extended essay structure 2023

Extended Essay Writers

Latest Extended Essay Requirements Updates for the Years 2023/2024

Choosing a research question is the heart of your extended essay path.

Luke MacQuoid

The extended essay — those two words that either thrill you or send shivers down your spine. You’re probably here because you want to stay ahead of the curve. In my experience, nothing spells success like being prepared. The extended essay requirements are guidelines and a gateway to academic growth. Thus, being in the know is crucial. So, let’s dig into what’s new and what remains timeless for the extended essay in the coming academic years .

The Basics: What Hasn’t Changed

While updates are significant, let’s remember the enduring aspects of the extended essay that remain the same. These unalterable elements serve as your steady footing in the ever-shifting landscape of IB criteria. Knowing what hasn’t changed is just as vital as understanding what has. So, without further ado, let’s tackle the basics here to stay.

The Core Structure

Here’s the good news: the basic framework of the extended essay hasn’t been overhauled. According to general IB criteria, you’ll still be working with the tried-and-true formula of an introduction, body, and conclusion. Adhering to this core structure is your first step to crafting an impressive extended essay. Now, let’s talk about components to include:

Introduction . Your opening should clearly outline your research question and the scope of your investigation.
Body . This is where the magic happens. Your arguments, evidence, and analysis go here.
Conclusion . Wrap up your ideas and state the implications of your findings.

Now, you might think this is pretty straightforward, and it is! However, how you fill in this structure makes all the difference.

Assessment Criteria

Furthermore, let’s talk about what you’re being graded on. While the extended essay requirements may get updated, some things remain constant. You’re still judged on a range of criteria, from the strength of your argument to how well you can organize your thoughts. Believe me, these aren’t just arbitrary rules; they are the core skills you need to develop not just for the IB but for academic pursuits beyond. Here are all the criteria you need to keep in mind:

Focus and Method . It refers to how well you have defined your topic and the quality of your research question.
Knowledge and Understanding . It measures how well you grasp the issue you’re writing about.
Critical Thinking . Examiners consider how well you analyze, synthesize, and evaluate your topic.
Presentation . It includes your essay’s layout, organization, and citation of sources .
Engagement . This relatively new addition examines your engagement with the research process.

In sum, while the updates are essential to take into account, remember that the essence of the extended essay remains rooted in rigorous research, structured argumentation, and original thought. From my experience, mastering these core elements is the key to success.

Significant Updates: What You Need to Know

Alright, let’s shift gears and focus on the new changes. While the foundation of the extended essay remains robust, the IB is open to tweaking the details. And they are not just cosmetic; they can significantly impact your score. Let’s break down these recent updates and why they’re essential.

Updated Formatting Rules

The devil is in the details, they say, and nowhere is this truer than in the formatting of your extended essay. New rules have emerged, affecting how you cite your sources and even how your title page should look:

Citation Styles . Pay attention to changes in citation guidelines. Whether using APA, MLA, or Chicago, ensure you’re up-to-date.
Title Page Layouts . Previously, title pages had more flexible guidelines, but recent updates have standardized this more.
Page Margins and Fonts . A minor but crucial aspect that’s often overlooked. The guidelines might specify particular fonts or margin sizes you must adhere to.

Remember to consider these changes; they can impact your score.

Changes in Subject Availability

For those who relish variety, there are changes in the subjects available for the extended essay. Some topics entered the arena, while others quietly bowed out. Here are all the critical aspects to consider:

New Subjects . Find out what’s new on the menu. It could be an opportunity to explore a fresh area of interest.
Removed Subjects . Just as crucial, make sure your chosen subject is still available.
Altered Guidelines . Sometimes, the subject stays, but the rules change. Keep an eye on that as well.

As someone who has been through this, I know that consulting the latest extended essay guide for subject availability is a non-negotiable step.

Topic and Research Question Guidelines

Now, this is the meat and potatoes of your extended essay. The topic and research question are your guiding lights. From what I’ve seen, the recent updates place an even greater emphasis on framing a research question that doesn’t just pique your curiosity but also meets the IB’s stringent academic criteria. So, let’s talk about some areas to focus on:

Question Specificity . The more specific your issue, the better. A focused question allows for in-depth analysis.
Alignment with Subject Guidelines . Make sure your question fits the guidelines for your particular subject.
Interdisciplinary Approaches . Consider a multidisciplinary question that spans multiple areas if your issue allows it.

In conclusion, while the basics give you a stable foundation, understanding the significant updates in requirements equips you with the latest tools to excel. It’s like having an old recipe but with new spices — you’re taking something proven and adding your contemporary flair. Happy writing!

Subject-Specific Changes: A Closer Look

These changes are like those special spices; each subject has unique requirements that can make or break your essay. Let’s dig into how these changes impact your choice of subject.

According to general IB criteria, your teachers and supervisors are invaluable assets.

Humanities and Social Sciences

Ah, the ever-fascinating fields of History , Economics, Psychology, and the like. For instance, historical research now demands more primary sources than before, or economics emphasizes real-world applications. So, what to watch for:

Primary Sources . Especially in History, the emphasis on original documents or eyewitness accounts has increased.
Current Events . In subjects like Economics or Politics, incorporating current affairs might now carry more weight.

From my experience, these subjects often have specialized criteria that might surprise you.

Natural Sciences

For those of you inclined towards the empirical and the logical, subjects like Biology , Chemistry , and Physics have also seen notable updates:

Experimental Design . Recent guidelines might demand more stringent controls in your experiments.
Ethical Considerations . Especially in Biology, ethical considerations for experiments involving living organisms have tightened.

These changes often revolve around research methods. Some older techniques might be out, and new, more reliable ways are in.

As for the creatively inclined, fields like Visual Arts and Music have also seen their fair share of updates. If you’re a budding artist or musician, you’re in for exciting changes. For instance, there may be more emphasis on the contextual study of artworks or the integration of theory and practice in Music :

Portfolio Requirements . The need for a portfolio, complete with process journals or sketchbooks, might have been updated.
Contextual Analysis . New guidelines may require you to relate your work to broader themes or social issues.

As always, I advise reading the fine print for your chosen subject. It’s like reading the recipe before cooking; you’ll have something more palatable.

The Assessment: What Examiners Are Looking For

Finally, let’s tackle a vital aspect often glossed over—the assessment criteria. This is where the proverbial rubber meets the road; knowing what the examiners want can spell the difference between a middling and an outstanding essay. So, let’s take a moment to decode the essentials.

Understanding the Rubric

I can’t stress enough how crucial it is to familiarize yourself with the grading rubric. It doesn’t just tell you what to include; it tells you what is valued most:

Research Question . A well-framed question can set the stage for the entire essay.
Methodology . How you plan to tackle your research question is often as important as the findings.
Organization and Structure . Yes, how well your essay flows can indeed impact your score.
Originality and Insight . Examiners love to see a new angle or fresh perspective on a topic .

Many students underestimate its importance, thinking it’s just a box-ticking exercise. But believe me, this is your roadmap to success.

Need help with your IB extended essay?

From research and analysis to structuring and editing, our skilled mentors will be by your side, helping you craft an exceptional extended essay that not only meets the wordcount and stringent IB criteria but also reflects your passion for selected IB group .

Past Students’ Experiences

You know what they say — the story often repeats itself. It holds for extended essays as well. Past essays can be a goldmine of do’s and don’ts. From my experience, essays that hit the mark often share some common characteristics, like clear arguments, robust evidence, and a compelling narrative:

Clarity of Argument . A well-articulated thesis that is supported throughout the essay.
Strong Evidence . Use reputable sources to back up your claims.
Cohesive Structure . Logical flow from the introduction to the conclusion.
Engaging Narrative . The ability to weave a fascinating story around your facts and findings.

The best way to meet the requirements is to understand them inside out. It’s akin to reading the rules before playing a new board game — the more you know, the better your chances of winning. So, whether you’re just starting or in the middle of your extended essay adventure, remember these pointers to align with what the examiners seek. And, of course, make it a fun learning experience!

Conclusion: Your Roadmap to Success

Knowing the extended essay Requirements can make or break your IB experience. Keep an eye on these updates, consult regularly with your supervisors, and give yourself plenty of time to research and write. Lastly, numerous guides and tools can help you along the way. Seek them out and use them to your advantage.

I’ve covered the updates in extended essay requirements as comprehensively as possible while keeping it engaging. Happy essay writing , future scholars!

Luke MacQuoid has extensive experience teaching English as a foreign language in Japan, having worked with students of all ages for over 12 years. Currently, he is teaching at the tertiary level. Luke holds a BA from the University of Sussex and an MA in TESOL from Lancaster University, both located in England. As well to his work as an IB Examiner and Master Tutor, Luke also enjoys sharing his experiences and insights with others through writing articles for various websites, including extendedessaywriters.com blog

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International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

A title page
Contents page
Introduction
Body of the essay
References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
Group 2: Language Acquisition
Group 3: Individuals and Societies
Group 4: Sciences
Group 5: Mathematics
Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

A check on plagiarism and malpractice
Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

Business Management 1
Chemistry 1
Chemistry 2
Chemistry 3
Chemistry 4
Chemistry 5
Chemistry 6
Chemistry 7
Computer Science 1
Economics 1
Design Technology 1
Design Technology 2
Environmental Systems and Societies 1
Geography 1
Geography 2
Geography 3
Geography 4
Geography 5
Geography 6
Literature and Performance 1
Mathematics 1
Mathematics 2
Mathematics 3
Mathematics 4
Mathematics 5
Philosophy 1
Philosophy 2
Philosophy 3
Philosophy 4
Philosophy 5
Psychology 1
Psychology 2
Psychology 3
Psychology 4
Psychology 5
Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
Visual Arts 1
Visual Arts 2
Visual Arts 3
Visual Arts 4
Visual Arts 5
World Religion 1
World Religion 2
World Religion 3

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The Complete Extended Essay Guide | 100 Topics & Examples

Published by Ellie Cross at November 3rd, 2021 , Revised On July 10, 2023

One of the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme’s mandatory requirements is to produce a 4,000 words long extended essay, which should be submitted as an independent piece of research.

All IB students must complete the extended essay assignment regardless of the subjects they are taking because, together with CAS and TOK, it is a core module of the IB programme.

An extended essay allows students to choose any suitable topic of their choice and demonstrate their knowledge and capability beyond what they learn in the classroom. This assignment sets the stage for students to hone their research and writing skills for Bachelor’s and Master’s level coursework.

Students write an extended essay in the second term of the IB program’s first year. All students are expected to work closely with their supervisor to finalise the essay topic and the research questions.

The project involves submitting one extended essay draft to get the supervisor’s feedback before submitting the second and final version. A short viva voce must be included at the end of the essay.

Extended Essay Facts

The length of the essay should not be more than 4,000 words.
The project is expected to be completed over a period of one year.
Significance of the extended essay
In 2019 – approximately 200,000 students took the IB Programme exam
International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is for students in the age group of 16 to 19 years.

Significance of Extended Essay

So how significantly does the extended essay assignment contribute towards the overall grade?

The extended essay is of critical importance for the following reasons:

It allows students to polish their skills for undergraduate and Masters’s level essay assignments.
They can independently explore the topic of their interest, which relates to one of the six modules of the IB Programme.
Students learn to conduct desk-based research to find appropriate and manageable topics.
They learn the basics of how to formulate research questions
They learn to develop an argument.
Successful completion of this assignment enhances their ability to analyse and assess information critically.

If you choose to undertake the extended essay in world studies, you will be required to conduct extensive interdisciplinary research on an issue of global significance.

Extended Essay Assessment Criteria

Extended essays are marked on a scale from 0 to 34 by external examines chosen by the IB itself. The score you will achieve in the assignment will relate to one of the following bands:

A – work of an excellent standard.
B- work of a good standard.
C – work of a satisfactory standard.
D- work of a mediocre standard.
E- work of an elementary standard.

Please click here to check how your grade in the extended essay assignment affects the overall diploma score. Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2019 bulletin)

How to Select a Topic for the Extended Essay?

Selecting an enjoyable and manageable topic for the extended essay is perhaps the most exciting yet challenging part of the whole process. In a nutshell, you will be required to research a topic in one of the six subjects you are undertaking for the IB Programme. The selection criteria are based on the analysis of an issue of global significance in a specific context. For example, you can investigate technological, environmental, medical, or cultural trends from the local perspective. Here are some tips for choosing the best extended essay topic:

It should neither be too broad nor too narrow.
Choose a topic you are passionate about.
Are there any global trends you are curious to explore and understand?

Choosing the topic can often be overwhelming. Think about the issues you enjoy the most, and more specifically, why you want to learn about them. This will help you develop many ideas that you can review, compare, and pick from. Note: The IBO approves the proposed topic.

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How to Formulate Research Questions for the Extended Essay?

Once the topic has been approved, you can proceed to formulate the research questions (s). A poorly planned research question can cause complications at a later stage, so make sure to take your time to develop a question that would genuinely add value to the existing literature.

The answer to the formulated research question should not be a simple yes or no. It should instead provide valuable information in a larger context. The research question should be focused and relevant to the title. If the research question includes a hypothesis, then there is no obligation on your part to provide it right or wrong. Your job is to test the hypothesis and reveal the facts only.

The question should not necessarily start with words like “Is”, “Will”, “Should”, “Why”, “How”, or “Does”. Merely asserting that “yes, this is correct”, or “no, this is not correct” is inappropriate.

The highest-scoring essays usually address a research question that starts with broader phrases such as, “An investigation of”, “Exploring the idea”, “An analysis of”, “To what extent”, “A review of”, or “Examining the role”. Or it could simply be a hypothesis statement that you aim to test.

If you set out to answer a research question without contemplating the resources required to address it, then you are making a fatal mistake. Whether the essay research is primary or secondary, we cannot understate the importance of a well-thought-out plan to gather relevant supporting academic sources.

However, in most cases, it is only possible to base your essay on secondary data because conducting primary research can involve time and money. But make sure to state your reasons for choosing one research method over another.

Finally, if you cannot find a sufficient number of sources for your research question, you can alter it with your supervisor’s help.

Choosing the Supervisor

Here are some suggestions on how to choose an advisor

If you are unsure about who you would like to work with, create a list of potential advisors.
The supervisor should be familiar with your topic.
Pick an advisor who would get the best out of you.
An advisor who is patient with you would not mind reviewing several drafts of your essay and providing feedback.
It would be best if you were comfortable discussing ideas with them.
The supervisor should know you well personally because their assessment will contribute towards your final EE score. A teacher who does not know you well may not assess you fairly.
Simply having your favourite teacher as an advisor may not be a good idea because they may not be familiar with the topic.
Check whether your school requires the advisor to sign a consent form and make the necessary arrangements.

Structure of an Extended Essay

The extended essay follows the standard essay structure , including the introduction , main body , and conclusion. However, always check with your supervisor about the structure you must follow to avoid complications later.

Your supervisor will provide the necessary guidance and advice to support you throughout the research and writing process.

The project includes up to three reflection rounds with the assigned supervisor, with the final round consisting of an interview, also known as the viva voce.

The extended essay and the reflection meetings provide a much-needed impetus, especially to those required to pass an interview assessment for a place at university and before acceptance for employment.

There are six required components of an extended essay structure:

The title page is where you state the research question you set out to address, the subject you are studying, your school name, your name, total word count of the essay, and category (for language essays).

Contents Page

This is where you must list the heading and the subheadings with corresponding page numbers. All pages should be numbered using the Microsoft page numbering feature.

Introduction

The extended essay’s introduction should provide a brief background to the research question, thesis statement , and the central argument presented in the essay.

This is where you present your arguments, evaluation, comparison, discussion, and analysis of the subject matter. This section’s structure varies according to the subject of the essay, but the supporting evidence should accompany every piece of information.

The conclusion section should relate to the thesis statement, the overall scope of the research, and the line of argument taken. It should also reflect any open questions, research limitations, and unexplained problems.

References and Bibliography

A list of academic sources used is provided in the required citation style at the end of the essay. The citation style you need to follow varies subject to subject, but make sure you consistently use it throughout the essay.

The deadline you Need to Meet

Your school will let you know the deadline for the extended essay assignment. Each school has a different official IB deadline. You will have a year to complete the essay, but unfortunately, most students leave their essay to the last week before the deadline.

Careful planning can help you complete the task promptly and avoid a last-minute crunch. Many students make the fatal mistake of giving too much time to research and reading and with very little time to write an essay .

Most schools set their deadlines for different project milestones to help students stay on schedule. Keep in regular contact with your advisor and management to ensure each section is completed in due time.

The viva voce Interview

The viva voice interview allows students to demonstrate the significance of the research results. More specifically, students can provide details of the challenges and the successes of their research during the interview.

For example, you could tell your supervisor about the problem you faced during the data collection process, the strategies you used to overcome them, and how the exercise helped improve your writing skills.

Free Extended Essay Topics

Here are some amazing topic ideas in various subjects that you can consider for your extended essay.

Biology Extended Essay Topics

Investigate the relationship between indole acetic acid, a growth hormone, and the growth of X (a crop).
To examine the relationship between the population size of X and population density between X.
How significantly do live cultures in dairy products such as milk, yoghurt, and cheese reduce the concentration of lactose present for a 2 hour incubation period at x °C?
Discuss the relationship between the production process of plants and the climate.
To examine the possibility of manufacturing flowers.
An investigation into the idea of planting healing a disease.
The impact of various drugs on the functioning of the human brain
Does the change of habitat affect the life of an organism?
Investigate the process of storing cow’s milk safely.
The relationship between the photoreceptor cells in the human retina and “the age and gender”.
Examining the growth of an X plant when the climate changes
Neadderthalian DNA in people who have European ancestors

Psychology Extended Essay Topics

Discuss the relationship between violent acts and viewing the violence shown on social media platforms.

Can drug therapy heal bipolar disorder?
Can General Anxiety Disorder be healed through meditation?
Examining the relationship between cognitive environment and social variables such as educational setting, poverty, culture, parenting, and more
How do our relationships evolve? Why causes a relationship to an end?
Investigate the effects of domestic violence on the human brain.
Discuss the causes of depression from a psychological perspective.
Different between female and male schizophrenia.
The relationship between General Anxiety Disorder and stress
The relationship between stress and bulimia medical condition
The relationship between obesity and our social media-oriented lifestyle
What causes suicide? How do suicidal behaviours develop over time?

English Extended Essay Topics

The importance of learning English literature in the modern world
Examine the importance of the literary function of the English language.
Explore the relationship between politics and social Darwinism.
Sexual and ethnic identity in the twenty-first century
The impact of the English language on any other language of your choice
Comparing English learning bend with other languages
The distinct patterns of the United States English phonetics.
Identifying the use of the Sanskrit language in English
Tracing the differences between British English and American English in a systematic way
Identify the English phrases and words embraced by other Hindi and Urdu languages during the British Raj
The influence of the French language on the evolution of the English language.

Literature Extended Essay Topics

Examine the significance of different Noble prize winners in the literature on the stylistic evolution.
An analysis of the controversy surrounding Bob Dylan’s Noble prize award
The Role of Emile Zola’s “J’accuse” in the Dreyfus Affair.
Analysing Jane Austen
Jame’s Baldwin’s illustration of Racism.
The evolution of an ideal woman in English literature
The traits of the Islamic religious text
Emma by Jane Austen and the importance of Dance
An investigation of Severus Snape’s character in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and Harry Potter and the Chambers of Secret. What are the similarities and differences between J.K Rowling’s characterization of Severus in the two novels?
The evolution of the character of Bilbo Baggins from Lord of the Rings to the Hobbit Sequel

Economics extended essay topics

The impact of Covid-19 on the global airline industry
How Covid-19 has forced car manufacturers around the work to redesign its economic model
The growing importance of the role of India in the world economy
China’s plans to take over the world economy by 2050 – How valid is this statement?
The role of the road infrastructure in the development of a growing country such as Afghanistan
The relationship between an increase in exports and empowerment of the local farmers in an agricultural country like India
Tax handling in a world dominated by multinationals.
The impact of an ageing population on Japan’s economy
Offshore tax havens and the corruption of politicians. How can this trend be stopped?
The impact of Brexit on the UK’s economy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages from the UK’s perspective.

Movie and Film Extended Essay Topics

The elements of social protest in Charlie Chaplin’s films
How modern have computer capabilities revolutionized conventional cinematography?
Avoiding the “soap opera” effect – why movies stay at 24 frames per second (including future predictions)
Moving camera – revolutionary ideas (for example, as depicted in the Matrix and the Tenet)
Correlation between IMDB marks and differing nationwide and film that is international
Metamorphosis of masculinity in our contemporary world as depicted in battle club
Kinds of timeline manipulation approach to paper writing service cinematography
Massively distorted scientist or systematic technique depiction in Sci-Fi films

History Extended Essay Topics

The rise of the Ottoman Empire – An analysis of the role of King Salman-II
How significant was the battle of Vienna in European history?
The implications of the British Raj on the Indian Subcontinent
Discuss the reasons that caused the Arabs to lose in six days against resurging Israel?
The treatment of women in India of the 1950s vs India of 2000s
The history behind the animosity between two nuclear-armed neighbours – India and Pakistan
An investigation of the events led to Hitler’s rise to power in Germany.
The simultaneous invasion of Poland by the USSR and Nazi Germany in the second world war
An examination of the pearl harbour attack from the Japanese perspective
What caused the abnormal expansion of the Islamic empire between the 8 th century and the 10 th

Geography Extended Essay Topics

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) significance for Chinese economic domination
An analysis of the current climate change trends and their impact on our oceans
Discuss and evaluate the various strategies used to prevent power outages caused by solar storms.
India’s improving fertility rate’s relationship with women empowerment and improved women education environment
To what extent is biodiversity being managed in Regent’s Park in London.
The relationship between obesity risk and parameters such as educational environment, gender, genes, and social settings
Examine the affectivity of the environmental sustainability programme initiated by company X.
Compare a country with no access to the sea with the one that has access to it.
An analysis of the agricultural revolution impact on the world’s environment
Does geography influence the social relationships between people?

Mathematics and Physics Extended Essay Topics

General functions of the theory of partitions
General relativity and cosmology
Symmetries of plane tessellations
Egyptian forces in arithmetic
A review of the various methodological approaches employed by academic researchers
Why do planets move the way they do? What causes their circular motion?
An investigation into the string theory
How quantum physics has the potential to change the rules of science?
The basics of dynamics – forces and motion
Discuss the different types of forces, including magnetic force, quantum force, and physical
The quantum movement of particles
How much of an influence does the quantum slit experiment have on traditional Newtonian physics?
The nature and behaviour of light
The cosmic patterns of stars and planets
Gravitational waves – generation, propagation rules, detection on Earth?
Is there scientific proof of the existence of another intelligent species in the universe like humans?

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an extended essay.

The Extended Essay is a research-based academic project undertaken by International Baccalaureate (IB) students. It allows them to investigate a topic of interest in depth, develop critical thinking skills, and produce a 4000-word essay.

Extended Essay: Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay

Extended Essay- The Basics
Step 1. Choose a Subject
Step 2. Educate yourself!
Using Brainstorming and Mind Maps
Identify Keywords
Do Background Reading
Define Your Topic
Conduct Research in a Specific Discipline
Step 5. Draft a Research Question
Step 6. Create a Timeline
Find Articles
Find Primary Sources
Get Help from Experts
Search Engines, Repositories, & Directories
Databases and Websites by Subject Area
Create an Annotated Bibliography
Advice (and Warnings) from the IB
Chicago Citation Syle
MLA Works Cited & In-Text Citations
Step 9. Set Deadlines for Yourself
Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay
Evaluate & Select: the CRAAP Test
Conducting Secondary Research
Conducting Primary Research
Formal vs. Informal Writing
Presentation Requirements
Evaluating Your Work

How to Write an Outline

One way to plan a structure for your essay is by writing an outline. An outline breaks down the parts of your thesis in a clear, hierarchical manner. Most students find that writing an outline before beginning the paper is most helpful in organizing one's thoughts. If your outline is good, your paper should be easy to write. Use this worksheet from the Learning & Advising Center at Philadelphia University to help with writing your own outline.

The basic format for an outline uses an alternating series of numbers and letters, indented accordingly, to indicate levels of importance. Here is an example of an outline on a paper about the development of Japanese theater from the Universtiy at Albany, State University of New York:

"How to Write an Outline." U at Albany, State U of New York. U at Albany, State U of New York, 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 <http://www.albany.edu/eas/170/outline.htm>.

Twelve-step Plan for Researching the Extended Essay - Step 10

10. Plan a structure for the essay. This may change as the research develops but it is useful to have a sense of direction from the start.

<< Previous: Step 9. Set Deadlines for Yourself
Next: Step 11. Read, Read, Read! >>
Last Updated: Feb 2, 2024 1:39 PM
URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/ee

Extended Essay Guide: Criteria, Format, Sample EEs

Criteria, Format, Sample EEs
Annotated Bibliographies
DP Research Process
Databases & Academic Journals
Evaluate Sources
Academic Integrity
MLA Citation Format
CSE Citation Format (Science & Math)
Video Tutorials 2024

The Assessment Crtiteria in Detail!

Criterion A: Focus and method
Criterion B: Knowledge and understanding
Criterion C: Critical Thinking
Criterion D: Presentation
Criterion E: Engagement
EE_How to maximize marks for different subjects?

Criterion C: Critical thinking

Notes from the IB

RE: Research Question and Title of Extended Essay

Please note the statement below from the EE curriculum manager regarding the need to have both a title and a RQ for all subjects. Previous versions of the EE Guide indicated that the title and the RQ should be the same for History, Business Management and Mathematics. This is no longer the case. All essays, regardless of the subject, need to have both a RQ and a title.

Hi Kathy,

To answer your question, I am going to quote directly from a response John Royce provided, on this forum, in October in response to a very similar question: (it was a question about using Spanish sources - hence the mention of Spanish)

It is certainly permissible to use sources which are not in the language of the essay, but translation into the target language is required , one cannot assume that the reader understands the original language.

It is usual to quote the original as well as presenting the translation. [Do not put quotation marks around your translation, just around the original]

Umberto Eco argues ("in Mouse or rat?") that direct translation may lose meaning, paraphrase or use of different idioms may be required to get the ideas across. Paul Bellos ("Is that a fish in your ear?") makes a similar argument - direct translation may confound meaning... Direct translation may not be ideal - meaning and understanding are preferred - so, not to worry that your student with her good Spanish cannot present a direct translation.

What must be made clear is that the translations are those of the student; these are her understandings. Readers can make of that what they will - and if unsure, are presented with the original - they can seek another translation. A note in the acknowledgements and/or in the introduction to the effect that all translations are those of the writer is ... essential.

In response to the question about the Bibliography/Works cited, my preference would be to list the source in its original Thai version, but perhaps with the English in brackets, to help the examiner.

Your bibliography will have the entries in Thai characters first in the document. Any in-text citation to Thai sources will be in (Thai characters [English translation]).

Citation in Thai [English translation]

Works Cited Example:

วงษ์ปัญญา, ธนกร [Wongpunya, Thanakorn]. “โรงงานยาสูบรวยแค่ไหน และเอาเงินไปทำอะไรบ้าง.” [How rich is the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly and where does the money go?] (candidate translation). The Standard, The Standard, 30 Aug. 2018, thestandard.co/thailand-tobacco-monopoly/.

Format of the Extended Essay

Required Formatting

The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look.

To help achieve this, the following formatting is required:

12-point, readable font (Calibri or Times New Roman);
double spacing throughout entire Essay;
page numbering - top right corner;
no candidate or school name or supervisor name on the title page or page headers.

Submitting the extended essay in the required format will help set the tone of the essay and will aid readability for on-screen assessment by examiners.

Required S tructure

The structure of the essay is very important. It helps students to organize the argument, making the best use of the evidence collected.

There are six required elements of the final work to be submitted. More details about each element are given in the “Presentation” section. Please note that the order in which these elements are presented here is not necessarily the order in which they should be written.

Six required elements of the extended essay:

Contents page
Introduction
Body of the essay
References and bibliography -- if MLA "Works Cited" if CSE "References"

1. Required Title Page

The title page should include only the following information:

the title of the essay
the research question
the subject the essay is registered in (if it is a language essay also state which category it falls into; if a world studies essay also state the theme and the two subjects utilized)

The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays.

2. Required Contents Page

A contents page must be provided at the beginning of the extended essay and all pages should be numbered. Please note that an index page is not required and if included will be treated as if it is not present.

3. Required Introduction

The introduction should tell the reader what to expect in the essay. The introduction should make clear to the reader the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, in particular an indication of the sources to be used, and an insight into the line of argument to be taken.

While students should have a sense of the direction and key focus of their essay, it is sometimes advisable to finalize the introduction once the body of the essay is complete.

4. Required Body of the Essay (research, analysis, discussion, and evaluation)

The main task is writing the body of the essay, which should be presented in the form of a reasoned argument. The form of this varies with the subject of the essay but as the argument develops it should be clear to the reader what relevant evidence has been discovered, where/how it has been discovered and how it supports the argument. In some subjects, for example, the sciences, sub-headings within the main body of the essay will help the reader to understand the argument (and will also help the student to keep on track). In structuring their extended essay, students must take into consideration the expected conventions of the subject in which their extended essay is registered.

Once the main body of the essay is complete, it is possible to finalize the introduction (which tells the reader what to expect) and the conclusion (which says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved).

Any information that is important to the argument must not be included in appendices or footnotes/endnotes. The examiner will not read notes or appendices, so an essay that is not complete in itself will be compromised across the assessment criteria.

5. Required Conclusion

The conclusion says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved. While students might draw conclusions throughout the essay based on their findings, it is important that there is a final, summative conclusion at the end. This conclusion(s) must relate to the research question posed.

6. Required References & Bibliography

Students should use their chosen style of academic referencing as soon as they start writing. That way they are less likely to forget to include a citation. It is also easier than trying to add references at a later stage. For more information on this, refer to the guidelines in the IB document Effective citing and referencing.

Writing the essay takes time but if students have used their Researcher's reflection space and reflection sessions in a meaningful way they should be well prepared to develop their arguments.

Extended Essay - Examples & Exemplars

Essays from May 2018 with IB marks and commentaries
Assessed Student Work & Commentary IB-provided. "Student sample extended essays, corresponding marks and comments from senior examiners are available for the following Diploma Programme disciplines. Please note that in light of not having authentic RPPFs to accompany these essays, they are marked against criteria A – D only, for a total of 28 possible marks. Following the first assessment session in 2018, exemplars will be refreshed with authentic sample material." more... less... Biology English Economics History Studies in language and literature Language acquisition Mathematics Psychology Visual arts World studies extended essay (WSEE)
Excellenet Extended Essays Concordian GoogleDoc
EngA1_Othello EE Othello 2018 From inThinking.net Click the link to see the score and evaluation.
Fifty (50) More Excellent Extended Essays DVD by International Baccalaureate Call Number: HS DVD 808.4 ISBN: 9781906345600 Publication Date: 2011 1 DVD-ROM (1:33 min.)

Past CIS Extended Essays

Available in the library behind the desk are file folders of past Extended Essays by Concordian students and IB EE Exemplars. Feel free to browse the papers which must be kept in the library.

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Next: Annotated Bibliographies >>
Last Updated: Feb 27, 2024 8:42 AM
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Extended Essay Abstract: What You Need to Know in 2023

by Antony W

October 28, 2023

One of the major concerns we need to address is the inclusion of an abstract in an extended essay . Should your work include a mini-version of the essay that stands on its own? Or should you not include the abstract in the essay?

For what it’s worth, an abstract in the essay helps a potential reader to determine whether your paper is useful and worth reading.

In other words, it gives them a complete picture of your ideas and expression, and acts as the deciding factor on whether to read the rest of the paper.

In this guide, we’ll share everything you need to know about abstracts in an extended essay with the intention of helping you to structure the essay the right.

Key Takeaways

Your extended essay must NOT include an abstract.
You can use the introduction section of your work to give a summary of what you'll discuss in your project.
The structure of the EE hasn't changed that much except for the removal of the abstract section.

Do you need help with your Extended Essay work? Our expert writers are here to help you get the work completed on time.

What’s an Abstract in an Extended Essay?

An abstract in an extended essay is a paragraph that gives an overview of the essay.

It clearly expresses the central idea of the assignment and outlines the key points of the essay. Moreover, the abstract indicates the application of the research or its implication thereof.

An abstract should be at most 300 words long. Some are shorter, with the length ranging between 150 and 200 words.

Also, the summary should be concise, so that anyone reading it will know what to expect from the essay even before proceeding to the introduction to the extended essay.

Understand that an abstract is an overview of a paper, not a proposal. In other words, the intention is not to tell a reader what the research will accomplish.

Rather, the goal is to express your ideas in a condensed form to make it easier for your target readers to determine whether the essay will be worth reading in the first place.

Should an Extended Essay Include an Abstract?

In 2018, IB made changes to the extended essay in which they excluded the need to have an abstract in the assignment, so your extended essay should NOT have an abstract regardless of the type of subject group you choose to work on.

Nowadays, including an abstract in an extended essay is a clear expression for lack of engagement.

Also, IB argues that the summary uses up 300 words and it might even make the reader not read to the conclusion of the assignment.

Remember, adding an abstract to your extended essay can cause you many marks, as it’s generally a writing practice based on the old criteria. Use the latest marking criteria instead.

What’s the Current Structure for an Extended Essay?

With the abstract removed from the extended essay format , what should the outline of the assignment look like?

Well, except for the removal of the abstract, everything else remains the same. So your teacher will expect to see a higher level of organization of your argument and evidence for the support of your position.

There are currently six elements that your extended essay must have. These are as follow in their respective order:

The title page of your extended essay should have the following information:

The essay’s title
Your research question
The subject of the essay
The word count

Note that the word count of your extended essay must not exceed 4,000 words. IB strongly advises examiners NOT to read materials that exceed the word limit.

And don’t forget that writing more words can easily lead to the self-penalization across all criteria.

Contents page

Make sure you provide all the contents page right at the beginning of the essay.

Each page should have number. Examiners often disregard the index page and won’t consider it if they see one in your essay.

Introduction

The introduction of an extended essay shouldn’t be difficult to write, in part because you’re working on a subject of your choice.

However, you need to make sure it clearly explains to the reader what to expect in the essay.

Body of the Essay

This is where a lot of work is, and your presentation should be in the form of reasonable argument.

Although this form will vary depending on the subject, the argument you develop should clearly show the evidence you’ve discovered and demonstrate how it supports your claim in the essay.

As you work on your essay, please consider the expected conventions of the subject you’re working on.

Include as much relevant information in the essay as you possibly can, making sure you don’t include significant information in the footnote because that might make your essay read as incomplete.

In the conclusion, your extended essay should clearly explain what your research has achieved. Also, this is the section where you include questions your research failed to solve and the limitations noted in your work.

Note that the conclusion of your essay must relate to the research question.

References and bibliography

Use the given style of academic referencing. We strongly recommend that you include references in your essay as soon as you start writing so that you don’t forget the citations.

What Formatting Should I Use for my Extended Essay?

IB recommends that you write your EE in a clear, correct, and formal academic style, without an exception for any subject.

In other words, your extended essay is a formal piece of writing that should sound professional in tone and remain 100% academic in format from the start to the end of the essay.

Your teacher and supervisor looks forward to seeing the following formatting reflected in your extended essay:

Double-spacing
Times New Roman, 12-point font
Page number positioned at the top right corner
No student, school, or supervisor name on the page headers or title page

About the author

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

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Use our free Readability checker

The IB extended essay is a paper of up to 4,000 words that is required for students enrolled in the International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program. The extended essay allows students to engage in independent research on a topic within one of the available subject areas.

The extended essay should be an original piece of academic writing that demonstrates the following student's abilities:

Formulating a research question
Conductig independent investigation
Presenting key findings in a scholarly format.

Check out this article by StudyCrumb to discover how to write an IB extendend essay properly. We will give you a complete writing guide and critical tips you need for this essay type.

IB Extended Essay: What Is It?

An extended essay is independent research. Usually students choose a topic in consultation with a mentor. It is an integral part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) degree program. This means that you won't receive a degree without a successfully written paper. It requires 4,000-word study on a chosen narrow topic. To get a high score, you should meet all required structure and formatting standards. This is the result of approximately 40 working hours. Its purpose is giving you the opportunity to try independent research writing. It's approved that these skills are critical for student success at university. The following sections explain how to write an extended article with examples. So keep reading!

Choosing a Mentor for Extended Essay

IB extended essay guidelines require supervisor meetings, totaling 3-5 hours. They include three critical reflections. A mentor won't write a paper instead of you but can help adjust it. So it is important to consult with them, but no one will proofread or correct actual research for you. In general, initially treat an essay as an exclusively individual work. So your role and contribution are maximal.

Extended Essay Outline

Let's take a look at how to write an extended essay outline. In this part, you organize yourself so that your work develops your idea. So we especially recommend you work out this step with your teacher. You can also find any outline example for essay . In your short sketch, plan a roadmap for your thoughts. Think through and prepare a summary of each paragraph. Then, expand annotation of each section with a couple more supporting evidence. Explain how specific examples illustrate key points. Make it more significant by using different opinions on general issues.

Extended Essay: Getting Started

After you chose an extended essay topic and made an outline, it's time to start your research. Start with a complete Table of Contents and make a choice of a research question. Select the subject in which you feel most confident and which is most interesting for you. For example, if at school you are interested in natural science, focus on that. If you have difficulties choosing a research question, rely on our essay topic generator .

Extended Essay Introduction

In the introduction of an extended essay, present a thesis statement. But do it in such a way that your readers understand the importance of your research. State research question clearly. That is the central question that you are trying to answer while writing. Even your score depends on how you develop your particular research question. Therefore, it is essential to draw it up correctly. Gather all relevant information from relevant sources. Explain why this is worth exploring. Then provide a research plan, which you will disclose further.

Extended Essay Methodology

In accordance with extended essay guidelines, it's mandatory to choose and clearly state a methodological approach. So, it will be apparent to your examiner how you answered your research question. Include your collection methods and tools you use for collection and analysis. Your strategies can be experimental or descriptive, quantitative or qualitative. Research collection tools include observations, questionnaires, interviews, or background knowledge.

Extended Essay Main Body

Well, here we come to the most voluminous part of the extended essay for IB! In every essay body paragraph , you reveal your research question and discuss your topic. Provide all details of your academic study. But stay focused and do it without dubious ideas. Use different sources of information to provide supporting arguments and substantial evidence. This will impress professors. For this section, 3 main paragraphs are enough. Discuss each idea or argument in a separate paragraph. You can even use supporting quotes where appropriate. But don't overcomplicate. Make your extended essay easy to read and logical. It's critical to stay concise, so if you aren't sure how to make your text readable, use our tool to get a readbility test . Following the plan you outlined earlier is very important. Analyze each fact before including it in your writing. And don't write unnecessary information.

Extended Essay Conclusion

Now let's move on to the final part of IB extended essay guidelines. In conclusion, focus on summarizing the main points you have made. No new ideas or information can be introduced in this part. Use conclusion as your last chance to impress your readers. Reframe your own strong thesis. Here you must show all key points. Do not repeat absolutely every argument. Better try to make this part unique. This will show that you have a clear understanding of the topic you have chosen. And even more professional will be recommendations of new areas for future research. One good paragraph may be enough here. Although in some cases, two or three paragraphs may be required.

Extended Essay Bibliography & Appendices

To write an impressive extended essay, you should focus on appropriate information. You must create a separate page for bibliography with all sources you used. Tip from us: start writing this page with the first quote you use. Don't write this part last or postpone. In turn, appendices are not an essential section. Examiners will not pay much attention to this part. Therefore, include all information directly related to analysis and argumentation in the main body. Include raw data in the appendix only if it is really urgently needed. Moreover, it is better not to refer to appendices in text itself. This can disrupt the narrative of the essay.

Extended Essay Examples

We have prepared a good example of an extended essay. You can check it by downloading it for free. You can use it as a template. However, pay attention that your paper is required to be unique. Don't be afraid to present all the skills you gained during your IB.

Final Thoughts on IB Extended Essay

In this article, we presented detailed IB extended essay guidelines. An extended essay is a daunting academic challenge to write. It is a research paper with a deep thematic analysis of information. But we have described several practical and straightforward tips. Therefore, we are sure that you will succeed!

If topics seem too complex, turn to our top essay writers. They will accomplish any IB assignment in the best way your professor can evaluate it!

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

Step-By-Step Guide On IB Extended Essay With 10 Tips

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is a challenging and rigorous component of the IB Diploma Programme . It requires students to choose a research question, conduct extensive independent research, and present their findings in a formal essay format. The extended essay provides students with an opportunity to develop their research, writing, and critical thinking skills, and to delve into a subject that interests them in depth.

This essay is a significant component of the IB Diploma, as it contributes up to 36 points toward a student’s final score, and is considered an important factor in university admissions. In this blog, we will explore the importance of the extended essay and provide tips and guidance on how to succeed in writing a high-quality essay.

Furthermore, as Ignite Training Institute offers full-scale support for IB Diploma , know more!

Table of Contents

What Is An Extended Essay For IB?

Ib extended essay checklist: what to include, 10 tips to write an excellent ib extended essay, what is the assessment criteria of an ib extended essay, is extended essay important for ib diploma, #1 support for ib diploma in uae.

The Extended Essay (EE) is a core component of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP). It is a research-based essay of up to 4,000 words written on a topic of the student’s choice, under the guidance of a supervisor. The Extended Essay is a unique opportunity for students to engage in independent research and develop their skills in critical thinking, research, and writing.

The IB Extended Essay is intended to encourage students to explore their interests, develop their knowledge of a subject in depth, and demonstrate their ability to communicate their ideas effectively in written form. The Extended Essay is scored by external examiners and contributes up to three points toward the final IB DP score. The Extended Essay is a challenging but rewarding part of the IB DP and provides students with a valuable experience for their future academic and professional careers.

Related: The IB CAS Program: A Unique Approach to Learning

The IB Extended Essay Checklist is a set of guidelines that students should follow when writing their Extended Essays. It is a comprehensive list of the essential elements that should be included in the essay to ensure that it meets the criteria set by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO). Here are some of the key components that should be included in an IB Extended Essay:

Introduction: This should include a brief overview of the research question, the scope of the essay, and the methodology used.
Abstract: A concise summary of the main findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the essay.
Research Question: The research question should be clear, specific, and focused, and it should reflect the scope of the essay.
Methodology: A clear and detailed description of the methods used to gather and analyze data.
Results: This section should present the findings of the research, and it should be supported by data and evidence.
Discussion: A critical analysis of the results and an interpretation of their significance.
Conclusion: A summary of the main findings and conclusions of the essay, along with any recommendations for further research.
Bibliography: A list of all the sources used in the essay, including books, articles, and other materials.
Referencing: The essay should be properly referenced, using the appropriate referencing style, such as MLA or APA.
Word count: The essay should be within the word limit set by the IBO, typically 4000 words.

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is a research paper that students write as a requirement for their IB Diploma. To write an excellent IB Extended Essay, you should follow these steps:

Choose A Topic: Choose a topic that you are passionate about and have enough information to research.
Conduct Research: Gather information from multiple sources and note important information.
Create A Research Question: Formulate a research question that will guide your investigation and analysis.
Plan Your Essay: Organize your information and ideas into a clear and logical structure.
Write The Introduction: Introduce your topic, research question, and thesis statement.
Develop The Main Body: Present your research, arguments, and evidence in support of your thesis.
Write The Conclusion: Summarize your findings, explain their significance, and restate your thesis.
Use Credible Sources: Cite all sources of information used in the essay to avoid plagiarism.
Revise & Edit: Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors and make revisions as needed.
Get Feedback: Seek feedback from your teacher or peer to identify any weaknesses in your essay and make improvements.

The grading system of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is based on a scale of 0 to 36 points. The essay is evaluated using four assessment criteria, each worth a maximum of 7 points. The criteria are:

Criterion A: Research Question

Criterion B : Introduction

Criterion C: Investigation

Criterion D: Conclusion

Each criterion is marked by two independent assessors, who award marks based on the quality of the student’s work in that area. The final grade is the average of the two assessors’ marks, rounded to the nearest whole number. The extended essay contributes up to 3 points towards a student’s overall score in the IB Diploma Program, with the maximum score of 36 points equating to a grade of A.

The assessment criteria are designed to measure the depth and quality of the student’s research and writing skills, as well as their ability to analyze, interpret, and evaluate sources. Additionally, the criteria assess the student’s ability to use critical thinking and independent judgment to address the research question and support their argument with evidence.

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is an integral part of the IB Diploma Programme. Here’s why it is important for the IB Diploma Programme.

A Significant Part Of The IB Diploma: The Extended Essay (EE) is an important component of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme, accounting for up to 3 points out of the total of 45 points.
Develops Research & Writing Skills: Writing an Extended Essay requires students to engage in independent research and develop their critical thinking and writing skills.
Enhances Subject Knowledge: By choosing a topic that interests them and conducting in-depth research, students can develop a deeper understanding of a specific subject area.
Prepares For University Studies: The Extended Essay provides students with a taste of what academic research and writing are like at the university level, preparing them for future academic challenges.
Improves Time Management & Organizational Skills: Completing the Extended Essay requires students to manage their time effectively, prioritize tasks and stay organized, skills that are essential for success in higher education and beyond.
Boosts Confidence & Self-Esteem: The successful completion of the Extended Essay can be a source of great pride and self-esteem for students and can help build their confidence in their own abilities.
Improves Language Skills: Writing the Extended Essay in English, and presenting it in a clear and concise manner, helps students to improve their language skills.
A Valuable Addition To College Applications: Completing an Extended Essay demonstrates to colleges and universities that students are capable of independent research and writing, making them stand out as strong candidates for admission.

Ignite Training Institute is a well-known and highly respected institution that provides comprehensive support to students enrolled in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme. Whether you are looking to improve your grades or get a head start in your future academic career, Ignite Training Institute has you covered.

At Ignite Training Institute, you can expect to receive a first-class education experience. Our experienced and knowledgeable instructors understand the unique challenges that students face when pursuing the IB Diploma Programme, and they work tirelessly to provide you with the support you need to succeed. With a comprehensive curriculum that covers all of the key subjects and topics in the IB program, our courses are designed to help you reach your full potential and develop the skills you need to succeed in your future academic and professional careers.

Related: How To Find The Best Coaching Institute In Dubai?

1. Is IB Extended Essay Hard?

The difficulty level of the IB Extended Essay (EE) varies from student to student. Some students may find the process of research and writing the essay challenging, while others may find it relatively easier. The difficulty of the EE depends on factors such as the student’s writing skills, time management abilities, research skills, and understanding of the topic chosen.

2. What Makes A Good IB Extended Essay?

A good IB Extended Essay is one that showcases the student’s ability to conduct independent research and present their findings in a well-structured, organized, and analytical manner. It should demonstrate the student’s understanding of the research topic and their ability to critically evaluate and analyze information. The essay should also reflect the student’s originality and creativity, and showcase their writing skills.

3. How Important Is The Extended Essay In IB?

The EE is assessed and contributes to a student’s overall score for the IB Diploma. As such, it is important for students to take the EE seriously and put in the necessary time and effort to produce a high-quality piece of work. This not only demonstrates their competence in research and writing but also showcases their intellectual curiosity and ability to engage with complex topics.

The IB extended essay is a crucial component of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. It provides students with the opportunity to engage in independent research and develop important skills such as critical thinking, time management, and effective communication. The extended essay also offers students the chance to explore a topic that they are truly passionate about and demonstrate their ability to think critically and creatively.

Ultimately, the extended essay is a valuable experience that prepares students for the challenges and opportunities of higher education and beyond. By embracing the extended essay process, students can gain a deeper understanding of their chosen topic, enhance their research and writing skills, and achieve greater academic success. As Ignite Training Institute offers full academic support for IBDP, get in touch with expert consultants today.

Related: List Of Top 10 Benefits Of The IB Diploma Programme

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Gr. 11-12 Extended Essay

What is the extended essay.

The York School Extended Essay Handbook 2021/2022

IB Extended Essay Guide (updated November 2023)

Student responsibilities, tips for a successful ee journey, extended essay workshops 2022-2023, extended essay workshops 2021-2022, support for the extended essay.

Reflections
Choose a Subject
Choose a Topic
Draft a Research Question
Develop Your Search Strategy
Computer Science
Visual Arts
World Studies
Introduction
Academic Integrity
Common Questions
For Supervisors
EE Examples

EE Coordinator

MS/SS Librarian

What is the significance of the extended essay.

The extended essay provides:

practical preparation for undergraduate research
an opportunity for students to investigate a topic of personal interest to them, which relates to one of the student's six DP subjects, or takes the interdisciplinary approach of a World Studies extended essay.

Through the research process for the extended essay, students develop skills in:

formulating an appropriate research question
engaging in a personal exploration of the topic
communicating ideas
developing an argument.

Participation in this process develops the capacity to analyze, synthesize and evaluate knowledge.

An extended essay can also be undertaken in world studies , where students carry out an in-depth interdisciplinary study of an issue of contemporary global significance, across two IB diploma disciplines.

How is study of the Extended Essay structured?

Students are supported throughout the process of researching and writing the extended essay, with advice and guidance from a supervisor who is usually a teacher at the school.

Students are required to have three mandatory reflection sessions with their supervisors. The final session, a concluding interview, is also known as viva voce .

The extended essay and reflection sessions can be a valuable stimulus for discussion in countries where interviews are required prior to acceptance for employment or for a place at university.

How is the Extended Essay assessed?

All extended essays are externally assessed by examiners appointed by the IB. They are marked on a scale from 0 to 34.

The score a student receives relates to a band. The bands are:

A – work of an excellent standard. B – work of a good standard. C –work of a satisfactory standard. D – work of a mediocre standard. E – work of an elementary standard.

Find out how points awarded for the extended essay contribute to a student’s overall diploma score .

IB Diploma Points Matrix (TOK + EE)

Source: International Baccalaureate. (n.d.). What is the extended essay? https://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/extended-essay/what-is-the-extended-essay/

Regarding the EE in general:

Observe the extended essay regulations as set by the school and the IB
Meet all EE deadlines
Practice Academic Integrity by careful note-taking and proper referencing & citation of information sources used
Maintain and update the Extended Essay workspace in ManageBac

Regarding subject choice:

Choose a subject in which you are already enrolled, and which you thoroughly understand and are comfortable with
READ the subject-specific requirements for your chosen subject

Regarding your supervisor:

Initiate regular communication with your supervisor & respond to their communications
Attend 3 mandatory reflection sessions with your supervisor

Start EARLY!

Talk to diploma subject teachers. Ask questions!

Map out a timeline of deadlines, research days, writing days. Allow for unforeseen delays.

Plan your information sources. Keep track of what you've used through a working bibliography.

ALWAYS proofread your drafts before submitting them

Get a Toronto Public Library card (free access to their databases & resources)

What strategies can students use to discuss the extended essay in their university application?

Intro to EE Research Resources Presentation from November 2022 sessions.
Choosing & Refining a Topic / Identifying Sources Presentation from December 2022 sessions.
Annotating & Evaluating Sources Presentation from January 2023 sessions.
Rocking the Research Question Workshop Presentation from April 6, 2022 EE Research Day.
Identifying & Accessing Sources Workshop Presentation from April 6, 2022 EE Research Day.
Evaluating Sources Workshop Presentation from April 6, 2022 EE Research Day.
Structure & Formatting for the EE Workshop Presentation from May 3, 2022 EE Research Day.
Awesome Editorial Techniques Workshop Presentation from May 3, 2022 EE Research Day.

Librarians can provide important and additional support in some of the fundamental research and information literacy skills. These skills can include:

Next: Timeline >>
Last Updated: Apr 5, 2024 8:17 AM
URL: https://yorkschool.libguides.com/extendedessay

IB Extended Essay: Assessment Criteria

Research Questions
Past Essays
Notes & Outlines
Works Cited Page
In-Text Citations
Assessment Criteria
Reflections
Supervisor Info
Net Valley Library This link opens in a new window

Score Descriptors for each Criterion:

A - Focus and Method
B - Knowledge and Understanding
C - Critical Thinking
D - Presentation
E - Engagement

Printable: Full Rubric for all subjects

To view details for your SUBJECT, open the correct page below.

Choose "Interpreting the EE Assessment Criteria" on the sidebar to see how to score well in YOUR subject area

Language & literature (language A)

Language acquisition (language B)

Mathematics

Visual Arts

World Studies

Business Management

Grade Boundaries

What's Expected?

A: Focus/Method
B: Knowledge
C: Critical Thinking
D: Presentation
E: Engagement
A: Focus and Method (6 marks)
B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 marks)
C: Critical Thinking (12 marks)
D: Presentation (4 marks)
E: Engagement (6 marks)
Total marks possible: 34 (see grade boundaries below)
Printable: Full Rubric
Printable: A3 size with details
Printable: Details for each criterion , via the Oxford guide

Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points)

What It Means: This criterion focuses on the topic, the research question and the methodology. It assesses the explanation of the focus of the research (this includes the topic and the research question), how the research will be undertaken, and how the focus is maintained throughout the essay.

Questions to ask:

Does this essay meet the requirements for the subject for which you are registering it?
Is your research question stated as a question?
Have you explained how your research question relates to the subject that you selected for the extended essay?
Have you given an insight into why your area of study is important?
Is your research question feasible within the scope of the task? Could your research question be “answered” or it is too vague?
Did you refer to your research question throughout the essay (not only in the introduction and conclusion)?
Did you explain why you selected your methodology?
Are there other possible methods that could be used or applied to answer your research question? How might this change the direction of your research?
If you stated a particular methodology in the introduction of your essay, or specific sources, have you used them?
Are there any references listed in the bibliography that were not directly cited in the text?

(Source: Susan Trower, via West Sound Academy)

Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points)

What It Means: This criterion assesses the extent to which the research relates to the subject area/discipline used to explore the research question; or in the case of the world studies extended essay, the issue addressed and the two disciplinary perspectives applied; and additionally, the way in which this knowledge and understanding is demonstrated through the use of appropriate terminology and concepts.

Have you explained how your research question relates to a specific subject you selected for the extended essay?
Have you used relevant terminology and concepts throughout your essay as they relate to your particular area of research?
Is it clear that the sources you are using are relevant and appropriate to your research question?
Do you have a range of sources, or have you only relied on one particular type, for example internet sources?
Is there a reason why you might not have a range? Is this justified?

(Source: Oxford EE manual, p. 110)

Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points)

What It Means: This criterion assesses the extent to which critical thinking skills have been used to analyze and evaluate the research undertaken.

Have you made links between your results and data collected and your research question?
If you included data or information that is not directly related to your research question have you explained its importance?
Are your conclusions supported by your data?
If you found unexpected information or data have you discussed its importance?
Have you provided a critical evaluation of the methods you selected?
Have you considered the reliability of your sources (peer-reviewed journals, internet, and so on)?
Have you mentioned and evaluated the significance of possible errors that may have occurred in your research?
Are all your suggestions of errors or improvements relevant?
Have you evaluated your research question?
Have you compared your results or findings with any other sources?
Is there an argument that is clear and easy to follow and directly linked to answering your research question, and which is supported by evidence? Are there other possible methods that could be used or applied to answer your research question? How might this change the direction of your research?

(Source: Oxford EE Manual p. 111)

Handy Links:

Presentation One Pager via Catalina Bordoy
Presentation Checklist
Sample Title page (see below - top half of the page)

Criterion D: Presentation ( 4 points)

What It Means: This criterion assesses the extent to which the presentation follows the standard format expected for academic writing and the extent to which this aids effective communication.

Have you read and understood the presentation requirements of the extended essay?
Have you chosen a font that will be easy for examiners to read on-screen?
Is your essay double-spaced and size 12 font?
Are the title and research question mentioned on the cover page?
Are all pages numbered?
Have you prepared a correct table of contents?
Do the page numbers in the table of contents match the page numbers in the text?
Is your essay subdivided into correct sub-sections, if this is applicable to the subject?
Are all figures and tables properly numbered and labelled?
Does your bibliography contain only the sources cited in the text?
Did you use the same reference system throughout the essay?
Does the essay have less than 4,000 words?
Is all the material presented in the appendices relevant and necessary?
Have you proofread the text for spelling or grammar errors?

Criterion E: Engagement

Three reflections (best after meeting with your supervisor)
500 words TOTAL (100 + 150 + 250?)
Reflections are done in Managebac on your Reflection space
See the "Reflections" tab above for prompts to write about

(Source: Oxford EE Manual p.135)

(Source: Oxford EE Manual p.133)

Sample Reflections
Full chapter on Reflections from the Oxford Guide

Criterion E: Engagement (6 points)

What It Means: This criterion assesses the student’s engagement with their research focus and the research process. It will be applied by the examiner at the end of the assessment of the essay, after considering the student’s RPPF (Reflections on planning and progress form).

Have you demonstrated your engagement with your research topic and the research process?
Have you highlighted challenges you faced and how you overcame them?
Will the examiner get a sense of your intellectual and skills development?
Will the examiner get a sense of your creativity and intellectual initiative?
For prompts to deepen your reflections, go here and then to the bottom of the page
Presentation Quick Guide
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Guest Essay

Let People Sell Their Kidneys. It Will Save Lives.

An illustration of a shirtless man dangling his feet in a kidney-shaped pool.

By Dylan Walsh

Mr. Walsh is a freelance journalist who focuses on science and the criminal justice system.

I owe the past 25 years of my life to my father, who dozed under general anesthesia as a surgeon cut eight inches from stomach to spine, removed one of his kidneys, placed it on ice and sent it to a nearby operating room, where it was fitted into my abdomen. My brother had a kidney transplant the same week, six days before I did. His new kidney came from a man we never knew who had died in a car accident in the mountains.

We were teenagers, afflicted with a congenital kidney disease. But we were lucky.

There are 100,000 people in the United States waiting for a kidney. More than half a million are on dialysis, which from my experience I know to be more of a means of survival than a form of living. About 4,000 people die each year while waiting for a kidney. Another 4,000 become too sick to undergo surgery — a gentler way of saying that they, too, die. The National Kidney Foundation estimates that without more investment in preventing diabetes and other ailments, more than one million people will be suffering from kidney failure by 2030, up from over 800,000 now .

These numbers illuminate a story of largely preventable suffering. Hundreds of millions of healthy people walk the streets quietly carrying two kidneys. They need only one. The head-scratcher is how to get kidneys from the people who have one to spare into the people who need one. Getting them from genetically modified pigs , as was recently found possible, won’t be a widespread solution for a very long time.

There’s a simpler and long overdue answer: Pay people for their kidneys.

Creating a market for kidneys is not a new concept, but it’s historically been met with disgust: Sell what? To be fair, some of the ways to structure such a market would be irresponsible, coercive and deserving of that disgust.

But others are more thoughtful and prudent. One approach is to make the federal government the sole purchaser of kidneys. Donor and recipient would never meet. Compensation would be fixed, haggling impossible. After the kidney is acquired, the transplant process would unfold in the typical manner.

This idea fits nicely within today’s health economics. Through a quirk of a 50-year-old law , Medicare is the primary insurer for anyone of any age in need of dialysis or a transplant. This has extended the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. It has also been costly, with end-stage renal disease patients accounting for about 7 percent of Medicare’s spending, despite constituting 1 percent of its users. Because transplants are ultimately cheaper than dialysis, if Medicare started paying people to donate kidneys, fewer people would need to survive on dialysis, and Medicare would need less taxpayer money to cover it.

Federal law presents the first and most significant hurdle to a market for kidneys. The 1984 National Organ Transplant Act, NOTA for short, makes it unlawful “to knowingly acquire, receive or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation.” Though markets exist for human tissue, bone, amniotic stem cells and blood plasma and for the use of a woman’s womb and her eggs, organs cannot legally be bought and sold.

For several decades, efforts to persuade people to become kidney donors haven’t increased the number of volunteers. There were roughly 6,000 living kidney donors in 2000; there were roughly 6,000 in 2023. The only way to get more donors is to change the law.

One organization, the Coalition to Modify NOTA, hopes to legalize compensation and then pass a federal law it has titled the End Kidney Deaths Act . As it’s written, it would award living donors $50,000 over five years — $10,000 per year — through refundable tax credits. The coalition says it has held meetings with nearly 100 legislators from both parties and has been encouraged by the level of support for its idea (though the bill still has not been brought to the floor of Congress).

Other proposals meant to solve kidney donation shortages abound. Several bills have recently been introduced to Congress, including one that would prohibit life and disability insurance companies from denying coverage to or increasing premiums for donors, and another that would reimburse donors for expenses they incur during donation. Two Colorado state representatives, one Democratic and one Republican, have drafted their own proposal for a statewide tax credit of up to $40,000 for organ donors; a representative in New Hampshire is trying to create an open market for organs in his state.

Some people who are opposed to the idea of selling organs argue that we should instead improve the process of capturing organs from people who have died. But even a flawlessly functioning system that recovered and transplanted 100 percent of available organs would not meet demand. And deceased-donor kidneys don’t last as long as those from living donors.

One of the most consistent and vociferous objections to a kidney market centers on the fear of coercion or exploitation: If you pay people to do something, particularly if you pay them a lot, then you will drive those who are most desperate and socially precarious to take steps they later will regret.

Ned Brooks, a co-founder of the Coalition to Modify NOTA, told me there are ways to mitigate “the concern that someone is going to donate a kidney because they have a gambling debt or they are losing their house to foreclosure or you name it.” His organization’s proposal, for example, would split the $50,000 payment into installments arriving only around tax season to weaken donation as a get-rich-quick scheme. Even now, donation requires a weeks- to monthslong process of physical and psychological evaluation .

Compensating donors could also go a long way to reducing current inequities. Black patients are more than three times as likely to develop kidney failure as white patients. And under today’s system, white patients are about four times as likely as Black patients (and approximately two times as likely as Asian and Hispanic patients) to receive a living kidney donation within two years of needing one . While there are many reasons for this imbalance, one critical factor is that white people generally possess social networks saturated with volunteers who are able to make the kinds of accommodations needed for major surgery. Compensation would broaden the pool of available kidneys for those who lack these social networks.

Alongside the flurry of political activity surrounding organ donation, a shift in attitudes among the public seems to be underway, making this moment particularly ripe for legislative change. A 2019 study found that roughly 60 percent of Americans would favor compensation through a public agency — and this number, depending on the form of compensation, would increase to 70 percent to 80 percent if such a system eliminated kidney shortages. This is a rare nonpartisan idea at a highly polarized moment and could save the dozen people who die every day waiting for a kidney.

My kidney has been ticking along since August 1998, far longer than the average transplantation. It will give out sometime, maybe before my children graduate from high school. It will almost certainly fail before any children they may have are born. Still, I’ve lived 25 years I would not have had otherwise. I hope for a world in which others — many others — are given such an exquisite gift.

Dylan Walsh is a freelance journalist in Chicago who focuses on science and the criminal justice system.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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World Studies Extended Essay

World studies was first proposed by the United World College of Mahindra in 2001 and was eventually set up as an extended essay pilot option in 2005. The development of the world studies extended essay pilot has been underpinned by extensive academic research and development. IB staff have worked closely with both teachers in the pilot schools and Harvard Graduate School of Education, Project Zero Interdisciplinary Studies Project, to develop this exciting extended essay option.

A world studies extended essay must focus on a topic of global significance. This encourages the student to reflect on the world today in relation to issues such as the global food crisis, climate change, terrorism, energy security, migration, global health, technology and cultural exchange.

The student should then explore how their chosen issue may be illustrated in a local context or contexts using specific examples of a small scale, local phenomenon; in this way the student is linking the local to the global.

As the approach is interdisciplinary explaining the topic through the lens of more than one discipline, students should develop a clear rationale for taking an interdisciplinary approach, selecting the IB disciplines through which they plan to explore the topic. The process of researching and writing the world studies extended essay develops international-mindedness and specifically the concept of global consciousness. This concept encompasses three distinct strands:

global sensitivity - a sensitivity to local phenomena and experiences as expressions of developments on the planet
global understanding - the capacity to think in flexible and informed ways about issues of global significance
global self - a developing perception of self as a global actor and member of humanity, capable of making a positive contribution to the world.

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2023/2024 Extended Essay Requirements: A Student's Guide
Explore the latest extended essay requirements for 2023/2024. Ideal for IB students who want to learn about updates to formatting, topic options, and more. ... The Core Structure. Here's the good news: the basic framework of the extended essay hasn't been overhauled. According to general IB criteria, you'll still be working with the tried ...
Extended essay
The extended essay is an independent, self-directed piece of research, finishing with a 4,000-word paper. One component of the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) core, the extended essay is mandatory for all students. Read about the extended essay in greater detail. You can also read about how the IB sets deadlines for ...
The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, and Ideas
Conclusion. References and bibliography. Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories, or IB subject groups, which are as follows: Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature. Group 2: Language Acquisition. Group 3: Individuals and Societies. Group 4: Sciences.
PDF Student Guide to the Extended Essay
The Extended Essay demands an in-depth study of a student-chosen topic that is aligned with one of the IB Subject Areas. The aims of the EE are to provide students with the opportunity to: conduct independent research on a focused topic. form a clear and arguable research question/thesis.
The Complete Extended Essay Guide
Published by Ellie Cross at November 3rd, 2021 , Revised On July 10, 2023 One of the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme's mandatory requirements is to produce a 4,000 words long extended essay, which should be submitted as an independent piece of research. ... Structure of an Extended Essay. The extended essay follows the standard ...
Guidance on the Presentation and Format of Theses and Extended Essays
d. The thesis or extended essay, divided into chapters, if applicable. Each chapter should have a clear descriptive title. e. Conclusion. A few hundred words summarising the conclusions and their implications. f. Bibliography. This is essential, and should be sensibly selective. It should include everything cited in the thesis or extended essay ...
What Is An Extended Essay & How to Write It?
IB Extended Essay is a smaller beast considering that you give it enough time before it becomes more prominent. All you need to do is relax your mind, de-stress and follow a simple procedure explained further in the article. There is no need to panic. Trust us, listen to us, and be like us!
Extended Essay: Extended Essay- The Basics
Completion of an Extended Essay or Senior Essay is required for graduation from West Sound Academy. EE grade for Semester 2, 2022-2023, is ¼ credit Pass/Fail grade. February 2, 2024: ... Plan a structure for the essay. This may change as the research develops but it is useful to have a sense of direction from the start.
What is the extended essay?
The extended essay provides: practical preparation for undergraduate research. an opportunity for students to investigate a topic of personal interest to them, which relates to one of the student's six DP subjects, or takes the interdisciplinary approach of a World Studies extended essay. Through the research process for the extended essay ...
PDF Extended Essay Handbook
Introduction. The extended essay, a compulsory requirement of the IB diploma programme, is an independent, self-directed piece of research and an in-depth study of a focused topic chosen from one of your six chosen subjects for the IB diploma. It is intended to promote high-level research, writing skills, intellectual discovery, and creativity.
Extended Essay: Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay
Outlining is best done as a middle stage in the writing process, not at the very beginning. Follow these steps in the order given before attempting an outline: 1. Read, gather information, and think about your essay topic. 2. Take notes, jot down ideas, use your Researcher's Reflection Space. 3.
How to Write an Extended Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide
To write a comprehensive Extended Essay on any subject within the 40 hours: 1. Choose a Topic. The first step to write an EE is to choose an Extended Essay topic to explore. Unfortunately, you can't scrape a good topic off a book or ask a friend in your IB class to share their thoughts.
Extended Essay Guide: Criteria, Format, Sample EEs
The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. ... The structure of the essay is very important. It helps students to ...
Extended Essay Abstract: What You Need to Know in 2023
An abstract in an extended essay is a paragraph that gives an overview of the essay. It clearly expresses the central idea of the assignment and outlines the key points of the essay. Moreover, the abstract indicates the application of the research or its implication thereof. An abstract should be at most 300 words long.
How to Write an Extended Essay • Structure + Examples
To write an impressive extended essay, you should focus on appropriate information. You must create a separate page for bibliography with all sources you used. Tip from us: start writing this page with the first quote you use. Don't write this part last or postpone. In turn, appendices are not an essential section.
Extended Essay resources
Items in the IB store are available to everyone. Publications include: 50 more extended essays, a DVD of essays submitted in the DP that all fulfil the requirements for an 'A' grade in the current syllabus; The Extended Essay Guide, a free material in the Programme Resource Centre (PRC), which requires a log-in given to IB World Schools; 10 monografias excelentes, a digital document ...
Step-By-Step Guide On IB Extended Essay With 10 Tips
Create A Research Question: Formulate a research question that will guide your investigation and analysis. Plan Your Essay: Organize your information and ideas into a clear and logical structure. Write The Introduction: Introduce your topic, research question, and thesis statement.
The York School Library: Gr. 11-12 Extended Essay: Home
The extended essay provides: an opportunity for students to investigate a topic of personal interest to them, which relates to one of the student's six DP subjects, or takes the interdisciplinary approach of a World Studies extended essay. Through the research process for the extended essay, students develop skills in:
Extended Essay: The Complete Step-by-step Guide (2024)
An Extended Essay is an IB assignment that requires a student to conduct independent, self-directed research and present their findings in a 4,000-word paper. Mandatory for all IB students, the role of the Extended Essay is to evaluate whether you can demonstrate critical thinking to solve complex, real-life problems.
Examples
These highlight the diverse range of topics covered by International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) students during their extended essays. Some examples are: "An analysis of costume as a source for understanding the inner life of the character". "A study of malnourished children in Indonesia and the extent of their recovery ...
How to Structure an Economics Extended Essay
Body Part 1: The "course concepts" part. Include 3 to 5 course graphs that help you answer your RQ. As you write, you'll be using economics diagrams and concepts to help to answer your question. By the end of each tool-section, you'll want to include some data and analysis on your case.
Assessment Criteria
Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points) What It Means: This criterion assesses the extent to which the research relates to the subject area/discipline used to explore the research question; or in the case of the world studies extended essay, the issue addressed and the two disciplinary perspectives applied; and additionally, the way in which this knowledge and understanding is ...
Opinion
This has extended the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. It has also been costly, with end-stage renal disease patients accounting for about 7 percent of Medicare's spending, despite ...
World Studies Extended Essay
A world studies extended essay must focus on a topic of global significance. This encourages the student to reflect on the world today in relation to issues such as the global food crisis, climate change, terrorism, energy security, migration, global health, technology and cultural exchange. The student should then explore how their chosen ...

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Latest Extended Essay Requirements Updates for the Years 2023/2024

The Basics: What Hasn’t Changed

The Core Structure

Assessment Criteria

Significant Updates: What You Need to Know

Updated Formatting Rules

Changes in Subject Availability

Topic and Research Question Guidelines

Subject-Specific Changes: A Closer Look

Humanities and Social Sciences

Natural Sciences

The Assessment: What Examiners Are Looking For

Understanding the Rubric

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Conclusion: Your Roadmap to Success

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IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

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The Complete Extended Essay Guide | 100 Topics & Examples

Extended Essay Facts

Significance of Extended Essay

Extended Essay Assessment Criteria

How to Select a Topic for the Extended Essay?

Fear of failing the essay? Get help from an expert!

How to Formulate Research Questions for the Extended Essay?

Choosing the Supervisor

Structure of an Extended Essay

Contents Page

Introduction

References and Bibliography

The deadline you Need to Meet

The viva voce Interview

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Frequently Asked Questions

Extended Essay: Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay

How to Write an Outline

Twelve-step Plan for Researching the Extended Essay - Step 10

Extended Essay Guide: Criteria, Format, Sample EEs

The Assessment Crtiteria in Detail!

Notes from the IB

Format of the Extended Essay

Extended Essay - Examples & Exemplars

Past CIS Extended Essays

Extended Essay Abstract: What You Need to Know in 2023

Key Takeaways

What’s an Abstract in an Extended Essay?

Should an Extended Essay Include an Abstract?

What’s the Current Structure for an Extended Essay?