introduction to history definition issues sources and methodology

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Module 1 - Introduction to History

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Preview text, introduction to history: definition, issues, sources and, methodology, definition and subject matter.

History has always been known as the study of the past. Students of general education often dread the subject for its notoriety in requiring them to memorize dates, places, names, and events from distant eras.

History was derived from the Greek word historia which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”. History as a discipline existed for around 2,400 years and is as old as Mathematics and Philosophy term was adapted to classical Latin where it acquired a new definition. Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written Documents and historical evidences.

History became an important academic discipline. It became the Historian’s duty to write about the lives of important individuals like monarchs, heroes, saints, and nobilities. History was also focused on writing about wars, revolutions and other important breakthroughs.

History is the study of people, actions, decisions, interactions and behaviours. It is so compelling a subject because it encapsulates themes which expose the human condition in all of its guises and that resonate throughout time: power, weakness, corruption, tragedy, triumph ... Nowhere are these themes clearer than in political history, still the necessary core of the field and the most meaningful of the myriad approaches to the study of history. Yet political history has fallen out of fashion and subsequently into disrepute, wrongly demonised as stale and irrelevant. The result has been to significantly erode the utility of ordering, explaining and distilling lessons from the past.

History’s primary purpose is to stand at the centre of diverse, tolerant, intellectually rigorous debate about our existence: our political systems, leadership, society, economy and culture.

QUESTION AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

History as a discipline has already turned into a complex and dynamic inquiry. This dynamism inevitably produced various perspectives on the discipline regarding different questions like: What is history? Why study history? And history for whom? These questions can be answered by historiography. In simple terms, historiography is the history of history. History and historiography should not be confused to each other. The former’s object of study is the past, the events that happened in the past and the causes of such events.

Thus, historiography lets the students have a better understanding of history. They do not get to learn historical facts, but they also provided with the understanding of the fact’s and historian’s contexts.

History has played various roles in the past. States use history to unite a nation. It can be used as a tool to legitimize regimes and force a sense of collective identity through collective memory. Lessons from the past can be used to make sense of the present. Learning of the past mistakes can help people to not repeat them. Being reminded of a great person can inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward.

One of the problems confronted by the history is the accusation that the history is always written by victors. This connotes that the narrative of the past is always written from the bias of the powerful and the more dominant player. For instance, the history of the Second World War in the Philippines always depicts the United States as the hero and the Imperial Japanese were lumped in the category of traitors or collaborators. However, a more thorough historical investigation will reveal a more nuanced account of the history of that period instead of a simplified narrative as a story of hero versus villain.

HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN

We cannot access the past directly as our subject matter. Historians only get to access representation of the past through historical sources and evidences.

Therefore, it is the historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also to interpret these facts. “Facts cannot speak for themselves” It is the job of the historian to give meaning to thes facts and organize them into a timeline, establish causes, and write history. Meanwhile the historian fact. He is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context, environment, ideology, education, and influences, among others. In that sense, his interpretation of the historical fact is affected by his context and circumstances. His subjectivity will inevitably influence the process of his historical research: The methodology that he will use, the facts that he shall select and deem relevant, his interpretation, and even the form of his writings. Thus, in one way or another, history is always subjective. If that is so, can history still be considered as an academic and scientific inquiry?

Historical research requires rigor. Despite the fact that historians cannot ascertain absolute objectivity, the study of history remains scientific because of the rigor of the research and methodology that historians employ. Historical methodology comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history. Certain rules apply in the cases of conflicting accounts and oral sources as valid historical evidence.

For example: If a historians chooses to use an oral account as his data in studying the ethnic history of the Ifugaos in the Cordilleras during the American Occupation, he needs to validate the claims if his informant through comparing and corroborating it with written sources. Therefore,

Philippine Revolution happened in the last years of nineteenth century while Agoncillo published

his work in 1956, which makes the Revolt of the Masses a secondary sources. More than this, in

writing book, Agoncillo used primary sources with his research like documents of the

Katipunan,interview with the veterans of the Revolution, and correspondence between and

among Katipuneros.

Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history. However,

historians and students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize these historical sources to avoid

deception and to come up with the historical truth. The historian should be able to conduct an

external and internal criticism of the source. Especially primary sources which can age in

External Criticism – is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its

physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was

produced; and the materials used for evidence. Example of the things will be examined when

conducting external criticism of a document include the quality of the paper, the type of the ink,

and the language and words used in the material, among others.

Internal Criticism – is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks on the

content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. It looks also at the

truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the

agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it and its intense purpose, among

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University : colegio de santo cristo de burgos.

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