presentation parts of computer

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Computers and the Internet

Course: computers and the internet   >   unit 2, what are the parts of a computer.

• CPU, memory, input & output
• Input & output devices
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Computer memory
• Secondary memory
• Computer components
• Exploring microcomputers

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22 Basic Computer Parts and Their Functions (With Pictures)

Welcome to a beginner’s guide on the basic computer parts and their functions. The world of computers is ever-expanding like some kind of a science fiction infinite universe thing, and it can be quite a daunting task for beginners to learn about computers these days.

But thankfully, the basics have pretty much remained the same, thanks to good global standards. But just what are the common parts of a computer, inside and outside? Let us explore more in this guide, read on!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Basic parts.

For this first section, let us start with the very basic parts of a computer system.

1) SYSTEM UNIT/COMPUTER CASING

This box is where all the main computer components are housed – Motherboard, processor, memory, hard disks, power supply, and more. Computer casings come in all shapes and sizes, with the common ones being tower casings (as above), and small form factors that fit in a backpack.

But with today’s technology, tower casings are kind of losing popularity. Most people will likely prefer to use the “integrated, lightweight, and portable computers” – All-in-one PCs, laptops, tablets, and mobile devices.

P.S. If you have read other guides on the Internet, some people refer to this box as the “CPU” (central processing unit). That is wrong and has always been a major confusion – The CPU is actually a chip inside the casing itself.

I don’t think this needs much explanation, as you are reading off one right now. 🙂 Monitors are where the text, images, and videos are displayed. Some monitors may even have built-in speakers, much like televisions.

The older designs of computer monitors run off a technology called cathode ray tube (CRT). As you can guess, those bulky and power-hungry displays have been totally taken over by the slim and lightweight liquid crystal display (LCD) or LED (light-emitting diode) displays.

INPUT DEVICES

Now that we are done with the basics, let us move on with the input devices – The devices that you use to provide data and instructions to the computer.

3) KEYBOARD

I don’t think this needs much explanation either, you type and enter data with this device. The most common keyboard layout in the world is QWERTY (as above), but depending on where you are in the world, the layout of keyboards may be a little different; There are also other layouts such as QWERTZ and AZERTY.

Just why don’t people invent a keyboard in straight alphabetical order (A to Z)? Because there are some scientific and design factors behind it. The keys on a keyboard are actually arranged to how common the alphabets are being used, thus the different layouts in the various regions.

A pointing device that we use to move the cursor on the screen, the mouse buttons are used to interact with various on-screen elements. A standard mouse these days will usually come with at least 3 buttons (left, center, right) and a scroll wheel. Although there are some mouse designs with a lot more buttons, and more meant for the purpose of gaming.

5) TRACKPAD

Trackpads are an alternative to using the mouse. These are what you will normally see on laptops, where it is inconvenient to carry a mouse around. Although trackpads are kind of a staple on laptops, there are also “standalone” trackpads that you can buy and attach to full-sized desktop computers.

6) GRAPHICS TABLET

Not to be confused with the tablet computer, the graphics tablet is specifically used by digital artists to paint and do some… art stuff. It kind of works like a trackpad as well, but the graphic tablet is superior in the sense that it is sensitive to pressure (for painting).

7) TRACKBALL

This slug-like device is called a trackball, and it is another alternative to using the mouse. Instead of moving the mouse around, we spin the big ball around to move the cursor.

8) WEB CAMERA

Web cameras are used to take photos and videos. Most modern laptops, tablets, and smartphones come with a built-in camera.

9) MICROPHONE

Allows us to record sounds. Again, most modern laptops, tablets, and smartphones already have one of these built-in. It is just a matter of quality, that some people prefer to buy higher-end microphones for recording studio-quality sounds.

10) GAMEPAD & JOYSTICK & STEERING WHEEL

Toys for the gamers. While the keyboard and mouse do provide good enough controls, some gamers still prefer to use specialized game controllers.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Next, let us move on to the output devices. The computer is capable of processing a lot of digital data quickly, but sadly, poor humans are not able to directly understand electrical signals. So, output devices are used to convert those electronic signals into human-understandable forms.

11) SPEAKERS

Speakers convert electronic signals into sounds that are audible to humans.

12) HEADPHONES & EARPHONES

Use a pair of headphones if you want more privacy with the sounds, or not to disturb the rest. Some earphones/headphones these days even come built-in with a microphone, they can be used for phone calls.

13) PRINTER & SCANNER

A printer prints text, images, and whatever you want onto a piece of paper. A scanner, on the other hand, is an input device where you scan a piece of paper/document and convert it into a digital image – Which can then be sent to other people via email or fax.

These 2 used to be separate devices, but with the help of technology, we have all-in-one (AIO) printers these days that do both printing, scanning, and some even act as fax machines.

14) 3D PRINTER

This is the technology that raised many eyebrows, and brought printers to the “next level”. 3D printers are nothing like the “old school” printers, and they do not print on paper – They print actual objects using plastic, metal, or rubber filaments. Yep, we can print almost any object to the wildest imaginations with a 3D printer.

15) PROJECTOR

Is the “normal monitor” not big enough? Then use a projector and project it onto the wall. Good for movie nights and presentations.

THE INSIDES

Finally, let us take a look at the “crazy electrical stuff” inside a computer. A fair word of warning though – Switch off the power, unplug the power cord, and ground the casing safely before you decide to open up a computer. Save yourself from nasty electrical shocks.

16) POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)

This is the component that converts power from the wall outlet to one that the computer needs.

17) MOTHERBOARD

Can’t miss this one, the heart and biggest circuit board of the computer. All the components and devices are connected to the motherboard, and thus, rightfully called the motherboard.

This little chip is known as the central processing unit (CPU), and it is the brain of the computer where all data crunching and processing is done. In the old days, a CPU used to have “only one single brain” or what we call a “single-core CPU”.

But as the wise saying goes “two heads are better than one”, so smart monkeys eventually improved the design of CPUs. Even though it is one physical chip, there could multiple “brains” (or cores) within that chip. This is where the terms dual-core (2 processors in one chip), quad-core (4 processors), and multi-core (N processors) come from.

19) HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)

The hard disk is where data is permanently stored – The operating systems, the applications, your pictures, music, documents, and more. There are a few types of hard disks in the market:

• Mechanical Disk – The so-called “traditional” hard disk. Has a motor and “read-write head”, thus rightfully called “mechanical”. Not that it is bad, it’s just heavier and less shock resistant.
• Solid State Disk (SSD) – Has no moving parts, pretty much just a solid circuit board with a load of memory chips. Thus, rightfully called a “solid-state drive”.
• M.2 SSD – As computers become slimmer and smaller, there is also a need to make smaller hard disks. The M.2 SSD is a variant of the “normal SSD” with a smaller footprint.

20) RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

The RAM is probably one of the more confusing components for beginners. It is also used for data storage, but temporarily (power off and all data in the RAM will be lost).

The reason why RAM exists is that it reads and writes a lot faster than hard disks. The CPU will utilize RAM for quick calculations, and for the storage of temporary data. For example, temporarily store a text file in the RAM while the user edits it.

21) GRAPHICS CARD

A graphics card also does processing and calculations like a CPU, but it is specialized for graphical purposes. It processes all “graphic things” for gaming, video, and photo editing. So instead of being called a CPU, the graphics card has a graphical processing unit (GPU). You will not see this card in some computers, as it is already built into the motherboard.

22) FANS & HEATSINKS

Finally, this one should be self-explanatory. Fans are used to cool the components, to prevent a meltdown from occurring.

USEFUL BITS & LINKS

That’s it for all the computer parts, and here are a few more extras that may be useful to you.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Desktop, laptop, tablets, smartphones, just what are the different types of computers? Read my other guide to find out.

17 Different Types Of Computers (With Pictures)

IDENTIFYING COMPUTER PARTS

This is an old YouTube video that I find to be rather useful in identifying the computer parts… A few of the components are really outdated, but the basic structure of desktop computers have not changed much.

LINKS & REFERENCES

• The Basic Parts of a Computer with Devices – InformationQ
• Basic Computer Parts Explained – Nerds On Call
• Computer Hardware – Wikipedia

Thank you for reading, and we have come to the end of this short guide. I hope that this has helped you to better understand the cyber world, and if you have anything to share with this guide, please feel free to comment below. Good luck, and may the digital force be with you.

7 thoughts on “22 Basic Computer Parts and Their Functions (With Pictures)”

Thanks a lot. this was really good and helpful stuff to me

very informative thank you so very much!

U are share good info 🙏 for all👌

THANK YOU SO VERY MUCH. I am 73+ and use the computer but am clueless on anything but how to type & send. That is until something [ still dont know what-lol] started not to work. The superstore guy could only say one consistent thing- buy new, buy new, buy new. So not having the xhundred dollars, I ran out to the bookstore, loaded up on computer books but guess what- what if you dont know- YA JUST DONT KNOW. This website is a true first step on my journey. Many thanks…..

Wow so much interesting and thoughtful and thanks for which I got more on Ict thanks

Thanks a lot. This info is very helpful to my son who is in year 9 doing computer studies. All the best and God will richly bless you in your life.

nice lessons I would like to learn more on the internal parts and functions of the computer

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The 5 different parts of a computer—taking a look under the hood

What is a computer?

A computer is any machine that can be programmed to carry out a set of algorithms and arithmetic instructions. 

Of course, the computers we think of today are so much more than that—and I’m talking beyond just being machines used to play games and watch videos of cats on the internet!

5 parts of a computer

Whether it's a gaming system or a home PC, the five main components that make up a typical, present-day computer include:

• A motherboard
• A Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card
• Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory
• Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

In terms of construction, each of these main components are attached to the motherboard and then put into a protective case—resembling the clean, polished look most of us are accustomed to seeing. 

Sure, most computers have their own distinct design - and different brands of hardware installed - but the components listed above are standard across all computers. 

Important : A quick note before we dive into the details—I’m listing and talking about the different components of a computer. This is by no means intended to be an invitation to disassemble your computer, nor is it a set of instructions to do so. Without the proper knowledge, you can severely damage your computer, and importantly, doing so is unsafe. 

1. Motherboard

What it is : All components of a computer communicate through a circuit board called the motherboard, as was mentioned above. 

What it does : Think of the motherboard as the glue that holds everything else together.

The motherboard’s video card and Central Processing Unit are contained in an integrated (built-in) chipset, shown in the picture below:

This is where input/output devices such as a keyboard, mouse, and speakers get plugged in.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

What it is : The CPU is often called the "brain" of a computer, thanks to its direct plug connection to the motherboard, and communication with all of the computer’s other components.

What it does : Whenever you write a line of code (in Python , Java , C++ , or any other programming language ), it's broken down into assembly language—which is a language that the processor can understand. It fetches, decodes, and executes these instructions.

And that’s where the CPU comes in—all the processes a computer handles are taken care of by the CPU.

3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

What it is : It's not uncommon to hear gamers obsess over the next new graphics card, as these graphic cards make it possible for computers to generate high-end visuals like those found in the many different types of video games .

In addition to video games, though, good graphics cards also come in handy for those who rely on images in order to execute their craft, like 3D modelers using resource-intensive software.

What it does : Graphics cards often communicate directly with the display monitor, meaning a $1,000 graphics card won't be of much use if there isn't a high-end monitor connected to it.

4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

What it is : RAM, also known as volatile memory, stores data regarding frequently accessed programs and processes. (It's called volatile memory because it gets erased every time the computer restarts.)

What it does : RAM helps programs and games start up and close quickly.

What it is : All computers need somewhere to store their data. Modern computers either use a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD).

What it does : HDDs are made of an actual disk onto which data is stored. The disk is read by a mechanical arm. (HDDs are cheaper than SSDs, but are slowly becoming more and more obsolete.)

SSDs (think SIM cards) have no moving parts and are faster than a hard drive, because no time is spent waiting for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the disk.

Fun, right?

Some enjoy computers from the frontend, spending time on YouTube, shopping on eBay, and playing video games (and experiencing the benefits of doing so .). 

But for others, it’s the “how” that proves to be more intriguing! Taking computers apart and putting them back together, adding new hardware, troubleshooting hardware assembly, and booting them up (and crossing their fingers!) is all part of such intrigue. 

Does the latter sound like your child? 

Our “build your own laptop” courses offer introductions to hardware, engineering, and coding, offering students the opportunity to assemble laptops, code with Python to create games, and use the Linux OS. All of this also improves soft skills like project-planning and hands-on coordination!

To learn more, check out our  Python Coding Summer Camp   (for Machine Learning; ages 13-17)

Outside of summer, kids can still get hands-on with coding and a micro:bit board  in online private lessons (micro:bit Included), working with JavaScript or visual coding to turn on lights and power different components. 

Check out our many different  online coding courses for kids and teens . 

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• For marketing; and 
• To comply with the law

You have certain data protection rights. iD Tech aims to take reasonable steps to allow you to correct, amend, delete or limit the use of your Personal Data.

If you wish to be informed about what Personal Data we hold about you and if you want it to be removed from our systems, please contact us at  [email protected] .

In certain circumstances, you have the following data protection rights:

• The right to access, update, or delete the information we have on you. Whenever made possible, you can access, update, or request deletion of your Personal Data directly within your account settings section. If you are unable to perform these actions yourself, please contact us to assist you.
• The right to have your information corrected if that information is inaccurate or incomplete.
• The right to object. You have the right to object to our processing of your Personal Data.
• The right of restriction. You have the right to request that we restrict the processing of your personal information.
• The right to data portability. You have the right to be provided with a copy of the information we have on you in a structured, machine-readable, and commonly used format.
• The right to withdraw consent. You also have the right to withdraw your consent at any time where iD Tech relied on your consent to process your personal information.

Please note that we may ask you to verify your identity before responding to such requests.

You have the right to complain to a Data Protection Authority about our collection and use of your Personal Data. For more information, please contact your local data protection authority in the European Economic Area (EEA). XII.           International Visitors  (non GDPR Locations) Our iD Sites & Services are operated and managed on servers located in the United States. If you choose to use our iD Sites & Services from the European Union or other regions of the world with laws governing data collection and uses that differ from the United States, then you recognize and agree that you are transferring your personal information outside of those regions to the United States and you consent to that transfer. XIII.          Data Security Commitment To prevent unauthorized access, maintain data accuracy, and ensure the correct use of information, we have put in place reasonable physical, electronic, and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure the information we collect. We also use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol on your account information and registration pages to protect sensitive personal information. Sensitive data is encrypted on our iD Sites & Services and when stored on the servers.

XIV. How You Can Access, Request A Copy, Correct, Or Ask For Information To Be Deleted Access to certain personal Information that is collected from our Services and that we maintain may be available to you. For example, if you created a password-protected account within our Service, you can access that account to review the information you provided.

You may also send an email or letter to the following email or call the number provided to ask for a copy, correction, or ask us to delete your personal Information. Please include your registration information for such services, such as first name, last name, phone, and email address in the request. We may ask you to provide additional information for identity verification purposes or to verify that you are in possession of an applicable email account. Email: [email protected] Phone: 1-888-709-8324 XV. How To Contact Us/Opting Out Of Electronic Communications If you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or if you have provided your email and/or address and prefer not to receive marketing information, please contact us via email or call at the number provided below.  Make sure you provide your name as well as the email(s) and address(es) you wish to have removed. 

If you have signed up to receive text messages from us and no longer wish to receive such messages, you may call or email us at the address provided below. Please provide your name, account email, and the number(s) you want removed. Email: [email protected] Phone: 1-888-709-8324 XVI.         Terms And Conditions Your use of our iD Sites & Services and any information you provide on our iD Sites & Services are subject to the terms of the internalDrive, Inc. (referred to as “iD Tech”) Terms and Conditions. XVII.         Privacy Statement Changes We will occasionally amend this privacy statement. We reserve the right to change, modify, add, or remove portions of this statement at any time. If we materially change our use of your personal information, we will announce such a change on relevant iD Sites & Services and will also note it in this privacy statement. The effective date of this privacy statement is documented at the beginning of the statement. If you have any questions about our privacy statement, please contact us in writing at [email protected] or by mail at PO Box 111720, Campbell, CA 95011. XVIII.          Your Credit Card Information And Transactions For your convenience, you may have us bill you or you can pay for your orders by credit card. If you choose to pay by credit card, we will keep your credit card information on file, but we do not display that information at the online registration site. For your security, your credit card security number is not stored in our system.

We use state-of-the-art Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption technology to safeguard and protect your personal information and transactions over the Internet. Your information, including your credit card information, is encrypted and cannot be read as it travels over the Internet. XIX.         Social Networking Disclaimer iD Tech provides several opportunities for social networking for both participants and staff on sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube. These sites are not affiliated with iD Tech and offer their own individual social networking services. Please read the following Terms and Conditions carefully, as well as the Terms and Conditions of the sites in which iD Tech has created a forum ("Group"). These Terms and Conditions are a legal agreement between you and iD Tech and apply to you whether you are a visitor to these sites or any site with an official iD Tech affiliation. iD Tech is a member of several pre-existing sites (as mentioned above). There may be, however, portions of  www.iDTech.com  that include areas where participants can post submissions. Any of the above-mentioned "Sites" (or other similar sites) have their own distinct rules and regulations. iD Tech reserves the right to take action to remove any content deemed inappropriate by the sites or by iD Tech standards. iD Tech will not be held liable for any loss of content or disagreements that may arise between the individual social networking site and the user. You understand that by registering for an iD Tech program, your participant(s) may access and upload content to social networking sites. In order to access certain features of the social networking sites or pages on iDTech.com, and to post Member Submissions, the majority of these sites require that the user open an account with them. Please note that these sites have their own individual Terms and Conditions that must be followed. Age requirements are outlined within each Site's Terms and Conditions. You hereby authorize your participant to access social networking sites while at camp and create an account if they choose to do so and if they meet the requirements listed by each site to create an account. Interaction with other users:

• iD Tech is merely providing a medium in which to socialize online with fellow participants. Users are solely responsible for interactions (including any disputes) with other Members and any volunteers that may advise and assist participants with projects and activities via your use of the iD Site & Services.
• You understand that iD Tech does not in any way screen Members or review or police: (i) statements made by Members in their Member Submissions or the Member Submissions in general; or (ii) statements made by Users or any information a User may provide via the iD Site & Services.
• You understand that your participant(s) is solely responsible for, and will exercise caution, discretion, common sense, and judgment in using the various iD Sites & Services and disclosing personal information to other Members or Users. 
• On behalf of your participant(s), you agree that they will take reasonable precautions in all interactions with other Members, particularly if they decide to meet a Member offline or in person.
• Your participant's use of the social networking sites with which iD Tech is affiliated, their services, and/or Content and Member Submissions, is at your sole risk and discretion and iD Tech hereby disclaims any and all liability to you or any third party relating thereto.
• On behalf of your participant(s), you agree that they will not harass, threaten, intimidate, bully, stalk, or invade the privacy of any individual in connection with your use of the social networking sites with which iD Tech is affiliated and their services, whether or not an individual is an iD Tech Member; and you further agree not to advocate such activities or to encourage others to engage in any such activities.
• On behalf of your participant(s), you agree they will not give their social networking information to an iD Tech staff member.
• You and your participant(s) should also be aware that under no circumstances are iD Tech employees allowed to give personal contact information for social networking sites. This must be arranged by the participant's parent/guardian through the People Services Department.

XX.        Copyright & Intellectual Property Policy: You agree that you and your participant will not use the social networking sites to offer, display, distribute, transmit, route, provide connections to, or store any material that infringes copyrighted works, trademarks, or service marks or otherwise violates or promotes the violation of the intellectual property rights of any third party. internalDrive, Inc. has adopted and implemented a policy that provides for the termination in appropriate circumstances of the accounts of users who repeatedly infringe or are believed to be or are charged with repeatedly infringing the intellectual property or proprietary rights of others. XXI.       Disclaimer:   BY USING THE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES OR SUBMITTING A MEMBER SUBMISSION, YOU AGREE THAT INTERNALDRIVE, INC. IS NOT RESPONSIBLE, AND WILL IN NO EVENT BE HELD LIABLE, FOR ANY: (A) LOST, ILLEGIBLE, MISDIRECTED, DAMAGED, OR INCOMPLETE MEMBER SUBMISSIONS; (B) COMPUTER OR NETWORK MALFUNCTION OR ERROR; (C) COMMUNICATION DISRUPTION OR OTHER DISRUPTIONS RELATED TO INTERNET TRAFFIC, A VIRUS, BUG, WORM, OR NON-AUTHORIZED INTERVENTION; OR (D) DAMAGE CAUSED BY A COMPUTER VIRUS OR OTHERWISE FROM YOUR ACCESS TO THE SITE OR SERVICES. THE SITE, SERVICES, INTERNALDRIVE, INC., CONTENT, AND MEMBER SUBMISSIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. INTERNALDRIVE, INC. AND ITS SUPPLIERS EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, REGARDING THE SITE, SERVICES, INTERNALDRIVE, INC., CONTENT AND MEMBER SUBMISSIONS, WHETHER THE PROVISION OF SERVICES OR YOUR SUBMISSION OF A MEMBER SUBMISSION WILL PRODUCE ANY LEVEL OF PROFIT OR BUSINESS FOR YOU OR LEAD TO ECONOMIC BENEFIT, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF QUALITY, AVAILABILITY, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN ADDITION, INTERNALDRIVE, INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY THAT THE SITE OR SERVICES WILL BE ERROR FREE OR THAT ANY ERRORS WILL BE CORRECTED. SOME STATES OR JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN WARRANTIES. ACCORDINGLY, SOME OF THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. XXII.         Indemnification:   You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold iD Tech, its officers, directors, employees, and agents, harmless from and against any claims, liabilities, damages, losses, and expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs, arising out of or in any way connected with: (i) your access to or use of social networking sites, their services, iD Tech Content and Member Submissions; (ii) your violation of these Terms of Use; (iii) your violation of any third-party right, including, without limitation, any intellectual property right, publicity, confidentiality, property, or privacy right; or (iv) any claim that one of your Member Submissions caused damage to a third party or infringed or violated any third-party intellectual property right, publicity, confidentiality, property, or privacy right.

iD Tech Terms & Conditions

Id tech general terms & conditions publish date: october 26, 2023.

These Terms and Conditions apply to all pages found at www.idtech.com  and all Programs operated by internalDrive, Inc. (referred to as "iD Tech") including but not limited to iD Tech In-Person programs and iD Tech Online Programs. These terms apply to all lessons, classes, courses, and options offered by iD Tech (hereinafter referred to individually as “Program” or collectively “Programs”).

Privacy Policy: By using iD Tech’s website, registering you or your student for a Program, and/or affirmatively giving your agreement, you are agreeing on your own behalf and that of your student to abide and be bound by the Privacy Policy found HERE and the Terms and Conditions contained and referenced herein.

Online Programs: If you are purchasing, or you or your student is participating in an Online Program you also agree on your own behalf and on behalf of your student, to be bound by the additional terms and conditions found HERE .

On-Campus Programs: If you are purchasing, or you or your student is participating in, an On-Campus Program, you also agree on your own behalf and on behalf of your student to be bound by the additional terms and conditions found HERE .

I. Code of Conduct

To promote the best learning environment possible, all students and parents will be held to this Code of Conduct. Failure to comply with this Code of Conduct or engaging in actions or attitudes that seem to be harmful to the atmosphere, other participants, or staff, in the opinion of iD Tech can lead to removal from a Program or Program(s). iD Tech reserves the right to dismiss students from a Program and prevent a student from attending additional Programs without any prior warning for (1) violating any of the terms of this code of conduct, or (2) if iD Tech determines that a Program is not a suitable and/or productive environment for a student (this includes incidents in which a student does not have sufficient English language skills to participate in the Program; participation in courses requires a high level of English understanding). Refunds will not be given for students dismissed for failure of the student or the parent to abide by the Code of Conduct, or if it is determined that a Program is not suitable for a student. While iD Tech strives to maintain excellent relationships with students, in some rare cases, we may determine that iD Tech is not a compatible environment for every student.

Students and parents/guardians may NEVER:

• Disrupt, bully, intimidate, or harass others;
• Use inappropriate language (for example, students cannot use of swear or curse words, racial, gendered, homophobic/transphobic, stereotypical, or culturally insensitive words, even if done in a joking manner);
• View, display or post any inappropriate material (including sexual content, material depicting inappropriate violence, racism, bullying, etc.) during a Program;
• Share Program information (including lesson plans, etc.) with third-parties, without permission from iD Tech;
• Impersonate another person; or
• Contact instructors outside of the Program.

Students also may NEVER:

• Engage in Internet hacking;
• Create an account on or log into third-party websites without the permission of their instructor;
• Use false information to create an account on or log into third-party websites;
• Share personal information with staff members or ask staff members for their personal information;
• Share or create video or audio recordings of iD Tech staff or another student without the permission of iD Tech.

Students and parents/guardians MUST:

• Follow directions/instructions of iD Tech personnel;
• If online, ensure the student attends the Program in an appropriate, private setting;
• Dress appropriately during the Program;
• Adhere to the terms of use of any sites used, including following the specified age policies; and
• Only share material that is related to lessons and appropriate.

II. Age Policy

iD Tech offers Programs for students ages 7-19. Therefore, students may interact and/or room with a student that is within this age range including 18 or 19 years old. Please note the age range of the Program being registered for.

If a student is 18 or 19 years old and participating in an On-Campus Program, they must successfully pass a criminal and sexual offender background check prior to being allowed to attend. Clients are responsible for all costs and fees associated with any background checks required for a student to attend.

III. Special Accommodations

If a student requires an accommodation to participate, or needs an aid to attend in an iD Tech Program, a parent/guardian must call iD Tech at 1-888-709-8324, no less than three weeks prior to your student’s first day of the Program to make needed arrangements.

If a student requires an aide to participate in an iD Tech Program, the aide must be age 18 or older, may not be a family member, and if it is an On -Campus Program, the aide must successfully pass a criminal and sexual offender background check prior ro being allowed to attend with the student. Aides may also be subject to fingerprinting. Clients are responsible for all direct costs, including background check processing fees, parking, and compensation for the aide’s attendance.

IV. Payment Policy

• Unless otherwise noted, all financial transactions are made and quoted in U.S. Dollars.
• All Payment Plan Fees, fees paid for Online Programs, and the $250 per week deposit for On-Campus Programs are non-refundable and non-transferrable.
• Other than if iD Tech needs to cancel a class, there are no refunds, credits or replacement days for classes missed. If iD Tech needs to cancel a class, iD Tech will either provide you a pro rata credit or reschedule the canceled class(es).
• If iD Tech cancels an entire Program for any reason, the fees paid for the Program will be refunded, less the non-refundable fees, as set out above. Non-refundable fees (other than the Payment Plan Fee, if any) will remain in your account as a fully transferable credit that is valid for three (3) years.
• iD Tech has the right to charge a $25 late fee on any payments not paid by the due date. For balances that are over 30 (thirty) days past due, iD Tech has the right to charge a 1% monthly finance charge and send the balance to a collection agency for collection (collection agency and legal fees may apply).
• All fees (registration, administrative, late, etc.) must be paid prior to the start of a Program, unless a payment plan has been agreed to. Students will be withdrawn from a Program if the Program has not been paid in full prior to the start of the Program, or if at any time a payment is not paid by the due date. No refunds, credits, or make-up classes will be provided if a session is missed due to a delinquent payment.
• By agreeing to a subscription or payment plan, you are authorizing iD Tech to auto charge the credit card on file as agreed at the time of purchase and as set out in My Account.
• A $35 returned check fee will be assessed for any checks returned or card transactions that are not honored.

V. Reservation Changes

To provide outstanding Programs, we may have to limit your ability to make changes (such as registering for a different course or changing attendance dates) and/or cancel a Program. Please reference the Terms and Conditions for specific Programs (linked above) for the rules and restrictions for changes and cancellations for that Program.

VI. Promotions and Discounts

Promotional discounts are limited to one discount per student. There may be other limitations as to how they apply, and codes must be submitted at the time of registration. iD Tech will not honor retroactive adjustments, and the total discounts received cannot exceed the total cost of the products purchased.

The Refer-a-Friend Program is a voluntary Program that applies to Small Group Classes and In-Person Programs.

• Each Referral Code can be used a maximum of 10 times. The code can only be used by students attending iD Tech for the first time (may be limited to certain Programs) and must be applied at the time of registration.
• A tuition credit will be given for each new student that registers for an In-Person Program or Small Group Class using a referral code and attends the course for which they registered.
• The Refer-a-Friend Program does not apply to siblings.
• Students may not refer each other to both qualify for the Refer-a-Friend Discount.
• Tuition credit will be applied after the referred client registers, pays in full and attends the Program. If the referred friend cancels his/her Program, the credit will be removed, and you will be responsible for any account balance that is created as a result of the lost credit.
• All tuition credits must be used in the Program term in which they are earned, can be used to offset Program tuition and other fees incurred, but do not entitle you to any form of payment.
• Tuition credits have no cash value.

VII. Certificates/Vouchers

All certificates/vouchers are non-refundable, non-transferable, and not redeemable for cash. Certificates/vouchers must be redeemed at the time of registration. Certificates/vouchers are valid until the specified expiration date, without exception. They are valid for up to the amount issued, and any amounts not used are forfeited.

VIII. General Releases

• Media Release: As a condition of participation, you authorize iD Tech and its partners to take photos, videos, images, audio, and testimonials of and/or from you and your student and agree that said content may be used by iD Tech in promotional materials, marketing collateral, and online media. These images, testimonials, photos, videos, and audio may be shared and used by corporate partners, the media, or other organizations that work with iD Tech. You also agree that all projects and work created by your student during an iD Tech Program may be used by iD Tech in promotional materials, online, and other print media, and may be shared and used by corporate partners, the media, or other organizations that work with iD Tech. You understand that iD Tech, its owners, agents, partners, facility providers, and employees will not be held liable for damages and injuries associated with use of any content released herein, including any and all claims based on negligence. You agree that all images, testimonials, photos, video, and audio taken at or in connection with an iD Tech Program are the sole and exclusive property of iD Tech, and that iD Tech has a royalty-free, perpetual license to use copies of all student work and projects created at an iD Tech Program.
• Name and Likeness Release: As a condition of participation, you authorize iD Tech and the press to use your student's full name and likeness in print, radio, TV, and other mediums.
• Project/Hardware Release: Some iD Tech Programs are project-based. In such instances, iD Tech will attempt to provide your student with the knowledge to produce a working project. Some iD Tech Programs include take home hardware. In those instances, iD Tech will send home a product or voucher for a product. However, there will be instances when a project or product or product voucher cannot be sent home, posted, or delivered, and you agree that iD Tech is not responsible if the game, project, product or voucher does not work properly and/or is not compatible with outside systems. You release iD Tech from any responsibility for failure to provide a copy of the project or product voucher, or a non-functioning/non-compatible/non-complete game, project, product voucher or product. Refunds will not be issued for not receiving products, product vouchers, or being provided a copy of the project, and/or non-functioning/non-compatible/non-complete projects, product vouchers or products. If you have issues with a product voucher or product, you must contact the manufacturer directly. Product vouchers only cover shipping within the continental U.S. Therefore, if you require the product to be shipped outside the continental US, you are responsible for all shipping and handling costs.
• Software Accounts: Some iD Tech Program activities require creation and/or use of an online account or require an online account to be created for your student. You consent to create or have iD Tech create account(s) as needed for your student to participate in Program activities. During non-instructional time, students may have access to websites that require accounts to be set up. While it is against iD Tech rules for students to set up accounts without their instructor’s permission, there may be instances where a student may create an account without the knowledge of iD Tech or its employees. In such instances, you release iD Tech and its employees from any and all responsibility and liability for accounts created by your student without iD Tech’s knowledge.
• Game Ratings: iD Tech takes its corporate responsibility and iD Tech family values very seriously. However, we cannot guarantee that younger students at iD Tech will avoid all contact with or mention of games rated "T" for Teen, or "M" for Mature. iD Tech will make a concerted effort to minimize both direct and indirect exposure to any games not rated for a student’s age group. Students attending courses designed for older ages have a greater chance of being exposed to materials rated for that older age group. If a student is attending a course for ages 13+, they may be exposed to games rated "M" for Mature by the ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board). You voluntarily assume any and all risks, known or unknown, associated with your student’s exposure to game content at an iD Tech Program.

IX. Indemnification

You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold internalDrive, Inc.,iD Tech, its officers, directors, employees, and agents, harmless from and against any claims, liabilities, damages, losses, and expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs, arising out of or in any way connected with your student’s participation in an iD Tech Program.

X. Arbitration Agreement

You agree that any dispute other than collection matters, arising out of or relating to this Agreement, you or your student's participation in a Program with internalDrive, Inc., or otherwise arising between the parties, including, without limitation, any statutorily created or protected rights, as permitted by applicable state/provincial or federal laws, shall be settled by arbitration to be held in Santa Clara County, California, in accordance with the Commercial Rules of the American Arbitration Association, and judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. The prevailing party in the arbitration shall be entitled to recover expenses including costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees associated therewith. Should any part of this contract be found invalid or not enforceable by a court of law, then the remaining portion shall continue to be valid and in force. You hereby acknowledge that you understand the terms of this ARBITRATION AGREEMENT, and you agree to comply with all of its terms and provisions.

XI. Rights Reserved

internalDrive, Inc. reserves the right to update or modify these Terms and Conditions at any time. iD Tech is not a university-sponsored program. iD Tech reserves the right to cancel or modify any and all classes, lessons, Programs or courses for any reason.

XII. Release of Liability

ON BEHALF OF MY SON/DAUGHTER/WARD, I, THE PARENT/GUARDIAN, IN EXCHANGE FOR THE RIGHT OF MY SON/DAUGHTER/WARD TO PARTICIPATE IN ID TECH PROGRAM(S), HEREBY RELEASE INTERNALDRIVE, INC., ITS OWNERS, AGENTS, PARTNERS, FACILITY PROVIDERS, AND EMPLOYEES FROM LIABILITY (INCLUDING CLAIMS BASED UPON NEGLIGENCE) FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES OR INJURIES TO MY SON/DAUGHTER/WARD OR DAMAGE OF ANY PERSONAL PROPERTY. I AGREE TO BE FULLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY AND ALL SUCH DAMAGES OR INJURIES WHICH MAY RESULT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM ANY NEGLIGENT ACTS OR ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNALDRIVE, INC. HOWEVER, I UNDERSTAND THAT I AM NOT RELEASING INTERNALDRIVE, INC., ITS OWNERS, AGENTS, PARTNERS, FACILITY PROVIDERS, AND EMPLOYEES FROM GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR INTENTIONALLY TORTIOUS CONDUCT. TO THE EXTENT THIS RELEASE CONFLICTS WITH STATE/PROVINCIAL LAW GOVERNING RELEASES, THIS RELEASE IS TO BE GIVEN THE FULLEST FORCE AND EFFECT PERMITTED UNDER STATE/PROVINCIAL LAW. SHOULD ANY PART OF THIS CONTRACT BE FOUND INVALID OR NOT ENFORCEABLE BY A COURT OF LAW, THEN THE REMAINING PORTION SHALL CONTINUE TO BE VALID AND IN FORCE. XIII. Copyright

iD Tech partners with and uses the intellectual property of some amazing companies. You and your student agree to uphold the copyright and trademark rights of iD Tech, their partners, and any company whose products are used at an iD Tech Program.

• Get started with computers
• Learn Microsoft Office
• Apply for a job
• Improve my work skills
• Design nice-looking docs
• Getting Started
• Smartphones & Tablets
• Typing Tutorial
• Online Learning
• Basic Internet Skills
• Online Safety
• Social Media
• Zoom Basics
• Google Docs
• Google Sheets
• Career Planning
• Resume Writing
• Cover Letters
• Job Search and Networking
• Business Communication
• Entrepreneurship 101
• Careers without College
• Job Hunt for Today
• 3D Printing
• Freelancing 101
• Personal Finance
• Sharing Economy
• Decision-Making
• Graphic Design
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• Learning WordPress
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• For Educators
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Computer Basics  - What is a Computer?

Computer basics  -, what is a computer, computer basics what is a computer.

Computer Basics: What is a Computer?

Lesson 2: what is a computer.

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What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store , retrieve , and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents , send email , play games , and browse the Web . You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets , presentations , and even videos .

Watch the video below to learn about different types of computers.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here .

Hardware vs. software

Before we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two things all computers have in common: hardware and software .

Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software. For example, right now you may be viewing this lesson in a web browser (software) and using your mouse (hardware) to click from page to page. As you learn about different types of computers, ask yourself about the differences in their hardware. As you progress through this tutorial, you'll see that different types of computers also often use different types of software.

What are the different types of computers?

When most people hear the word computer , they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop . However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.

Desktop computers

Many people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they're typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer case , monitor , keyboard , and mouse .

Laptop computers

The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer , commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Tablet computers

Tablet computers —or tablets —are handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.

A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For example, whenever you use the Internet, you're looking at something that's stored on a server. Many businesses also use local file servers to store and share files internally.

Other types of computers

Many of today's electronics are basically specialized computers , though we don't always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.

• Smartphones : Many cell phones can do a lot of things computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing games. They are often called smartphones .
• Wearables : Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices —including fitness trackers and smartwatches —that are designed to be worn throughout the day. These devices are often called wearables for short.
• Game consoles : A game console is a specialized type of computer that is used for playing video games on your TV.
• TVs : Many TVs now include applications —or apps —that let you access various types of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.

PCs and Macs

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac . Both are fully functional, but they have a different look and feel, and many people prefer one or the other.

This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Other companies began creating similar computers, which were called IBM PC Compatible (often shortened to PC ). Today, this is the most common type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey ). All Macs are made by one company ( Apple ), and they almost always use the Mac OS X operating system.

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• Accountancy
• Business Studies
• Commercial Law
• Organisational Behaviour
• Human Resource Management
• Entrepreneurship
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Notes

Chapter 1: Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts

• Introduction to Accounting for Partnership
• Partnership Deed and Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932
• Difference between Limited Liability Partnership and Partnership Firm
• Accounting Treatment for Interest on Partner's Capital
• Interest on Drawing in case of Partnership
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Loan, Rent Paid to a Partner, Commission Payable to a Partner, Manager's Commission on Net Profit
• Profit and Loss Appropriation Account : Journal Entries & Format
• Difference between Profit and Loss Account And Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
• Capital Accounts of the Partner: Fixed Capital Method
• Capital Accounts of the Partner: Fluctuating Capital Method
• Difference between Fixed Capital Account and Fluctuating Capital Account
• Past Adjustments in Partnership
• Guarantee of Minimum Profit to a Partner

Chapter 2: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio

• Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm : Reasons and Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
• Goodwill: Meaning, Factors Affecting Goodwill and Need for Valuation
• Methods of Valuation of Goodwill
• Average Profit Method of calculating Goodwill
• Super Profit Method of Calculating Goodwill
• Capitalisation Method of Calculating Goodwill
• Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
• Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
• Change in Profit Sharing Ratio: Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund
• Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account in case of change in Profit Sharing Ratio (Fixed Capital)
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account in case of change in Profit Sharing Ratio (Fluctuating Capital)
• Adjustment in Existing Partner's Capital Account in case of Change in Profit Sharing Ratio

Chapter 3: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner

• Computation of New Profit Sharing Ratio: Admission of a Partner
• Computation of Sacrificing Ratio in case of Admission of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Admission of a Partner
• Hidden Goodwill: Admission of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Admission of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Admission of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve: Admission of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Admission of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account: Admission of a Partner (Fixed Capital)
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account: Admission of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital)
• Preparation of Revaluation Account, Capital Account and Balance Sheet
• Adjustment of Partner's Capital Account: Admission of a Partner

Chapter 4: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Retirement or Death of a Partner

• Retirement of a Partner in case of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
• Computation of New Profit Sharing Ratio: Retirement of a Partner
• Calculation of Gaining Ratio: Retirement of a Partner
• Difference between Sacrificing Ratio and Gaining Ratio
• Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Hidden Goodwill in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner (Fixed Capital)
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital)
• Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner when Full Amount is Paid
• Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner: Amount Paid in Instalment
• Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner: Transferred to Loan Account
• Adjustment of Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner
• Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm in case of Death of a Partner
• Calculation of Share of Profit up to the Date of Death of a Partner
• Adjustment of Interest on Deceased Partner's Capital, Deceased Partner's Share in Goodwill and Accumulated Profits and Reserves
• Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Death of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Death of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve in case of Death of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Death of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account in case of Death of a Partner (Fixed Capital)
• Accounting Treatment of Partner's Capital Account in case of Death of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital)
• Accounting Treatment of Amount Due to Deceased Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Joint Life Policy in case of Death of a Partner
• Accounting Treatment of Individual Life Policy in case of Death of a Partner

Chapter 5: Dissolution of Partnership Firm

• Dissolution of a Partnership Firm: Meaning, Modes of Dissolution, Modes of Settlement of accounts (Section 48)
• Difference between Dissolution of Firm and Dissolution of Partnership
• Difference between Firm's Debt and Private Debt
• Difference between Realisation account and Revaluation account
• Accounting treatment of Accumulated Profits, Reserves, and Losses in case of Dissolution of Firm
• Dissolution of Firm: Partner's Capital Account
• Dissolution of Partnership Firm: Meaning and Example
• Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Dissolution of Firm
• Accounting Treatment of Joint Life Policy in case of Dissolution of a Firm
• Accounting Treatment of Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities in case of Dissolution of a firm

Chapter 1: Accounting for Share Capital

• Company and its Types
• Difference between Public Company and Private Company
• Shares : Meaning, Nature and Types
• Difference between Preference Shares and Equity Shares
• Share Capital: Meaning, Kinds, and Presentation of Share Capital in Company's Balance Sheet
• Difference between Capital Reserve and Reserve Capital
• Accounting for Share Capital: Issues of Shares for Cash
• Issue of Shares At Par: Accounting Entries
• Issue of Shares at Premium: Accounting Entries
• Issue of Share for Consideration other than Cash: Accounting for Share Capital
• Issue of Shares: Accounting Entries on Full Subscription with Share Application
• Calls in Arrear: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
• Calls in Advance: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
• Oversubscription of Shares: Accounting Treatment
• Oversubscription of Shares: Pro-rata Allotment
• Oversubscription of Shares: Pro-rata Allotment with Calls in Arrear
• Forfeiture of Shares : Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
• Accounting Entries on Re-issue of Forfeited Shares
• Disclosure of Share Capital in the Balance Sheet: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares

Chapter 2: Issue and Redemption of Debentures

• Issue of Debentures: Meaning, Characteristics, Purpose of Issuing Debentures and Example
• Types of Debentures
• Difference between Shares and Debentures
• Issue of Debentures: Accounting Treatment of Issue of Debenture and Presentation of debentures in balance sheet (with format)
• Issue of Debenture at Par and Premium
• Issue of Debentures for Consideration other than Cash
• Issue of Debenture as Collateral Security
• Interest on Debentures
• Redemption of Debentures
• Redemption of Debentures: Meaning, Sources and Rules regarding Redemption
• Redemption of Debentures in case of Lump-Sum
• Redemption of Debentures in case of Installment
• Redemption of Debentures in case of Purchase of Own Debentures
• Redemption of Debentures: Conversion into Shares or New Debentures

Chapter 3: Financial Statements of a Company

• Financial Statements : Meaning, Objectives, Types and Format
• Objectives and Characteristics of Financial Statements
• Financial Statement of a Company: Balance Sheet
• Profit and Loss Account - Meaning, Format and General Instructions

Chapter 4: Analysis of Financial Statements

• Financial Analysis: Need, Types, and Limitations
• Financial Analysis: Uses, Importance, Limitations
• Comparative Statement: Meaning, Importance and Techniques of Presenting Financial Statements
• Comparative Balance Sheet: Objectives, Advantages and Format of Comparative Balance Sheet
• Comparative Income Statement: Objectives, Advantages and Preparation and Format of Comparative Income Statement
• Common Size Income Statement: Objectives, Preparation, Format of Common Size Statement
• Common Size Balance Sheet: Meaning, Objectives and Format of Common Size Balance Sheet

Chapter 5: Accounting Ratios

• Ratio Analysis- Importance, Advantages and Limitations
• Types of Accounting Ratios
• Liquidity Ratio: Meaning, Types, Formula and Illustrations
• Current Ratio: Meaning, Significance and Examples
• Liquid/Quick Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Solvency Ratio: Meaning, Formula, and Significance
• Debt-Equity Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Total Assets to Debt Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Examples
• Proprietary Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Interest Coverage Ratio | Meaning, Formula, Calculation and Examples
• Activity Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Significance
• Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Illustration
• Trade Payable Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Working Capital Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Profitability Ratio or Income Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Significance
• Overall Profitability Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance, and Examples
• Gross Profit Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Operating Ratio | Formula and Examples
• Operating Profit Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
• Net Profit Ratio
• Return on Investment (ROI): Meaning, Formula, Significance and Illustrations
• Ratio Analysis Formula

Chapter 6: Cash Flow Statement

• What is a Cash Flow Statement?
• Cash Flow Statement: Objectives, Importance and Limitations
• Classification of Business Activities in Cash Flow: Operating, Investing and Financing Activities
• Cash Flow from Operating Activities
• Treatment of Special Items in Cash Flow Statement
• Treatment of Special Items in Cash Flow Statement-II
• Examples of Cash Flow from Operating Activities
• Cash Flow from Investing Activities
• Cash Flow from Financing Activities
• Cash Flow Statement: Two Examples

Part-C Chapter 1: Overview of Computerised Accounting System

• Sourcing of Accounting Software
• Computerised Accounting System
• Computerized Accounting System - Meaning, Features, Advantages and Disadvantages
• Difference between Manual and Computerised Accounting
• Difference between Management Information System (MIS) and Accounting Information System (AIS)
• Evolution and Features of Computerised Accounting

Components of Computer

Cbse previous year papers (2020).

• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/1/1, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/1/2, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/1/3, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question (Paper-67/2/1-2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper-67/2/2
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/2/3, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (67/4/1, 2020)

Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organization (Deleted Syllabus)

• Not for Profit Organisations- Features and Financial Statements
• Difference Between Not for Profit Organisation and Profit Earning Organisation
• Income and Expenditure Account of a Not for Profit Organisation
• Difference between Receipt and Payment Account And Income and Expenditure Account
• Balance Sheet for Not for Profit Organisation
• Accounting Treatment for Subscriptions and Expenses
• Accounting Treatment of Consumable Items: Stationery and Sports Material
• Accounting Treatment: Admission or Entrance Fees, Donation and Legacies, Grants from Government, Sale of Fixed Assets, Life Membership Fees
• Fund based Accounting
• Receipt and Payment Account for Not for Profit Organisation
• Income & Expenditure Account: Accounting Treatment
• Practical Questions on Balance sheet for Not for Profit Organisation
• Practical Questions on Receipt & Payment Account

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs operations, displays results, and stores the data or results as needed. It is a combination of hardware and software resources that integrate together and provides various functionalities to the user. Hardware is the physical components of a computer like a processor, memory devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while software is a set of programs or instructions that are required by the hardware resources to function properly. 

Components of a Computer

There are basically three important components of a computer:

• Central Processing Unit(CPU)
• Output Unit

1. Input Unit:

The input unit consists of input devices that are attached to the computer. These devices take input and convert it into binary language that the computer understands. Some of the common input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc.

• The Input Unit is formed by attaching one or more input devices to a computer.
• A user input data and instructions through input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, etc.
• The input unit is used to provide data to the processor for further processing.

2. Central Processing Unit:

Once the information is entered into the computer by the input device, the processor processes it. The CPU is called the brain of the computer because it is the control centre of the computer. It first fetches instructions from memory and then interprets them so as to know what is to be done. If required, data is fetched from memory or input device. Thereafter CPU executes or performs the required computation, and then either stores the output or displays it on the output device. The CPU has three main components, which are responsible for different functions: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Memory registers

A. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU, as its name suggests performs mathematical calculations and takes logical decisions. Arithmetic calculations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical decisions involve the comparison of two data items to see which one is larger or smaller or equal. 

• Arithmetic Logical Unit is the main component of the CPU
• It is the fundamental building block of the CPU.
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit is a digital circuit that is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.

B. Control Unit: The Control unit coordinates and controls the data flow in and out of the CPU, and also controls all the operations of ALU, memory registers and also input/output units. It is also responsible for carrying out all the instructions stored in the program. It decodes the fetched instruction, interprets it and sends control signals to input/output devices until the required operation is done properly by ALU and memory.

• The Control Unit is a component of the central processing unit of a computer that directs the operation of the processor.
• It instructs the computer’s memory, arithmetic and logic unit, and input and output devices on how to respond to the processor’s instructions.
• In order to execute the instructions, the components of a computer receive signals from the control unit.
• It is also called the central nervous system or brain of the computer.

C. Memory Registers: A register is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU. These are used to store the data, which is directly used by the processor. Registers can be of different sizes(16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on) and each register inside the CPU has a specific function, like storing data, storing an instruction, storing address of a location in memory etc. The user registers can be used by an assembly language programmer for storing operands, intermediate results etc. Accumulator (ACC) is the main register in the ALU and contains one of the operands of an operation to be performed in the ALU.

Memory attached to the CPU is used for the storage of data and instructions, and is called internal memory The internal memory is divided into many storage locations, each of which can store data or instructions. Each memory location is of the same size and has an address. With the help of the address, the computer can read any memory location easily without having to search the entire memory. When a program is executed, its data is copied to the internal memory and stored in the memory till the end of the execution. The internal memory is also called the Primary memory or Main memory. This memory is also called RAM, i.e., Random Access Memory. The time of access of data is independent of its location in memory, therefore, this memory is also called Random Access memory (RAM).

• Memory Unit is the primary storage of the computer.
• It stores both data and instructions.
• Data and instructions are stored permanently in this unit so that they are available whenever required.

3. Output Unit : 

The output unit consists of output devices that are attached to the computer. It converts the binary data coming from the CPU to human understandable form. The common output devices are monitor, printer, plotter, etc.

• The output unit displays or prints the processed data in a user-friendly format.
• The output unit is formed by attaching the output devices of a computer.
• The output unit accepts the information from the CPU and displays it in a user-readable form.

Characteristics of a Computer

1. Speed: Computers can perform millions of calculations per second. The computation speed is extremely fast.

2. Accuracy: Because computers operate on pre-programmed software, there is no space for human error.

3. Diligence: They can perform complex and long calculations at the same time and with the same accuracy.

4. Versatile: Computers are designed to be versatile. They can carry out multiple operations at the same time.

5. Storage: Computers can store a large amount of data/ instructions in its memory, which can be retrieved at any point of time.

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Parts of a Computer.

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Table of Contents

Introduction of Computer

• A computer is a fast and accurate electronic machine that is designed to accept and store input data, process them and produce output results, using the instructions of a stored program or data.
• A computer has some wonderful features that make it different from a human.
• It has become a critical piece of our lives.
• The word computer brings from the word ‘ compute ‘, that means to ‘ calculate .’
• The function performed by a PC is execution of program.
• A computer understand ‘ Binary ‘ language only.
• It produces 100 percent accurate results.
• Charles Babbage is considered as the dad of computer.
• He was an English mathematician and inventor.

Definition of Computer

• A computer is a fast data processing electronic machine in which a program is set of instruction or commands.
• It performs the arithmetical and logical operations on the input data and gives the desired output.

Working of Computer

• A computer works on the three basic steps:-
• This whole process is term as input- process- output cycle or I- P- O cycle.

Working of I- P- O cycle

• Let us learn with an example how I- P- O cycle works in a computer.
• Shilpa wants to add 18 and 17. So, she open the calculator on her computer and click on the buttons 18+ 17 =
• Input: The data and instructions that we enter into the computer are called as input. We input data using a keyboard and mouse.
• Here, data ( 18, 17 ) and instruction ( +, = ) acts as input.
• Process: Working on data is called as processing. The CPU works on data and does all the thinking and calculation.
• The computer finally gives the sum as 35.
• Output: The finally information we get is the output.
• The monitor shows the output.

Input:- 18, 17, +, =

Process:- 18 + 17 =

Output:- 35

Generations of Computer

• The term ” generation ” is generally used to characterise the major developments in the field of computer industry.
• There is no clear- cut separating line between the generations.
• Basically, the term generation is used to distinguish between different hardware technologies developed.
• Generations of a computers are divided into five categories. They are named as:-

1. First Generation of computer

2. Second Generation of computer

3. Third Generation of computer

4. Fourth Generation of computer

5. Future Generation of computer

• The 1st generation of computer is developed by Eckert and Mauchly in 1946 in the USA .
• They are named as Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
• In short ENIAC.
• It used high speed vacuum tubes as switching devices and had a tiny memory.
• The ENICA took about 200 microseconds to add two digits and about 2400 microseconds to multiple.
• In 1946 , Professor John V Neumann proposed the concept of stored programming that is the storage of machine instructions in the memory of the computer in 1949 known as EDSAC .
• EDSAC is represents Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.
• It used mercury delay lines for storage.
• The 1st commercial production of stored electronic computers was UNIVAC .
• UNIVAC is stand for Universal Automatic Computer.
• During this period, PC writing computer programs was predominantly done in the machine language.
• Assembly language was presented during the early fifties.

Characteristics of 1st Generation of Computers

• It has a vacuum tube circuit.
• Continuous maintenance required.
• Punched card and paper tape utilized as secondary storage.
• Dump primary storage.
• Machine and symbolic language programming.
• Generated considerable heat.
• Poor reliability.
• Limited internal storage capacity.
• First commercial computer to be used.
• Slow input/output operations.
• Computer programmed with machine language.
• The 2nd generation of computers stared around 1956 .
• In this age, the computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
• Transistors were made of germanium semi- conductor material.
• They were exceptionally solid when contrasted with tubes.
• Another major breakthrough during this period was the invention of magnetic core for storage.
• Developments of assembly language, assembler and procedural high- level language like Fortran, Cobol, Algol, Snobol, etc. were developed.
• Also, commercial applications like Payroll, Inventory Control and Production Planning and General Ledger System were developed.

Characteristics of 2nd Generation of Computers

• In a core element transistor circuit was used.
• Magnetic core primary storage.
• Secondary storage on tapes.
• Greater reliability and speed.
• Reduced generated heat.
• Smaller and more reliable.
• Faster than 1st generation computers.
• Required less power to operate.
• High level procedural languages Fortran and Cobol were utilized.
• Computers programmed in high level languages.
• The 3rd generation started in the year 1965 .
• In this generation, Germanium transistors were the core element replaced by silicon transistors.
• Here, the transistors were comprised of small scale integrated circuits, consisting of transistors, resistors, and capacitors, grown on a single chip of silicon.
• Hundred or even thousands of transistors could be manufactured on a single wafer of silicon.
• The size of main memory reached about 100 megabytes.
• FORTRANIV, COBOL- 68, PL/1 , etc. were other high level languages developed during this period.
• Additionally, the developments and usage of compiler and interpreter were used in programming languages.
• There are many important on line systems like airline reservation, dynamic production control, interactive query and integrated database management systems emerged on the global software scenario.

Characteristics of 3rd Generation of Computers

• Transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.
• Increased speed and reliability.
• Development of minicomputers.
• On line, real time processing.
• Multiprogramming operating system was introduced.
• It was faster than the previous generation.
• To improved input and output devices.
• The 4th generation was stared in the years 1976 – 1985 .
• This generation emerged with the large scale integrated circuits ( LSIC ) and very large integrated circuits ( VLSIC ) .
• There were packed about 50,000 transistors in a single chip.
• Personal computers were manufactured rapidly.
• Floppy disks served as low cost, high limit reinforcement peripherals.
• A significant development in software was the improvement of the most ambitious language ADA.
• And another development was in the field of interactive graphics.

Characteristics of 4th Generation of Computers

• The 4th generation computer used LSI and VLSI technology.
• Dramatic rise in hardware costs.
• Semi- conductor primary storage was used.
• Development of microcomputer or personal computer.
• Increased costs of software.
• Advancement of electronic spreadsheets and database management systems.
• Compact in size but faster speeds of processing.
• Microprocessor was used.
• An effective 5th generation computer would be highly complex and intelligent electronic device conceived with an idea of intelligence without going through the various stages of technical development.
• This idea of intelligence is called artificial intelligence or AI .
• The emphasis is now shifting developing reliable, faster, and smaller but dump machines to more intelligent machines.

Parts of Computer

• A computer is made up of different parts which are named as:-

1. The motherboard

2. The Central Processing Unit

3. A Graphics Processing Unit

4. A Random Access Memory

5. External Hard Drive

6. An Optical Drive

7. Solid State Drive

8. USB Flash Drive

9. Hard Disk Drive

10. A Card Reader

11. A Monitor

12. A keyboard

13. A mouse

14. Printer

15. Projector

16. Joystick

• The motherboard is the primary component of a PC.
• It is a board with integrated circuitry that interfaces different pieces of the PC including the CPU, RAM , disk drives just as any peripherals associated by means of the ports or the extension openings.
• It contains ports to interface every one of the inner parts.
• It carries a special port designed for power supply or fans.

• The central processing unit is written in short form as CPU.
• The CPU is called as the brain of the computer.
• This is where PC does all its processing work.
• It also controls all input, output and other devices.
• Inside CPU there is a box known as the CPU box.
• It is taken program guidelines from RAM , interprets and processes them and then sends back results so that the relevant components can easily carry out the instructions.
• They are usually cooled by a heat sink and fan, or water-cooling system.
• Most fresher CPU incorporates an on-die graphics preparing unit  (GPU).
• The clock speed of CPU governs how quick it executes guidelines and is measured in GHz ; normal qualities lie between in the range of 1 GHz and 5 GHz.
• A Graphics Processing Unit is written in short form as GPU.
• A GPU is a chip or electronic circuit fit for rendering graphics for show on an electronic gadget which was acquainted with the more extensive market in year 1999 .
• It is best known for its use in providing the smooth graphics that consumers expect in modern games and videos.
• It comprise of polygonal directions that are changed over designs in recordings and games into bitmaps—a cycle called “ delivering “.
• And after that converted into signals that are shown on a screen.
• This transformation requires GPU to have a lot of processing power, which also makes GPUs valuable in machine learning, artificial knowledge, and different tasks that require a large number of complex and sophisticated computations.

• A random access memory is written in short form as RAM.
• A RAM is a form of PC memory that can be read and changed in any order, regularly used to store working information and machine code.
• A RAM permits data items to be read or written in practically a similar amount of time independent of the actual area of data inside the memory.
• It stands out from other direct-access information storage media where the time needed to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their actual locations on the recording medium, because of mechanical limitations for example as media rotation speeds and arm movement.
• An external hard drive is a gadget that you plug into a PC port.
• An external hard drive gives you more extra space to keep your information.
• At the point when you store information on an outside hard drive, you can possibly get to it when the hard drive is connected to your PC .
• We can use an outer hard drive to store documents that you don’t get to every now and again for example, Old photographs or recordings, records and chronicled information, finished activities/portfolios and so on.
• An optical drive refers to a PC system that permits users to utilize DVDs, CDs and Blu-ray optical drives.
• The drive contains a couple of focal points that project electromagnetic waves that are liable for perusing and composing data on optical plates.
• An optical drives are fundamental pieces of hardware gadgets like VCD players, CD players, Blu-ray players, DVD players, and certain computer games control center like Microsoft Xbox one, Sony PlayStation 2, 3&4 and Nintendo Wii U .
• A solid-state drive is written in short form as SSD.
• A SSD is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit congregations to store information constantly, typically utilizing streak memory, and filling in as optional stockpiling in the order of PC amassing.
• It is likewise now and again called a solid-state device or a solid-state disk, even however SSDs do not have the physical spinning disks and movable read–compose heads used in hard plate drives  (HDDs) and floppy circles.
• A USB flash drive is a data limit device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.
• It is typically removable, rewritable and a lot more smaller than an optical disc.
• It is often used for storage, data back-up and transferring of PC files.
• A hard disk drive is written in short form as HDD.
• A PC HDD is a non-shaky memory equipment gadget that controls the arranging, perusing and composing of the hard plate, which outfits information stockpiling.
• It is commonly used as the main storage device in a PC.
• In a PC, HDD is generally found in the drive bay and is related with the motherboard through an ATA, SATA or SCSI connect.
• The HDD is likewise related to a power supply unit and can keep stored information while powered down.
• A  card reader is a data input device that peruses data from a card-shaped storage medium.
• The first were punched card readers, which read the paper or cardboard punched cards that were utilized during the initial quite a few years of the PC business to store data and projects for PC frameworks.

• A monitor is an output device that shows data in pictorial construction.
• A monitor usually includes the visual display, circuitry, packaging, and power supply.
• It looks like a TV screen.
• Whatever we type with the help of  keyboard can be seen on the monitor.
• It is also called as VDU.
• VDU stands for Visual Display Unit.
• The output we get on the monitor is called a soft copy .
• There are two types of monitor.
• LCD and CRT monitor.
• LCD is stand for Liquid Crystal Display and CTR is stand for Cathode Ray Tube.
• A keyboard is the most common input device used to enter data and instructions into the PC.
• A keyboard has many keys on it.
• There are various types of keyboard layouts manufactured based on the region and language utilized.

• A mouse is a hand held pointing device with two or three buttons on its top.
• It is used to select and point things on the monitor.
• It can also be used to draw pictures.
• A printer prints the output which we see on the PC screen on paper.
• The printer copy is called the hard copy.
• There are three main types of printer.

A. Dot matrix printer

B. Inkjet printer

C. Laser printer

• A  dot matrix printer is an impact printer that prints utilizing a fixed number of pins or wires.
• In a dot matrix printer the pins or wires are organized in one or a few vertical segments.
• The pins strike an ink-covered lace and power contact between the lace and the paper, so that each pin makes a little dab on the paper.
• Thus mix of these specks shapes a spot lattice picture.
• They were also called as serial dot matrix printers .
• A Inkjet printing  is a type of PC printing that reproduces a digital picture by impelling beads of ink onto paper and plastic substrates.
• These are the most commonly used type of printer, and reach from little reasonable customer models to costly expert machines.
• There are 2 main technologies which are in use in contemporary inkjet printers: continuous (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD).
• A continuous inkjet means the flow is compressed and in a relentless stream.
• A drop-on-demand means the fluid is expelled from jet nozzle one drop at a time.
• This should be possible with a mechanical method with a push or some electrical technique.
• A Laser printing is an electrostatic computerized printing measure.
• It creates high-quality text and graphics by more than once passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a “drum” to characterize a differentially charged image.
• The drum then, at that point specifically gathers electrically charged powdered ink, and moves the picture to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text, imagery, or both, to the paper.
• Similarly as with digital photocopiers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing measure.
• A Laser printing differs from conventional xerography as carried out in simple scanners in that in the last mentioned, the image is formed by reflecting light off an existing document onto the uncovered drum.
• A projector is an optical device that takes pictures produced by a PC or Blu-beam player and reproduce them by projection onto a screen, wall, or another surface.
• The images may be movable or either slides.
• It is often about the size of a toaster and weighs only a few pounds.
• Real-time, Still images, Moving images are three categories of a projectors that are based on the type of their input. 

• We use a joystick to play games on the PC.
• It helps us to control the movement of the pointer on the screen.
• It is stands for Uninterrupted Power Supply.
• It keeps the PC ON for some time even after the electricity goes OFF .
• It also saves the PC in case of high voltage or power problem.

Types of Computers

• On the basis of their performance and capacity computers are classified into 4 types. They are named as:-

1. Super computers

2. Mainframe computers

3. Mini computers

4. Microcomputers

• Super computers are the most powerful computers.
• They are also the most expensive PC.
• They are used for complex operations like astronomy, automobile designing, aircraft designing, space explorations, weather forecasting, etc.
• The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second rather than million instructions per second.
• Mainframe computers have a huge storage capacity.
• They can process data at a very high speed and they are also quite expensive.
• These PCs are generally used in large industries, banks and in scientific research centres.
• IBM-570 is a popular series of mainframe computers.
• Mini computers are less advanced as compared to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity.
• They are likewise more affordable than centralized server PCs.
• These PCs are mostly used as network servers and internet servers.
• PDP-8 and VAX PCs are examples of mini computers.
• Personal PCs, commonly used in schools, homes, offices, banks, etc. are known as microcomputers.
• These PCs are small with compact technology.
• The microcomputers were 1st developed by IBM corporation in 1981.
• Some other manufacturers are Dell, Apple, and HP .
• Desktop computers, laptops and palmtops are different types of microcomputers.
• Desktop PC are big in size and can be kept on a desk.
• Laptops as the name clearly indicates, are small enough to be carried easily while travelling.
• We can keep them on your lap and conveniently use them.
• These PC can be work with the help of batteries for a very long time.
• Tablets and palmtops are smaller than laptops and can be carried along easily.

Characteristics of a Computer

• There are 5th important characteristics of a computer which makes it a very special machine. They are as follows:-

2. Accuracy

3. Diligence

4. Versatility

5. Storage capacity

• A PC can perform operations at a very fast speed.
• It can perform thousands of mathematical operations in just a few seconds.
• The time it takes to perform these calculations is measured in the terms of nanoseconds or picoseconds.

1 second = 10 9  nanoseconds 

1 seconds = 10 12   picoseconds

• A PC is considered to be 100% accurate, provided the data and instructions given to it by the user are up to the mark.
• A PC can work continuously for hours without getting tired.
• The speed and  accuracy level also remains the same, even after it works for many hours.
• The same PC machine can be used for performing various jobs.
• It suits the needs of different kinds of people involved in different professions.
• A PC can store huge amount of data and information in its storage, called memory.
• This stored information can be kept and used for a long time.

Advantages of Using a Computer

• To increase our productivity.
• To connects us to the internet.
• It reduce waste and can store vast amount of data.
• To improves our employment options.
• To save the time.
• To assist the physical challenged.
• Also find your love in your life.
• To keep us entertained.
• To help us automate and monitor.
• To gave you a better understanding of data.
• They help us organize, sort and search through information .

Limitations of a Computer

• There are no decision making ability.
• It has no intelligence.
• They don’t have emotions and feelings.

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Computer Basics 1

Apr 03, 2019

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Computer Basics 1. Computer Basic 1 includes two lessons: Lesson 1: Introduction to Computers Lesson 2: Common Computer Terminology. Lesson 1 – Introduction to Computer Objectives. After completing lesson 1, you will be able to: Describe the importance of computers in today’s world.

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Computer Basics 1 Computer Basic 1 includes two lessons: • Lesson 1: Introduction to Computers • Lesson 2: Common Computer Terminology

Lesson 1 – Introduction to Computer Objectives After completing lesson 1, you will be able to: Describe the importance of computers in today’s world. Identify the main parts of a computer. Identify the steps for starting a computer. Identify the different groups of keys on a keyboard. Perform different tasks by using a mouse.

The Role of Computers In Business and Industry In Publication Field In Education Field In Government Organizations In Medical Field In Science Field In Entertainment Field

Parts of a Computer Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, etc.) Output Devices (Monitor, Speakers, etc.) Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory Motherboard (Circuit Board) Expansion Cards (Video Card, Sound Card, or NIC) Hard Drive Ports and Connections (USB, Firewire, etc.)

Parts of a Computer Input Devices Mouse Keyboard Microphone Scanner Webcam

Parts of a Computer Output Devices Monitor Printer Speaker/Headphone

Parts of a Computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) A device that interprets and runs the commands that you give to the computer. Also referred to as the processor. Two major brands are Intel and AMD. Examples: Intel Core 2 Duo, AMD Turion X2

Parts of a Computer Memory • Memory is where information is stored and retrieved by the CPU. • There are two main types of memory: • Random Access Memory (RAM): It is the main memory and allows you to temporarily store commands and data. • Read Only Memory (ROM): It is the memory that retains its contents even after the computer is turned off.

Parts of a Computer Motherboard • Is the main circuit board inside the computer. • Has tiny electronic circuits and other components on it. • Connects input, output, and processing devices together (CPU, Memory, Hard Drive, DVD Drive) • Tells the CPU how to run.

Parts of a Computer Expansion Cards Video Card – is connected to the computer monitor and is used to display information on the monitor. Network Interface Card (NIC) – is connected to other computers so that information can be exchanged between them. Sound Card– converts audio signals (microphone or audio tape) which can be stored as a computer audio file.

Parts of a Computer Storage Devices Hard Disk Flash Drive CD-ROM DVD-ROM

Parts of a Computer Ports and Connections Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port FireWire (similar to USB but faster) Network Port (Ethernet) Parallel Port and Serial Port Display Adapter Power

Using a Computer To turn on a computer, press the power button on the system unit. Log on to the operating system by your user name and password. Computers allow you to create, modify, and save files. To shut down a computer, click Start, and then, at the bottom of the Start menu, click Shut Down.

Using a Keyboard

Using a Mouse A mouse is a small device that you can use to move, select, and open items displayed on your monitor. Most mouse devices have at least two buttons, left and right. Mouse’s action: Point Double Click Left Click Right Click Click-and-Drag or Drag-and-Drop

Using a Mouse (cont.) Different types of mouse devices available in the market: • Regular mouse • Trackball mouse • Optical mouse

Lesson 2 – Common Computer TerminologyObjectives Identify the primary hardware components of a computer. Define an operating system and its role. Define the term program. Explain what is meant by data. Define the term network, and identify the benefits of networking. Define the term Internet.

Hardware Refers to all the physical components of a computer. Includes all input devices, processing devices, storage devices, and output devices. Examples of hardware are: keyboard mouse motherboard monitor hard disk cables printer

Operating Systems Is the most important software on the computer Controls and manages the hardware connected to your computer Provides an interface that helps you to interact with the computer Ensures that your computer is functioning properly Windows XP is an example of the operation system. Can be either text-based or graphics-based. Graphics-based operating system help you install hardware or software with easy-to-use interface.

Programs • The hardware and the operating system together are referred to as a platform. • Programs, also called applications, use this platform to perform tasks. • There are many types of programs: • Some programs allow you to perform tasks such as writing letters, doing calculations, or sending e-mail messages. • Other programs allow you to create illustrations, play games, watch movies, or communicate with other computer users.

Data • Programs process data that you provide as input to your computer. • Data can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video depending on the type of program. • Program processes the data and displays the output on the screen. • You can save this output in a file. • The file can be an audio file, a text file, a graphics file, or a video file.

Networks Is a group of computers and associated devices that are linked together to facilitate sharing information. Can also be used to share data and devices such as printers. A typical network has the following three components: Server Workstation Communication channel

NetworksLAN Connects devices within a limited area (home or a small group of offices) Commonly includes computers and shared resources (printers and scanners)

Networks WAN Is a network that connects devices in geographically separated areas. Is used to connect networks across different countries. The Internet is an example of a WAN.

Internet Internet is a worldwide collection of public networks that are linked to each other for information exchange. Internet offers a range of services to its users (file transfers between Internet users and electronic mail) The World Wide Web (WWW), or the Web, is another service that the Internet provides. An intranet is similar to the Web but is accessible only to authorized users of the organization.

Practices Lesson 1: • Practice typing by visiting www.powertyping.com • Practice using the mouse at www.mouseprogram.com Lesson 2: Suggestion: • Bring a box of computer hardware (mother board, video card, hard drive, CD/DVD drive, etc.) • Ask students to name them.

Next Class Computer Basic 2 Includes two lessons: • Lesson 3: Computer Performance and Features • Lesson 4: Computer Operation Systems

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• this looks like a TV and lets you sees the software/programed and everything you do on your computer.
• this is the main part of the computer. It contains the brain of the computer which processes and communicates information with all other parts of the computer.
• the keyboard is an input device used to type in information into the computer.
• the mouse is an input device which is used to control what you see on your monitor. With a mouse you can click, select and move what you see on your screen.
• this is an output device used to print out hard copy of what is displayed on your monitor. You can use it to print text and pictures.
• is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the computer monitor or keyboard.
• is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task. Some examples of software are web browsers, games, and word processors such as Microsoft Word.

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What the New Overtime Rule Means for Workers

One of the basic principles of the American workplace is that a hard day’s work deserves a fair day’s pay. Simply put, every worker’s time has value. A cornerstone of that promise is the  Fair Labor Standards Act ’s (FLSA) requirement that when most workers work more than 40 hours in a week, they get paid more. The  Department of Labor ’s new overtime regulation is restoring and extending this promise for millions more lower-paid salaried workers in the U.S.

Overtime protections have been a critical part of the FLSA since 1938 and were established to protect workers from exploitation and to benefit workers, their families and our communities. Strong overtime protections help build America’s middle class and ensure that workers are not overworked and underpaid.

Some workers are specifically exempt from the FLSA’s minimum wage and overtime protections, including bona fide executive, administrative or professional employees. This exemption, typically referred to as the “EAP” exemption, applies when: 

1. An employee is paid a salary,  

2. The salary is not less than a minimum salary threshold amount, and 

3. The employee primarily performs executive, administrative or professional duties.

While the department increased the minimum salary required for the EAP exemption from overtime pay every 5 to 9 years between 1938 and 1975, long periods between increases to the salary requirement after 1975 have caused an erosion of the real value of the salary threshold, lessening its effectiveness in helping to identify exempt EAP employees.

The department’s new overtime rule was developed based on almost 30 listening sessions across the country and the final rule was issued after reviewing over 33,000 written comments. We heard from a wide variety of members of the public who shared valuable insights to help us develop this Administration’s overtime rule, including from workers who told us: “I would love the opportunity to...be compensated for time worked beyond 40 hours, or alternately be given a raise,” and “I make around $40,000 a year and most week[s] work well over 40 hours (likely in the 45-50 range). This rule change would benefit me greatly and ensure that my time is paid for!” and “Please, I would love to be paid for the extra hours I work!”

The department’s final rule, which will go into effect on July 1, 2024, will increase the standard salary level that helps define and delimit which salaried workers are entitled to overtime pay protections under the FLSA. 

Starting July 1, most salaried workers who earn less than $844 per week will become eligible for overtime pay under the final rule. And on Jan. 1, 2025, most salaried workers who make less than $1,128 per week will become eligible for overtime pay. As these changes occur, job duties will continue to determine overtime exemption status for most salaried employees.

The rule will also increase the total annual compensation requirement for highly compensated employees (who are not entitled to overtime pay under the FLSA if certain requirements are met) from $107,432 per year to $132,964 per year on July 1, 2024, and then set it equal to $151,164 per year on Jan. 1, 2025.

Starting July 1, 2027, these earnings thresholds will be updated every three years so they keep pace with changes in worker salaries, ensuring that employers can adapt more easily because they’ll know when salary updates will happen and how they’ll be calculated.

The final rule will restore and extend the right to overtime pay to many salaried workers, including workers who historically were entitled to overtime pay under the FLSA because of their lower pay or the type of work they performed. 

We urge workers and employers to visit  our website to learn more about the final rule.

Jessica Looman is the administrator for the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division. Follow the Wage and Hour Division on Twitter at  @WHD_DOL  and  LinkedIn .  Editor's note: This blog was edited to correct a typo (changing "administrator" to "administrative.")

• Wage and Hour Division (WHD)
• Fair Labor Standards Act
• overtime rule

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