essays in sociology apa citation

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Book & eBook

• Author: Anthony Giddens & Philip W. Sutton
• Publication Date: 2021
• Title: Essential concepts in sociology
• Edition: 3rd edition
• Publisher: Polity

APA Reference

Giddens, A., & Sutton, P. W. (2021). Essential concepts in sociology (3rd ed.). Polity.

In-Text Citation

(Giddens & Sutton, 2021, p. 16)

Chapter in an Edited Book

• Author(s) of Chapter: Orlando Patterson
• Publication Date: 2007
• Title of Chapter: About Public Sociology
• Editor(s) of Book: Dan Clawson, Robert Zussman, Joya Misra, Naomi Gerstel, Randall Stokes
• Title of Book: Public Sociology : Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century
• Page Range: 176-194
• Publisher: University of California Press

Patterson, O. (2007). About public sociology. In D. Clawson, R. Zussman, J. Misra, N. Gerstel, & R. Stokes (Eds.), Public sociology: Fifteen eminent sociologists debate politics and the profession in the twenty-first century (pp. 176–194). University of California Press.

(Patterson, 2007, p. 189)

APA: Citing Books & eBooks from Lawrence W. Tyree Library on Vimeo .

View Transcript

This video tutorial will demonstrate how to cite books and eBooks using the APA citation style.

In this tutorial, you will learn the basics for citing a book, how to cite if there is more than one author or if a book is not a first edition, and how to cite a chapter from an edited book. Regardless if you use a print book or an eBook, you will cite it in the same way. There is no differentiation.

Every APA reference needs four parts: author, date, title, and source . As you go through these examples, you will learn how to identify these four parts and how to place and format them into a proper APA reference.

Example 1: A Book With One Author

For the first example, you will learn how to cite this book: Betting the Farm on a Drought: Stories from the Front Lines of Climate Change .

The first step is to identify the author of the book. This can usually be found on the cover or title page.

To list an author, write the last name , a comma , and the first and middle initials , followed by a period .

Example: McGraw, S.

Next, identify when this book was written. In this case, you will need to open the book and look inside, usually on the back of the title page, to find the date, 2015 .

List the date after the author, in parentheses , followed by a period .

Example: McGraw, S. (2015).

Next, identify the title . Even though there is no colon on the page, Stories from the Front Lines of Climate Change is styled differently and in a smaller font. This shows that it is the subtitle , and should be separated from the title with a colon .

List the title of the book after the date, in italics . Make sure you only capitalize the first word of the title , the first word of the subtitle , which comes after the colon, and any proper nouns .

Example: McGraw, S. (2015). Betting the farm on a drought: Stories from the front lines of climate change .

Next, you need to identify the source . For books, you need the publisher . The book's title page shows that the publisher is University of Texas Press .

Type the name of the publisher , and end with a period .

Example: McGraw, S. (2015). Betting the farm on a drought: Stories from the front lines of climate change . University of Texas Press.

The last piece of information you need is the DOI , which stands for digital object identifier. You can find a book’s DOI on the back of the title page. Not every book and eBook will have a DOI available. If there is no DOI, then this element can be omitted.

If the book contains a DOI, then include it after the publisher. First, type https://doi.org/ and then the book’s DOI. Otherwise, end after the publisher. This concludes the reference.

Example: McGraw, S. (2015). Betting the farm on a drought: Stories from the front lines of climate change . University of Texas Press. https://doi.org/10.7560/756618

If you refer to a work in your paper, either by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or by referring to main ideas, you will need to include an in-text parenthetical citation. There are a number of ways to do this. In this example, a signal phrase is used to introduce a direct quote. Note that the author's name is given in the text, and the publication date and page number(s) are enclosed in parentheses at the beginning and end of the sentence.

Example: As McGraw (2015) writes, "As with the nuclear danger in the 1960s, the potential risks of global climate change are staggering" (p. 39) .

Example 2: Multiple Authors; Editions

For this next book, there are two authors . You can obtain the date, the title, and the publisher from the book, using the steps illustrated in the first example. Note that this book is a eighth edition . You will need to include that information in your citation as well.

When citing multiple authors, list the first author as normal, followed by a comma , an ampersand (&) , and then the second author. In this example, the first author has a middle initial, so this is included. The edition is placed right after the title but before the period .

Example: Wald, K. D. , & Calhoun-Brown, A. (2018). Religion and politics in the United States (8th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Example 3: A Chapter in an Edited Book

In this example, the entire book is overseen by editors , but each chapter has a different author. If you are only using information from a single chapter, you will need to cite it a certain way.

First, find the general information for this book, as demonstrated in the previous examples. Then you need to locate the author , title, and page numbers of the chapter you are citing.

To cite, list the author of the chapter first, followed by the date and then the title of the chapter . Note that the title of the chapter is not in italics. Then type the word In , and list the editors of the book , with the initials first. At the end of their names, list Ed. or Eds. in parentheses , which is the abbreviation for editor or editors. Then, type a comma , the title of the book , and include the page numbers in parentheses . End with the publisher.

Example: Landes, D. (2000). Culture makes almost all the difference. In L. E. Harrison & S. P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture matters: How values shape human progress (pp. 2–13). Basic Books.

For more examples and additional situations you may encounter when citing books, visit the Tyree Library's APA Citations research guide. This can be found by visiting the Library's website, clicking Guides and then Citation Guides .

This concludes the video tutorial on citing books and eBooks using APA style. If you still have questions, please contact a librarian:

352-395-5409 [email protected] Building Y, NW Campus sfcollege.edu/library

Journal Article (DOI)

• Authors:  Laura Doering and Amandine Ody-Brasier
• Article Title: Time and Punishment: How Individuals Respond to Being Sanctioned in Voluntary Associations
• Journal Title: American Journal of Sociology
• Volume number: 127
• Issue number: 2
• Pages: 441-491
• DOI: 10.1086/717102

Dering, L., & Ody-Brasier, A. (2021). Time and punishment: How individuals respond to being sanctioned in voluntary associations. American Journal of Sociology, 127 (2), 441–491. https://doi.org/10.1086/717102

(Dering & Ody-Brasier, 2021, pp. 450-451)

Journal Article (no DOI)

• Author(s): Paul J. Olson
• Publication Date: 2006
• Article Title:  The Public Perception of "Cults" and "New Religious Movements"
• Journal Title: Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
• Volume number: 45
• Issue number: 1
• Pages: 97-106

Olson, P. J. (2006). The public perception of "cults" and "new religious movements."  Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45 (1), 97–106.

(Olson, 2006, p. 99)

Newspaper Article

• Author: Janet Storm
• Article Title: Girls, social media and self-esteem
• Publication Date: February 3, 2022
• Newspaper Title: The Daily Reflector

Storm, J. (2022, February 3). Girls, social media and self-esteem. The Daily Reflector.

(Storm, 2022)

APA: Citing Journal Articles from Lawrence W. Tyree Library on Vimeo .

This video tutorial will demonstrate how to cite journal articles using the APA citation style.

In this tutorial, you will learn the basics for citing journal articles with and without a DOI and how to cite open access journal articles.

Example 1: A Journal Article with a DOI

For the first example, you will learn how to cite a journal article with a DOI. Often, you will find journal articles online using the library's databases or other online resources. This article was found online using the database Academic Search Complete.

The first step is to identify the  author  of the article. The author of this article is Alon Confino.

To list an author, write the last name , a comma , and the first and middle initials .

Example: Confino, A.

Next, identify when this article was published. For journal articles, you typically only need the year . In this case, this article was published in 2012. You can usually find the date at the top of the article, the cover of the journal, or, for online articles, the article's record.

List the date after the author(s), in parentheses , followed by a period .

Example: Confino, A. (2012).

Now, identify the title of the article . The title will usually be at the very top of the article, in a larger size font.

List the title of the article after the date. Make sure you only capitalize the first word of the title , the first word of the subtitle , which comes after a colon, and any proper nouns . End with a period. In this title, only the words Miracles , Palestine , Israel , and Tantura are capitalized.

Example: Confino, A. (2012). Miracles and snow in Palestine and Israel: Tantura, a history of 1948.

For the last component, you need the source . For an article, this is the title of the journal, volume, issue , which is sometimes called number , and page numbers of the article. Usually this information can be found on the cover of the journal, on the table of contents, or at the top of the article. For the page numbers, you should look at the first and last pages of the article. For online articles, this information is usually found in the article's record.

Type the journal title , in italics , capitalizing all major words, a comma, the volume , also in italics , the number or issue in parentheses, a comma, and then the page numbers of the article.

Example: Confino, A. (2012). Miracles and snow in Palestine and Israel: Tantura, a history of 1948. Israel Studies, 17 (2), 25–61.

The last element of the source is the DOI , which stands for Digital Object Identifier. A DOI can be found in the article’s record or on the first page of the article.

Type the DOI , using the prefix https://doi.org/ . There is no period after the DOI.

Example: Confino, A. (2012). Miracles and snow in Palestine and Israel: Tantura, a history of 1948. Israel Studies, 17 (2), 25–61. https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.17.2.25

If you refer to a work in your paper, either by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or by referring to main ideas, you will need to include an in-text parenthetical citation. There are a number of ways to do this. In this example, a signal phrase is used to introduce a direct quote. The author's name is given in the text, and the publication date and page number(s) are enclosed in parentheses at the beginning and end of the sentence.

Example: Confino (2012) notes "For Jews during the 1948 war sentiments of post-extermination existential anxiety mixed with a sense of wonder that was connected, but not reduced, to the foundation of the state of Israel" (p. 25) .

Example 2: Multiple Authors and No DOI

In this example, most of the components needed for the reference can be found in the article’s record. This article, however, has multiple authors and does not have a DOI listed in its record or in the article itself.

Format all the citation components of this journal article like the first example. For multiple authors, list the authors in the order they are listed in the article. Use a comma to separate each author and an ampersand (&) should be placed before the last author’s name. This applies for articles with up to twenty authors. Since there is no DOI listed for this article, simply omit that element. The reference will conclude after the page numbers.  

Example: Penprase, B., Mileto, L., Bittinger, A., Hranchook, A. M., Atchley, J. A., Bergakker, S., Eimers, T., & Franson, H. (2012). The use of high-fidelity simulation in the admissions process: One nurse anesthesia program’s experience. AANA Journal, 80 (1), 43–48.

If you refer to a work in your paper that has three or more authors, the in-text citation will include the first author's name only, followed by  et al. which means "and all the rest."

Example: Penprase et al. (2012) states that "Admission into nurse anesthesia programs is known to be a competitive process among a diverse pool of candidates" (p. 43) .

Example 3: An Open Access Journal Article

This article was found in PLOS One which is an open access journal. Open access journal articles are articles with the full text freely available online and do not require logging in.

You will need all of the same information from the previous examples to cite an open access article. In this example, most of this information can be found at the top of the article.

In this example, the article's volume, issue, and the article number are found in the citation provided by the journal. Article numbers are used in place of page numbers in some online journals.

The format for open access journals is the same as the other examples. In this example, an article number is used in place of the page numbers. After the issue number, type Article and then the article number. If an open access journal does not provide a DOI, you may provide the URL of the article instead. Only include the URL if it directly brings you to the full text of the article without logging in.

Example: Francis, H. M., Stevenson, R. J., Chambers, J. R., Gupta, D., Newey, B., & Lim, C. K. (2019). A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults – A randomised controlled trial. PLOS ONE, 14 (1), Article e0222768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222768

For more examples and additional situations you may encounter when citing articles, visit the Tyree Library’s APA Citations research guide. This can be found by visiting the Library’s website and clicking Guides and then Citation Guides .

This concludes the video tutorial on citing journal articles using APA style. If you still have questions, please contact a librarian:

• Author: Afshan Jafar
• Publication Date: March 24, 2017
• Webpage Title: Covering Female Athletes: On The Backlash Over Nike’s Pro Hijab
• Website Title: Role Reboot
• URL of Web Page: http://www.rolereboot.org/culture-and-politics/details/2017-03-covering-female-athletes-backlash-nikes-pro-hijab/index.html

Jafar, A. (2017, March 24). Covering female athletes: On the backlash over Nike's pro hijab . Role Reboot. http://www.rolereboot.org/culture-and-politics/details/2017-03-covering-female-athletes-backlash-nikes-pro-hijab/index.html

(Jafar, 2017)

Webpage with Organizational Author and No Date

• Author: American Sociological Association
• Publication Date: none listed
• Webpage Title: What is Sociology?
• Website Title: American Sociological Association
• URL of Webpage: https://www.asanet.org/about/what-sociology

American Sociological Association. (n.d.). What is sociology? https://www.asanet.org/about/what-sociology

(American Sociological Association, n.d.)

APA: Citing Web Resources from Lawrence W. Tyree Library on Vimeo .

This video tutorial will demonstrate how to cite Web resources using the APA citation style.

In this tutorial, you will learn the basics for citing a web page, a blog post, and what you should do if you are missing a date.

Example 1: A Webpage

For the first example, you will learn how to cite a webpage. The first step is to identify who wrote the content. In this example, the author is Ashley Strickland.

To list a specific author, write the last name , a comma , and the initials , followed by a period .

Example: Strickland, A.

Next, identify when this webpage was published. Dates are usually found near the top or the bottom of the page. Do not use a general copyright date for an overall website.

Unless an item is a newspaper, newsletter, magazine article, or blog post, you only need to provide the year. Since this example is an online news article, you should provide the whole date. After the author, list the entire date in parentheses , starting with the year , a comma , and then the month and day . End with a period.

Example: Strickland, A. (2019, November 19).

Next, identify the title of the page . The title will usually be above the text, in a larger size font.

List the title of the page in italics after the date. Make sure you only capitalize the first word of the title , the first word of the subtitle , which comes after a colon, and any proper nouns . End with a period.

Example: Strickland, A. (2019, November 19). Neptune's moons perform a strange orbit dance around each other .

The last information you need is the source For webpages, this is the website title and the URL , or Web address. In this case, the website is CNN. If you are having trouble locating the name of the website, try looking at the URL, which is located in the address bar at the top of the browser.

The  title of the website is listed after the title of the webpage, with a period at the end. Type the website title, a period, and then the URL . There is no period after the URL. This completes your reference.

Example: Strickland, A. (2019, November 19). Neptune's moons perform a strange orbit dance around each other . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/19/world/neptune-moons-orbit-scn-trnd/index.html

If you refer to a work in your paper, either by directly quoting, paraphrasing, or by referring to main ideas, you will need to include an in-text parenthetical citation. There are a number of ways to do this. In this example, a signal phrase is used to introduce a direct quote. Note that the author's name is given in the text, and the publication date and location are enclosed in parentheses at the beginning and end of the sentence. Since there are no page numbers, you should describe where the information is located, either by paragraph number or section.

Example: Strickland (2019) explains that "Naiad is in a tilted, varying orbit that resembles an oddly zigzagging pattern" (para. 2) .

Example 2: No Date

Sometimes a webpage may not provide all the information you need for a citation. This example shows how to cite a webpage with no date. Start with the author. While resources are often written by specific people, sometimes an entire organization is the author. In this case,  Santa Fe College  is the author. Most webpages with no personal author will have an organizational author.

For organizational authors, simply list the name of the organization, capitalizing all important words. Because there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d. in place of a year. This stands for no date.

Example: Santa Fe College. (n.d.).

Next, find the title and the source for this webpage.

Type the title of the webpage in italics and end with a period. Since the website title is the same as the author, this component can be omitted.

Example: Santa Fe College. (n.d.). History of the college . Santa Fe College.

Finally, add the URL. Do not include a period at the end. This concludes the reference.

Example: Santa Fe College. (n.d.). History of the college . https://www.sfcollege.edu/about/history-of-the-college/index

For in-text citations with no date, use the abbreviation n.d.

Example: Santa Fe College (n.d.) states that "community colleges are a uniquely American creation" (para. 2) .

Example 3: A Blog Post

Blog posts are cited similarly to webpages. You will need to identify the author of the post, the title of the post, the blog name, date, and URL.

Assemble your citation components in the same order as the previous examples. The only difference in the formatting is that the title of the blog is italicized, and the title of the blog post is not. You will also want to include the entire date.

Example: Kaplan, H. (2017, October 4). Lumia: The art of light.  Eye Level . https://americanart.si.edu/blog/eye-level/2017/04/56195/lumia-art-light

For more examples and additional situations you may encounter when citing web resources, visit the Tyree Library’s APA Citations research guide. This can be found by visiting the Library’s website and clicking Guides and then Citation Guides .

This concludes the video tutorial on citing web resources using APA style. If you still have questions, please contact a librarian:

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• Last Updated: Nov 22, 2023 11:58 AM
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APA 7th edition manual

Apa 7 citation examples, missing elements - apa 7, apa 7 paper formatting basics, apa 7 document templates, more apa 7th ed. resources.

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This guide will introduce you to APA 7 citations, both for the References page of your paper and in-text citations. It is offered in multiple file formats below. 

• Citation Examples - APA 7 - Word Document
• Citation Examples - APA 7 - PDF

This guide will tell you exactly what to do if your resource is missing a citation element. Can't find the author, publication date, page numbers, or something else? Use this guide to find out what to do! This guide is offered in multiple formats below. ​​​​​​​

• Missing Elements - APA 7 - Word Document
• Missing Elements - APA 7 - PDF
• Typed, double-spaced paragraphs.
• 1" margins on all sides.
• Align text to the left.
• Choose one of these fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-points Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.
• Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page with the page number.
• APA papers are broken up into sections. Check with your instructor for their expectations.
• In general, headings and title are centered.

APA 7th edition recognizes two kinds of paper formats - student papers (undergraduate students) and professional research papers (graduate students and professionals). At Clackamas CC, you will use the student paper formatting conventions.

You don't have to format a paper from scratch! Download this APA-formatted document template as a Word document or Google document. Save it, erase the existing text, and type your text right into the template. Learn how to format a paper in APA format by reading the contents of the template. The References page has been formatted with hanging indents.

• Download & edit: APA Word document template Microsoft Word document template to save a copy of and type into. To edit it, save a copy to your desktop or Clackamas Office 365 account. Includes tips on how to format a paper in APA. Last updated Feb. 2020.
• Download & edit: Pages document template If you need this template in Pages, email [email protected]
• View Only: Sample APA student paper (7th ed.) This sample student paper includes descriptions of indentations, margins, headers, and other formatting conventions (APA, 2020).
• APA Style (APA.org) APA's site answers all the basic questions about APA 7th edition and gives sample "student" and "professional" papers. This will help you with document format, in-text citations, the References list, and various stylistics.
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Sociology Research Guide

• Picking a topic
• Background research and finding books
• Advanced searching in databases and Google
• Finding statistics
• Evaluating sources

What Is APA Style?

Apa resources, citing sources in apa style, cite right in apa, microsoft word templates, apa publication manual in the library.

• Literature Reviews
• SOC1: Morales (Cultural Artifact)
• SOC4: Ie (Literature Review)

• Each academic discipline has its own rules for citing ideas and words borrowed from other writers and researchers.
• The Social Sciences use the   American Psychological Association  style rules.
• The  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association   contains comprehensive rules and examples for citing.
• APA 7 Guide
• APA Student Sample Paper
• Scaffolded APA Worksheet with Elements
• Excelsior OWL APA Style Guide
• How to Create a Hanging Indent in Word
• How to Create a Hanging Indent in Google Docs
• How to Cite the DSM-V and DSM-V Entries
• ZoteroBib Citation Generator

How does citing in APA work?

Step 1: Create a References page

• Include a reference list at the end of your paper. The list should contain a full citation for each source included among your in-text citations.
• The references list should begin on a new page at the end of your paper with the word "References" bold and centered at the top of the page.
• Organize citations alphabetically by the first word. Usually this will be the author's last name, but, if the source has no author, you'll use the title of the source.
• The information these full citations should include depends on the type of source you're citing - for example, whether it's a book, an encyclopedia entry, or an article in a periodical. You'll find the formulas for the most common source types in our APA 7 Quick Guide . If you're having difficulty identifying the type of source you're using, consult a librarian. 

Step 2: Use in-text citations throughout your paper

• Use an in-text citation to acknowledge that you are quoting or paraphrasing another author's words, ideas or data in the text of your research paper.
• Add in-text citations in parentheses at the end of the sentence but before the final punctuation (like this).
• the last name of the author(s)
• the year of publication
• the number of the page(s) where you found the information, preceded by the abbreviation p. for a single page or pp. for a range of pages
• example:  (Rivera, 2019, p. 28)
• Include the year of publication in parentheses after the author's name and the page number(s) in separate parentheses at the end of the sentence.
• example:   Rivera (2019) asserts that... (p. 28). 
• ​ Use the title of the source in place of the author's name. Titles of longer works such as books should be italicized. Titles of shorter works, such as a chapter from a book or an article from a magazine or journal should be placed in quotation marks. All titles should appear in standard title case (i.e. capitalize all major words). 
• example:   ("Using Citations," 2019, p. 28)
• Use the last names of both authors, separated by an ampersand (&)
• example:   (Rivera & Rodriguez, 2019, p. 28)
• ​ Use the last name of the first author followed by "et al." 
• example:   (Rivera et al., 2019, p. 28)
• Use the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date") in place of the year
• example:  (Rivera, n.d., p. 28).
• ​ Use the number of the paragraph the information came from preceded by the abbreviation para. in place of the page number
• example:   (Rivera, 2019, para. 4)

Step 3: Double-check your paper and citation formatting

• The APA Manual dictates the rules for formatting your in-text citations, References page, and your final research paper.
• Review the links in the " APA Resources " box on this page to see formatting examples.

• Take the Quiz: Cite Right in APA Complete this online quiz after watching the video above. A certificate of completion will be emailed to you.

Use APA templates in Word and Google Docs

• When creating a new Microsoft Word document (or Google Doc), search for "APA" to see APA-style research paper templates. 

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SOC 010: Introduction to Sociology: APA Citation 7th Ed.

• Find Articles
• Search the Web
• Cite your Sources
• APA Citation 7th Ed.
• EVC Library APA Style Guide Handout

• APA Style Website
• EVC Library APA Nursing FAQ Guide
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Academic Writer Tutorial

Follow this tutorial to learn how to format and cite your papers using APA Style, 7th edition.

Sample APA Paper

Click the image for an informative example of a research paper with explanations of APA formatting:  

In-Text Citation Checklist

Formatting the References list

Watch the video below for tips on how to format your APA References page (7th ed.)

More Questions? APA Resources

APA's Official Style and Grammar Guidelines   has extensive information on in-text citation and creating a list of references .

The OWL at Purdue:  APA Style   Another source of information about in-text citation and creating a list of references .

BibMe , KnightCite   are guided citation builders -- entering your citation information and these Web sites will help you format your citation.

• APA research paper template This MS Word document template is pre-formatted according to proper APA standards. Just insert your information and you are ready to go! (Source: https://library.surry.edu/apastyle/examples)

References List

The last page of your essay is called the "References" list. This is where you list the full citation of the sources you used to write your paper.

To create the citations for your sources:

1. Identify the type of source you are citing (book, magazine article, website, etc.) 2. Look up the APA format for that source type. Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab provides APA Citation formats for the References page. 

Owl Purdue Writing Lab also provides basic rules on the organization and formatting of the APA References page . 

In-text Citations

In addition to creating the References list, you are also required to include in-text citations in the body of your paper.

This is a brief citation within your research paper that is placed after information which is quoted or paraphrased from sources. In-text citations for APA generally requires three pieces of information:

1. Author's last name 2. Year the source was published 3. The page number the information came from

The intext citation is often included at the end of a quote or paraphrase and is formatted like this: (Author's Last Name, Year, p. #). However, the placement of the intext can change depending on  whether or not you introduce the author in your quote or paraphrasing, but the same information for the citation is still required. See examples below. Example 1 (quoted) : "...the predominant measure of the university teacher performance [...] worldwide"  ​(Pounder, 2007, p. 178).

Example 2 (paraphrased) : Similarly, Darwin (2012) refers to teacher evaluation as an established orthodoxy... More on APA In-Text Citations at Purdue OWL .

1. How should I cite a source multiple times in one paragraph?

Answer from APAStyle.apa.org :

"Repeating a citation When repeating a citation, show the entire citation; do not, for example, include only a page number (the abbreviation “ibid.” is not used in APA Style). Instead, use the following guidelines:

• Include the author(s) and year for every parenthetical in-text citation.
• Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations the second and subsequent times they appear in a single paragraph. Follow this guideline with each new paragraph (i.e., include the year in the first narrative citation in a new paragraph).
• However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. For example, if you cite Mohammed and Mahfouz (2017) and Mohammed and Mahfouz (2019), include the year with every citation, even when one of the references is cited multiple times in a single paragraph."
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• URL: https://libguides.evc.edu/soc10

• Getting Started
• Primary Sources
• Theses and Dissertations
• Data and Statistics

Citation Styles in Sociology

Apa style (american psychological association), asa (american sociological association).

• Managing Research Data

Sociology Librarians

UBC Vancouver Humanities & Social Sciences Division Koerner Library [email protected]

UBC Okanagan Marjorie Mitchell  - On leave 2023. [email protected]

Sociologists use a number of styles, including the two styes mentioned below.

For information on Chicago/Turabian or MLA, please refer to the Major Styles list in the How to Cite Guide

APA (American Psychological Association)

American Psychological Association (APA) style is the standard style used for psychology and many other academic disciplines, especially the social sciences.

APA Style Guides Online

• UBC Library's APA Citation Style Guide
• APA Style Guide to Electronic References (APA)
• APA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue OWL)

APA Style Guide In Print

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)

American Sociological Association

• Quick Tips  (ASA)    
• Purdue OWL Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style)

The American Sociological Association Style Guides in Print

• ASA Style Guide  (2019)  Print.

• Installing Zotero
• Adding References to Your Zotero Library
• Organizing Your Zotero Library
• Citing References from Your Zotero Library
• Sharing Your Zotero References

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, open source, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. Developed by the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University in 2006, Zotero was developed as an extension for the Firefox web-browser to "live" that right where you do your work—in the web browser itself.

Zotero runs in its own pane within Firefox, separately from web pages and "scrapes" information to populate the your citation database. A stand-alone version of Zotero also exists for those who do not use Firefox as their preferred browser. The stand-alone version is almost identical to the Firefox extension, but lacks some of the advanced features. Read more about the two versions here: https://www.zotero.org/support/installation

** Please note that the library has switched to a new login system called OpenAthens. You will use OpenAthens to login to online library resources, including databases, ebooks, articles and journals.  Please go to the OpenAthens Connect guide where detailed, accurate information about authentication and linking to resources is available.

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_Introduction

Installing Zotero for Firefox

First, be sure that your version of Firefox is the most current version. You may not be able to install the Zotero extension if you do not have the most current version of Firefox.

To get started with Zotero for Firefox, first click the red download button on the Zotero website to download and install the plugin. Be sure to select the Zotero for Firefox extension. Here is a helpful video developed by Idaho State University that walks through the installation and setup.

Following the instructions in the video, you see that there are two main parts to Zotero: (1)your online account, stored by Zotero, and accessible from any web browser, and (2) your Zotero extension for Firefox, which, when connected to your Zotero account, allows you to add and organize references in your library.

Installing Zotero Standalone

Zotero Standalone is a good option for users who do not user Firefox as their preferred browser.

To get started with Zotero Standalone, first click the red download button on the Zotero website to download and install the standalone version. Be sure to select Zotero Standalone. You will also need to install a Zotero plug-in for your preferred browser. Zotero offers plug-ins for Firefox, Safari, and Chrome.

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_Firefox

Adding References Automatically

This video shows how to add references to your Zotero library from the UBC Library's Summon Search. However, this same method will work from any database or website. Often, the icon in your address bar will change based on whether the resource in question is a book, journal article, or website. Remember that the quality of the citation data ( or metadata ) will always depend on the database or website that it is coming from. You may find that some sources have stronger metadata than others. However, you can always edit or add citation information manually.

Adding/Editing References Manually

You may occasionally need to add a reference to your library for which no usable electronic record exists - a photocopy or scan of an old article, or a physical book from the library stacks. You can do this by creating a new citation manually.

To manually add an item to your Zotero library, click the green “New Item” [GREEN PLUS] button at the top of the center column, and select the desired item type from the drop-down menu (the top level of the menu shows recently created item types; the complete list of item types, minus Web Page, can be found under “More”). An empty item of the selected item type will now appear in the center column. You can then manually enter the item's bibliographic information via the right column. Note: When you want to create an item for a web page, it is usually easiest to visit the page in your browser and then save it to Zotero (see Saving Web Pages). Because of this, Zotero developers removed the Web Page item type from the “New Item” menu. However, you can still create an empty Web Page item by creating an empty item of another type and switching the item type to Web Page via the right-hand column of the Zotero pane. - from zotero.org

You can also edit existing references, by clicking on the different fields in the details pane on the right side of your Zotero interface:

Both adding and editing references manually are very important features of Zotero when it comes to citing your references automatically in Word or Open Office (below). Those automatic citations will draw from the information in your Zotero library, so it is important that your references are as complete and accurate as possible.

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_References

Attaching Files to References

While Zotero does not provide the PDF annotation and markup tools that Mendeley does, it does allow you to attach files (images, PDFs, Word documents, etc) to particular references. While these files will not be editable within Zotero, they will be accessible from any web browser you use to log into your Zotero account.

Using Zotero's Organizational Features

Zotero contains several useful features for organizing and searching your library of references. These include:

• using tags to track subjects
• using "collections" (Zotero's term for "folders")
• detecting and merging duplicate references
• taking notes and saving them as separate items in your library or attaching them to particular references
• searching your library
• sorting your references using criteria like Author, Title, Date Added, and so on.

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_Organizing

To connect your Zotero library to your Microsoft Word using the Zotero MS Word Plugin, first, install the plugin by clicking "Add a plugin for Word or LibreOffice" here .

Once the plugin is installed, upon opening Microsoft Word, you should see a set of tools for Zotero (under "Add-Ins" or "References" on a PC, and either floating or under the scroll icon in the File menu on a Mac). The following video provides an overview on how to use these tools to cite from your Zotero library.

Note that in the newer versions of the Zotero plugin, the default may be for Zotero to display a simple search bar for inserting citations. Clicking on the "Z" icon at the left of this search bar will allow you to switch to the "Classic View" - seeing your whole library and choosing from it as shown in the video.

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_Citing

Zotero allows users to create groups with unlimited members.

You can learn more about setting up Private, Invite-Only, or Public groups to share Zotero citations here .

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_Sharing

Zotero has very clear directions on their website: https://www.zotero.org/support/ . You can also ask for help in their forums: https://forums.zotero.org/categories/

The UBC Library Research Commons team offers regular 2-hour workshops to get you started with Zotero. In these hands-on workshops, you'll learn how to import and organize your research citations and format your bibliographies in the citation style of your choice. You'll leave the workshops with a basic database of research citations and the skills to build on it.

To view upcoming workshops and to register for a session, visit the Library Workshops and Events Calendar and search for Zotero.

No time for a workshop? Request a one-on-one consultation with a Research Commons Zotero specialist.

source: http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Citation_Management/Zotero_Getting_Help

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Sociology Resource Guide: APA-7 Citation Style

• Books & eBooks
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• APA-7 Citation Style
• Video Tutorials This link opens in a new window

Welcome to the APA-7 Citation Resource

Paper Setup     References List     In-Text Citations

APA Style Resources

The following resources contain examples and/or information to assist in preparing a research paper in APA Citation Style.

OWL Citation Help

• Excelsior OWL Valuable information and resources to help you create your citations.

Video Tutorials

• APA 7 Video Tutorials Check out these step-by-step videos to help you set up your paper, create your reference list, and in-text citations.
• APA Tutorials and Webinars Check out these videos and webinars from the APA website to help you create your APA 7 citations.

Paper Set-up

• APA Title Page Resource Guide This source will give you all the information you need to create the Title Page for your APA style paper.
• Paper Set-up Checklist Use this checklist to make sure you have everything you need to set up your APA paper.
• Paper Set-up Checklist Printout A printout version of the APA paper checklist.
• Citing Websites in APA 7 Use this handout to help you create citations for websites.
• APA Style Formatting and Citing from D2L Use this document to see a title page example, create the proper headings in your paper, and cite sources from your class D2L page.
• APA "And the Band Played On" Scene Log

The APA Citation Style

This resource guide will focus on the 7th edition of the APA publication style developed by the American Psychological Association, which is used by the Social Sciences and other curricular areas.

Take a look at the links on the left for examples of APA 7 in-text citations, reference pages, and some useful sites and tutorials. 

Resources from APA

• APA Inclusive Language Guide View and download the updated APA guidelines for inclusive language
• APA Citation Guide Use this resource to break down the parts of a reference page citation for three commonly cited formats: journal article, book, and chapter in an edited book.
• Sample Paper This example paper will give you a visual of what your finished paper will look like, from title page to references. It also includes notes to identify key parts of your paper.
• Student Paper Sample Download this word document to see what a finished APA style paper looks like.

Setting up an APA Paper

Before you begin writing your research paper, it is important to have it correctly formatted following APA guidelines. This includes setting up a title page, correcting line spacing, text font, and margins in a paper.

To set up your paper for APA formatting you will complete the following: 

• Make sure the margins in your paper are set to 1 inch
• Use one of the approved APA fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point Times New Roman, or 11-point Georgia. 
• Set the spacing in your paper to Double. 
• Create a title page. 

To create a title page for your paper, or to see a visual of any of the above formatting guidelines, check out the library's APA 7 video tutorials.  

The   Document Formatting guides   prepared by HCC Learning Support Center staff are a great tool to help you step-by-step through the process of setting up your document.  We recommend you use these guidelines to set up your paper before you begin writing. 

Document Formatting

• Formatting in Google Docs
• Formatting in MS Word Browser
• Formatting in MS Word on MAC
• Formatting in MS Word on PC

Citations are tricky, and there are lots of questions you may have when creating your citations. This guide covers the basics of APA, but for more detailed questions about specific citations, make sure to check out the resources along the left. The Excelsior OWL citation guide is especially helpful for creating citations for different sources. 

Image: Vecteezy

The APA References list

Once you have completed your research and have gathered the information you would like to use to write your paper, your next step should be to create the list of the resources you will use in your paper. This list is called a Reference List  and includes any source (publication, video, lecture, etc.) that you are using information from in your paper. It is very important that you cite sources in your paper because you want to show where you are getting your information from and avoid Plagiarism! 

General formatting tips when creating your references page: 

• The references page will begin on a separate page at the end of your research paper. 
• Each citation will be in alphabetical order based on the authors' last names. If there are not authors, you will alphabetize by the source's title. 
• Double-space all entries. 
• Include a hanging-indent with each citation. To learn how to create a hanging indent, watch the second part of the library's APA Citation Video Tutorials. 
• Include the word References at the top of the page, centered on the page and in bold text. 

For help with creating citations, or how to set up your references page, watch the library's APA Citations Video Tutorials! 

Examples of Common Citations

Use the examples shown below to help you format correct citations for the most popular sources. 

Scholarly article from a database:

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. (Date). Title of article.  Title of Journal, Volume number (issue number, if any), Page numbers. 

Mershon, D.H. (1998, November). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds.  American Scientist, 86 (6), 585. 

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. (Date published). Title of webpage.  Website Name . URL. 

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist.  Medium . https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01 

Book by multiple authors (less than 20): 

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. (Year of Publication).  Title of boo k. Publisher. 

Rivano, N. S., Hoson, A., & Stallings, B. (2001).  Regional integration and economic development . Palgrave.

Social Media Post (Instagram): 

Elements : Author's last name, Author's first and middle initials. [@username]. (Year, Month, Day published). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [description of type of post]. Site name. URL. 

Sulic, L. [@lukasulicworld]. (2019, December 31). We wish you a happy new year! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B6vTyaZHNU9/?igshid=141g9y12b4gfn 

For more examples of how to cite specific formats, or more specific help with citations, visit the Excelsior Online Writing Lab for detailed descriptions! 

In-Text Citations

In-text citations are the second way you will cite your sources in a research paper. Unlike the citations found in the References page, in-text citations are shorter and appear in the body of the text. Any time you use information from a source (whether you paraphrase it or use a direct quotation), you must include an in-text citation. So you will have multiple in-text citations for one source. 

APA in-text citations will appear in parentheses within the paper you are writing, and will appear at the end of the sentence where the source is being cited. You will include only the author's last name, followed by the date of publication. If a source has two authors, list both names separated by an ampersand (&). If there are more than two authors, list only the first author's last name followed by the phrase 'et al'. 

In-text citation examples: 

Source with three or more authors:.

The concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert et al., 1987). 

Source with one author, using a signal phrase (a signal phrase uses part of the citation in the body of the text):

Calvert (1982) argued that it is impossible to measure social class. 

Source with two authors:

Two techniques that have been associated with reduced stress and increased relaxation in psychotherapy contexts are guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007). 

For more examples of creating in-text citations, check out the library's video tutorials or the Excelsior OWL citation page for help! Or explore the resources on this guide for more information! 

Library website

Regular Library Hours

M-Th 8 am - 6 pm Fri 8 am - 4:30 pm CLOSED weekends

Library Information Desk

 LRC-200  240-500-2237  301-393-3681  [email protected]  hagerstowncc.edu/library

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• Structure & Resources
• Types of Scholarly Articles
• Literature Reviews
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• Not sure what 'peer review' means?
• Citation Searching
• How to Avoid Plagiarism
• Citing with APA style
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Subject Guide

APA Library Quick Guides

• APA Quick Guide - MS Word Offers basic instructions for using APA style. Corresponds to the 7th edition of "The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association."
• APA Quick Guide - PDF Offers basic instructions for using APA style. Corresponds to the 7th edition of "The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association."

APA (American Psychological Association) style

For sociology projects and essays, you're typically expected to use one of two styles: ASA or APA. If your professor asks you to use APA--the style of the American Psychological Association--then consult the following resources.   

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition, published in 2020) is available at the Reference Desk under this call number: BF76.7 .P83 2020.   This is the authoritative guide for APA style.  

For a "cheat sheet" to APA style, refer to the Library Quick Guide for APA style, in two formats, MS Word or PDF.

APA Quick Links

• OWL's APA Formatting An online guide to ASA style maintained by the Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University.
• Guide to What’s New in the Publication Manual of the APA, 7th ed. (2020) Specific formatting changes to note while using the newest, 7th edition of APA style.
• Style Manuals & Writing Guides Resources recommended by CSULA Library for popular citation styles
• RefWorks - Library Guide Full-support site for RefWorks
• AskNow Chat Reference Ask a librarian your question, large or small, day or night!

You can use RefWorks to organize references you collect while conducting research, cite the references in your essay, and compile a bibliography according to the citation style of your choice.  Open RefWorks to get started, or consult our RefWorks Guide for more information (including the Group Code for CSULA). 

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• Majors, Minors, and Careers in Sociology

Check it Out!

Citing Sources Using APA Style, 6th Edition

• Cite Articles
• Cite Webpages
• In-text Citations & References

APA Overview

APA (American Psychological Association) is the style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the social sciences .

Recommended Guides

• Frequently Asked Questions About APA Style This resource is from the American Psychological Association and provides a clear and quick guide to the formatting structure of different source types in APA style. It also provides access to additional tutorials and a Q&A section and tips for formatting your research paper.
• OWL Purdue: APA Formatting & Style Guide This comprehensive resource from the Online Writing Lab at Purdue is very popular for good reason. It provides clear examples and descriptions of how to cite most sources and format research papers, in-text citations, and works cited in APA 6th edition.
• APA Quick Guide from EasyBib This guide is quick tool showing you how to cite the most common information sources in APA.

Video Guides

• APA Video Tutorials from OWL Purdue This series of 6 videos provides an excellent quick overview to creating citations and formatting your paper in APA style.

APA Article Citation Examples

Print articles, journal article example.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55 (6), 893-896.

Magazine Article Example

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135 , 28-31. 

 Newspaper Article Example

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.  The Country Today  , pp. 1A, 2A.

Electronic Articles

Today, it is more than likely that you will locate articles from a database or a website. When a DOI is available for an electronic article, provide the number at the end of the citation. In APA it is optional to include the name of the database or URL where the source was found, but always be sure to check your instructor's preferences for inclusion.

TAKE NOTE:  When using a URL from a database, always use the permalink when one is provided to avoid expired session URLs.

Article from an Online Database Examples

Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Halfwerk, W. , Jones, P. , Taylor, R. , Ryan, M. , & Page, R. (2014). Risky ripples allow bats and frogs to eavesdrop on a multisensory sexual display. Science, 343 (6169), 413. Retrieved from http:// http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/413.full

Article from a Website Example (no author)

Youtuber, brexit, and 'get your freak on' enter the Oxford English Dictionary. (2016, December 14). Time Magazine . Retrieved from   http://time.com/4603064/oxford-dictionary-new-words. 

Need More APA Article Citation Examples?

• OWL Purdue: Articles in Periodicals
• OWL Purdue: Reference List - Electronic Sources
• What's a DOI?
• What's a Permalink?

APA Book Citations

Print books, book (one author).

Berry, W. (1981).  The gift of good land . San Francisco, CA: NorthPoint.

Book (more than one author)

Winston, B. L., Reinhart, M. L., Sacker, J. R., Gottlieb, W., Oscar, B., & Harris, D.P. (1980).  Nepal in crisis: Growth and  stagnation at the periphery . Delhi: Oxford UP.

Book (editor)

Del Castillo, A. R. (Ed.). (1990).  Between borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana history . Encino, CA: Floricanto.

Electronic Books

When a book is accessed from a database, website, or other electronic source (even Amazon), the URL (or DOI when available) information is provided at the end of the citation. If the book is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it. 

TAKE NOTE:  

• The place of download (URL) or DOI is used in-place of publisher information.
• When using a URL from a database, always use the  permalink ( permanent link)  when one is provided to avoid expired session URLs.

eBook from a Database

Pustz, M. (1999).  Comic book culture: Fanboys and true believers . Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.iii.sonoma.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=25895&site=ehost-live&scope=site. 

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001).  The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth  [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722

eBook from a Website

Speed, H. (2004).  The practice and science of drawing.  Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14264

Stoker, B. (2000).  Dracula [Kindle HDX version]. Retrieved from http://www.overdrive.com

Need More APA Book Citation Examples?

• OWL Purdue: APA Book Citations

MLA Website Citations

Website examples.

All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/

Lundman, S.. How to make vegetarian chili.  Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. 

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov

Need More MLA Website Examples?

• OWL Purdue: APA Electronic Sources

Other Media Sources

The following are examples for citing Videos, Blogs, Comments, Tweets, and Email in APA format style:

Ted Talks (Producer). (2016, April 6).  Inside the mind of a master procrastinator: Tim Urban  [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/arj7oStGLkU

Freakonomics. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally) [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a-life-saver-literally/

TAKE NOTE: E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text:

(e. robbins, personal communication, january 4, 2001)..

BarackObama. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366

Need More APA Examples of Other Media Sources?

• OWL Purdue: Electronic Sources (see bottom of list)
• OWL Purdue: Motion Pictures

In-text Citations

In order to avoid plagiarism, all information which you gather from someone else’s research or knowledge needs to be both cited in a References page as well as through in-text citations (also called parenthetical citation). In-text citations are inserted directly into an essay using parentheses. In-text citations must be used to give credit to the original author for paraphrases, summaries, as well as direct quotes. Generally, they are placed at the end of a sentence. 

In-text citations:  

• allows your reader to know which source each idea/fact came from
• gives you credibility as a writer
• protects you from plagiarism
• points your reader to the proper entry in your References.

Examples of In-text Citations

The  format for creating an in-text citation  in APA Style is to include the  last name of the author  of the work,  followed by the page number  of the content used.

Direct Quote:

"In the Caribbean the successful planting of new varieties of crops owed much to the Amerindian, who carefully nurtured each newly introduced food source." (Mackie, 42)

Lead-in Reference with quote:

Christine Mackie notes that  "in the Caribbean the successful planting of new varieties of crops owed much to the Amerindian, who carefully nurtured each newly introduced food source."  (42)

Paraphrase:

The success of new varieties of crops planted in the Caribbean was due in part to the careful tending by the Amerindians. (Mackie, 42)

In the References:

The References for this essay will include a full bibliographic citation to the Mackie work:

Mackie, C.. (1992).  Life and food in the Caribbean . New York: New Amsterdam Books

Need More APA In-text Citation Examples?

• Purdue OWL: APA In-Text Citations - Authors

APA style requires a References page at the end of your research paper. All entries (except personal email) in the References page must correspond to the sources cited in your main text, in other words -- your in-text citations.

Basic Rules

• Begin your References page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. 
• Label the page References (do not italicize the words References or put them in quotation marks) and center the word References at the top of the page.
• Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
• Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.

APA References Examples

• Purdue OWL: APA Sample Paper
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• ENCYLOPEDIAS
• AUDIOVISUAL RESOURCES
• PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

APA Style Websites

Apa citation examples.

• Book w/One Author
• Scholarly Article
• Online Newspaper Article
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• In-Text Citation

For more examples and other scenarios, see  Purdue Online Writing Center APA Style .

For more examples and other scenarios, see  Purdue Online Writing Center A PA Style .

GIVE IT A TRY!

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Introduction to Sociology: APA Citations

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What is APA Style?

  APA ( which stands for American Psychological Association) format is a standardized method for giving credit to those whose work you use.   It is important to let your readers know where you got your information. This style is used in courses such as History, Allied Health, Education, Nursing, Psychology and Sociology.

 Every research paper or project that uses outside sources must include a list of those sources at the end of the paper. This is called References  and should list all sources in proper APA format alphabetically by the authors' last names.

APA format has specific forms for each type of resource you use: books, magazine articles, journal articles etc. It even differentiates between online and print materials. It may require inclusion of a D.O.I. or Digital Object Identifier number.

With correct APA citations, you will never risk committing plagiarism. Plagiarism is considered stealing and could result in failure or worse!

This guide has many helpful ways to list your References correctly in APA style. Click on the APA Style Sheet to the right for specific examples.  Follow the tabs above for more information.

If you have more questions, speak with a librarian or consult a tutor in the Writing Center . 

Parts of an APA Citation

Every source you used must be included in your References page at the end of your paper.

Each source format has its own citation format. In addition to the author(last name, first initial) and title:

• a book will require the city of publication, the publisher and copyright date.
• a magazine article will require the date of publication, volume, issue number and page numbers. 
• Online articles require the DOI or digital object identifier, if available. If not, the URL must be included.
• Articles from databases do not require the name of the database.
• Titles of books and journals are italicized.
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of an article or chapter title.

In-Text Citations for APA

In APA style, indicate the source of your information within the sentence or paragraph. This is known as in-text citation.

Direct Quote with Author's Name

Include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

Maria Smith (2010) has found  "Rates of obesity among men have caused an increased risk of heart disease" (p. 42).

Paraphrase with Author's Name

When paraphrasing another's ideas, include the author and year of publication.

Smith (2010) noted a correlation between obesity and heart disease.

Citation with no Author

When there is no author, use the first word or two of the title in the sentence or at the end of the quote. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.

"Cases of obesity-related diabetes have increased 20 percent  in the last ten years" ( Diabetes Statistics ).

Citation with an Organization as Author

 If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization at the beginning of the sentence or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the Centers for Disease Control [CDC], (2011) obesity increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

When referring to the organization again in a later quote, you may use the abbreviation.

"Research  trials have shown that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed in people at high risk for the disease who make lifestyle changes" (CDC, 2011).

All references must appear in your References list at the end of your paper!

• In-Text APA Citation Podcast Video

APA Publication Manual

Available at the Reference Desk!

• APA Citation Guide

APA Formatting

In addition to citing your work  and listing your resources in your list of References, APA style includes specific formatting rules:

• 12 pt. font,
• one inch margins,
• double spacing,
• Running header with your title on every page.

Check this the links from Purdue University"s Online Writing Lab (OWL) for specifics!

• APA Style from Purdue's Online Writing Lab
• APA Tutorial from OWL: APA Formatting- The Basics
• Sample APA Paper from OWL Purdue
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Formatting Citations in APA Style

Our APA citation guide was compiled with the help of useful information from  Purdue University's Online Writing Lab . The Proctor Library's  reference sheet for APA citations  can come in handy as well.

Basic Rules for APA Citations

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
• Authors' names are given with the last name first; give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
• Present the complete journal title, and maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
• Italicize the titles of longer works, such as books and journals.
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Basic Format for Books

Author, a. a. (year of publication). title of work: capital letter also for subtitle. location: publisher..

• For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two-letter postal abbreviation without periods (i.e., New York, NY).
• This example book has only one author.

Basic Format for Articles

Author, a. a., author, b. b., & author, c. c. (year). title of article. title of periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. http://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy.

• You can also cite an article retrieved from a database as though you were citing a print journal, unless it is from an open-access journal that is only accessible online.
• When listing page numbers for articles, do not use p. or pp. unless the periodical is a newspaper.

Note:  The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association states (p.192) that including database information in citations is not necessary because databases change over time. When referencing a print article obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information. By providing this information, you allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article.

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How to Cite in APA Style

• 7th edition
• Quick reference guide from APA 7th edition (downloadable pdf)
• APA Quick Hints Video
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Citation Tools for APA

The following free sites will help you create a citation. Remember to check their output against the APA Style site or the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th edition.

• Scribbr: APA Citation Generator Scribbr provides a free APA citation generator on it's website. We do not endorse any of their services beyond this tool.
• ZoteroBib This free citation generator is provided by Zotero but does not require any software. Many citation styles are available.
• NoodleTools Express Just need one citation? Use NoodleTools express.

Formatting Your Paper in APA

• Formatting in Word
• Inserting Tables

Please use the template to create your APA style paper.  It will help you set up your cover page, abstract, headings, running head, and references list.  Note:  If your instructor has asked for special formatting (such as no author's note), the template may be changed to suit your needs.

• APA Student Paper (7th edition) Template for Brockport This is for APA 7th edition. This APA template has been modified to fit the majority of assignments. You may need to delete or add to this template to meet your assignment's needs.
• APA Paper Format Template Please make sure you use the Save As option when saving your paper from this template.

Legal Citations

APA defers to the Bluebook for legal citations.  There is a section in the APA manual for legal citations, but if you would like to go directly to the source, please find it here:

• Citing Legal Materials in APA guide from California State University, Stanislaus A very clear and concise guide to citing legal materials using the APA-recommended Bluebook format.
• Bluebook Legal Citation Guide from Suffolk University An online guide to basic legal citations using the APA-recommended Bluebook citation format.
• Cornell University Introduction to Basic Legal Citation Legal citation help from the law school.

Not the Style you need?

If this isn't the style you need to use for your assignment, please visit the Citing Your Sources main page for more information about choosing the right one. 

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The Authority

APA in Minutes Videos

• APA in Minutes This is a series of short videos that show how to complete different tasks in APA (like how to create your title page with a running head).

Student Resources – Writing Assignment Citation Guidelines

Apa citation style, 6th edition: general style guidelines, general guidelines for writing a paper: apa style.

• All sources of information and data, whether quoted directly or paraphrased, are cited with parenthetical references in the text of your paper ( p. 170 ).

Example: (Walker, 2003).

• Double-space your entire paper, including the References list and any block quotes ( pp.171, 180 ).

Citations In Text

How to cite a direct quote ( pp.170-171 ), how to cite summaries or paraphrases.

Even if you put information in your own words by summarizing or paraphrasing, you must cite the original author or researcher and the date of publication. You are also encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number; check with your instructor to see if page numbers are required.

For example, a paraphrase of Gibaldi’s earlier quotation might be identified as follows:

Within the research paper, quotations will have more impact when used judiciously (Gibaldi, 2003, p. 109).

 You may want to check out  The Owl at Purdue for more tips on paraphrasing.

How to Cite Sources when the Primary Authors have the same Surname ( p.176 )

How to cite different numbers of authors, how to cite information if no page numbers are available ( pp.171-172 ), how to cite information when you have not seen the original source ( p.178 ), how to cite when you are altering a direct quote, creating a reference list.

Start the Reference list on a new page and include the word “References” in uppercase and lowercase centered. (pp, 180-192)

The References list should be double-spaced. Each entry should be formatted with a hanging indent ( p.180 ).

References cited in text must appear in the References list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and classical works; they are cited in text only and are not included in the References list ( p.174 ).

Use  ONLY the initial(s) of the author’s given name,  NOT the full name ( p.184 ).

If the References list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order with the earliest first ( p. 182 ).

 If the author’s name is unavailable, use the first few words of the title of the article, book or Web source, including the appropriate capitalization and italics formatting ( pp.176-177 ). E.g. (Scientists Say, 2000).

Arrange References entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or by title or first word if there is no author ( pp.181-183 ). Ignore the words A, An, and The when alphabetizing by title.

In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, and books, capitalize only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns, except in parenthetical (in text) citations ( p.185 ).

Italicize book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do  NOT italicize issue numbers.

Do  NOT include retrieval dates unless the source of the material may change over time such as a blog entry or wikis. (p.192)

If a  Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on either a print or an electronic source it is included in the reference ( pp.188-192 ).  A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that is used to identify a certain source (typically journal articles).  It is often found on the first page of an article.  Example: doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305

When the References entry includes a URL that must be divided between two lines, break it  BEFORE a slash or dash or at another logical division point. Do  NOT insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL or a period at the end of the URL. ( p.192 ).

For a helpful list of some of the abbreviations used in References (such as Vols. for Volumes) check out page 180 of the APA Manual .

Subject Guide

• APA Citation Style, 6th edition: General Style Guidelines. Authored by : Gisela Butera. Provided by : Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library. Located at : http://libguides.gwumc.edu/c.php?g=27779&p=170331 . License : CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives

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These links offer advice for using APA Style and have enough information for most student papers.

• APA 7th ed. Quick Reference Guide Charts detail how to create a reference for a journal article, book, and a book chapter.
• APA Style Reference Examples This page offers links to example references for common types of materials such as journal articles, magazine articles, books, chapters from edited books, dissertations, etc.
• APA 7th ed. Style and Grammar Guidelines
• APA Style 7th ed. @ Purdue OWL Information on the format, in-text citations and the reference page for 7th ed. APA research papers. There are also links to archived pages for APA 6th information.
• APA Style Blog 7th ed. Official blog with posts on common questions about 7th ed APA style.
• Citation Tools Tools for creating citations and managing references.
• Microsoft Word / Google Docs: APA Formatting Help Tips for formatting documents in APA style in Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
• APA Student Paper Setup Guide Guide from APA showing how to set up an APA Style student paper.

APA Tutorials

• The Basics of APA Style (7th ed) From the APA, a basic tutorial on formatting papers, reducing language bias, avoiding plagiarism, and citing references in text.
• APA Style Instructional Aids Includes tutorials, handouts, and sample papers.

ASA (American Sociological Association) Style Guide, 5th Edition

• Formatting in Sociology (ASA Style) - OWL at Purdue
• Why Cite and ASA Style Examples (5th Edition) - Eastern Michigan University PDF
• Comparison of APA 6th Ed. Style and ASA 5th Ed. Style - Eastern Michigan University PDF
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SOC 101: Intro to Sociology

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APA Style Handbook

APA Citation Overview

American Psychological Association (APA) Style is an editorial style, or rules that a publisher uses to ensure consistent presentation of written material. Citing your sources in APA style gives credit to the works of others and helps your readers go back and find the information you present. 

• Basic APA components:   Author. (Year of publication).  Title . Publisher.
• APA is typically used for social or behavioral sciences writing. 
• The key attribute of APA is the date of publication is closer to the beginning of the citation, since researchers often publish their work year after year, and there are often several articles attributed to the same author over period of time.

For more in-depth information about APA Style, you can check out the following resources:

• Purdue OWL APA Style Guide  
• APA Manual of Publication (7th Edition) on reserve at the Spalding Library Information Desk
• Citing Sources tab on the Writing Center's homepage

See below for an interactive tutorial on APA citation and a sample paper formatted in APA style.

• APA Style Guide This document provides information and examples for citing sources in APA format.
• Getting Started with APA citation [tutorial] This tutorial serves as an introduction to citation according to APA formatting and style guidelines. It covers the basic components of creating references and in-text citations for a variety of source types.

Citation Generators

Some databases and websites will auto-generate citations for you. This is a great starting place for a citation, but they are not always accurate . Check an auto-generated citation with a stylebook or guide before submitting a paper. 

Some databases, like Academic Search Complete , include a "cite" feature that will auto-generate APA, MLA, Chicago and other citations.

If there isn't an auto-generated citation within a database, try one of these free citation generator cites. You can also   ask a librarian  or  the writing center !

Generating a Citation (1:10)

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Word 2013: How to Format APA Style

Watch this video, pausing and restarting, to help you format your paper in APA format. You may also use the guide below.

Step 1: Format your Word features

You will need to first set up these features in your Word Document.

Font :  HOME tab > 12 point font size and Times New Roman. Other acceptable fonts are Calibri, Arial, and Georgia in 11 point size.

Margins: PAGE LAYOUT > Margins >Normal (Top 1”, Bottom 1”, Left 1”, Right  1”)

Spacing : Choose PAGE LAYOUT > Paragraph > tiny arrow in the far right bottom corner of that box. It should open the Paragraph Settings. Then, set the spacing to DOUBLE.

Step 2: Setting Up the Header and/or Page Numbers

The running head is not required in student papers, unless required by your professor or institution. However, manuscripts that are being submitted for publication do require a running head.

To add a running head to your paper, follow the steps below. 

1. INSERT > Header > Choose the first one (Blank)

2. The Header will pop up. Above it, the DESIGN tab will be in green. With the DESIGN tab open, choose the HOME tab. Choose Times New Roman font in size 12.

3. Hit the CAPS LOCK button on your keyboard. Type  TITLE OF YOUR PAPER .  Unlock the CAPS LOCK function.  NOTE: The title of your paper should not be longer than 50 characters; if it is a long title, you will need to shorten the title in the running head. (You may keep the title as long as you wish on the title category of the title page.)

4. Hit the TAB button until you move the cursor to the far right.

5.  Click on the INSERT > Page number > Current Position > Plain Number (first option).

6. Click, hold, and drag to highlight all the text in your header, including the page number. Choose the HOME tab, then change the font style to Times New Roman and change the font size to 12.

7. Double click outside of your header and into the main part of the page.

If you do not need to set up the running head, you still need to insert page numbers.

1. In the INSERT tab, choose Page Number.

2. Click Top of page, then choose Plain Number 3 to add a page number to the top right corner of your page.

3. Click, hold, and drag to highlight all the text in your header, including the page number. Choose the HOME tab, then change the font style to Times New Roman and change the font size to 12.

4. Double click outside of your header and into the main part of the page.

Step 3: Format your Title Page

1. Place your title in the upper half of the title page. To achieve this, hit ENTER 4-5 times.

2. Go to HOME > Paragraph > Center button to center your title.

3. Still in the HOME tab, choose  B  to make the font boldface.

4. Type in your title, using appropriate capitalization.  NOTE: Your title should not be longer than twelve words or contain abbreviations. It may be one or two lines.

5. Hit ENTER. In the HOME tab, choose B to make the font no longer boldface. Type in your name (first and last) using appropriate capitalization.

6. Hit ENTER. Type in the institution's name: Walters State Community College   NOTE : Do NOT abbreviate.

7. Click INSERT tab > Page Break to move to the second page of your essay. (You can also just hit enter until you get to the next page.)

Step 4: Format your Abstract Page

NOTE: Abstracts are required for most scholarly journals, but not always for student assignments. If in doubt, ask your instructor whether an abstract is required for your assignment.

1. Your abstract should be the second page of your essay.

2. In the HOME tab, choose CENTER alignment in the paragraph box. Then click  B  to make the font boldface.

3. Type the word Abstract  .  NOTE: Do not use quotation marks, make the font italicized, or make it larger.

4. Hit Enter once. Choose HOME > Paragraph > Align Left. Still in the HOME tab, choose B to make the font no longer boldface. (This is the button that puts the cursor back to the left side of the page.)  DO NOT INDENT. Type a brief, objective summary of your essay that should be no longer than 250 words.

Step 5: Format your First Page of Essay

To format the first page of your essay, follow these instructions.

1. INSERT> Page Break to get to the next page of your essay, or click enter until you get to the next page.

2. Go to Home > Paragraph >Align Center. Choose B  to make the font boldfaced. Type the full title, using appropriate capitalization, on the first line.

3. Hit enter. Read A & B below.       a. If you are using a heading for the first part of your paper (e.g. Review of Literature, Methodology, etc.), then you will need to type your heading using the following format: Bold, center-aligned, with appropriate capitalization. See 3.03 (page 62) in the APA Publication Manual if you have multiple levels of headings.

      b. If you are not using a heading, or you are ready to type your essay, got to HOME> Paragraph > Align left. Still in the HOME tab, click B to make the font no longer boldface. (This is the button that puts the cursor back to the left side of the page.) Then, indent and begin typing your essay.

Step 7: Format your Reference Page

To format your References page in Word, please follow these directions.

1. After you have finished your essay, click INSERT > Page Break.

2. Center your cursor. Choose B in the HOME tab to make the font boldface. Type Reference if your essay contains only one citation. Type References if your essay contains more than one distinct citation.

3. Hit ENTER. Choose HOME > Paragraph > Align Left. (This is the button that puts the cursor back to the left side of the page.)

4. Choose PAGE LAYOUT > Paragraph > tiny arrow in the far right bottom corner of that box. It should open the Paragraph Settings.

5. In the Paragraph Settings box, choose Indentation > Special > Drop down the box to HANGING. (Below is what you should see.)

6. In the HOME tab, choose  B to make the font no longer boldface.

7. Type in your reference list in alphabetical order by last name, following APA style rules. Make sure that you double space between each entry (Do NOT hit enter more than once at the end of each entry. You should not be spacing more than the double-space that the computer does for you.)

Sources Used

APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition (2019) was consulted in creating this guide.

Questions or Comments

*If you need further assistance formatting your essay, please see/call/email a librarian or visit the Writing Lab.

Library Reference Desk: 423-585-6946

Email: [email protected]

Please email found errors to [email protected].

Links to Helpful Formatting Sites

• Purdue OWL Formatting & Style Guide Information on general formatting in APA 7th edition from the Purdue OWL.
• Quick Answers-APA Formatting Created by the APA, this website gives in-depth instructions and clear visuals discussing everything from running heads, margins, tables, and quotes.
• Sample Papers Sample papers formatted using APA 7th edition.
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Citations for sociology.

Sociology has its own citation style—ASA Style from the American Sociological Association. However, your instructor may ask you to use APA or another citation style for your sociology papers. Check your assignment guidelines to be certain you're using the correct citation style. The resources on this page will help you learn how to accurately format ASA and APA citations, and you can always contact the library or the UVU Writing Center for help.

Using Database Citation Tools

Many library databases include a citation tool that automatically generates citations for you, in a variety of styles—this is a great time saving feature! When you've found an article, book, or other item in a library database that you'd like to use, look for a button labeled  Cite  or  Citation , then copy the citation in the style you need. However, these citations may contain formatting errors or missing information, since they're not actually made by a human. Be sure to proofread citations made by citation generators, and edit any mistakes! Use the citation resources on this page to help with this.

ASA Note: Unfortunately most library databases don't include an option to generate citations in ASA Style. Our recommendation is to copy your source's citation in MLA style, and then use one of the ASA resources on this page to help you edit the citation into ASA style. MLA is very similar to ASA style, so it's the best to use MLA as your starting point for editing.

ASA Citation Style

ASA is the citation style commonly used for research in sociology. The following resources will help you learn how to format ASA citations.

• UVU Writing Center Handouts Handouts about citation styles, grammar, common assignments, and the writing process.
• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): ASA Formatting and Style Guide for ASA style with examples from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

APA Citation Style

APA is the citation style commonly used for research in the social and behavioral sciences, business, education, and the sciences. The following resources will help you learn how to format APA citations.

• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): APA Formatting and Style Guide for APA style with examples from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.
• DOIs and URLs (APA Style Blog) Tips for finding and using DOIs correctly in APA citations, as well as information on when to use URLs.
• APA Style Website Official website of APA publication style. Includes information about style, formatting, in-text citations, reference list, and more.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Book Citations / Learn how to cite “Sociology in Our Times” by Diana Kendall

Learn how to cite “Sociology in Our Times” by Diana Kendall

Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for Sociology in Our Times  by Diana Kendall using the examples below. Sociology in Our Times  is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others.

If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator .

Popular Citation Styles

Here are Sociology in Our Times   citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style.

Additional Styles

Here are Sociology in our times   citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more.

Find citation guides for additional books linked here .

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Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite “Sociology” by Giddens and Sutton

Apa citation.

Formatted according to the APA Publication Manual 7 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on APA citations check out our APA citation guide or start citing with the BibguruAPA citation generator .

Giddens, A., & Sutton, P. W. (2017). Sociology (8th ed.). Polity Press.

Chicago style citation

Formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on Chicago style citations check out our Chicago style citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru Chicago style citation generator .

Giddens, Anthony, and Philip W. Sutton. 2017. Sociology . 8th ed. Oxford, England: Polity Press.

MLA citation

Formatted according to the MLA handbook 9 th edition. Simply copy it to the Works Cited page as is.

If you need more information on MLA citations check out our MLA citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru MLA citation generator .

Giddens, Anthony, and Philip W. Sutton. Sociology . 8th ed., Polity Press, 2017.

Other citation styles (Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver, ...)

BibGuru offers more than 8,000 citation styles including popular styles such as AMA, ASA, APSA, CSE, IEEE, Harvard, Turabian, and Vancouver, as well as journal and university specific styles. Give it a try now: Cite Sociology now!

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Benefits of Citing Book in APA Form for Reader

A PA format stands for the American Psychological Association form, a guideline for formatting academic documents such as research papers, essays, and theses. It is to cite social science disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and education.

APA format specifies guidelines for various elements of an academic paper, including the title page, abstract, body, and reference page. The APA form intends to provide consistency in academic writing, making it easier for readers to understand the analysis presented in a paper. It also helps authors ensure that their work meets the standards of their field. 

How to Use the APA Citation Format

If you’re curious about how to cite a book in APA, this is the right section. Although many college students find it hard to cite books, there are several ways to get this done. We’ll list helpful tips below.

Paraphrasing and Reference List 

When writing data, the author’s last name and year of publication are still included in brackets, without including the page number. Example: (Smith, 2019) or Smith (2019) argued that…

A reference list is a separate page at the end of the paper that lists all data cited within. It is organized alphabetically by the author’s last name, year of publishing, the title of the work, plus publication information.

Use Proper Formatting 

APA citation needs a specific form for the referencing list, including double spacing, hanging indentation, and italicizing book and journal titles. When citing electronic sources, the author’s name, publication year, or title must be there, followed by a URL.

Outsource Your APA Style Papers 

Some find it hard to cite books in APA, especially if they are new or are unfamiliar with the guidelines. Suppose you’re a student like this who wants to get your paper written in APA format , or you need just a quality essay. In that case, you can always outsource it to academic platforms where you have an opportunity to hire a writer to help you get this done in record time. 

On these platforms, students choose writers who have years of experience. They have skills in all types of citations, like APA, so you’ll get proper value for the service. 

Use In-text Citations and Direct Quotes 

When listing ideas from a source within the text, the author’s last name and the year of publication are in brackets. For example, (Smith, 2019).

Direct quotes must be enclosed in quotation marks. Also, include the page number where quotes are found. For example, “This is a direct quote” (Smith, 2019, p. 10).

The Benefits of Citing Your Books With APA 

The APA form is essential to academic research and publication, as it promotes consistency, accuracy, and professionalism. Here are some of the benefits of using this citation for your books.

• Clear and Consistent: It provides clear guidelines for citing data that promote reference consistency.
• Avoid Plagiarism: It helps writers to avoid plagiarism by referencing their data accurately.
• Easy to Follow: It provides specific guidelines for in-text citations, reference lists, and other formatting requirements that are easy to follow.
• Widely Accepted: It is accepted across disciplines, including social sciences, education, nursing, psychology, and other fields.
• Boost Reliability: By citing sources according to APA guidelines, writers prove their professionalism by showing that they have conducted thorough probing and are well-versed in the relevant literature.
• Allows Replication: It allows other researchers to replicate the study by providing clear guidelines on how to cite the data.
• Provides a Standard Form: It provides a standard form for referencing data, which makes it easy for readers to locate the data cited in a particular work.

Why APA Citation is Used in Books Across Several Disciplines 

Writing has different citation forms, but the APA form is widely accepted because it cuts across various disciplines. Here are reasons why it is so popular in the academic sector.

Standardization

APA form provides a standard way of referencing data recognized by many disciplines. Using a common format helps ensure everyone is on the same page regarding referencing data.

Clarity and Accuracy

APA form aims to promote clarity in reference data. This is important in all aspects, ensuring readers can verify the data cited in a given work. It certifies that they can easily understand the information presented. This clearness ensures correctness since the readers know exactly what they’re reading.

Range 

One can use the APA form for different data varieties, which include books, journals, articles, and websites. APA has a range wide enough to cut across several disciplines for any type of research. One of the reasons why the APA form is so broad is that it provides specific guidelines for referencing different types of data. For example, when referencing a college book , the author’s name, publication date, book title, and publisher information when referencing a college book.

Historical Use

APA form has been used for over 80 years, making it a well-established citation form. Due to how long it has existed in academic publishing, APA is now a standard in the educational sector. The APA created the guidelines to address the need for consistency and standardization.

The first APA Publication Manual aired in 1952, with the latest being the 7th, published in 2019. Over the years, the APA form has improved to show changes in academic publishing.

Flexibility 

While APA form has specific guidelines for referencing data, it also allows variation. This means researchers can adapt it to suit the requirements of their discipline.

Conclusion 

There are many benefits to citing books in APA form for readers. The use of APA promotes accuracy across disciplines. By referencing data in APA form, readers verify the data cited in a given work, ensuring that the data is correct. This is important in a study where accuracy is crucial.

APA helps to boost clarity in analysis, making it easier for others to build upon previous work. The APA form’s uniformity also helps ensure everyone is on the same page regarding citing data. It is crucial that everyone learns how this works to ensure smooth reading.

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