohydrates does sugarcane belong?
• Simple sugars combine to form complex sugar. (1mk)
• A complex sugar is broken into simple sugar. (1mk)
• Animals (2mks)
• Name structural units of lipids (1mk)
• State three important functions of lipids in living organisms. (3mks)

• What would be the colours of the regions of the leaf marked L. M and N?  (3mks)
• What is the function of the sodium hydroxide pellets? (1mk)
• Name the bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plant.  (1mk)
• State the association of the bacteria named in a) above with the  leguminous plants. (1mk)
• State the function of co-factors in cell metabolism.
• Give one example of metallic co-factor.
• Name the disease in humans that is cause by lack of vitamin C. (1mk)
• Vitamin D (1mk)
• Iodine (1mk)
• Explain how birds of prey are adapted to obtaining their food. (2mks)
• Refrigeration
• Canning (3mks)
• State one similarity and one difference between parasitic and predatory  modes of feeding (3mks)
• In an investigation, the pancreatic duct of a mammal was blocked. It was  found that the blood sugar regulation remained normal while food  digestion was impaired. Explain these observations. (3mks)
• Give a reason why lack of roughage in diet often leads to constipation.
• What does the term digestion mean? (2mks)
• Describe how the mammalian small intestine is adapted to its  function. (18mks)
• State the role of vitamin C in humans. (2mks)
• Distinguish between the terms homodont and heterodont. (1mk)
• What is the function of carnasial teeth? (1mk)
• A certain animal has no incisors, no canines, 6 premolars and 6  molars in its upper jaw, in the lower jaw there are 6 incisors, 2  canines, 6 premolars and 6 molars. Write its dental formula.
• State two functions of bile juice in the digestion of food.  (2mks)
• How does substrate concentration affects the rate of  enzyme action? (1mk)
• Name the end-products of the light stage in photosynthesis. (2mks)

• Name the type of tooth shown.
• Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above. (1mk)
• State a factor that denatures enzymes. (1mk)
• Name a fat soluble vitamin manufactured by the human body.  (1mk)
• State two functions of potassium ions in the human body.  (2mks)
• The action of ptyalin stops at the stomach. Explain. (1mk)
• Name the features that increase the surface area of small intestines.  (2mks)
• Salivary glands
• Liver (3mks)
• State any three functions of the mucus, which is secreted along the wall of the  alimentary canal. (3mks)
• Explain why the digestion of starch stops after food enters the stomach. (3mks)
• Give an account of the adaptation of a named herbivore to its mode of feeding.  (3mks)
• What are the contents of gastric juice and what is their role in digestion. (6mks)
• Liver damage leads to impaired digestion of fats . Explain the  statement. (3mks)

Biology Notes Form 4 (4)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get the entire biology Form 4 syllabus for free . These biology form 4 notes are aggregated from the various high school approved text books, including KLB biology form 4, Finder biology form 4, etc. The biology notes cover various topics, as shown below.

The form 4 biological concepts that you can learn using our notes include;

• Reception, Response and Co-ordination in Plants and Animals
• Support and Movement in Plants and Animals

You can get the notes for free without having to pay a cent on our Easy Elimu Study App , which you can get from the Google Playstore here .

As a bonus, each topic has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over writing that mwakenya, which makes passing that summative biology form 4 term 3 exam easy. Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 4 summary notes will give you that grade A.

Chapter 1: Summarized notes on genetics

• Continous and Discontinous Variation
• Number of Chromosomes
• Chromosome Structure
• Properties of Chromosomes
• Structure of DNA
• Components of DNA
• Monohybrid Inheritance
• Mendel's Procedure
• Terms used in Genetics
• Use of Symbols
• Test Cross or Back Cross
• Complete Dominance
• Incomplete Dominance
• Inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans
• The ABO Blood group System
• Sex Determination in Humans
• Types of Mutations
• Causes and Consequences of Chromosomal Mutations
• Gene Mutations
• Genetically Inherited Disorders in Humans
• Practical Applications of Genetics
• To demonstrate Contionous variations - Height of Students
• Discontinous Variations - Ability to Roll Tongue
• Demonstration of Mitosis and Meiosis

Chapter 2: Summarized notes on evolution

• Meaning of Evolution and Current Concepts
• Special Creation
• Chemical Evolution
• Evidence of Organic Evolution
• Lamark's theory
• Evolution by Natural Selection
• Comparison of Vertebrate Limbs
• Comparison of wings of bird and insect
• Education Tour to Archeological Site/Local Museum

Chapter 3: Summarized notes on reception, response and co-ordination in plants and animals

• Irritability
• Co-ordination
• Tactic Movement in Plants and Other Organisms
• Nastic Movements
• Production of Auxins and their Effects on Plant Growth
• The Nervous System
• Simple And Conditioned Reflex Actions
• The Role of Endocrine System in Human Beings
• Comparison between Endocrine and Nervous System
• Structure and Function of Parts of the Human Eye
• Structure and Functions of Parts of the Human Ear
• To Investigate Tactic Responses
• To Investigate Tropisms in Plants
• Experiment to Determine Distance of the Blind Spot
• The Knee Jerk Experiment

Chapter 4: Summarized notes on support and movement in plants and animals

• Necessity for Movement and Support in Plants
• Role of Support Tissues in Young and Old Plant
• Necessity for Support and Movement in Animals.
• Types and Functions of Skeletons
• Mammalian Skeleton
• To Observe Prepared Slides of Transverse Section of Stems of Herbaceous and Woody Plants
• To Observe Wilting in Young Herbaceous Plants.
• To Examine the Exoskeleton in an Arthropod.
• To Observe the External Features of a Finned Fish.
• To Examine Bones of the Axial Skeleton of a Rabbit.
• To Observe Bones of Appendicular Skeleton.

After you are done reading the summarized notes, you can test yourself with our biology form 4 questions and answers, which you can access  here .

Moreover, if you are having a problem with a specific topic or want to practice more, you can practice with our biology Form 4 topical revision questions and answers, which you can access  here .

Biology Form 2 Topical Revision Questions and Answers (4)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get biology form 2 topical revision questions with answers for  free .

These biology topical revision questions are aggregated from the various high school KICD approved textbooks, including KLB biology form 2, Finder biology form 2, Mentors biology form 2, Spotlight biology form 2, Moran biology form 2, Pearsons biology form 2, etc.

The form 2  biological concepts that you can revise with these topical revision questions include;

You can get the topical revision questions for free without having to pay a cent on our  Easy Elimu Study App , which you can get from the Google Playstore  here .

As a bonus, if you need to refresh your knowledge on a topic, EasyElimu has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over looking for notes , which makes passing that summative biology form 2 term 3 exam easy.

Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 2 revision topical questions will give you that grade A.

Alternatively, click the blue download button on this page to download, in PDF format, the specific topical revision questions with answers

1. Transport in Plants and Animals Questions and Answers - Biology Form 2 Topical Revision

Transport in plants - questions.

• What was the aim of this experiment? (1mk)
• Explain the results which would be expected in each of the two  experiments conditions. (3mks)
• Explain how drooping of leaves on a hot sunny day is advantageous to  plant. (2mks)
• Explain how environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration in  flowering plants. (20mks)

• Name the parts labeled A and B (2mks) A___________________ B____________________
• State the functions of the parts labeled C, D and E C________________ D_______________ E_______________
• List three differences between the section shown above and one  that would be obtained from the root of the same plant (3mks)

• Name the structures labeled K and L K_______________ L_______________ (2mks)
• Explain how water from the soil reaches the structure labeled L.  (5mks)
• Name the process by which mineral salts enter into the plant.  (1mk)
• State two ways in which xylem are adapted to their function. (2mks)
• What makes young herbaceous plant remain upright? (2mks)

• Name the structures labeled R and S and a cell labeled T. R ___________________ S ___________________ Cell T ___________________ (3mks)
• State the function of the structure labeled S. (1mk)
• Explain why xylem is a mechanical tissue (2mks)
• Material that strengthens xylem tissue. (1mk)
• Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is  ringed. (1mk)
• How are xylem vessels adapted for support? (1mk)
• What is the role of vascular bundles in plant nutrition? (3mks)
• Name two tissues which are thickened with lignin. (2mks)
• How is support attained in herbaceous plant? (1mk)

• From which plant organ was the section obtained? (1mk)
• Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2mks)
• Name the parts labeled J, K and L (3mks) J__________________________________ K_________________________________ L_________________________________
• State two functions of the part labeled M. (2mks)
• Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaves in a tree. (20mks)
• State two ways in which the root hairs are adapted to their function.  (2mks)

• Using the same axes, plot a graph of the amount of sugar against time  (6mks)
• Ringed stem (1mk)
• Normal stem (1mk)
• How much sugar would be in the rigged stem if it was measured at 03 45 hours. (2mks)
• Give reasons why there was sugar in the stems of both trees at 06 45  hours. (2mks)
• 0645 hours and 1545 hours (3mks)
• 1545 hours and 0045 hours (2mks)
• Other than sugars name two compounds that are translocated in  phloem. (2mks)
• Explain why plants shed off their leaves. (2mks)
• What is the importance of transpiration to plants?
• Give adaptive features which enable a plant to reduce the loss of  water.

Transport in Animals - Questions

• People can die when they inhale gases from burning charcoal in poorly  ventilated rooms. What compound is formed in the human body that leads to such deaths? (1mk)
• Explain why blood from a donor whose blood group is A cannot be  transfused into a recipient whose blood group is B. (2mks)
• State one difference between closed and open circulatory systems. (1mk)
• Open circulatory system
• Closed circulatory system (2mks)
• What are the advantages of the closed circulatory system over the  open circulatory system? (5mks)
• Explain two ways in which mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) are  adapted to their function (2mks)
• Name the blood vessels that link arterioles with venules.  (1mk)
• Explain four ways in which the vessels you named in (a)  above are suited to carrying out their functions. (4mks)
• State two ways in which the composition of blood in the  pulmonary arterioles differ from that in the pulmonary venules.  (2mks)
• Why would carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death? (2mks)
• Explain how the red blood cells of mammals are adapted for efficient  transport of oxygen. (2mks)

• The blood cells represented by X
• Metal ion represented by Y
• The end product of the mechanism represented Z
• How can excess bleeding result in death? (2mks)
• Name the process by which the human body naturally stops  bleeding. (1mk)
• How can low blood volume be brought back to normal? (2mks)
• Name one defect of the circulatory system in humans. (1mk)
• State three functions of blood other than transport. (3mks)
• What prevents blood in veins from flowing backwards? (1mk)
• State two ways in which the red blood cells are adapted to their  function. (2mks)
• State one way by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted from mother to child.  (1mk)
• Explain how the various components of blood are adapted for their  function. (20mks)
• Distinguish between blood, plasma, serum, tissue fluid and lymph.  (10mks)
• A patient whose blood group is A died shortly after receiving  blood from a person of blood group B. Explain the possible cause  of death of the patient. (2mks)
• Name the blood groups of the possible donors (2mks)
• Give reasons for your answer in (i) above. (2mks)
• Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity. (2mks)
• Explain why a person can catch a cold several times in a year but only  catches measles once in his or her lifetime. (2mks)
• Most carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs within the red  blood cells and not in the blood plasma. Give two advantages of this mode  of transport. (2mks)
• What is the importance of tissue fluid? (2mks)

2. Respiration Questions and Answers - Biology Form 2 Topical Revision

• Why was the glucose solution boiled before adding the yeast  suspension? (1mk)
• What was the importance of cooling the glucose solution before  adding the yeast suspension? (1mk)
• What was the use of the oil in the experiment? (1mk)
• What observation would be made in test tube B at the end of the  experiment (1mk)
• Suggest a control for this experiment (1mk)
• Give two reasons why accumulation of lactic acid during vigorous  exercise lead to an increase in heart beat. (2mks)
• Name the process (1mk)
• State the economic importance of process name in (a) above.  (1mk)
• Other than carbon dioxide, name the other products of anaerobic  respiration in plants. (2mks)
• Name the substance which accumulates in muscles when respiration  occurs with insufficient oxygen. (1mk)
• In what form is energy stored in muscles? (1mk)
• State the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in plants.  (2mks)
• State four ways in which respiratory surfaces are suited to their function.  (4mks)
• A dog weighing 15.2kg requires 216kJ while a mouse weighing  50g requires 2736KJ per day. Explain. (2mks)
• What is the end product of respiration in animals when there is  insufficient oxygen supply? (1mk)
• Plants (1mk)
• Animals (1mk)
• What is oxygen debt? (1mk)
• What do you understand by the term respiratory quotient? (1mk)
• Determine respiratory quotient of the oxidation of food substance.  (2mks)
• Identify the food substances. (1mk)
• Write differences between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis. (4mks)

• Name the organelle (1mk)
• Name the parts labeled A, B, and C. (3mks)
• What is the purpose of the folding labeled D? (1mk)
• Give the chemical compound which is formed in the organelle and  forms the immediate source of energy.

3. Gaseous Exchange Questions and Answers - Biology Form 2 Topical Revision

• Terrestrial Insects (9mks)
• Bony fish (11mks)
• Explain how mammalian lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange.  (8mks)
• Respiring muscle cells reaches the alveolar cavities in  mammalian lungs.
• Respiring mesophyll cells of flowering plants reaches the  atmosphere. (12 mks)
• Describe the path taken by carbon dioxide released from the tissues  of an insect to the atmosphere.
• Name two structures used for gaseous exchange in plants. (2mks)
• Why are gills in fish highly vascularized? (1mk)
• Process of inhalation in mammals. (10 mks)
• Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata (10 mks)
• Name three sites where gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial  plants. (3mks)
• State two ways in which floating leaves of aquatic plants are adapted to  gaseous exchange. (2mks)
• Name two structures for gaseous exchange in aquatic plants.  (2mks)
• What is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm muscles during  breathing in mammals? (3mks)

• Name the structure labeled K, L and M (3mks)
• How is the structure labeled J suited to its functions? (3mks)
• Name the process by which inhaled air moves from the structure  labeled L into blood capillaries. (1mk)
• Give the scientific name of the organism that causes tuberculosis in  humans. (1mk)
• State three factors that make alveolus adapted to its function. (3mks)
• Explain how the alveoli are ventilated.
•  Explain why water logging of the soil may lead to death in plants. (2mks)
• Write three advantages of breathing through nose than through mouth.  (3mks)
• State and explain ways the leaves are adapted for gaseous exchange ( 4mks)
• Name three gaseous constituents involved in gaseous exchange in plants.  (3mks)
• Name three sites of gaseous exchange in frogs. (3mks)
• Amoeba (4mks)
• Name the physiological process by which gas exchange takes place at the  respiratory surface in animals and plants (1mk)

• Name parts labeled W, Y and Z.
• How does the part labeled Z facilitates breathing in? (1mk)
• How is aerenchyma tissue adapted to its function? (2mks)

4. Excretion and Homeostasis Questions and Answers - Biology Form 2 Topical Revision

• In an investigation the pancreatic duct of a mammal was blocked. It was found  that the blood sugar regulation remained normal while food digestion was  impaired. Explain these observations. (2 marks)
• Explain why the body temperature of a healthy human being must rise up to  39 0 c on a humid day. (2 marks)
• In an experiment a piece of brain was removed from rat. It was found that  the rat had large fluctuations of body temperatures suggest the part of the  brain that had been removed. (1 mark)
• Explain why sweat accumulates on a person’s skin in a hot humid e nvironment. (2 marks)
• Name the specific part of the brain that triggers sweating.  (1 marks)
• Explain why some desert animals excrete uric acid rather than ammonia.  (2 marks)
• Insulin (3 marks)
• Antidiuretic Hormone (3 marks)
• What osmoregulatory changes would take place in a marine amoeba if it was  transferred to a fresh water environment?
• Name two components of blood that are not present in glomerular filtrate.  (2 marks)
• How would one find out from a sample of urine whether a person is suffering  from diabetes mellitus? (2 marks)
• When is glycogen, which is stored in the liver, converted into glucose and  released into the blood? ( 2 marks)
• Diseases the person was suffering from (1 marks)
• Hormone that was deficient (1 mark)
• State the importance of osmoregulation in organisms ( 2 marks)
• What happens to excess fatty acids and glycerol in the body? (2 marks)
• Constant body temperature is maintained in mammals ( 1 mark)
• Low blood sugar level is harmful to the body ( 2 marks)

• Explain why the temperature fell during the bath ( 2 marks)
• What changes appeared in the skin that enabled the body temperature to return to  normal. (2 marks)
• Name the fluid that is produced by sebaceous glands (1 mark)
• What is the role of sweat on the human skin? ( 2 marks)
• State the role of insulin in the human body? ( 1 mark)
• Homeostasis ( 1 mark)
• Osmoregulation (1 mark)
• Name the hormones involved in regulating glucose level in blood
• Explain what happens to excess amino acids in the liver of humans.  (3 marks)
• Which portions of the human nephrons are only found in the cortex?  (3 marks)
• What would happen if a person produced less antidiuretic hormone?  (1 mark)
• What term is given to the condition described in (c) (i) above?  (1 mark)
• Egestion ( 3 marks)
• Name the components of blood that do not enter the renal tubule in mammals  (2 marks)
• Name the process responsible for the formation of glomerular filtrate.
• What process is responsible for the absence of glucose and amino acids in urine?
• Explain why there are no plasma proteins in the glomerular filtrate
• Besides plasma proteins what other major component of blood is absent in the  glomerular filtrate.
• Why is the concentration of urea in urine much higher than its concentration in  the glomerular filtrate?
• When the environmental temperature is very high, some animals urinate on their  legs or lick the sides of their body. How does this help in temperature regulation?
• Fish are able to use more of their food intake for growth than mammals. Suggest  an explanation for this.
• Explain the term negative feedback

• Name the blood vessels labeled A, B and C.
• Amino acids
• Carbon (IV) oxide
• During fasting, the level of blood glucose in vessels C may be higher than the  level in vessel B explain
• Describe how the human kidney functions. ( 20 marks)

Biology Form 3 Topical Revision Questions and Answers (4)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get biology form 3 topical revision questions with answers for  free .

These biology topical revision questions are aggregated from the various high school KICD approved textbooks, including KLB biology form 3, Finder biology form 3, Mentors biology form 3, Spotlight biology form 3, Moran biology form 3, Pearsons biology form 3, etc.

The form 3  biological concepts that you can revise with these topical revision questions include;

You can get the topical revision questions for free without having to pay a cent on our  Easy Elimu Study App , which you can get from Google Playstore  here .

As a bonus, if you need to refresh your knowledge on a topic, EasyElimu has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over looking for notes , which makes passing that summative biology form 3 term 3 exam easy.

Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 3 revision topical questions will give you that grade A.

Classification II Questions and Answers - Biology Form 3 Topical Revision

• State two ways in which some fungi are harmful to man ( 2 marks)

• Parts labeled A and B ( 2 marks)
• The division which the plant belongs ( 1 mark)
• An organism with an exoskeleton, segmented body, two pairs of legs per  segment, a pair of eyes and a pair of eyes and a pair of short antennae belongs to  the phylum ( 1 mark)
• When are two organisms considered to belong to the same species? ( 2 marks)
• A student caught an animal which had the following characteristics; - Body divided into two parts - Simple eyes - Eight legs The animal belongs to the class ( 1 mark)
• State two characteristics features of members of division bryophyte  (2 marks)
• State two ways in which some fungi are beneficial to humans ( 2 marks)
• Other than having many features in common state the other characteristics of  species ( 1 mark)
• Beside the abdomen, name the other body part of members of arachnida  (1 mark)
• Name the phylum whose members possess notochord. ( 1 mark)
• Name the class in the phylum arthropoda which has the largest number of  individuals ( 1 mark)
• To which class does an animal with two body parts and four pairs of legs belong?  (1 mark)
• Name two organisms that cause food spoilage ( 2 marks)
• Name two methods of food preservation and for each state the biological  principal behind it. ( 2 marks)
• List two characteristics that mammals share with birds ( 2 marks)
• State two major characteristics that are unique to mammals ( 2 marks)
• What two characteristics distinguish animals in phylum chordata? ( 2 marks)

• Name the parts labeled A and B (2 marks)
• Name the division to which the plant belongs ( 1 mark)
• Which is the dominant generation of the plant in the diagram? (1 mark)
• State three characteristics of the organisms in the division named (b)  above?
• What three characteristics are used to divide the arthropods into classes?  (3 marks)
• Write two differences between algae and fungi ( 2 marks)
• Give the economic importance of algae ( 1 mark)
• What is alteration of generations? ( 3 marks)
• Name two divisions in plant kingdom that shows alternation of generation  (2 marks)
• A millipede, grasshopper and crayfish all belong to phylum arthropoda. Mention three major characteristics that they have in common. (3 marks)
• Identify two errors that have been made when writing the name
• What is the species name of Irish potato?
• An ecologist came across a plant with the following characteristics, green  in colour, non- flowering, compound leaves and sori on the underside of  the leaflets. State the probable division of the plant. ( 1 mark)
• An organism with an exoskeleton, segmented body, two pairs of legs per segment,  a pair of eyes and a pair of short antennae belongs to the class ( 1 mark)
• List the main characteristics that are used to sub- divide arthropods into classes  (2 marks
•  Name the main method of reproduction among bacteria. ( 1 mark)

Ecology Questions and Answers - Biology Form 3 Topical Revision

• State how excessive use of pesticides may affect soil fertility

• Describe the procedure that may have been used to determine the mean  body length of the fish ( 6 marks)
• What are the likely reasons for the difference in the mean body length of  the fish living in lakes A and D? ( 4 marks)
• Suggest one reason for the absence of snails in lakes C and D?  (1 mark)
• Name any six abiotic (physical) factors that are likely to influence  the plant and animal life in lake A. ( 3 marks)
• Explain how each of the factors named in (i) may influence the  plant and animals life in Lake A. ( 6 marks)
• From this record of observations construct a feed web (5 marks)
• Bird species as a secondary consumer (1 mark)
• Large fish as tertiary consumer (1 mark)
• The biomass of the producers in the lake was found to be greater than that  of primary consumers. Give an explanation for this observation? (1 mark)
• Two organisms that compete for food in the lake. (2 marks)
• The source of food the organisms in d (i) above compete for  (1 mark)
• State three ways by which many may interfere with this lake  ecosystem ( 3 marks)
• Explain how each of the ways you have states may affect life in the  lake? ( 6 marks)
• Plant A ( 1 mark)
• Plant B ( 1 mark)
• In which year were the fish populations lowest?
• State the factors that might have caused the lowest fish populations during  the year you have stated in (a) (i) above ( 3 marks)
• Explain how each factor you have stated in (a) (ii) above could have  brought about the changes in fish populations (11 marks)
• What is the difference in the rate of population recovery of species A and  D? (1 mark)
• Suggest two biological factors that could have led to this difference  (2 marks)
• State a method that might have been used to estimate the fish population  in the lake ( 1 mark)
• State one disadvantage of the method you have stated in (c) (i) above  (1 mark)
• Industrial wastes may contain metallic pollutants. State how such pollutants may  indirectly reach and accumulate in the human body if the wastes were dumped  into rivers.
• State three measures that can betaken to control infection of man by protozoan  parasites ( 3 marks)

• Construct two food chains ending with a tertiary consumer in each case (2 marks)
• Which organisms has the largest variety of predators in the food web? (1 mark)
• Name secondary consumers in the food web ( 2 marks)
• Suggest three ways in which the ecosystem would be affected if there was  prolonged drought ( 3 marks)
• Calculate the population size of the crabs in the lagoon using the formula below N = n x M          M Where N= Total population of crabs in the lagoon n= Total number of crabs in the second catch M= Number marked crabs during the first catch M= Number of marked crabs in the second catch. ( 2 marks)
• State two assumptions that were made during the investigation ( 2 marks)
• What is the name given to this method of estimating the population size?  (1 mark)

• Write down the food chains in which the guinea fowls are secondary consumers  (1 mark)
• What would be the short term effects on the eco- system of lions invaded the  area? ( 3 marks)
• Name the organisms through which energy from the sun enters the food web.  (1 mark)

• Name the organisms that causes processes E and J ( 2 marks)
• Name the processes represented by F and H (2 marks)
• Name the group of organisms represented by c (i)
• Distinguish between a community and a population (2 marks)
• Describe how a population of grasshopper in a given area can be estimated  (5 marks)
• Explain how the various activities of man have caused pollution of air ( 20 marks)
• Explain how birds of prey are adapted to obtaining their food ( 2 marks)
• Name the crop infested by phytophthora infestants and the disease it  causes Crop - Disease -
• State four control measures against the diseases ( 4 marks)
• Explain why the carrying capacity for wild animals is higher than for cattle in a  given piece of land ( 2 marks)
• Autecology ( 1 mark)
• Synecology ( 1 mark)
• State the modification found in the stomata of leaf C
• Name the organism that causes amoebic dysentery.

• Name the process through which energy from the sun is incorporated into the  food web ( 1 mark)
• State the mode of feeding of the birds in the food web (1 mark)
• Name two ecosystem in which the organisms in the food web live( 2 marks)
• From the information in the food web construct a food chain with the large bird  as a quarter – nary consumer ( 1 mark)
• What would happen to the organisms in the food web if bird N migrated?
• Not all energy from one trophic level is available to the next level. Explain  (3 marks)
• Two organisms, which display a role in the ecosystems, are not included  in the food web. Name them. ( 1 mark)
• State the role played by the organisms named g (i) above. (1 mark)
• State three human activities that would affect the ecosystems ( 3 marks)
• How would the activities stated in h (i) above affect the ecosystems?  (3 marks)
• How is aerenchyma tissue adapted to its functions? ( 2 marks)
• Explain how abiotic factors affect plants ( 20 marks)

• Distinguish between pyramid of numbers and pyramid of Biomass  (2 marks)
• Give three reasons for loss of energy from one trophic level to another in a  food chain. ( 3 marks)
• Describe how the belt transect can be used in estimating the population of  a shrub in a grassland ( 2 marks)
• Distinguish between population and community ( 2 marks)
• Fish in a pond ( 1 mark)
• Black jack in a garden ( 1 mark)
• State two ways in which schistosoma species is adapted to parasitic mode of life
• Describe causes and methods of controlling water pollution ( 20 marks)
• What is biological control of population growth? ( 2 marks)
• Describe one example where biological control has been used successfully  (2 marks)
• Explain why the number of predators in nay ecosystem is less than the  number of their prey ( 1 mark)
• Antelopes are more commonly found in open grassland while giraffe  while giraffes are commonly found in wooded areas. ( 2 marks)
• In the savannah there is a wider variety of herbivores in wooded areas than  in open grassland ( 1 mark)
• Removal of predators for an herbivore may in the long run lead to a  decrease in its population
• Explain why primary productivity decreases with depth in aquatic environments.  (2 marks)

• Identify the compound named A ( 1 mark)
• Name the processes X _________________ Y _________________ Z _________________
• In what form is nitrogen found in plants and animals?
• Fruits found in forest and savannah ( 2 marks)
• Seed found in forest and savannah ( 2 marks)
• State two factors that may cause this difference in (a) above ( 2 marks)
• Which species show more fluctuation in numbers? ( 1 mark)
• Suggest an explanation of this ( 3 marks)
• Suggest two ways by which the savannah environment can be destroyed and how  it can be conserved ( 4 marks)

Reproduction in Plants and Animals Questions and Answers - Biology Form 3 Topical Revision

• At what stage of mitosis do chromosomes replicate to form daughter chromatid?  (1 mark)
• Fill in the blank spaces in the statement below After fertilization of an ovule _________ develops into a testa and _________  develops into a testa and _____________ develops into endosperm. ( 2 marks)
• State the difference between the composition of maternal blood entering the  placenta and material blood leaving the placenta ( 3 marks)
• After four months of pregnancy the ovaries of a woman can be removed without  terminating pregnancy. However during the first four months of pregnancy the  ovaries must remain intact if pregnancy is to be maintained. Explain these  observations ( 3 marks)
• Name two mechanisms that prevent self pollination in flowers that have both  male and female parts ( 2 marks)
• State three characteristics that ensure cross pollination takes place in flowering  plants ( 3 marks)
• Give a reason why it is necessary for frogs to lay many eggs ( 1 mark)
• What is the likely agent of pollination of the flower? ( 1 mark)
• What is the significance of the long feathery stigma in the flower ( 1 mark)
• State two ways by which the human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) is  transmitted other than sexual intercourse? ( 2 marks)
• Explain why sexual reproduction is important in organisms ( 3 marks)
• State two disadvantages of self- pollination ( 2 marks)

• What type of cell division takes place at Z? ( 1 mark)
• Where in the body of a female does process Z occur? ( 1 mark)
• On the chart indicate the position of parent and gametes ( 2 marks)
• Epigynous flower ( 1 mark)
• Staminate flower (1 mark)
• How are the male parts of wind- pollinated flowers adapted to their function?  (4 marks)
• Seed (1 mark)
• Fruit (1 mark)
• State two processes which occur during anaphase of mitosis ( 2 marks)
• What is the significance of meiosis? (2 marks)
• Protoandry ( 1 mark)
• Self- sterility ( 1 mark)
• Give three advantages of cross- pollination ( 3 marks)

• Name the part labeled S ( 1 mark)
• Name the types of blood vessels found in the structure labeled Q  (2 marks)
• State the difference in composition of blood in the vessels named (b) (i)  above ( 2 marks)
• Name two features that enable the structure labeled P carry out its function  (2 mark)
• State the role of the part labeled R ( 1 mark)

• Identify the stage of cell division ( 1 mark)
• Give three reasons for your answer (a) (i) above ( 2 marks)
• Name the structure labeled M ( 1 mark)
• State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction in animals ( 2 marks)
• Protandry ( 1 mark)

• Name the parts labeled Q, R, and S ( 3 marks)
• State two functions of the pollen tube ( 2 marks)
• On the diagram, label the micropyle ( 1 mark)
• Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adopted to pollination  (6 marks)
• Luteinizing hormone ( 3 marks)
• Describe the role of hormones in the human menstrual cycle (20 marks)
• Nutrition of the embryo
• Protection of the embryo ( 4 marks)

Growth and Development Questions and Answers - Biology Form 3 Topical Revision

• Explain why several auxiliary buds sprout when a terminal bud in a young tree is  removed.
• Account for loss in dry weight of cotyledons in a germinating bean seed.
• What is the effect of gibberellins on shoots of plants?

• What was the aim of the experiment?
• What would be the expected results at the end of the experiment?
• State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects
• During germination and early growth, the dry weight of endosperm decreases  while that of the embryo increases. Explain

• What was this set up supposed to investigate?
• Why was pyrogallic acid included in glass jar A?
• Explain why glass jar C and D were included in the experiment
• What result would you expect in glass jar A and B at the end of the experiment?
• State two artificial ways of breaking seed dormancy
• Give reasons for the development of the lateral braches after the removal of the  apical bud
• Suggest one application of this practice
• What is the importance of this practice?
• Suggest the expected changes in the composition of gases in the flask on the fifth day
• Give four reasons for your answer in (a) above
• Name two factors that cause dormancy in seeds
• Distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination (1 mark)
• Why is oxygen necessary in the germination of seeds? (2 marks)
• Using the same axes, draw graphs to show the length of branches against time  (8 marks)
• What was the length of the branch in shoot B on the 7 th day? ( 1 mark)
• What would be the expected length of the branch developing from shoot A  on the 11 th day? ( 1 mark)
• Account for the results obtained in the experiment ( 6 marks)
• Why was shoot C included in the experiment? ( 1 mark)
• What is the importance of gibberallic acid in agriculture? ( 1 mark)
• State two physiological processes that are brought about by the application of  gibberellic acid on plants. ( 2 marks)
• State tow environmental conditions that can cause seed dormancy
• Name the part of a bean seed that elongates to bring about epigeal germination  (1 mark)
• “True growth is not simply an increase in size” State four different ways  in which true may be defined.
• State two external factors, which influence growth in plants and describe  one effect of each.
• Why is dry mass used for comparison?
• How would one ensure that the drying process had been completed
• Account for the decrease in the total dry mass of the seedlings
• Why did the seedling contain more cellulose than the underminated seeds?
• What is the most likely source of the carbon used to form this new cellulose?

Biology Form 4 Topical Revision Questions and Answers (4)

For the preparation of national and local exams, get biology form 4 topical revision questions with answers for  free .

These biology topical revision questions are aggregated from the various high school KICD approved textbooks, including KLB biology form 4, Finder biology form 4, Mentors biology form 4, Spotlight biology form 4, Moran biology form 4, Pearsons biology form 4, etc.

The form 4  biological concepts that you can revise with these topical revision questions include;

As a bonus, if you need to refresh your knowledge on a topic, EasyElimu has summarized notes, so you won’t have to stress over looking for notes, which makes passing that summative biology form 4 term 3 exam easy.

Whether it’s term 1, 2 or 3, these free biology form 4 revision topical questions will give you that grade A.

Genetics Questions and Answers - Biology Form 4 Topical Revision

• Giving a reason, name the nucleic acid to which the portion belongs.  (2 marks) Name _________________________ Reason ________________________
• Write down the sequence of bases of a complimentary strand to that  shown above (1 mark)
• State two structural differences between ribonucleic acid ( RNA) and  deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) (2 marks)
• Name a disorder of human blood that is caused by mutation (1 mark)
• State the function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule (1 mark)
• Give a reason why it is only mutation in genes of gametes that influence  evolution ( 2 marks)
• (Give a reason for the appearance of pink flower in the F1  generation ( 1 mark)
• If the plants from F1 generation were selfed, state the phenotype  ratio of the F2 generation ( 2 marks)
• State two characteristics that researchers select in breading programmes.  (2 marks)
• Give an example of sex- linked trait in humans on; ( 2 marks) Y chromosome __________________ X chromosome __________________
• Using appropriate letter symbols, work out the genotype of the F1  generation. ( 4 marks)
• Genotype ratio ( 2 marks)
• Phenotype ratio ( 1 mark)
• Wrinkled number ( 1 mark)
• Work out the genotype of F1 generation ( 3 marks)
• If the plants from F1 generation were selfed, what would be the  phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation? ( 3 marks)
• What is the genetic explanation for the absence of plants with red  and white in the flower F1 generation? ( 2 marks)
• Identify the recessive character. Give a reason
• What were the genotypes of the parent plants that give rise to the  plants with red and white flowers?
• If the white flowers were selfed, what would be the genotypes of their  offspring?
• Name two disorders in humans caused by gene mutation  (2 marks)
• Inversion ( 2 marks)
• Translocation
• In mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown  fur. What percentage offspring would have brown fur from a  cross between heterozygous black mice and brown mice? Show  your working. Use letter B to represent the allele for black colour. ( 4 marks)
• What is meant by the term allele? ( 1 mark)
• Deletion ( 1 mark)
• Inversion ( 1 mark)
• What is a test- cross? ( 1 mark)
• Using letter G to represent the gene for purple colour, work out  the genotypic ratio of the offspring ( 5 marks)
• State the phenotype of the offspring ( 1 mark)
• What is genetic engineering? ( 1 mark)
• State why the calf is light red and not dark red or white
• If a light red bull is mated with a dark red cow, work out using  appropriate letter symbols the probability of getting a light offspring
• What is meant by linked genes?
• In fruit flies (Drosophila) the gene for red eyes ® is dominant over  the one for white – eye (r). If a true breeding white – eyed male, all  the offspring will be red eyed. However, if a true – breeding whiteeyed female is mated with a true- breeding red- eyed male, all the  female offspring will be red – eyed. Explain this apparent  contradiction.
• Work out the ratio of the expected phenotypes if a red- eyed  female offspring from the cross- described in (i) above is mated  with red- eyed males.
• Explain the term variation with reference to the study of genetics.
• Using relevant examples distinguish between discontinuous  variation and continuous variation
• What is the importance of genetic variation?
• Describe one example where genetic variations has helped a  species to survive
• What do the letters G, T , C and A represent?
• Giving your reasons state whether it is part of DNA or an RNA  strand.
• Show the complementary DNA strand
• Show the complimentary RNA strand
• In human couples the sex of a baby is determined by the man. Explain this  statement.

Evolution Questions and Answers - Biology Form 4 Topical Revision

• State the difference between Lamarckian and Darwinian theories of evolution
• Two populations of the same species of birds were separated over a long period of  time by an ocean. Both populations initially fed on insects only. Later it was  observed that one population fed entirely on fruits and seeds. Although insect  were available. Name this type of evolutionary change.
• Explain why Lamarck’s theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today
• State three pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution. (3 marks)
• state two advantages of natural selection to organisms (2 marks)
• Fossils records
• Comparative anatomy
• Describe how natural selection brings about adaptation of a species to its  environment (6 marks)
• Explain how the process of evolution may result to the formation of new species
• organic evolution (1 mark)
• continental drift (1 mark)
• Explain continental drift as an evidence of evolution (3 marks)
• What is a test- cross? (2 marks)
• Give a reason why organisms become resistant to drugs (1 mark)
• Homologous structures
• Analogous structures (4 marks)
• What is meant by natural selection?
• Explain the role played by mutation in evolution (5 marks)
• Hybrid vigour
• The peppered moth exists in two varieties, which are genetically controlled. The  dark variety is found predominantly in industrial cities and the white variety is  found predominantly in rural areas. Explain how this pattern of distribution  supports the theory of evolution by natural selection (6 marks)
• Special creation (2 marks)
• Organic evolution (2 marks)

Reception, Response and Co-ordination Questions and Answers - Biology Form 4 Topical Revision

• State one structural and one functional differences between motor and sensory  neurons Structural differences Functional differences ( 2 marks)
• With an arrow, indicate on the diagram the direction of the impulse  through the neurone ( 1 mark)
• State the functions of parts labeled P and Q ( 2 marks)
• How are structures of the human eye adapted to their functions (14 marks)
• State three defects of the eye and how each can be corrected (6 marks)
• State the changes that occur in a nerve axon to produce an action potential  (3 marks)
• In an accident a victim suffered brain injury. Consequently he had loss of  memory. Which part of the brain was damaged? ( 1 mark)
• Name the parts labeled B and C ( 2 marks)
• State three functions of the part labeled A ( 3 marks)
• State what would happen if the part labeled B was damaged. ( 1 mark)
• Tympanic membrane ( 3 marks)
• Eustachian tube ( 1 mark)
• Ear ossicles ( 2 marks)
• Describe how semi- circular canals perform their functions ( 2 marks)
• State the importance of tactic response among some members of Kingdom  Protoctista? ( 1 mark)
• What name is given to response to contact with surface exhibited by  tendrils and climbing stems in plants? ( 1 mark)
• State three biological importances of tropisms to plants (3 marks)

• Name the parts labeled X and Y ( 2 marks) X __________________________ Y __________________________
• Name the substance that is responsible for the transmission of an impulse across  the synapse ( 1 mark)
• State the function of the ciliary muscles in the human eye. (1 mark)
• State two functional differences between the rods and cones in the human eye  (2 marks)
• Ear ossicles
• Semi- circular canals
• Eustachian tube
• Where in the human body are relay neurons found? ( 1 mark)

• Name the neurone ( 1 mark)
• Name the parts labeled P and Q ( 2 marks)
• Name the hormone that is responsible for apical dominance (1 mark)
• What is thigmotropism? (1 mark)
• Describe the structure and functions of the various parts of the human ear  (20 marks)
• Nocturnal animals such as the owl are capable of seeing fairly well at night What two retinal adaptations have made this possible? (2 marks)
• State two functions of the human ear? (2 marks)
• State four differences between co- ordination of the human eye’s internal  response to light and that of tropic movement of the flowering plant in response to  light. (4 marks)

• What is the name of the response, which causes the twisted growth?  (1 mark)
• Explain how the twisting process is accomplished (2 marks)
• Identify the state of leaves if the plant is autotrophic (2 marks)
• Euglena is positively phototactic. Of what biological significance is this  characteristics? (1 mark)
• State the function of acetylcholine (2 marks)
• Where in the human body is the relay neurone located? ( 1 mark)
• State three effects of nicotine to human health (3 marks)
• Colour vision
• Maintaining shape of the eyeball
• Change in diameter of the lens

Support and Movement in Plants and Animals Questions and Answers - Biology Form 4 Topical Revision

• State the function of the part labeled K and L ( 2 marks)
• State the region of the body in which the bone is found ( 1 mark)
• State two ways in which skeletal muscle fibres are adapted to the function  (2 marks)
• Name the parts of the bone labeled K ( 1 mark)
• How do the muscles work to extend the arm? ( 3 marks)

• Name the bone ( 1 mark)
• Name the type of joint formed by the bone at its anterior end with the  adjacent bone (1 mark)
• Give a reason why the lumbar vertebrae have long and abroad transverse  processes ( 2 marks)
• Name the three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals  (3 marks)
• Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their  functions (17 marks)

• Which bones articulate with the bone shown in the diagram at the notch?  (2 marks)
• Name the cartilage between the bones of the vertebral column  (1 mark)]
• State the function of the cartilage in (a) above ( 1 mark)
• How are xylem vessels adapted for support? ( 1 mark)

• Name the bones labeled X, Y, and Z ( 3 marks) X _______________________ Y _______________________ Z _______________________
• Name the substance found in the place labeled W (1 mark)
• State the function of the substance named in (b) (i) above
• Name the structure that joins the bones together at the joint (1 mark)
• State the differences between ball and socket joint and the one illustrated  in the diagram above (1 mark)
• Name the structure at the elbow that performs the same functions as the  patella (1 mark)
• State a characteristic that is common to all cervical vertebrae
• Name two tissues in plants that provide mechanical support (2 marks)
• Name the three types of muscles found in mammals and give an example  of where each on of them is found
• State the difference between ball and socket and hinge joint (1 mark)
• State three functions of an insects exoskeleton (3 marks)
• Dorsal fin (1 mark)
• Pectoral and pelvic fins (1 mark)
• Caudal fin (1 mark)
• State the diagnostic features of the cardiac muscles (3 marks)

• Make a complete drawing of the girdle (1 mark)
• Name the bones that articulate with the pelvic girdle. In each case name  the part that articulates with (2 marks)
• Distinguish between tendons and ligaments (2 marks)
• Explain what antagonistic muscles are and give an example (4 marks)
• Name three types of strengthening tissues found in plants (3 marks)
• Explain how the tissue in (a) above are adapted to their functions  (3 marks)
• Name the three main types of joint ( 3 marks)
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Discuss the various mechanisms that hinder self-pollination and self-fertilisation in plants - KCSE Biology Essay

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BIOLOGY FORM ONE NOTES-CLASSIFICATION I

INTRODUCTION

Living things are also known as living organisms.

Organisms (forms of life) have distinguishing characteristics and therefore are grouped.

The Magnifying lens

-Is used for enlarging small objects.

Procedure of its use

• Place the object on the bench.
• Move the hand lens from the object to the eye.
• An enlarged image is seen.

Drawing magnification = Length of the drawing/ drawing Length

                                                Length of the object/Actual Length

External features of plants and animals

External features of plants

• Rhizoids as in moss plant.
• Fronds in ferns.
• Roots, stems, leave, flowers, seeds, fruits, and cones in higher plants.

External  features of animals

• Tentacles in hydra
• Feathers in birds
• Shells in snails
• Wings in birds
• Fur and hair in mammals
• Scales and fins in fish
• Proglotids in tapeworms
• Mammary glands in mammals
• Locomotory Structures e.g. limbs in insects
• Body pigmentation

Practical activity 1

To collect and observe animal specimens

To collect and observe plant specimens

What is classification?

-I s an area of biology that deals with the grouping of living organisms according to their structure. Organisms with similar structures are put under one group referred to as a taxon—taxa (plural).

The groupings also consider evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)—since all living organisms had a common origin at one time.

Taxonomy—Science of classification.

Taxonomist—Biologist who studies taxonomy.

Need for classification.

• To identify living organisms into their correct groups for reference and study
• To bring together living organisms with similar characteristics but separate those with different features.
• To arrange information of living organisms in an orderly manner. This avoids chaos and confusion.
• To understand the evolutionary relationship between different organisms

Taxonomic Units

Are groups (taxa) into which organisms are placed as a matter of convenience.

Groups are based on observable characteristics common in the group.

In a classification scheme (taxonomic units or groups, a hierarchy of groups are recognized starting with the first largest and highest group; the Kingdom to the smallest and lowest unit; the species .

There are 7 major taxonomic units.

                                       SPECIES

The Kingdom

There are five Kingdoms of living organisms, namely:

• Kingdom Monera : bacteria
• Kingdom protoctista : algae, protozoa, amoeba, paramecium
• Kingdom Fungi : Moulds, Yeast, Mushrooms
• Kingdom Plantae : Moss plants, ferns, maize, garden pea, pine, meru oak, bean etc.
• Kingdom Animalia : hydra, tapeworms, bees, human beings etc.

A kingdom is divided into Phyla in animals or divisions in plants and sorts out organisms based on body plan and form.

Plan is the adaptation to a special way of life.

The Class is further divided into small groups; Orders using structural features.

Orders are divided into families using structural features, then Families into Genera (singular genus) –based on recent common ancestral features that are less adaptive.

Genus is divided into species i.e. kind of plant, or animal.

Down the hierarchy, the number of organisms in each group decreases but their similarities increases.

The Species group members naturally interbreed to produce fertile off springs.

Minor differences are exhibited in the species groups e.g. on colour of the skin in human beings and varieties of plants.

The groups of the species are termed to as varieties, races or strains.

Classification of A human being and a maize plant

Scientific name                  Homo sapiens                        Zea mays                               phaseolus vulgaris

Scientific Naming Of Living Organisms

P resent naming was developed by carolus Linnaeus 18 th c, where organisms were given 2 names in Latin language.

Living organisms have their scientific names and common names i.e. local or vernacular names.

Scientific naming uses the double naming system— Binomial system .

In binomial system, an organism is given both the genus and species name.

Binomial nomenclature (Double –naming system)-Is the assigning of scientific names to living organisms governed by a definite set of rules recognized internationally.

Principles of binomial nomenclature

• The first, genus name, should begin with a capital letter and the second name, species, should begin or written in small letters e.g.

Lion—- Panthera leo

Leopard —– Panthera pardus

Domestic dog —– Canis farmiliaris

Human being— Homo sapiens

Maize plant— Zea mays

Lion and Leopard are closely related —Same genus but distantly related—different species.

• The scientific names must be printed in italics in textbooks and where hand written to be underlined e.g. Panthera leo.
• The specific name (species) is frequently written with the name of the scientist who first adequately described and named the organism e.g. Phaseolus vulgaris i.e. Vulgaris is the scientist who described and named the bean plant.
• Biologists should give a Latinized name for a newly described animal or plant species where Latin name is missing e.g.

Meladogyne kikuyuensis – Is a scientific name of a nematode from kikuyu.

Aloe kilifiensis — A member of Aloeceae family from Kilifi discovery.

Garinsoga parviflora waweruensis — a member of Macdonald eye family discovered by Waweru.

Study Question 1

Complete the table below

Scientific name         ———————     ————————    ———————–   ————————

CLASSIFICATION 1

• Review of the magnification lens
• Calculating Magnification
• External characteristics of plants and animals

Diversity of Living Organisms

• Organisms with similar characteristics are placed under one group called taxon (taxa).
• The science of classification is known as taxonomy .
• Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists .

Need For Classification

• Help in identifying living organisms into their correct groups for reference.
• It brings together organisms with similar characteristics and separates those with different features.
• Help to organize information about living organisms in an orderly manner avoiding any confusion.
• Help to understand the evolutionary relationship between different living organisms.

Historical Background of Classification

• Long time ago classification was artificial where living things were classified as either plants or animals.
• Plants were classified as herbs, shrubs and trees.
• Animals were further divided into carnivores, herbivores and omnivores.
• Today modern classification uses evolutionary relationships between living organisms.

Taxonomic Units of Classification

• This refers to the groups into which living organisms are placed in classification.
• These units start from the first largest and highest group ( kingdom ) to the smallest and lowest unit ( species ).
• There are seven taxonomic units as shown below.

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) initially introduced the two kingdom system of classification. However many new life forms have been discovered which are neither animals nor plants. This has led to a more accepted classification system that adopts five kingdoms. These are;

• Monera .eg bacteria
• Protoctista e.g algae and protozoa
• Fungi e.g. mushrooms, moulds and yeast.
• Plantae e.g. maize, ferns and all types of trees.
• Animalia e.g. man, cow tapeworm, flies etc.

Kingdom is further divided into several phyla in animals or divisions in plants.

• Phylum (phyla) or Division in plants.

It is the second largest and further divided into classes.

Each class is divided into several orders .

Orders are divided into smaller groups called families .

Family is divided into several Genera.

Here members are closely related. It is further divided into the species.

This is the smallest unit of classification.

Species is defined as a group of organisms whose members naturally interbreed to produce fertile offspring’s .

Members of a given species have small differences such as skin colour, height etc.

Classification of Man and Maize plant. ( Table 2.1 Page 15 KLB Bk 1)

Scientific Naming of Living Organisms.

• Today organisms are given two names in Latin language. This was developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
• Latin language was used because it was widely spoken during his time.
• In scientific naming, an organism is given the genus and the species name .
• This double naming system is known as Binomia l system (two name System)

Binomial Nomenclature.

This is the double naming system of organisms where organisms are assigned two names i.e. the generic name and the specific name.

In binomial nomenclature the following rules are observed.

• Generic name is written first followed by the specific name. First letter in the generic name is in capital and the rest are in small letters. Specific name is written in small letters.
• The two names are underlined separately when handwritten or italicised when printed.
• Newly discovered species must be given Latinized names.

Specific name is frequently written with the name of the scientist who first adequately described and named the organism.

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BIOLOGY ESSAYS FOR EASY REVISION. 1(a

Describe the digestion of a starchy meal along the human alimentary canal. S (13 mks) Answer-Starch in food is first broken down in the mouth by action of teeth/ chewing; This increases the surface area exposed enzyme action; saliva contains salivary amylase which breaks down some starch to maltose; saliva has a slightly alkaline pH which is optimum for the enzyme; The food moves down to the oespophagus and stomach; where the acidic pH, due presence of dilute Hcl, prevents further action of salivary amylase; In the duodenum, pancreatic amylase continues digestion of starch to maltose; Pancreatic amylase is produced in the pancrease; and enters the duodenum through pancreatic ducts; the acidic chyme is neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate in bile/ pancreatic juice; Maltose digestion continues in the ileum; whose walls secrete succus entericus/ intestinal juice; which contains enzyme maltase; which breaks down maltose to glucose; (Max 13 marks) (b) Describe the process of urea formation. (7marks) answer Excess amino acids / proteins; are transported to the liver 2. (a) Describe how gaseous exchange occurs in terrestrial plants. (13 marks) Answer Gaseous exchange takes place in a spongy mesophyl During the day air diffuses into large air spaces of spongy mesophyll; through stomata; the Carbon (IV) Oxide in the air diffuses into Photosynthetic cells; in solution form; during photosynthesis Carbon (iv) Oxide is used while oxygen is produced. Oxygen diffuses out of the leaf; through stomata; During the night; air diffuses into the air spaces (of spongy mesophyll), the air dissolves into film of moisture; then oxygen diffuses into the cells; and is used in respiration during which carbon (iv) oxide is produced, the Carbon (iv) Oxide diffuses out of the leaf; through stomata; due to concentration/diffusion gradient; Gaseous exchange takes place through epidermis (of young leaves and stems); epidermis of the root carries out gaseous exchange with air in the soil; some plants have pneumatophores/breathing roots; in which gaseous exchange occurs through lenticels; (found in

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KCSE 2023 Biology Essay Questions and Answers (KCSE 2023 Prediction Questions)

Here are KCSES 2022/2023 Biology Essay Questions and Answers (KCSE 2022 Prediction Questions). Content: 31 pages with 60 questions and answers.

BIOLOGY (231/2) Revision Questions (Essays): Expected Responses

Q1. Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions

   Has a cell membrane; with pores; that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell; cytoplasm; contain sugars and salts; for maintaining its osmotic pressure; also has a liquid medium; for all biochemical reactions; nucleus; contain chromosomes having hereditary material; and controls all the activities of the cell; ribosomes; are sites for protein synthesis; golgi bodies/apparatus; for secretion of hormones and enzymes; formation of lysosomes; lysosomes; contain lytic enzymes for breaking down worn-out organelles; secretory vesicles; formed from golgi apparatus for secreting substances; smooth endoplasmic reticulum; synthesizes and transports lipids; rough endoplasmic reticulum; transport proteins; nucleolus; controls the activities of the nucleus; produces ribosomes; mitochondria; form sites for energy production; centrioles; formation of cilia and flagella; forms spindle fibres used in cell division; plant sap vacuoles; store salts and other dissolved substances; controls osmotic pressure and turgidity of cells; food vacuoles involved in digestion of engulfed food; chloroplasts; form sites for photosynthesis in plant cells;  Max. 20 mks

Q2. Explain how the various specialized cells are modified to carry out their functions in plants and animals

   Animal cells: Sperm cell; has acrosome containing lytic enzymes; that digest the egg membranes for penetration during fertilization; has a long tail; containing numerous mitochondria; to generate maximum energy for propulsion/swimming in the vaginal fluid after ejaculation; Red blood cells; are flattened, circular/spherical biconcave in shape; to increase the surface area for packaging of haemoglobin; has haemoglobin; that combines with respiratory gases; for transport to and from body tissues; White blood cells; are amoeboid in shape hence able to change shape; to engulf pathogens through phagocytosis; lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight pathogens; Nerve cell; has extensions/dentrites; to receive and send information for sensation; Ciliated epithelial cells; have cilia for propulsion of mucus that traps dust and micro-organisms in the respiratory tract; Muscle cells; elongated, striated and contractile; to bring about movement; Plant cells: Guard cells; bean-shaped; to regulate the size of the stomata allowing gaseous exchange; and control water loss; has chloroplasts with chlorophyll; for photosynthesis; Root hair cell; elongated; thin-walled; with dense cytoplasm for absorption of water and mineral salts; Epidermal cell; thin; for protection of inner tissues from mechanical and micro-organism attack; Palisade cell; contains numerous chloroplasts with chlorophyll; for photosynthesis; elongated; to increase surface area for trapping maximum amounts of light energy; Meristematic cell; thin-walled; with dense cytoplasm; for primary and secondary growth; Max. 20 mks

Q3. Describe how the mammalian body protects itself against infections

   Pathogenic microbes are found on the skin, respiratory tract, mouth, vagina and the intestinal tract; the skin; has a keratinised and waterproof cornified outer layer; that provides a mechanical barrier to microbes/prevents entry of microbes; sebaceous gland; produces sebum; which has antiseptic properties; the respiratory tract; produce mucus secretions that trap dust; cilia sweep/waft/propel the microbes to the pharynx for swallowing or to be coughed out; reflex actions of coughing/sneezing/vomiting help remove foreign materials from the respiratory tract/digestive tract; lysozymes/enzymes in saliva/nasal secretions/tears; digest walls of bacteria destroying them; gastric secretions such as hydrochloric acid lowers the pH in the stomach killing micro-organisms; clotting of blood; prevents entry of microbes after damage of blood vessels; phagocytosis; by phagocytes engulf and destroy microbes and other foreign bodies; lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies; by proteins present in microbes protecting the body; antibodies destroy/kill micro-organisms through various ways: agglutinins; bind to pathogens making them clump together; killing them; Lysins; bind to pathogens and make them burst or disintegrate; opsonins; bind to pathogens making them easily recognized hence be engulfed/destroyed by other lymphocytes; anti-toxins; bind and neutralize toxins produced by micro-organisms; vagina is acidic; hence making it not conducive for growth and reproduction of micro-organisms; Max: 20 mks

Q4. How are the leaves of higher plants adapted to their functions?

    Broad and flattened lamina; to increase surface area; for absorption of light; thin blade; to reduce distance for diffusion of gases and penetration of light waves; transparent epidermis and cuticle; to allow light to penetrate to tissues; cuticle layer absent on stomata; to allow for gaseous exchange; one-cell thick epidermal layer; to reduce the distance over which sunlight penetrates; palisade cells have numerous chloroplasts containing chlorophyll; to trap maximum amounts of light energy; have stomata on the epidermis; to allow for gaseous exchange; and control of water loss through transpiration; palisade layer have elongated cells located at right angles to the leaf surface; for maximum absorption of light energy; spongy mesophyll; consists of spherical and loosely-packed cells; to create air spaces; which communicate with the atmosphere through stomata; for purposes of gaseous exchange and control of water loss; veins have conducting tissues: xylem; for movement of water and dissolved mineral salts; phloem; for translocation of manufactured food; Max. 20 mks

Q5.  Explain how the various teeth adapt mammals for nutrition

   Incisor; sharp; chisel-shaped; for biting; and cutting food; one root for support in the jaw bone; Canines; long; sharp; pointed; for holding prey; piercing; and tearing flesh from prey; single root; for support in the jaw bone; Premolars; large/wide; to increase surface area for grinding food; highly cusped; to increase surface area for grinding food; two roots; for firm support/anchorage in the jaw bone; molars; large/wide; to increase surface area for grinding food; highly cusped; to increase surface area for grinding food; Max. 20 mks

Q6. Describe what happens to a meal of oily beans and maize from the time of ingestion up to the time of absorption

   In the mouth; starch in maize; is digested by salivary amylase/ptyalin/diastase into maltose; food is chewed and mixed by teeth and the tongue; rolled into boluses by peristalsis; it enters into the stomach via the cardiac sphincter; in the stomach, gastric juice containing pepsinogen that is activated to pepsin; digests proteins in the beans; into shorter peptides; food is churned and allowed into the duodenum; via the pyloric sphincter muscle; in the duodenum; bile juice secreted by the gall bladder; emulsifies the oils in the beans into tiny oil droplets; pancreatic juice; secreted by the pancrease; contains pancreatic amylase; that digests starch to maltose; pancreatic lipase; that digests the oil in the beans to fatty acids and glycerol; trypsin; digests proteins into shorter peptides;  food enters into the ileum; where succus entericus is secreted; it contains maltase enzyme; that digests the maltose into glucose; that is absorbed; peptidase; digests peptides into amino acids; lipase digests the remaining lipids (oil) into fatty acids and glycerol; which is absorbed through the lacteals of the villi; Max. 20 mks

Q7. How are the small intestines in mammals adapted to their functions?

Small intestines consists of the duodenum and the ileum; most digestion of food occurs in the duodenum; bile from the gall bladder of the liver is secreted through the bile ducts; and it is used to emulsify fats/break fat particles into tiny droplets; to increase the surface area for enzyme action; the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to the duodenum; the juice contains pancreatic amylase; that helps to breakdown the remaining starch into maltose; trypsin; (that is secreted in its inactive form, trypsinogen , and activated by enterokinase enzyme); hydrolyses proteins into shorter peptides; pancreatic lipase; converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol; sodium hydrogen carbonate is also produced; to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach; and provide a suitable alkaline medium for pancreatic and other intestinal enzymes; the ileum is long; and narrow; to increase the surface area for complete digestion of food; and maximum absorption of digested food; highly-coiled; to reduce speed of food flow; for maximum digestion; and absorption; presence of villi; and microvilli; to increase surface area; for maximum absorption; dense network of capillaries; to transport blood; for efficient transport of absorbed food; presence of lacteals in the villi; for absorption of fatty acids and glycerol molecules; presence of enzymes: Lipase; for digestion of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol; maltase; for digestion of maltose to glucose molecules; peptidase; for breakdown of peptides into amino acids; sucrase; for digestion of sucrose into glucose and fructose; lactase; for digestion of lactose into glucose and galactose; goblet cells; produce mucus; to lubricate the walls of the ileum; for smooth flow of food; coats the walls of ileum to prevent digestion by peptidase enzyme; Max. 20 mks

Q8. Outline and explain the various homeostatic functions of the liver in mammals

   Deamination; process of removal of an amino group from an amino acid molecule; the process gets rid of excess amino acids in the body; as the body is not able to store them; the amino group enters the ornithine cycle; where it is combined with carbon (IV) oxideto form urea; which is excreted in urine through the kidney; Heat production; many metabolic activities take place in the liver; releasing heat energy; that is distributed by the blood to other parts of the body; this helps in thermoregulation; Storage of vitamins and mineral salts; Vitamins A, B, D, E and K; are stored in the liver; worn-out red blood cells, are broken down to yield iron; which is stored in the liver in form of ferritin; this is used later in case of shortage; Formation of red blood cells; occurs in the liver of the foetus; the liver also breaks down old/exhausted red blood cells; leading to formation of more in the bone marrow to replace the worn-out cells; to enhance oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide distribution; Regulation of blood sugar level; liver cells convert excess glucose into glycogen and fats under the influence of insulin hormone; the stored glycogen is however converted back to glucose; when glucose levels are low; by the liver cells; under the influence of glucagon hormone; Regulation of plasma proteins; plasma proteins such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are manufactured in the liver using the amino acids found in the liver; they play a major role in blood clotting; that prevents excessive blood loss and infection at the injured area; other plasma proteins produced by the liver such as serum and albumen; contribute to the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the body; non-essential amino acids are also synthesized by the liver; for use by the body; Storage of blood; the liver is highly vascularised; hence it is capable of holding a large volume of blood when the blood vessels dilate during hot conditions; when the temperatures are low, the blood vessels constrict under the influence of the endocrine and nervous systems; hence less blood is stored in the liver; this contributes to thermoregulation; Detoxification; this is the process where harmful compounds such as drugs and poisons; are converted to less toxic compounds in the liver; toxicity is caused by medication, drugs and microorganisms; the toxic compounds are later excreted in urine; detoxification prevents the accumulation of toxins in body cells; which could lead to death or malfunctioning of the body cells; Max. 20 mks

Q9. Explain why the following conditions are necessary for photosynthesis

• Carbon (IV) Oxide

Required in the dark stage of photosynthesis; it combines with the hydrogen ion from the light stage; to form glucose, proteins and lipids; low concentrations reduces the rate of production of energy and food; while high concentrations leads to an increase in the amount of energy and food formed;

It is used to break down water molecules (through photolysis); into hydrogen ions, oxygen and energy; the energy and hydrogen ions formed are used in the dark stage;

• Chlorophyll

Green pigment that traps light energy from the sun; that is used in photolysis of water molecules;

• Suitable temperature and pH

Temperature affects the enzymes involved in photosynthesis; suitable/optimum temperatures activate enzymes; for maximum production of food; while extremely low temperatures inactivate enzymes; leading to less or no production of food; high temperatures denature enzymes; stopping the process of photosynthesis; photosynthetic enzymes work well in low pH; so the rate is high; while higher pH reduces enzyme activity; lowering the rate of photosynthesis;

Forms a medium for the chemical reactions; it is split to yield hydrogen ions, oxygen and energy for use in the dark stage; solvent for the materials used in photosynthesis; Max. 20 mks

Q10. How is the ileum adapted to its functions?

      Long; and narrow; to increase the surface area for complete digestion of food; and maximum absorption of digested food; highly-coiled; to reduce speed of food flow; for maximum digestion; and absorption; presence of villi; and microvilli; to increase surface area; for maximum absorption; dense network of capillaries; to transport blood; for efficient transport of absorbed food; presence of lacteals; for absorption of fatty acids and glycerol molecules; presence of enzymes: Lipase; for digestion of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol; maltase; for digestion of maltose to glucose molecules; peptidase; for breakdown of peptides into amino acids; sucrase; for digestion of sucrose into glucose and fructose; lactase; for digestion of lactose into glucose and galactose; goblet cells; produce mucus; to lubricate the walls of the ileum; for smooth flow of food; coats the walls of ileum to prevent digestion by peptidase enzyme; Max. 20 mks

Q11. a) What is homeostasis?

         (Mechanisms of) control and maintenance of a constant internal environment regardless of the external conditions; 2 mks

• b) Name any three factors that must be maintained constant in mammalian bodies

          Temperature; Water; Salt or ion content; Carbon (IV) oxide; Glucose; amino acids; Max. 3 mks

• c) Explain how endotherms respond to heat and cold conditions in their environment

         Heat/hot conditions: Increased sweating; to lose heat through latent heat of vaporization; dilation of arterioles under the skin; to bring more blood to the skin surface to lose heat to the atmosphere; decreased body metabolism; to reduce heat generation; erector pili muscles relax; making hair follicles to relax hence hair lies flat on skin, no air is trapped; to lose heat; slow/reduced muscular activity due to slow metabolism; to reduce heat production; panting to expose tongue and mouth; to release heat; moving to shades to avoid direct heat; aestivation; to escape the extreme heat; flapping of ears to create currents to carry away heat; Cold conditions: stamping of feet; to generate heat; basking in the sun to gain heat directly; less production of sweat; to reduce water loss through latent heat of vaporization; vasoconstriction of arterioles; hence less blood flow to the skin surface to reduce heat loss; increased metabolism through release of more thyroxine hormone; to generate heat; erector pili muscles contract; pulling hair follicles hence hair is raised; to trap a layer of moist air; to prevent heat loss; shivering/rapid contraction of muscles; to yield heat to warm body; Max. 15 mks

Q12. Describe the route taken by water from the soil up to the evaporating surface of a plant

      Water is drawn into the root hair cells by osmosis; due to the presence of dissolved substances in the cell sap of root hairs, the concentration of cell sap is greater than that of the surrounding solution in the soil/concentration gradient; this exerts a higher osmotic pressure, thus drawing the water molecules across the cell wall and cell membrane into the root hair cells; more water drawn into the root hair cells dilutes the cell sap; making it less concentrated than that in the adjacent cortex cell of the root; due to osmotic gradient, water moves from the adjacent cells to the next by osmosis; until it enters the xylem vessels located in the center of the root; the xylem vessels of the root then conduct the water up into the xylem vessels in the stem into the leaves; there is a force in the roots which pushes water up the stem; this force is known as root pressure; and can be considerably high in some plants; energy from the endodermal cells of the root is responsible for driving this force; in the xylem vessels, water would rise up by capillarity; to some extent because the vessels are narrower and there is  a high attractive force between the water molecules and the cell walls; the cohesive; and adhesive forces are important in the maintenance of a continuous and uninterrupted water column in the xylem vessels up the tree to the leaves; water vaporizes from the spongy mesophyll cells; their cell sap becomes concentrated than the adjacent cells. This increases the osmotic pressure of the spongy mesophyll cells; as a result of this, water flows into the cell from other surrounding cell, which in turn takes in water from xylem vessels within the leaf veins; this creates a pull/suction force that pulls a stream of water from xylem vessels in the stem and roots. This force, known as transpiration pull; helps in maintaining a continuous column of water from the roots to the leaves; water flows from the midrib into leaf veins from where it enters leaf cells; from the mesophyll cells, it enters the airspaces; then the substomatal air chambers; from where it evaporates through the stomata; to the atmosphere; Max. 20 mks

Q13. How is the mammalian heart adapted to its functions?

Heart is enclosed in a pericardial membrane/pericardium; that produces a fluid; to lubricate it; the membrane also keeps the heart in position; It is covered in a fatty layer; that acts as a shock absorber; made up of cardiac muscles; which are interconnected/interacted hence contract and relax without fatigue or nervous stimulation/myogenic; for continuous pumping of blood throughout the lifespan of the animal; the muscles are supplied by nutrients and oxygen; by the coronary arteries; and the coronary veins take away wastes and carbon (IV) oxide; heart is divided into 4 chambers; for efficient double circulation/ avoid mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood/carry large volume of blood; has interventricular septum; to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; ventricles are thick/muscular; to generate high pressure to pump blood out of the heart; left ventricle has thick muscles/more muscular; to pump blood to all body tissues; heart has bicuspid; and tricuspid valves; to prevent back flow of blood to left auricle; and right auricle respectively; valves have tendinous cords/valve tendons; to prevent them from turning inside out; semi lunar valves located at the beginning of major arteries; prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles; has sino-artrio node located in the muscles of the right auricle; to initiate heart beat/contractions of heart muscles/cardiac muscles, rate of heart beat is controlled by nerves; vagus nerve; slows down heartbeat; while sympathetic nerve; speeds up the heartbeat; has aorta; to transport oxygenated blood to all body parts; has pulmonary artery; that transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs for oxygenation; has pulmonary vein; that transports oxygenated blood from lungs to the left ventricles; for distribution to all body parts; has the venacava; that  receives deoxygenated blood from all body parts to right ventricles; Max. 20 mks

Q14. Describe double circulation in mammals

 Deoxygenated blood from body tissues (except lungs); enters the heart via the right auricle; through the venacava; it flows to the right ventricle; via the tricuspid valve; the right ventricle contracts; pumping blood; via the semi lunar valves; through the pulmonary artery; to the lungs for oxygenation; the oxygenated blood from the lungs; flow through the pulmonary vein; to the left auricle; via the bicuspid valve; to the left ventricle; the left ventricle contracts; pumping blood via the semi lunar valves; through the aorta; to the rest of the body tissues; Max. 20 mks

Q15. Describe the process of urine formation in the mammalian kidneys

      The afferent arteriole which is a branch of the renal artery supplies blood to the glomerulus; the afferent arteriole has a wider lumen/diameter than the efferent arteriole; which takes away blood from the glomerulus; the differences in the diameter of the afferent and the afferent vessels causes high pressure; leading to ultrafiltration of blood; the walls of the blood capillaries are one-cell thick; hence glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, creatine, urea and water filter into the Bowman’s capsule; to form glomerular filtrate; white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma proteins such as globulin and platelets are too large to pass through the capillary wall; hence remain in the blood capillaries; useful substances in the human body are selectively reabsorbed; back into the blood stream at the proximal convoluted tubule; the tubule is highly coiled; to increase the surface area for reabsorption of the substances; the useful substances include amino acids, glucose, vitamins, hormones, sodium chloride and water; many mitochondria found at the proximal convoluted tubule; provide energy for reabsorption of these substances against a concentration gradient; the glomerular filtrate flows into the descending and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle; blood in the capillaries and the glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle move in opposite directions/counter-current flow; this provides a steep concentration gradient that leads to maximum absorption of water through osmosis; sodium chloride is actively absorbed from the ascending limb into the blood capillaries; under the influence of aldosterone hormone; the glomerular filtrate flows into the collecting tubule from where, more water is reabsorbed into the blood stream; antidiuretic hormone influences the amount of water to be reabsorbed depending on the osmotic pressure of the blood; the glomerular filtrate from several collecting tubules now referred to as urine; is emptied into the collecting duct; the urine passes through pyramid, pelvis and ureter into the bladder; where it is stored for some time. The sphincter on the urethra relaxes to allow urine to be released from the body; Max. 20 mks

Q16. Explain the role of the following hormones during homeostasis

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Secreted by the (posterior lobe/end) pituitary gland; in response to an increase in the osmotic pressure of blood; the hormone stimulates the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts; to increase their permeability to water; this increases the reabsorption of water into the bloodstream; concentrated and less urine is excreted; when the osmotic pressure decreases, less or no hormone is produced; hence the tubules become impermeable to water; less water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream; hence more dilute urine is excreted; fluctuations in the osmotic pressure is detected by the hypothalamus;

Secreted by the pancrease; in response to a rise in blood sugar level; it stimulates liver cells to convert the excess glucose into glycogen and fats for storage in the liver and muscle cells; increases the oxidation of glucose in respiration to yield water energy and carbon (IV) oxide/increases metabolism in the body; this leads to a fall in blood glucose to normal level;

Secreted by the pancrease; in response to a decline in blood glucose level; it stimulates liver cells to convert the stored glycogen and fats back to glucose; stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose; and stops the oxidation of glucose in the body cells; the glucose formed is released to the bloodsteream causing a rise of blood glucose level to normal; Max. 20 mks

Q17. a) Distinguish between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus

            Diabetes mellitus is a condition/disease caused by failure of the pancrease to produce adequate insulin hormone; leading to excess glucose levels in the body some of which is released in urine while diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by failure/inability of the kidney tubules to control the amount of water in urine as a result of a defect in production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to production of more dilute urine; Max. 2 mks

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