md msc phd significado

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MBA, M.Sc, Ph.D, LL.M, B.Sc… Saiba o que significam todas essas siglas

Todo mundo que pesquisou por cursos acadêmicos de qualquer nível fora do Brasil deve ter se deparado com uma verdadeira barragem de siglas, desde as mais conhecidas como “PhD” até outras menos óbvias, como “MRes”, MSc ou BA. Isso sem falar nas diversas provas e certificados cujos nomes também são siglas, como SAT, GRE, GMAT, IELTS, TOEFL… A lista praticamente não acaba. E uma frase como “Você vai precisar de TOEFL e GRE ou GMAT para esse programa de MPP” pode ser bem confusa para quem não está acostumado com elas.

Sem tempo para ler? Clique no play abaixo para ouvir esse conteúdo.

Apresentamos a seguir um glossário básico de siglas relacionadas a estudar fora. Elas podem se referir tanto a provas e certificados que você precisa pelo menos conhecer para conseguir ser aceito em um programa no exterior, quanto aos títulos que são concedidos quanto você conclui esses programas.

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Tenha em mente, no entanto, que as siglas que citamos aqui são aquelas que são empregadas de maneira mais geral. Dependendo da sua área de estudos pode haver outras siglas comuns também. Via de regra, porém: siglas que começam com “B” se referem ao nível de graduação, e as que começam com “M” ao de mestrado. Confira:

Siglas relacionadas a títulos

“B.A.” significa “Bachelor of the Arts”, algo como “bacharel das artes” em tradução livre. Ela se refere ao título concedido a alunos que concluem a graduação nos temas que nós por aqui chamamos de ciências humanas: História, Comunicação Social, Sociologia, etc. E, é claro, pessoas graduadas em cursos como Artes Plásticas também ganham esse título

“B.Sc.” é “Bachelor of Science”, ou “bacharel em ciências” na tradução livre. A sigla é empregada para estudantes que concluem a graduação em áreas que nós chamaríamos de Exatas ou Biológicas, como Química, Física, Ciências Moleculares, etc.

Essa sigla significa “Master of the Arts”, ou “mestre das artes”. É atribuída a quem conclui o mestrado nas áreas que chamamos de Humanas. Em geral, quem conclui a graduação, recebe o grau de “B.A.” e segue estudando em sua área recebe em seguida o grau de “M.A.”

“M.Sc” significa “Master of Sciences”, ou “mestre das ciências”. É o grau concedido a quem termina o mestrado nas áreas de Exatas ou Biológicas. Se você conquistou um B.Sc no fim da sua graduação, provavelmente conquistará o grau de M.Sc ao fim do mestrado.

Além disso, programas designados como M.Sc. ou M.Res no exterior costumam ser mais parecidos com as pós-graduações strictu sensu do Brasil. Já os M.A. se aproximam mais das pós-graduações lato sensu .

Assim como o M.A. e o M.Sc., o título de MRes também é concedido a quem termina o mestrado. Mas “M.Res” significa “Master of Research” (ou “mestre em pesquisa”), e recebe esse título quem conclui um programa de mestrado com foco em pesquisa, qualquer que seja a área. É interessante para alunos que queiram seguir uma carreira em pesquisa acadêmica ao fim do programa.

Os famosos cursos de MBA são cursos de “Master in Business Administration”, ou mestrado em administração de negócios. São cursos acadêmicos que visam dar aos alunos conhecimentos e habilidades importantes na gestão de negócios, tanto no aspecto técnico quanto nas “soft skills”, como resiliência, liderança e adaptabilidade.

MPA significa “Master in Public Administration”: mestrado em administração pública. Assim como o MBA, ele tem um foco em administração. No entanto, ele é voltado para a gestão de empresas, organizações e recursos públicos. Por isso, cobre aspectos como governança e políticas públicas, que às vezes sequer são abordados em cursos de MBA.

Na mesma linha do MPA, MPP significa “Master in Public Policy”, ou mestrado em políticas públicas. Mais até do que o MPA, ele é voltado para pessoas que queiram atuar na área pública, seja em organizações estatais, seja em posições técnicas orientando o desenvolvimento e a implementação de políticas públicas com o máximo possível de recursos e informações úteis.

Esse é o título dado a quem conclui o mestrado em Direito. A sigla vem do latim “Legum Magister”, ou “mestre das leis”, e tem dois L porque, em latim, quando abrevia-se algo que está no plural (caso da palavra “Legum”), repete-se a letra.

A mais famosa de todas, Ph.D. significa “Philosophy Doctor”, ou “doutor de filosofia”. Apesar desse significado, ela é concedida como título a qualquer um que termine um programa de doutorado em qualquer área. Isso porque a palavra “filosofia” na expressão é usada em seu sentido original, do grego “amor ao conhecimento”. Há diferenças sutis entre o que chamamos de “doutorado” e o que se chama de “Ph.D” nos EUA e Europa, mas apesar delas, se você tem um doutorado, você tem um Ph.D.

Siglas de provas padronizadas

O CAE é a sigla que se refere à prova e ao certificado Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE), adequada para quem precisa comprovar alto desempenho no idioma, seja para oportunidades de trabalho, estudo ou obtenção de vistos e programas de imigração. Sua certificação é de nível C1 do CEFR (Quadro Comum de Referência Europeu de línguas)

CPE é a sigla que se refere à prova e ao certificado Cambridge English: Proficiency (CPE), o mais avançado dentre as opções voltadas para o objetivo dos estudos. Ele é destinado para aqueles que possuem habilidades próximas de um usuário fluente no inglês. Seu certificado é de nível C2 – o mais elevado no Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para Línguas.

O ACT (ou American College Testing) é um teste que avalia o conhecimento do aluno em inglês, matemática, leitura, ciência e redação e é usado pelas universidades americanas em seus processos de admissão. No Brasil, um teste similar é o ENEM

SAT significa Scholastic Aptitude Test, ou teste de aptidão escolar. Trata-se de um dos exames mais comuns dos EUA, utilizado pelas universidades americanas em seus processos de admissão para graduação. Ele também se parece com o ENEM brasileiro no sentido de ser padronizado e de ser usado para ingresso no ensino superior.

O TOEFL, ou “Test Of English as a Foreign Language”, é uma das provas de língua inglesa mais solicitadas por universidades e instituições de ensino em geral. Ela é criada e administrada por uma organização sem fins lucrativos chamada ETS (que significa Educational Testing Service).

A sigla IELTS significa International English Language Testing System, e designa uma prova de inglês gerenciada por uma série de organizações diferentes, como o British Council, o IDP: IELTS Australia e a Cambridge Assessment English. Via de regra, o IELTS é a prova que costuma ser exigida por programas do Reino Unido, Austrália e outros países anglófonos fora da América. No continente americano, em geral pede-se mais o TOEFL.

GRE significa “Graduate Record Examination”, algo como “exame do histórico acadêmico”. O GRE é dividido em três áreas: raciocínio verbal, raciocínio quantitativo e escrita crítica. Trata-se de um exame padronizado, semelhante ao GMAT, que pode ser específico para áreas – como Biologia, Matemática ou Literatura – ou Geral. Para todos os casos, o teste é realizado por computador, em um centro de aplicação. A aplicação dura 4 horas, ao todo.

GMAT se refere ao Graduate Management Admission Test (ou teste de admissão para pós-graduação em administração). Ele é uma prova de admissão exigida pela maior parte das escolas de negócios nos Estados Unidos e na Europa. O teste, porém, não avalia conhecimentos específicos de negócios, mas busca o que costuma se chamar de “inteligência mental” e a habilidade de tomar decisões sob pressão de tempo.

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What does PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc mean?

In life sometimes you will receive a business card in English with abbreviations like PhD. Or on some foreign university degree will also be the acronyms such as PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc. When reading these acronyms printed on a good business card, do you know what these acronyms are for learning? If you are wondering what the meaning of these words is, follow the following Network Administrator article to find the answer.

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PhD (also written as Ph.D, Dphil) is an acronym for Doctor of Physolophy in English, meaning Doctor / Philosopher.

Dr. is the highest student of all levels, it first appeared in Germany, later used by the US and other Western countries. Recent years PhD has been pooled to generalize people with PhDs in all professions.

MD is an acronym for the phrase A medical doctor / physician. This is a degree in medicine that is very popular in many countries. MD learners often learn to practice more than theory.

MA is an acronym for Master of Arts. This word is understood as a literary / social master. These people specialize in social sciences such as media, education, language, literature, geography, history and music.

4. MS or MSc

MS or MSc stands for Master of Science. This word means a master of natural science. This degree is given to individuals after completing a course in natural sciences such as biology, chemistry, engineering, health or statistics. In some places it is often assumed that by MS there is more 'weight' than an MA.

BA stands for Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Arts / Social Studies who are professional in humanities, literature, history, social sciences, media and foreign languages. In addition, BA is an acronym for Business Analyst, this is a professional analyst, who connects customers with business people and technical workers.

BSc (or BS) stands for Bachelor of Science which means the bachelor of natural science. BS diplomas are related to subjects such as engineering, technology, mathematics, computer science, nursing and biochemistry. Although BS degrees are often related to science subjects, many schools also offer BS degrees in some other areas such as music.

In addition to the above acronyms, we also add some acronyms in the table below about the job positions you will often encounter in life. Invite you to consult.

Bc., BS, BS, B.Sc. or BSc

The Bachelor of Science

Bachelor of natural science.

The Bachelor of Business Administration

Bachelor of Business Administration.

The Bachelor of Commerce and Administration

Bachelor of Commerce and Management.

B.Acy., B.Acc. or B. Accty

The Bachelor of Accountancy

Bachelor of accounting.

The Bachelor of Laws

Bachelor of law.

Tập đoàn của công việc và chính sách quản lý

Bachelor of management and public policy.

The Master of Art

Master of social science.

MS, MSc or M.Si

The Master of Science

Master of natural science.

The Master of business Administration

Master of Business Administration.

MAcc, MAc, or Macy

The Master of Accountancy

Master of accounting.

The Master of Science in Project Management

Master in project management.

The Master of Economics

Master of economics.

The Master of Finance

Master of Finance

Doctor of Philosophy

Doctorate (industry in general).

Doctor of Medicine

Doctor of medicine.

Doctor of Science

Doctor of science.

Doctor of Business Administration

Doctor of Business Administration.

The above are the most popular academic courses in the West, and common acronyms in degrees and scientific works. Thus, the above article explained to you what the words PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc mean, which words are short.

Above is an article about: " What does PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc mean? ". Hope this article is useful to you. Don't forget to rate the article, like and share this article with your friends and relatives. Good luck!

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• ¿Qué Es PHD Y MSc?

¡Bienvenidos a vestudiamastermba.com! En este artículo hablaremos sobre las diferencias entre un PHD y un MSc. Ambos son títulos académicos avanzados, pero ¿sabes realmente en qué se diferencian y cuál es la mejor opción para ti? Acompáñanos para descubrirlo.

Diferencias entre PHD y MSc en el contexto del MASTER MBA

10 beneficios de hacer un doctorado en estados unidos, ¿qué es un phd y qué relación tiene con un master mba, ¿qué es un msc y cómo se relaciona con un master mba, ¿cuál es la diferencia entre un programa de msc y un programa de phd en el ámbito del master mba, ¿cuáles son los requisitos y criterios de admisión para un programa de phd o msc en el contexto del master mba, ¿cuál es el valor y la relevancia de obtener un título de phd o msc en el campo del master mba para avanzar en tu carrera profesional.

El PHD (Doctorado) y el MSc (Máster en Ciencias) son dos títulos académicos que difieren en varios aspectos en el contexto del MASTER MBA.

El PHD es un grado de mayor nivel y duración, ya que implica una investigación original y la elaboración de una tesis doctoral. Suele estar orientado a la investigación y enfocado en la generación de nuevo conocimiento en determinada área. Por otro lado, el MSc es un programa de postgrado más corto y con un enfoque más práctico.

En el MASTER MBA, ambos títulos pueden tener aplicaciones y objetivos diferentes. Mientras que el PHD se suele asociar con la enseñanza en instituciones académicas o la investigación en el ámbito empresarial, el MSc puede ser más relevante para aquellos que buscan adquirir habilidades específicas para la gestión empresarial.

Sin embargo, vale mencionar que estas diferencias pueden variar según la institución y el país. Es importante evaluar los programas específicos del MASTER MBA y las metas personales antes de elegir entre un título de PHD o MSc en este contexto.

Un PHD (Doctorado en Filosofía) es el grado académico más alto que se puede obtener en cualquier disciplina. A diferencia de un MASTER MBA, que se centra en la gestión empresarial y el liderazgo, un PHD se enfoca en la investigación académica original y la contribución al conocimiento en un campo específico. Aunque ambos títulos son programas de educación superior, tienen objetivos diferentes.

Un MASTER MBA está diseñado para proporcionar a los estudiantes habilidades prácticas y conocimientos teóricos sobre negocios y administración, preparándolos para roles de liderazgo en el mundo empresarial. Por otro lado, un PHD está orientado a formar a profesionales en investigación, para que puedan llevar a cabo investigaciones originales y contribuir al desarrollo de conocimiento en su campo de estudio.

Si bien un MASTER MBA puede ser un requisito o una base sólida para aquellos interesados en hacer un PHD, estos dos títulos sirven a propósitos distintos. Un MASTER MBA es ideal para aquellos que buscan avanzar en su carrera en el mundo de los negocios, mientras que un PHD es más adecuado para aquellos que desean seguir una carrera en la academia o en la investigación.

Un MSc (Master of Science) es un título de maestría que se enfoca en una disciplina científica o técnica específica. En el contexto de un MASTER MBA, un MSc se puede considerar como una especialización adicional o complemento que brinda una visión más profunda en una área específica del conocimiento empresarial.

Un MSc en el ámbito de un MASTER MBA puede ofrecer diferentes especialidades, como por ejemplo, Finanzas, Marketing, Recursos Humanos o Tecnología de la información. Este enfoque permite a los estudiantes adquirir conocimientos y habilidades avanzadas en un área específica, además de las competencias generales de gestión y liderazgo ofrecidas por un MASTER MBA.

Completar un MSc junto con un MASTER MBA puede ser beneficioso para aquellos que desean desarrollar una especialización más profunda en un área de negocios específica. Esta combinación brinda una formación integral y diversa, ampliando las oportunidades de empleo y proporcionando un conjunto de habilidades más completo para enfrentar los desafíos en el mundo empresarial actual.

Diferencias entre un PHD, un MSc y un MASTER MBA

Aunque los tres títulos son programas de educación superior y comparten cierta relación, existen diferencias significativas entre ellos.

Un PHD es un doctorado académico que se centra en la investigación original y la contribución al conocimiento en un campo específico. Por otro lado, tanto un MSc como un MASTER MBA son títulos de maestría, pero se enfocan en áreas diferentes. Un MSc se especializa en una disciplina científica o técnica específica dentro del ámbito empresarial, mientras que un MASTER MBA se enfoca en la gestión empresarial y el liderazgo en general.

Además, un PHD se orienta hacia aquellos que desean una carrera en la academia o la investigación, mientras que tanto un MSc como un MASTER MBA preparan a los estudiantes para carreras en el mundo empresarial. Asimismo, un PHD requiere un período más prolongado de estudio y culmina con una tesis original, mientras que los programas de MSc y MASTER MBA son de menor duración y pueden incluir proyectos o pasantías prácticas.

Es importante considerar las metas profesionales y los intereses personales al elegir entre un PHD, un MSc y un MASTER MBA, ya que cada uno ofrece un enfoque diferente en términos de conocimientos, habilidades y oportunidades laborales.

En el ámbito del MASTER MBA, existen diferencias significativas entre un programa de MSc (Master of Science) y un programa de PhD (Doctorado).

1. Duración: Un programa de MSc suele tener una duración de uno o dos años, mientras que un programa de PhD puede extenderse de tres a cinco años, e incluso más.

2. Enfoque: El programa de MSc se centra en proporcionar conocimientos especializados y habilidades prácticas en ciertas áreas de estudio relacionadas con los negocios y la administración. Por otro lado, el programa de PhD se centra en la investigación avanzada y la contribución original al conocimiento en el campo del negocio y la administración.

3. Requisitos de ingreso: Para ingresar a un programa de MSc, generalmente se requiere una licenciatura en un campo relacionado, así como el cumplimiento de ciertos requisitos adicionales, como experiencia laboral o prueba de competencia en el idioma inglés. En cambio, para un programa de PhD, se solicita una maestría en un campo relacionado, una propuesta de investigación y una declaración de objetivos claros.

4. Estructura del programa: Un programa de MSc normalmente incluye cursos obligatorios y opcionales, así como un proyecto de investigación o una tesis final. Por otro lado, un programa de PhD implica una combinación de cursos avanzados, trabajo de investigación independiente bajo la supervisión de un asesor y la redacción de una tesis doctoral original.

5. Carreras profesionales: Un título de MSc en MASTER MBA puede brindar oportunidades de empleo en roles de nivel medio o superior en empresas, organizaciones sin fines de lucro o incluso como emprendedor. Por otro lado, un título de PhD en MASTER MBA generalmente conduce a carreras académicas o investigativas, como profesor universitario, investigador senior o consultor especializado.

En resumen, mientras que un programa de MSc se enfoca en brindar conocimientos y habilidades prácticas en un área específica de estudio relacionada con los negocios y la administración, un programa de PhD se centra en la investigación avanzada y la contribución original al campo. La elección entre estos dos programas depende de las metas académicas y profesionales individuales de cada persona.

En el contexto del MASTER MBA, los requisitos y criterios de admisión para un programa de PHD (Doctorado) o MSc (Maestría) pueden variar según la institución educativa y el programa específico. Sin embargo, a continuación se mencionan algunos requisitos comunes:

1. Título de licenciatura: Por lo general, es necesario contar con un título de licenciatura en un campo relacionado, como administración de empresas, finanzas, economía o áreas afines. Es posible que se solicite que este título haya sido obtenido en una institución reconocida.

2. Experiencia laboral: Algunos programas de posgrado en el contexto del MASTER MBA pueden requerir cierto nivel de experiencia laboral previa, preferiblemente en puestos de responsabilidad o liderazgo.

3. CV (Currículum Vitae): Se suele solicitar la presentación de un CV detallando la formación académica, experiencia profesional, habilidades y logros relevantes.

4. Cartas de recomendación: Es común que se soliciten al menos dos o tres cartas de recomendación de profesionales o académicos que puedan evaluar tus habilidades y aptitudes para llevar a cabo estudios de posgrado.

5. Resultados de pruebas estandarizadas: Dependiendo del programa y la institución, es posible que se requieran los resultados de exámenes como el GMAT o el GRE, que evalúan habilidades en áreas como matemáticas, razonamiento verbal y escritura analítica.

6. Ensayo de admisión o declaración personal: Por lo general, se solicita escribir un ensayo donde se explique tu interés en el programa, tus objetivos académicos y profesionales, así como cualquier experiencia o logro relevante.

7. Entrevista: En algunos casos, es posible que se solicite una entrevista personal o virtual como parte del proceso de admisión, donde tendrás la oportunidad de discutir tus motivaciones y metas con los representantes del programa.

Es importante destacar que estos son solo requisitos comunes y que cada programa puede tener sus propios criterios adicionales. Por lo tanto, es recomendable consultar la información específica del programa al que estás interesado aplicar para asegurarte de cumplir con todos los requisitos necesarios.

Obtener un título de doctorado (PHD) o una maestría (MSc) en el campo del MASTER MBA puede tener un valor y una relevancia significativa para avanzar en tu carrera profesional. Aquí hay algunas razones clave:

1. Conocimiento especializado: Un grado avanzado en el campo del MASTER MBA te brindará un conocimiento más profundo y especializado sobre los conceptos, teorías y prácticas relacionadas con la gestión empresarial. Esto te permitirá tener una comprensión más sólida de los desafíos y oportunidades que enfrentan las organizaciones, lo que te convertirá en un candidato altamente capacitado.

2. Competitividad: En un mercado laboral cada vez más competitivo, tener un título de PHD o MSc en el campo del MASTER MBA puede diferenciarte de otros profesionales. Las empresas valoran a los individuos que han invertido tiempo y esfuerzo en obtener una educación avanzada, ya que esto demuestra dedicación, capacidad de aprendizaje y un alto nivel de compromiso.

3. Desarrollo de habilidades: Obtener un título avanzado en MASTER MBA implica realizar investigaciones, estudiar casos de estudio relevantes y desarrollar habilidades analíticas y de resolución de problemas. Estas habilidades son altamente valoradas tanto en puestos directivos como en roles estratégicos dentro de una organización. Además, también adquirirás habilidades de liderazgo, trabajo en equipo y comunicación efectiva, que son esenciales para prosperar en el mundo empresarial.

4. Red de contactos: Durante tus estudios de PHD o MSc en el campo del MASTER MBA, tendrás la oportunidad de conectarte con profesionales y académicos de alto nivel en el área de negocios. Estas conexiones pueden abrir puertas a oportunidades laborales, colaboraciones de investigación y mentoría, lo que te permitirá ampliar tu red de contactos y aumentar tus perspectivas profesionales.

5. Avance en la carrera: Un título de PHD o MSc en el campo del MASTER MBA puede abrirte las puertas a roles de liderazgo y alta dirección en organizaciones. Muchas empresas buscan profesionales altamente cualificados y expertos en gestión empresarial para ocupar puestos clave dentro de sus estructuras. Además, también aumentará tus posibilidades de ascenso dentro de tu organización actual.

En resumen, obtener un título de PHD o MSc en el campo del MASTER MBA puede brindarte una ventaja competitiva significativa en tu carrera profesional. No solo te permitirá adquirir conocimientos especializados y habilidades avanzadas, sino que también te abrirá puertas a nuevas oportunidades y te posicionará como un experto en el campo de la gestión empresarial.

Si quieres conocer otros artículos similares a ¿Qué Es PHD Y MSc? puedes visitar la categoría Desarrollo profesional .

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Which research degree should I do—MSc, MD, or PhD?

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• Shehan Hettiaratchy , research fellow
• Division of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA

Got a career or related problem that needs answering? Can't find the right person to point you in the right direction? Log on to the Advice Zone ( www.bmjcareers.com/advicezone ) for reliable medical careers advice. You can post a question or see if one of our 300 advisers has already answered a similar question. Here is a selection of questions and answers posted on the site.

You should think carefully about what kind of research degree you want. If you want only a taste of research or are doing it only to improve your chances at a specialist registrar interview, go for the MSc. This is usually a one year taught course with an experimental project and is a good way of learning the basics of science. If you wish to do more detailed science and are considering a career in academic medicine, then think about a PhD. This will mean more time commitment (at least three years) and more intellectual commitment. The compromise degrees are the MD or MS. These usually require two years of work and therefore permit more in-depth research than the MSc. The MD or its equivalent is popular among medics. When deciding which degree to go for you should check all the various regulations and also the fees that may be entailed.

At the end of the day the choice is up to you. The key questions are: why are you doing research and how much time and energy do you want to commit to it?

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD - what do they all mean?

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD (and more) are abbreviations of British degrees.

They reflect the specific level and discipline of a qualification achieved at university.

While most courses are conducted on a full-time basis, there are options for part-time, distance learning and other flexible learning arrangements.

Here is a breakdown of some of the most common qualifications and ones that Aberystwyth University offers.

• BA = Bachelor of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• BSc = Bachelor of Sciences;
• BENG = Bachelor of Engineering (Software, Robotics and Physics);
• LLB = Bachelor of Law.

Achieved after 3 to 4 years of study. The extra year (for a 4 year course) can be from a year studying abroad or a year working in industry.

Integrated-Masters:

• MARTS = Masters of Arts;
• MBIOL = Masters of Biology;
• MCOMP = Masters of Computer Science;
• MENG = Masters of Engineering;
• MMATH = Masters of Mathematics;
• MPHYS = Masters of Physics;
• MSCI = Masters of Sciences and Humanities.

4 years course (3-year Bachelors, 1 year Masters) that enables you to secure a loan for the full duration rather than having to fund a Masters degree separately.

• MA = Masters of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• MSc = Masters of Sciences;
• MBA = Masters of Business Administration;
• MPhil = Masters of Philosophy: Advanced research Masters degree;
• MRes = Masters of Research: Contains some taught and research elements;
• LLM = Masters of Law.

Achieved after graduation from Bachelors level, usually 1-2 years duration.

• PhD = Doctor of Philosophy: for a range of disciplines.

Achieved after graduating from Masters level, usually 3-8 years duration.

A wide range of Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Further-Research courses – across the Arts and Sciences – are available at Aberystwyth.

La mayoría de los profesionales que obtienen este título dirigen su carrera hacia el mundo académico, ya sea como investigadores o profesores universitarios. Sin embargo, no siempre es así. Las instituciones de investigación y enseñanza superior de Europa, en particular, se esfuerzan por promover una mayor interacción entre el mundo académico y el mercado laboral.

¿Cuánto tiempo dura?

Dependiendo del programa, puede tardar entre 4 y 8 años en completarse. Por lo general, los programas de PhD incluyen dos o tres años de estudio y una disertación, que es un proyecto de investigación independiente diseñado para construir nuevos conocimientos en su campo y ser de calidad digna de publicación.

En general, el PhD incluye una combinación de clases magistrales y la realización de proyectos de investigación en colaboración con un asesor de la facultad.

Muchos programas requieren que los estudiantes también sirvan como asistentes de enseñanza, enseñando a los estudiantes de pregrado. Algunos campos, como la psicología aplicada, pueden requerir también unas prácticas de un año o más.

¿Quién puede hacerlo?

Tras completar una licenciatura, un estudiante puede seguir dos caminos para obtener un PhD. Algunos programas de doctorado admiten estudiantes que sólo tienen un título de grado, mientras que otros exigen que se obtenga primero un título de máster.

En ambos casos, es necesario pasar por la admisión al PhD, acreditando la producción científica pertinente al tema y presentando, en muchos casos, el historial académico y profesional.

Famosos que tienen un doctorado

Angela Merkel – PhD en química cuántica; Brian May – PhD en astrofísica; Martin Luther King Jr. – PhD en teología.

Ver: 5 Mejores destinos de Europa para estudiar un PhD a bajo costo

A PhD is right for you if:

• Your goal is to become a professor at a university or some other type of professional researcher.
• You love research and are passionate about discovering the answer to a particular question.
• You are willing to spend years pursuing your research even if you have to put up with a lot of dead ends and roadblocks.

A master’s degree is the better choice if any of the following apply:

• You want to continue studies in your field, but you’re not committed to a career as a professional researcher.
• You want to develop professional skills for a specific career.
• You are willing to pay a higher upfront cost if it means finishing with your degree (and thus being able to work) much faster.
• You want the option to study part-time while working.

The length of time required to complete a PhD or master’s degree varies. Unsurprisingly, PhDs take much longer, usually between 3–7 years. Master’s degrees are usually only 1–2 years.

Length of a master’s

Master’s degrees are usually 2 years, although 1-year master’s degrees also exist, mainly in the UK.

Most of the degree consists of classes and coursework, although many master’s programs include an intensive, semester-long master’s thesis or capstone project in which students bring together all they’ve learned to produce an original piece of work.

Length of a PhD

In the US, a PhD usually takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. The first 2 years are spent on coursework. Students, even those who choose to leave without finishing the program, usually receive a master’s degree at this point.

The next 3–5 years are spent preparing a dissertation —a lengthy piece of writing based on independent research, which aims to make a significant original contribution to one’s field.

Master’s degrees tend to prepare you for a career outside of academia, while PhDs are designed to lead to a career in research.

Careers for master’s graduates

There are two types of master’s degrees: terminal and research-intensive. The career prospects are different for each.

Terminal master’s degrees are intended to prepare students for careers outside of academia. Some degrees, known as professional degrees, specifically prepare students for particular professions; these include the Master of Public Policy (MPP), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), and Master of Public Health (MPH) degrees.

Other master’s degrees, usually Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Sciences (MS or MSc) degrees, do not necessarily lead to a specific career, but are intended to be a final degree. Examples include an MS in Communications or MS in Data Analytics.

In research-intensive master’s programs, students take coursework intended to prepare them for writing an original piece of research known as the master’s thesis . Such programs are usually intended to prepare for further study in a doctoral program.

Careers for PhD graduates

As research degrees, PhDs are usually intended to lead to an academic career. A PhD can be thought of like an apprenticeship, where students learn from professional researchers (academics) how to produce their own research.

Most students aspire to become a university professor upon the completion of their degree. However, careers in academia are highly competitive, and the skills learned in a doctoral program often lend themselves well to other types of careers.

Some graduates who find they prefer teaching to producing research go on to be teachers at liberal arts colleges or even secondary schools. Others work in research-intensive careers in the government, private sector, or at think tanks.

Below are a few examples of specific fields and non-academic careers that are common destinations of graduates of those fields.

• Computer Science
• Lab Sciences

Many government jobs, including economists at a country’s central bank, are research-intensive and require a PhD. Think tanks also hire economists to carry out independent research.

In the private sector, economic consulting and technology firms frequently hire PhDs to solve real-world problems that require complex mathematical modeling.

Graduate students from the humanities are sometimes hired by museums, who can make use of their research and writing skills to curate exhibits and run public outreach.

Humanities PhDs are often well-suited to research and grant-writing roles at nonprofits. Since so much of research is funded by grants, PhD students often gain a lot of experience applying for them, which is a useful skill in the nonprofit sector.

There are a wide range of non-academic research jobs for lab scientists with doctorates in subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology and physics.

Many PhD graduates are hired by pharmaceutical companies that need to perform research to create and test their products. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), also hire lab scientists to work on research projects.

Job prospects after graduation vary widely based on the field. In fields like management, computer science, statistics, and economics, there’s little underemployment—even graduates from less well-known programs can easily find jobs that pay well and use the skills they’ve gained from the PhD.

However, in other fields, particularly in the humanities, many PhD graduates have difficulty in the job market. Unfortunately, there are far more PhD graduates than assistant professor roles, so many instead take on part-time and low-paid roles as adjunct instructors. Even non-academic careers can sometimes be difficult for PhDs to move into, as they may be seen as “overqualified”  or as lacking in relevant professional experience.

Because career options post-PhD vary so much, you should take the time to figure out what the career prospects are in your field. Doctoral programs often have detailed “placement” records online in which they list the career outcomes of their graduates immediately upon leaving the program. If you can’t find these records, contact the program and ask for them—placement information should play an important role in your choice of PhD program.

Although PhDs take far longer to complete, students often receive a living stipend in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant. Master’s degrees are shorter but less likely to be funded.

Both master’s degrees and PhDs lead to increased salaries upon graduation. While PhDs usually earn a bit more than those with a master’s degree, in some fields, the wages are identical, meaning that no financial benefit is gained from going on to a PhD.

Cost of a master’s

The upfront cost of a master’s degree is usually higher than a doctoral degree due to the lower amount of financial aid available. However, increased salaries also arrive faster than with a doctoral degree, because people graduate much earlier from a master’s program.

Some master’s students do receive stipends for their degrees, usually as compensation for being a teaching or research assistant. In addition, many people complete master’s degrees part time while working full-time, which allows them to fund their living costs as well as tuition.

The cost varies significantly by school and program. Public schools are usually cheaper than private ones. Some master’s degrees, such as MBAs, are notoriously expensive, but also result in much higher wages afterwards that make up for the high cost.

The master’s wage premium , or the extra amount that someone with a master’s degree makes than someone with just a high school diploma, is 23% on average. Many universities provide detailed statistics on the career and salary outcomes of their students. If they do not have this online, you should feel free to contact an administrator of the program and ask.

Cost of a PhD

PhDs, particularly outside the humanities, are usually (though not always) funded, meaning that tuition fees are fully waived and students receive a small living stipend. During the last 3–5 years of a PhD, after finishing their coursework (and sometimes before), students are usually expected to work as graduate instructors or research assistants in exchange for the stipend.

Sometimes students can apply for a fellowship (such as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program in the United States) that relieves them of any obligations to be a teaching or research assistant. Doctoral programs in the US tend to be better funded than in the rest of the world.

Sometimes, PhD degrees can be completed part-time, but this is rare. Students are usually expected to devote at least 40 hours a week to their research and work as teaching or research assistants.

The main cost of doctoral programs comes in the form of opportunity cost—all the years that students could be working a regular, full-time job, which usually pays much better than a graduate school stipend.

The average wage premium for PhDs is 26%, which is not much higher than the master’s degree premium.

In the US, the application process is similar for master’s and PhD programs. Both will generally ask for:

• At least one application essay, often called a personal statement or statement of purpose .
• Letters of recommendation .
• A resume or CV .
• Transcripts.
• Writing samples.

Applications for both types of programs also often require a standardized test. PhDs usually require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which tries to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative, critical thinking , and analytical writing skills. Many master’s programs require this test as well.

Applying for a master’s

Master’s degrees programs will often ask you to respond to specific essay prompts that may ask you to reflect upon not just your academic background, but also your personal character and future career ambitions.

Northwestern University’s Kellogg Business School requires Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) applicants write two essays, one about a recent time they demonstrated leadership and the second about their personal values.

Who you should ask for your letters of recommendation varies by program. If you are applying to a research-intensive master’s program, then you should choose former professors or research supervisors. For other programs, particularly business school, current work supervisors may be a better choice.

Some professional master’s programs require a specific test. For example, to apply to law school, you must take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. For business school, you must take either the GRE or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Applying for a PhD

When applying for a PhD, your resume should focus more on your research background—you should especially emphasize any publications you’ve authored or presentations that you’ve given.

Similarly, your statement of purpose should discuss research that you’ve participated in, whether as an assistant or the lead author. You should detail what exactly you did in projects you’ve contributed to, whether that’s conducting a literature review, coding regressions, or writing an entire article.

Your letters of recommendations should be from former professors or supervisors who can speak to your abilities and potential as a researcher. A good rule of thumb is to avoid asking for recommendations from anyone who does not themselves have a PhD.

If you want to know more about college essays , academic writing , and AI tools , make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations, examples, and quizzes.

College essays

• College essay examples
• College essay format
• College essay style
• College essay length
• Diversity essays
• Scholarship essays

Academic writing

• Writing process
• Avoiding repetition
• Literature review
• Conceptual framework
• Dissertation outline
• Thesis acknowledgements
• Burned or burnt
• Canceled or cancelled
• Dreamt or dreamed
• Gray or grey
• Theater vs theatre

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

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• PhD vs MD – Differences explained
• Types of Doctorates

A MD is a Doctor of Medicine, whilst a PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy. A MD program focuses on the application of medicine to diagnose and treat patients. A PhD program research focuses on research (in any field) to expand knowledge.

Introduction

This article will outline the key differences between a MD and a PhD. If you are unsure of which degree is suitable for you, then read on to find out the focuses and typical career paths of both. Please note this article has been written for the perspective of a US audience.

What is a MD?

MD (also seen stylized as M.D and M.D.) comes from the Latin term Medicīnae Doctor and denotes a Doctor of Medicine.

MDs practice allopathic medicine (they use modern medicine to treat symptoms and diseases). A common example would be your physician, though there are numerous types of medical doctors, with different areas of speciality and as such may be referred to differently.

What is a PhD?

A PhD (sometimes seen stylized as Ph.D.) comes from the Latin term Philosophiae Doctor and denotes a Doctor of Philosophy.

A PhD can be awarded for carrying out original research in any field, not just medicine. In comparison to an MD, a PhD in a Medicinal field is focused on finding out new knowledge, as opposed to applying current knowledge.

A PhD in Medicine therefore does not require you to attend medical school or complete a residency program. Instead, you are required to produce a thesis (which summarizes your research findings) and defend your work in an oral examination.

What is the difference between a MD and a PhD?

Both are Doctoral Degrees, and someone with either degree can be referred to as a doctor. But for clarity, MDs are awarded to those with expertise in practicing medicine and are therefore more likely to be found in clinical environments. PhDs are awarded to researchers, and are therefore more likely to be found in academic environments.

This does not mean that MDs cannot pursue a research career, nor does it mean that a PhD cannot pursue clinical practice. It does mean, however, that PhDs are more suited to those who would wish to pursue a career in research, and that MDs are more suited to those who prefer the clinical aspects of medicine or aspire to become a practicing physician.

It should also be noted that a medical PhD doctorates possess transferable skills which make them desirable to various employers. Their familiarity with the scientific method and research experience makes them well suited to industry work beyond medical research.

Program structure and time

The standard MD program structure sees students undertake 2 years of coursework and classroom-based learning, before undertaking 2 years of rotational work in a clinical environment (such as a hospital). Getting an MD requires attending a medical school (accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education) and completing a residency program. Both of which prepare students to diagnose patients and practice clinical medicine.

The standard PhD program lasts 5 to 7 years and sees students undertake original research (monitored by a supervisor). Getting a PhD requires the contribution of novel findings, which leads to the advancement of knowledge within your field of research. With the exception of some clinical PhDs, a PhD alone is not enough to be able to prescribe medicine.

PhD doctorates are required to summarize the purpose, methodology, findings and significance of their research in a thesis. The final step is the ‘ Viva Voce ’ where the student must defend their thesis to a panel of examiners.

To summarize, a MD program usually lasts 4 years, whilst a PhD program lasts 5 to 7 years. Before being licensed to practice medicine, however, you must first complete a residency program which can last between 3 to 7 years.

What is a MD/PhD?

A MD/PhD is a dual doctoral degree. The program alternates between clinical focused learning and research focused work. This is ideal for those who are interested in both aspects of medicine. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, an estimated 600 students matriculate into MD-PhD programs each year .

The typical length of a MD/PhD program is 7 to 8 years, almost twice the length of a MD alone. As with a MD, MD/PhDs are still required to attend medical school and must complete a residency program before being able to practice medicine.

In comparison to PhD and MD programs, MD/PhD positions in the United States are scarce and consequently more competitive. The tuition fees for MD/PhD positions are typically much lower than MD and PhD positions are sometimes waived completely.

Those who possess a MD/PhD are commonly referred to as medical scientists. The ability to combine their medical knowledge with research skills enables MD/PhDs to work in a wide range of positions from academia to industrial research.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

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Diferencia entre MD y PhD (con tabla)

Tabla de Contenidos

los diferencia entre MD y PhD es que MD está relacionado con el tratamiento del paciente mientras que el doctorado es un título de doctor superior en otros campos. MD es exclusivo para obtener un título superior en medicina, mientras que un doctorado se puede hacer en varios otros campos como ciencia, literatura y artes.

MD y PhD son títulos en el campo de la medicina. La forma completa de MD es Doctor en Medicina y la forma completa de PhD es Doctor en Filosofía.

Además, una persona con un título de médico puede recetar medicamentos, pero este no es el caso de un titular de doctorado. Un doctorado no puede recetar medicamentos y todo el trabajo para ellos está orientado a la investigación.

El tiempo de finalización de ambos grados también difiere entre sí. Se necesitan aproximadamente cuatro años para que una persona obtenga un título de médico, mientras que para obtener un doctorado puede llevar de cuatro a siete años, dependiendo de cuándo la persona que estudia para el título presente su trabajo de tesis.

Tanto los titulares de títulos de MD como de PhD se conocen como «médicos». Solo los poseedores de un título de MD son médicos en ejercicio. Dado que el doctorado se puede realizar en diversas materias, este grado se centra principalmente en la investigación.

Tabla de comparación entre MD y PhD (en forma tabular)

¿qué es md.

MD significa «doctor en medicina». El doctor en medicina proviene de la lengua latina que significa ‘maestro de medicina’. Es un título de cuatro años. Incluye dos años de trabajo de curso y otros dos años de trabajo rotativo en algún hospital o clínica.

Un título de médico capacita formalmente a una persona para el cuidado del paciente. Se necesita más tiempo para completar el título si la persona está estudiando para convertirse en médico, ya que recibe una capacitación más intensiva que otras.

El enfoque principal de este grado es capacitar a los estudiantes y prepararlos para enfocarse en el diagnóstico general y tomar decisiones adecuadas sobre en qué dirección se debe tomar la atención al paciente.

Un titular de un título de MD generalmente se conoce como médico. Estos médicos también tienen la opción de especializarse en subcampos altamente calificados, como las cirugías, para las que otros profesionales de atención al paciente no están capacitados.

Los titulares de títulos de MD son médicos en ejercicio y, por lo tanto, pueden recetar medicamentos a los pacientes. Si se especializan en subcampos, incluso pueden realizar cirugías según su campo de especialización.

¿Qué es el doctorado?

PhD significa ‘doctor en filosofía’. El doctor en filosofía proviene de la palabra latina philosophiÃi doctor que significa «maestro de filosofía». Para obtener un doctorado, puede llevar de cuatro a siete años, ya que depende de la presentación de un trabajo de tesis.

Para que una persona obtenga un título de doctorado, es obligatorio que presente su trabajo de tesis. Después de la presentación del trabajo de tesis, es examinado por un grupo de expertos en el campo del doctorado. También se puede llamar a la persona para que elabore o defienda su trabajo ante los expertos.

Una persona puede hacer un doctorado en casi cualquier campo académico, desde la literatura hasta la antropología. Todos los doctores son considerados médicos en ese campo específico que dominan.

El objetivo principal de las personas que estudian un doctorado es realizar una investigación original en su campo. También hay un doctorado disponible en el campo de la medicina. En algunos programas médicos, la autoridad ofrece a los estudiantes una doble vía MD-PhD. Esto es para aquellos que estén interesados ​​en convertirse en científicos médicos.

Los estudiantes que toman este programa dual MD-PHD pueden hacer ambas cosas, escribir recetas y practicar la medicina y también hacer investigación en un entorno clínico o académico.

También existe una forma posible de obtener un doctorado sin tener que estudiar para obtener un título de médico. El requisito mínimo para que un estudiante sea elegible para estudiar un doctorado es que el estudiante debe tener una licenciatura en el campo específico en el que desea hacer el doctorado.

Principales diferencias entre MD y PhD

• La forma completa de MD es Doctor en Medicina y la forma completa de PhD es Doctor en Filosofía.
• MD es un título superior en el campo de la medicina, mientras que el doctorado es un título superior que se puede realizar en varios campos.
• Se necesitan cuatro años para completar el título de MD, mientras que puede llevar de cuatro a siete años obtener un doctorado.
• La finalización del título de médico es después de dos años de trabajo del curso y otros dos años de trabajo rotativo, mientras que la finalización del doctorado es después de la presentación de un trabajo de tesis que luego es examinado por expertos.
• El título de médico se introdujo por primera vez en las universidades árabes medievales, mientras que el doctorado se introdujo por primera vez en las universidades europeas.

MD y PhD son títulos superiores que se pueden obtener después de obtener una licenciatura. La duración del título de médico es de cuatro años y la duración del título de doctorado es de cuatro a siete años.

El título de médico es un título superior en el campo de la medicina y el doctorado se puede realizar en muchos campos diferentes. Los titulares de títulos de MD son médicos en ejercicio y los titulares de doctorados realizan principalmente el trabajo de investigación en ese campo y no pueden escribir recetas.

Nube de palabras para diferenciar entre MD y PhD

La siguiente es una recopilación de los términos más utilizados en este artículo sobre MD y PhD . Esto debería ayudar a recordar términos relacionados tal como se utilizan en este artículo en una etapa posterior.

Referencias

• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0736-0266(00)00051-6
• https://www.lifescied.org/doi/abs/10.1187/cbe.17-08-0187

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MD/PhD & MD/Master's Program

Md/phd & md/master’s program, news & notices.

The combined MD/PhD and MD/ Master’s Program provides benefits to both scholarship and to the professional development of physician-scientists by allowing better integration of clinical and research training experiences, and also provide better opportunities for fostering translational research.

Learn more about the program

Our programs are in keeping with the strategic directions of both the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategic Plan and Government of Canada's Science and Technology Strategy, which emphasize the need for providing increased trans-sectorial and multidisciplinary training, building research excellence, translating knowledge into practical applications, and deepening the pool of highly skilled individuals. Students in combined MD/graduate programs bring a distinctive, clinical/translational perspective into their laboratories, and conversely, these students also bring a basic science perspective to share with their fellow medical students. This is especially relevant in the context of the greater emphasis now being placed on team-based learning approaches as an important component of the Queen’s medical curriculum.

Students admitted into a combined program will have the opportunity to combine research training with Queen’s medical education.  For the graduate degree component, the combined programs draw on the pool of over 180 Graduate faculty members of the participating graduate programs for supervision of thesis projects; for the MD program, our state-of-the-art School of Medicine Building, one of the premier teaching facilities in North America, allows for the integration of modern teaching methods, technology, and interdisciplinary practices to provide a truly exceptional medical training experience.

This program is located at our Kingston campus.

Who Should Apply

How to apply, methods of selection, offers & deferrals, financial resources, curriculum overview, participating graduate programs, 3 seats available .

The program prioritizes candidates with qualities that show their commitment medicine and research

Customized curriculum

To ensure that future physicians develop the competencies and skills that are most needed in communities while also building research excellence.  

Integrated, hands-on learning

Allowing students to make a real difference in the lives of people and communities as well as bringing a distinctive, clinical/translational perspective into their laboratories.

Comprehensive, medicine focus

To prepare learners by providing increased trans-sectorial and multidisciplinary training.

Contact us »

Siglas internacionales para nombrar los grados académicos de los autores

Acorde a las normas de publicación de la revista Enfermería Intensiva, los autores deben indicar su nivel académico usando las siglas internacionales.

Se citan en la siguiente tabla las consensuadas por las editoras de Enfermería Intensiva para ser usadas en las publicaciones de la revista. Ciertamente hay muchas otras siglas que reflejarían la diversidad existente en la formación posgraduada, pero para no confundir al lector con unas siglas académicas que no son propias del contexto cultural español, se recomienda usar las que se citan en la tabla combinadas de la siguiente manera:

Grado + Nivel de Máster si procede + Grado de doctor/a si procede (PhD para todos, excepto para los doctorados en psicología, PsyD)

Resumen de la privacidad

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Is an MD/PhD program right for me? Advice on becoming a physician–scientist

We are living in a golden age of biomedical research in which it is increasingly feasible to translate fundamental discoveries into new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to human illnesses. Inherited diseases are being cured with gene therapy. Cancer cells are being eliminated with less toxic small molecule inhibitors and reengineered T-cells. Direct connections are being made between the central nervous system and prosthetic devices. These efforts are being led by scientists and engineers, some of whom are also physicians. This article is intended to help anyone considering a career as a physician–scientist, but unsure about how best to begin. It is also intended for faculty, staff, and parents who are on the front lines of advising talented students about the options that they have for their future. With this in mind, I have tried to answer common questions about MD/PhD programs, but I have also included information about other paths to becoming a physician who does research.

INTRODUCTION

Because this is a perspectives piece, I will begin it with a confession: I have been a physician–scientist for more than 30 years and I like what I do. I am also a graduate of one of the earliest MD/PhD programs and have been director of the University of Pennsylvania’s MD/PhD program for 20 years. Being a physician who is also a scientist already makes me atypical. According to the American Medical Association, only 14,000 U.S. physicians (out of nearly 1 million) consider research to be their major job, and a search of National Institutes of Health (NIH) databases in 2012 turned up only 8200 physicians who were principal investigators on NIH research grants ( Ginsburg et al. , 2014 ). To put that number in context, there were 28,000 total investigators with NIH grants in 2012. In other words, most NIH principal investigators are PhD scientists, not physician–scientists (MD or MD/PhD).

My primary day (and sometimes night and weekend) job as a card-carrying physician–scientist is overseeing an NIH-funded research team. My clinical responsibilities include taking care of patients with the kinds of bleeding and blood clotting disorders that we study in the lab. Some of these patients have medical problems that are common in the United States. Some of them are true “zebras,” the kinds of patients who get referred to a well-respected academic medical center because physicians are unsure how best to proceed or lack the resources to manage the patient’s problem. I also teach medical students and graduate students, and I direct a very large MD/PhD program. In my spare time, I talk to lots of undergraduates and recent college graduates who are thinking about becoming physician–scientists and wondering whether they should be applying to MD/PhD programs. I meet them at Penn, but also on visits to other colleges and universities. This article is a distillation of some answers to questions that I am commonly asked. If you are an undergraduate trying to decide whether to go to medical school, graduate school, or both, this article may help you. Whatever you decide, I wish you success.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MD/PhD TRAINING?

MD/PhD programs were established in the 1950s to combine training in medicine and research. They were specifically designed for men and women who wanted to become research physicians, also known as physician–investigators or physician–scientists. Most of the graduates of MD/PhD programs in the 60-plus years since then have become faculty members at medical schools and universities, investigators at research institutes such as the NIH, or leaders in in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries ( Brass et al. , 2010 ). Regardless of where they eventually end up, MD/PhD trainees are being prepared for careers in which they will spend most of their time doing research or translating that research into new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. It is a busy, challenging, and hugely rewarding career. A study of what has happened to MD/PhD program graduates from 24 schools appeared in Academic Medicine in 2010 and is worth reading not only for the data set, but also for the discussion of what the data mean ( Brass et al. , 2010 ). An even larger outcomes study that includes data on over 10,000 MD/PhD program graduates is scheduled for publication as a AAMC report in April 2018 ( Akabas et al. , 2018 ).

HOW CAN ONE PERSON DO TWO JOBS?

When I was an undergraduate and trying to decide what to do with my life, my mentors told me that I could become a doctor or a scientist, but that trying to combine two busy professions was futile. Many years later, I know that many current undergraduates are being told the same thing. However well-meant, that advice misses the point. The goal of MD/PhD program training is not to prepare you for two unrelated full time jobs. Instead, you should think of physician–scientists as chimeras—blends of a physician and a scientist with the two parts fitting closely together. A more relevant question is: if you are going to become a physician–scientist, do you have to go through an MD/PhD program? I will try to answer that one a bit later in this article. First, I’ll provide some definitions.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN MD/PhD PROGRAM, A COMBINED DEGREE PROGRAM, AND AN MSTP PROGRAM? A BIT OF HISTORY AND A WORD ABOUT FUNDING

None. Programs designed to train physician–scientists go by all of these names. For the most part, the terms are interchangeable, although at some schools “combined degree” programs can include MD/JD and MD/masters programs as well—also VMD/PhD programs, which train veterinary physician–scientists. A list of MD/PhD programs can be found at http://www.aamc.org/students/research/mdphd/applying_MD/PhD/61570/mdphd_programs.html . The NIH uses the term MSTP (short for “medical scientist training program”) to refer to programs at schools that have been competitively awarded special training funds to help support MD/PhD candidates. There are currently 46 MD/PhD programs that receive support from the National Institute of General Medical Studies. A list can be found at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Training/InstPredoc/PredocOverview-MSTP.htm .

When they first started, there were only a handful of MD/PhD programs. I can clearly remember reading a small booklet about applying to medical school that had a single page at the back about MD/PhD programs. Over time, the number of programs has grown. Now there are ∼90 active MD/PhD programs that admit anywhere from a few students per year to 25 or more. The average size of an MD/PhD program in 2017 was ∼90 students in all stages of training. Compared with the many thousands who apply to medical school in each year, only 1900 (∼3%) apply to MD/PhD programs. About one-third of the applicants are accepted, which is similar to the acceptance rate for medical school. 1 When I began medical school, there were very few MD/PhD trainees—I was one of two in my entering class. That has changed considerably. There are currently ∼5500 men and women in training in MD/PhD programs.

Most MD/PhD programs provide tuition waivers for both medical school and graduate school plus a stipend to help cover living expenses. Such fellowships are exceedingly valuable for trainees and very expensive for medical schools and the NIH, so admissions committees work hard to pick the right students for their programs. Despite the high training costs, when I visit other MD/PhD programs to conduct reviews, it is not uncommon to hear deans refer to their MD/PhD program as “the jewel in the crown.” One can easily argue that the existence of MD/PhD programs is evidence of the high value that our society places on physician–scientists.

ARE MD/PhD PROGRAMS LIMITED TO THOSE INTERESTED IN LABORATORY RESEARCH?

The answer varies from school to school. Not all schools offer PhD programs in all disciplines. The majority of MD/PhD students receive their PhD in biomedical laboratory disciplines such as cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, neuroscience, and biomedical engineering. The names of departments and graduate programs vary from school to school. At some schools, MD/PhD trainees do their graduate work outside of the laboratory disciplines, in fields such as economics, epidemiology, health care economics, sociology, medical anthropology, or the history of science. This is not an exhaustive list, and you should check before you apply to see what is actually offered at any particular school.

Although there is no fully up-to-date and reliable list of which MD/PhD programs offer training in which graduate disciplines, a place to start is at the Website of the AAMC MD/PhD section (which is a good source for other types of information as well). 2

ARE THERE OTHER WAYS TO BECOME A PHYSICIAN–SCIENTIST?

Yes. Definitely. MD/PhD programs are a great choice for people who decide early that that they want to be physician–scientists and have built the necessary track record of academic success and research experience before they apply. Not everyone does this, however, either because he or she did not learn about the option early enough, he or she did not make a decision in time, or he or she does not have an academic and research experience record that supports an application. Not finding out early enough turns out to be a common problem. In my experience, college prehealth advisors know much less about MD/PhD training than MD training—not surprisingly, since only 3% of medical school applicants in the United States every year apply for MD/PhD training. As a result, some people choose (or are obliged) to do MD/PhD training in series, rather than parallel—finishing one degree and then starting the other. The disadvantages of this approach include taking longer to finish training and the likely need to cover the cost of medical school on your own.

I am frequently asked about the strategy of starting medical school and then applying to graduate school as a medical student. Some schools will consider you for transfer into their MD/PhD programs after you have completed a year or two of medical school or graduate school at the same university. Although it is very rare that an MD/PhD program will consider accepting a medical or graduate student from a different school, it does occasionally happen when faculty move from one institution to another and want to bring their students with them. The rules and requirements vary from school to school.

Other programs worth checking out include the NIH MD/PhD program that provides support for the PhD phase at the NIH campus or in Oxford/Cambridge, with the MD training taking place at one of the participating MSTP-designated programs. Note that not all of the MSTP programs have chosen to participate, so if you have your heart set on a specific medical school, you should be sure to ask. 3

Another option is to complete medical school and residency training before doing an extended period of supervised research. A number of Nobel Prize–winning physician–scientists did just that. However, with the increase in the number of MD/PhD training programs nationwide, most people who make the decision to become physician–­scientists while still in college should think hard about doing both degrees together in an integrated MD/PhD program that combines graduate school and medical school into a joint program that currently takes 8 years on average to complete ( Akabas et al. , 2018 ).

DO I REALLY NEED A PhD TO DO RESEARCH? CAN I SAVE TIME BY SKIPPING IT?

The answer to the first of these questions is “Clearly not.” However, while medical school will put you firmly on the path to becoming an accomplished clinician, it does not provide training in how to do research. At some point you will benefit from that additional piece of your education if you intend to become a physician–scientist.

As noted above, in years past it was not uncommon to learn how to do research by doing an extended postdoctoral fellowship after (or instead of) a clinical residency. I am often asked whether it is possible to save time on the path to becoming a physician–scientist by skipping graduate school and just going to medical school. The available data suggest that the answer to this one is “No.” Physician–scientists get their first jobs in academia and their first independent NIH grants at approximately the same age regardless of whether they completed an MD/PhD program or went solely to medical school and then did a more extended postdoc ( Ginsburg et al. , 2014 ). As a result, I normally tell undergraduates that if they are ready to make the commitment before starting medical school, MD/PhD programs offer many advantages, including integrated training, mentored research training, and medical school tuition waivers. On the other hand, if you are sure you want to be a doctor, but less sure about being a scientist, then my advice is to go to medical school and figure out the rest of what you need when you know more about the opportunities that being a physician provides.

HOW DOES MD/PhD TRAINING WORK AND HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?

The answer varies from school to school, but historically students begin with 2 years of medical school, switch to graduate school in the third year of the program, and then return to finish medical school after completing (and defending) a thesis research project. When I was an MD/PhD student in the 1970s, there was little, if any, communication between the medical and graduate phases of the program. That has changed considerably. Now most programs emphasize integration of the MD and PhD parts of the training, with graduate school courses during years 1 and 2 and clinical experiences during graduate school. Some programs allow completion of 3–12 months of clinical training before the start of full-time graduate training. Be sure to ask how things are organized at schools that you are considering. In programs leading to a PhD in laboratory science, MD/PhD trainees usually spend the summer between the first and second years of medical school working in the laboratory of the faculty member they are considering as a potential thesis advisor. Some programs also ask students to do one of these “lab rotations” in the summer before starting medical school classes as well. Depending on the number of clinical months completed before starting the thesis research, students returning to medical school will need 1–2 years to finish their training and meet the requirements for medical licensure. The stated goal is to complete an MD/PhD program in 7 or 8 years. However, numbers from across the country show that some students finish in 6 years, while others take 10 years (or more). The average currently is 8 years ( Akabas et al. , 2018 ). Note that medical education in the United States continues to evolve. One trend is away from the classic two years of preclinical education followed by 2 years of clinical education. The earlier start in clinical training made possible by shortening preclinical time enables some MD/PhD programs to offer full-time clinical experiences before the start of graduate school. However, some schools are choosing not to do this. The only way to find out what is being done is to ask, if it is not evident from the program’s Website.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO COMPLETE TRAINING AFTER GRADUATING FROM AN MD/PhD PROGRAM?

Corny as this may sound, the process is never really finished. Your education will continue throughout your career. A more pragmatic answer is that training will extend beyond medical school and graduate school as you complete your post graduate education. Here are some typical numbers: MD/PhD program, 8 years. Residency, 3–6 years. Postdoctoral fellowship, 3–6 years. For most people the term “postdoctoral fellowship” includes another year or two of clinical training, followed by a return to research for 2 or more years ( Figure 1 ). For example, I completed an MD/PhD program in 6 years, followed by a residency in internal medicine (3 years) and a fellowship in clinical hemato­logy and oncology that was combined with postdoctoral training back in a lab (3 years). After that I became an assistant professor and started my own lab. That timing was fairly typical when I did it. Now it would be considered fast. On the other hand, my job description when I finished included running a research team, looking after postdocs and graduate students, and taking care of sick people with complicated medical problems, so maybe all of that training time was necessary.

Paths to becoming a physician who is also a scientist. Integrated MD/PhD training programs that combine research and medical training are not the only path to becoming a physician–scientist. Alternatives begin with doing a research year in medical school (MD+ in the figure) or just doing the standard four-year medical school education. These save time at the start, but usually require a longer period of postgraduate clinical and research training to reach the point where a job as a physician–scientist in academia becomes feasible. As a result, physician–scientists often arrive at the “get a job” point at about the same age whether they began as medical students, MD+ students, or MD/PhD students, although usually with greater student debt if they have not been in an MD/PhD program. See the text for details.

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE GRADUATES OF MD/PhD PROGRAMS?

Short-term, nearly all do additional clinical training. Those who do not are usually headed toward careers at research institutes or outside clinical medicine entirely. Those who do apply for residencies often find that their MD/PhD training makes them particularly appealing to residency programs at top institutions. Long-term, most program graduates end up with careers in which they combine patient care and research. The research may be lab-based, translational, or clinical. Most (75–80%) end up at academic medical centers, at research institutions such as the NIH, or in the pharmaceutical/biotech industry ( Figure 2 ; Brass et al. , 2010 ; Akabas et al. , 2018 ). A much higher percentage of MD/PhD program graduates have ended up in academia than of medical school graduates in general ( Brass et al. , 2010 ). Those who build research careers and apply for NIH research grants find that having the PhD in addition to the MD improves their chances of obtaining funding ( Ginsburg et al. , 2014 ).

Where are they working? Data from 2202 MD/PhD program alumni who have completed all phases of postgraduate clinical and research training. Adapted from Brass et al. (2010) . Industry includes the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. Pvt Practice refers to full-time clinical practice outside of an academic medical center.

HOW DO I APPLY?

The process of application varies from school to school. Some schools have an MD/PhD-focused committee that will screen your application and coordinate the interview and admission process. Other schools consider MD/PhD applicants only after a decision has been made about MD admissions. Finally, some schools consider students for the MD/PhD program only after they have completed a year or more of medical school. Schools that subscribe to AMCAS will ask you to indicate your interest in an MD/PhD program and then to provide additional information as part of a secondary application.

WHEN DO I APPLY?

Most people apply after finishing their junior year in college, but a growing number of applicants finish college and work for a year or more before applying. Some people use the time after college to take courses needed for medical school admission or to gain more full-time laboratory research experience. Some people simply were not ready to make decisions about their future careers and postponed choosing beyond the finish of college. It is a mistake to assume that MD/PhD programs are interested only in applicants who have worked in a lab for a year or more after college. That is clearly not the case, and some of us who direct MD/PhD programs are concerned about the growing percentage of applicants who have waited to apply after they graduate in the mistaken impression that it will improve their resumes. My advice is that for a training path that lasts as long as this one does, it is best to get started as soon as possible.

WHAT DO ADMISSIONS COMMITTEES LOOK FOR?

The answer clearly varies from school to school, but some basic principles apply. In general, admissions committees will look for evidence of academic success, extended research experience, letters of recommendation from people who know you well, and your plans for the future.

• Evidence of academic success. This includes your GPA and MCAT scores, but is not limited to them. Admission committees use a holistic approach and will undoubtedly consider where you went to college and what types of courses you took. They will not necessarily be dismayed if you got off to a slow start, as long as you did well later. They will place the greatest emphasis on courses that are relevant to your chosen area of graduate school training. I have not encountered a program director who seriously believed that the MCAT tests your ability to be a physician–scientist. Nonetheless programs use MCAT scores in a variety of ways, including seeing how you compare with the national pool of applicants and predicting how you will do on the numerous standardized tests that all of us have to take in medical school and beyond.
• Extensive research experience. If you plan to get a PhD in one of the laboratory sciences, then prior laboratory experience counts heavily, particularly if you spent a year or more in the same laboratory. Summer laboratory experience can be helpful because they are usually opportunities to do research full time, but summers are short. Whenever possible, you should try to do research during the academic year, or at least spend multiple summers in the same lab. If you are planning a PhD outside of the laboratory sciences, seek equivalent experiences. The idea is to be sure you like the experience and to create a track record upon which your past performance can be judged and your future success predicted.
• Letters of recommendation. The most important letter(s) are from the faculty members or other senior investigators with whom you worked. The letters should ideally comment on your talents, skills, and potential for success as an independent investigator. If you are working with a senior faculty member, it is very helpful if he or she can compare you with other students with whom he or she has worked. Note that such a letter is not necessarily the most appropriate for an MD-only application. MD/PhD program admissions committees are usually most interested in your talent and ability as a physician–scientist, although they will definitely also consider whether you are likely to become a successful and caring physician. Fortunately, medical schools allow you to submit more than one letter of recommendation.
• Your plans for the future. Because training to be a physician–­investigator is so costly in terms of your time and the school’s resources, your career goals should be compatible with MD/PhD training. Becoming a full-time practitioner is a laudable goal, but does not require a PhD in addition to an MD. Your goal as a trained physician–investigator should be to spend at least 75% of your time on research. You do not need to know the specific problem you want to work on at this point (many do not, and it is likely to change), or with whom you would like to train, but your commitment to becoming an investigator should be clearly communicated in your essays and interviews, and you should have given thought to what will be required.

HOW DO I DECIDE WHERE TO APPLY?

Some applicants have decided that they want to work in a particular field or with a particular faculty member. For them, choosing where to apply is defined by where that faculty member works or where the field is best represented. Most applicants have only a general idea of what they might want to work on in the future and know that their interests are likely to evolve as they are exposed to new things. For them, choice will be defined by issues such as the reputation of the school (hopefully not based solely on U.S. News and World Report rankings!), the success of the graduates of the program (be sure to ask!), and geography. Schools vary in the difficulty of gaining admission. The directors and nonfaculty administrators of MD/PhD programs nationwide are a large pool of resources that you can tap. Most of us get e-mail from future applicants all the time. Take advantage of our willingness to talk with you. Ask questions about the things that are important to you.

FINAL THOUGHTS

I began this perspective with the confession that I am a physician–scientist and I like what I do. It is not unusual these days to encounter articles and opinion pieces that lament the difficulty of becoming and remaining a physician–scientist. I will not cite them here—you can find them on your own. Fortunately, our society is still willing to make a large investment in biomedical research through the NIH and through numerous foundations. If you want to become a physician who discovers the new stuff, there are jobs waiting to be filled. However, you will need good training and great mentorship as you learn the skills needed to be a physician and a research team leader. Good luck with your decision.

Acknowledgments

My thanks to my colleagues who direct MD/PhD programs, the NIH for supporting physician–scientist training (including my own), and the hundreds of MD/PhD candidates and alumni who have taught me so much over the past 20 years.

Abbreviations used:

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E17-12-0721

1 www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/ .

2 www.aamc.org/students/research/mdphd/ .

3 http://mdphd.gpp.nih.gov .

• Akabas MH, Tartakovsky I, Brass LF. (2018). The National MD–PhD Program Outcomes Study. American Association of Medical Colleges Reports.
• Brass LF, Akabas MH, Burnley LD, Engman DM, Wiley CA, Andersen OS. (2010). Are MD–PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD–PhD programs . Acad Med , 692–701. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ginsburg D, Shurin SB, Mills S. (2014). NIH Physician–Scientist Workforce (PSW) Working Group Report. [ Google Scholar ]

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MD y PhD (en una misma persona)

• Thread starter aifustek032
• Start date Sep 2, 2020

aifustek032

Senior member.

• Sep 2, 2020

Hola, ¿cómo se traduciría la siguiente frase? "Speaker: John Smith, MD, PhD." Se supone que MD es «doctor en Medicina» y PhD es simplemente «doctor», no me cuadra. No tendría mucho sentido decir: "Ponente: John Smith, doctor en Medicina y doctor". ¿Debería traducirlo simplemente como "doctor en Medicina" o estas siglas anglosajonas deberían dejarse tal cual a la hora de traducir al español? ¿"PhD" aquí hace alusión a que, además de doctor en Medicina, es también doctor en algún otro campo, pero no lo especifica?  

Circunflejo

Médico y doctor en Medicina.  

Dear aifustek032: MD quiere decir que el individuo tiene su doctorado en medicina. PhD, doctor en filosofía, es el grado más alto en el sistema de los Estados Unidos de América, pero es posible obtenerlo en un sinnúmero de disciplinas, desde teología hasta vegetación o lo que sea. Es muy posible que el orador sea médico (MD) y también tenga su PhD (doctor en filosofía) en medicina; lo que, por lo menos por estos lados de este sufrido planeta, significaría que ha cursado estudios en medicina, superiores al puro doctorado en medicina. Have a great day.  

Ah, también puede ser que tenga su PhD en alguna otra disciplina. DM  

• MD/PhD stands for Medical Doctor/Doctor of Philosophy ( generally awarded to a clinical investigator in medicine ) This definition appears rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Science, medicine, engineering, etc. MLA style: "MD/PhD.".
• Sep 3, 2020

This is not rare in academic medical circles and publications in the U.S. In a single article in the UCSF magazine, there are multiple references to people with these titles: Steve Miller, MD, PhD, the director of USF's clinical microbiology lab; Ed Thornborrow, MD, PhD, Millers's boss and director for all UCSF clinical labs, etc. Another common combination is MD, MPH, which is both Doctor of Medicine and Master of Public Health. For purposes of translation, it s best to find out from the person's CV what field the PhD is in, then "doctor de medicina y doctorado en (por ejemplo) microbiología" Respectfully yours, LVR, MD (no other titles.)