journal club presentation guidelines

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Journal Club: How to Prepare Effectively and Smash Your Presentation

Journal Club. So much more than reading a paper aloud. So many ways to mess it up. Got to present one? Then read our journal club toolkit.

Published September 14, 2022

I have a Master’s Degree in Chemistry and a Ph.D. in Structural Biology. I am interested in how the shape and connectivity of molecules relate to their reactivity and function.

Journal club. It’s so much more than orally dictating a paper to your peers.

It’s an opportunity to get a bunch of intelligent people in one place to share ideas. It’s a means to expand the scientific vocabulary of you and the audience. It’s a way to stimulate inventive research design.

But there are so many ways it can go wrong.

Poorly explained papers dictated blandly to an unengaged audience. Confusing heaps of data shoehorned into long presentations. Everybody stood awkwardly outside a meeting room you thought would be free.

Whether you are unsure what journal club is, are thinking of starting one, or simply want to up your presentation game—you’ve landed on the ultimate journal club guide.

The whats, the whys, and the hows, all in one place.

What Is a Journal Club in Science?

A journal club is a series of meetings in which somebody is elected to present a research paper, its methods, and findings to a group of colleagues.

The broad goal is to stimulate discussion and ideas that the attendees may apply to their own work. Alternatively, someone may choose a paper because it’s particularly impactful or ingenious.

Usually, the presenter alternates per a rota, and attendance may be optional or compulsory.

The presenter is expected to choose, analyze, and present the paper to the attendees with accompanying slides.

The presentation is then followed by a discussion of the paper by the attendees. This is usually in the form of a series of questions and answers directed toward the presenter. Ergo , the presenter is expected to know and understand the paper and subject area to a moderate extent.

Why Have a Journal Club?

I get it. You’re a busy person. There’s a difficult research problem standing between you and your next tenure.

Why bother spending the time and energy participating in a series of meetings that don’t get you closer to achieving your scientific goals?

The answer: journal club does get you closer to achieving your scientific goals!

But it does this in indirect ways that subtly make you a better scientist. For example:

• It probably takes you out of your comfort zone .
• It makes you a better communicator.
• It makes you better at analyzing data.
• It improves your ability to critique research.
• It makes you survey relevant literature.
• It exposes you and your audience to new concepts.
• It exposes your audience to relevant literature.
• It improves the reading habits of you and your audience.
• It gets clever people talking to each other.
• It gives people a break from practical science.

It also provides a platform for people to share ideas based on their collective scientific experience. And every participant has a unique set of skills. So every participant has the potential to provide valuable insight.

This is what a good journal club should illicit.

Think of journal club as reading a book. It’s going to enrich you and add beneficially to the sum of your mental furniture, but you won’t know how until you’ve read it.

Need empirical evidence to convince you? Okay!

In 1988 a group of medical interns was split into two groups. One received journal club teaching and the other received a series of seminars. Approximately 86% of the journal club group reported improved reading habits. This compares to 0% in the group who received seminar-based teaching. [1]

Journal Club Template Structure

So now you know what journal club is, you might wonder, “how is it organized and structured?”

That’s what the rest of this article delves into. If you’re in a rush and need to head back to the lab, here’s a graphical summary (Figure 1).

Nobody likes meetings that flounder around and run over time. And while I have no data to prove it, I reckon people take less away from such meetings. Here’s a basic journal club template that assumes you are the presenter.

Introduce the Paper, Topic, Journal, and Authors

Let your audience know what you will be talking about before diving right in. Remember that repetition (of the important bits) can be a good thing.

Introducing the journal in which the paper is published will give your audience a rough idea of the prestige of the work.

And introducing the authors and their respective institutes gives your audience the option of stowing this information away and following it up with further reading in their own time.

Provide a Reason Why You Chose the Paper

Have the authors managed to circumvent sacrificing animals to achieve a goal that traditionally necessitated animal harm? Have the authors repurposed a method and applied it to a problem it’s not traditionally associated with? Is it simply a monumental feat of work and success?

People are probably more likely to listen and engage with you if they know why, in all politeness, you have chosen to use their time to talk about a given paper.

It also helps them focus on the relevant bits of your presentation and form cogent questions.

Orally Present Key Findings and Methods of the Paper

Simple. Read the paper. Understand it. Make some slides. Present.

Okay, there are a lot of ways you can get this wrong and make a hash of it. We’ll tell you how to avoid these pitfalls later on.

But for now, acknowledge that a journal club meeting starts with a presentation that sets up the main bit of it—the discussion.

Invite Your Audience to Participate in a Discussion

The discussion is the primary and arguably most beneficial component of journal club since it gives the audience a platform to share ideas. Ideas formulated by their previous experience.

And I’ve said already that these contributions are unique and have the potential to be valuable to your work.

That’s why the discussion element is important.

Their questions might concur and elaborate on the contents of the paper and your presentation of it.

Alternatively, they might disagree with the methods and/or conclusions. They might even disagree with your presentation of technical topics.

Try not to be daunted, however, as all of this ultimately adds to your knowledge, and it should all be conducted in a constructive spirit.

Summarize the Meeting and Thank Your Audience for Attending

There’s no particularly enlightening reason as to why to do these things. Summarizing helps people come away from the meeting feeling like it was a positive and rewarding thing to attend.

And thanking people for their time is a simple courtesy.

How Do You Organize It?

Basic steps if you are the organizer.

Okay, we’ve just learned what goes into speaking at the journal club. But presenter or not, the responsibility of organizing it might fall to you.

So, logistically , how do you prepare a journal club? Simply follow these 5 steps:

• Distribute copies of the research article to potential participants.
• Arrange a meeting time and location.
• Organize a speaker.
• Hold the journal club.
• Seek feedback on the quality of the meeting.

Apart from point 5, these are fairly self-explanatory. Regarding point 5, feedback is essential to growing as a scientist and presenter. The easiest way to seek feedback is simply to ask.

Alternatively, you could create a form for all the meetings in the series and ask the audience to complete and return it to you.

Basic Steps If You Are the Speaker

If somebody has done all the logistics for you, great! Don’t get complacent, however.

Why not use the time to elevate your presentation to make your journal club contribution memorable and beneficial?

Don’t worry about the “hows” because we’re going to elaborate on these points, but here are 5 things you can do to ace your presentation:

• Don’t leave it to the last minute.
• Know your audience.
• Keep your presentation slides simple.
• Keep your audience engaged.
• Be open to questions and critiques.

Regarding point 1, giving yourself sufficient time to thoroughly read the article you have chosen to present ensures you are familiar with the material in it. This is essential because you will be asked questions about it. A confident reply is the foundation of an enlightening discussion.

Regarding point 3, we’re going to tell you exactly how to prepare effective slides in its own section later. But if you are in a rush, minimize the use of excessive text. And if you provide background information, stick to diagrams that give an overview of results from previous work. Remember: a picture speaks louder than a thousand words.

Regarding point 4, engagement is critical. So carry out a practice run to make sure you are happy with the flow of your presentation and to give you an idea of your timing. It is important to stick to the time that is allotted for you.

This provides good practice for more formal conference settings where you will be stopped if you run over time. It’s also good manners and shows consideration for the attendees.

And regarding point 5, as the presenter, questions are likely to be directed toward you. So anticipate questions from the outset and prepare for the obvious ones to the best of your ability.

There’s a limit to everyone’s knowledge, but being unable to provide any sort of response will be embarrassing and make you seem unprepared.

Anticipate that people might also disagree with any definitions you make and even with your presentation of other people’s data. Whether or not you agree is a different matter, but present your reasons in a calm and professional manner.

If someone is rude, don’t rise to it and respond calmly and courteously. This shouldn’t happen too often, but we all have “those people” around us.

How Do You Choose a Journal Club Paper?

Consider the quality of the journal.

Just to be clear, I don’t mean the paper itself but the journal it’s published in.

An obscure journal is more likely to contain science that’s either boring, sloppy, wrong, or all three.

And people are giving up their time and hope to be stimulated. So oblige them!

Journal impact factor and rejection rate (the ratio of accepted to rejected articles) can help you decide whether a paper is worth discussing.

Consider the Impact and Scope of the Paper

Similar to the above, but remember, dross gets published in high-impact journals too. Hopefully, you’ve read the paper you want to present. But ask yourself what makes this particular paper stand out from the millions of others to be worth presenting.

Keep It Relevant and Keep It Interesting

When choosing a paper to present, keep your audience in mind. Choose something that is relevant to the particular group you are presenting to. If only you and a few other people understand the topic, it can come off as elitist.

How Do You Break Down and Present the Paper?

Know and provide the background material.

Before you dive into the data, spend a few minutes talking about the context of the paper. What did the authors know before they started this work? How did they formulate their hypothesis? Why did they choose to address it in this way?

You may want to reference an earlier paper from the same group if the paper represents a continuation of it, but keep it brief.

Try to explain how this paper tackles an unanswered question in the field.

Understand the Hypothesis and Methods of the Paper

Make a point of stating the  hypothesis  or  main question  of the paper, so everyone understands the goal of the study and has a foundation for the presentation and discussion.

Everyone needs to start on the same foot and remain on the same page as the meeting progresses.

Turn the Paper into a Progression of Scientific Questions

Present the data as a logical series of questions and answers. A well-written paper will already have done the hard work for you. It will be organized carefully so that each figure answers a specific question, and each new question builds on the answer from the previous figure.

If you’re having trouble grasping the flow of the paper, try writing up a brief outline of the main points. Try putting the experiments and conclusions in your own words, too.

Feel free to leave out parts of the figures that you think are unnecessary, or pull extra data from the supplemental figures if it will help you explain the paper better.

Ask Yourself Questions about the Paper Before You Present

We’ve touched on this already. This is to prepare you for any questions that are likely to be asked of you. When you read the paper, what bits didn’t you understand?

Simplify Unfamiliar and Difficult Concepts

Not everyone will be familiar with the same concepts. For example, most biologists will not have a rigorous definition of entropy committed to memory or know its units. The concept of entropy might crop up in a biophysics paper, however.

Put yourself in the audience’s shoes and anticipate what they might not fully understand given their respective backgrounds.

If you are unsure, ask them if they need a definition or include a short definition in your slides.

Sum Up Important Conclusions

After you’ve finished explaining the nitty-gritty details of the paper, conclude your presentation of the data with a list of significant findings.

Every conclusion will tie in directly to proving the major conclusion of the paper. It should be clear at this point how the data answers the main question.

How Do You Present a Journal Club Powerpoint?

Okay, so we’ve just gone through the steps required to break down a paper to present it effectively at journal club. But this needs to be paired with a PowerPoint presentation, and the two bridged orally by your talk. How do you ace this?

Provide Broad Context to the Research

We are all bogged down by minutia and reagents out of necessity.

Being bogged down is research. But it helps to come up for air. Ultimately, how will the research you are about to discuss benefit the Earth and its inhabitants when said research is translated into actual products?

Science can be for its own sake, but funded science rarely is. Reminding the journal club audience of the widest aims of the nominated field provides a clear starting point for the discussion and shows that you understand the efficacy of the research at its most basic level.

The Golden Rule: A Slide per Minute

Remember during lectures when the lecturer would open PowerPoint, and you would see, with dismay, that their slides went up to 90 or something daft? Then the last 20 get rushed through, but that’s what the exam question ends up being based on.

Don’t be that person!

A 10-15 minute talk should be accompanied by? 10-15 slides! Less is more.

Be Judicious about the Information You Choose to Present

If you are present everything in the paper, people might as well just read it in their own time, and we can call journal club off.

Try to abstract only the key findings. Sometimes technical data is necessary for what you are speaking about because their value affects the efficacy of the data and validity of the conclusions.

Most of the time, however, the exact experimental conditions can be left out and given on request. It’s good practice to put all the technical data that you anticipate being asked for in a few slides at the end of your talk.

Use your judgment.

Keep the Amount of Information per Slide Low for Clarity

Your audience is already listening to you and looking at the slides, so they have a limited capacity for what they can absorb. Overwhelming them with visual queues and talking to them will disengage them.

Have only a few clearly related images that apply directly to what you speaking about at the time. Annotate them with the only key facts from your talk and develop the bigger picture verbally.

This will be hard at first because you must be on the ball and confident with your subject area and speaking to an audience.

And definitely use circles, boxes, and arrows to highlight important parts of figures, and add a flowchart or diagram to explain an unfamiliar method.

Keep It Short Overall

The exact length of your meeting is up to you or the organizer. A 15-minute talk followed by a 30-minute discussion is about the right length, Add in tea and coffee and hellos, and you get to an hour.

We tend to speak at 125-150 words per minute. All these words should not be on your slides, however. So, commit a rough script to memory and rehearse it.

You’ll find that the main points you need to mention start to stand out and fall into place naturally. Plus, your slides will serve as visual queue cards.

How Do You Ask a Question in Journal Club?

A well-organized journal club will have clear expectations of whether or not questions should be asked only during the discussion, or whether interruptions during the presentation are allowed.

And I don’t mean literally how do you soliloquize, but rather how do you get an effective discussion going.

Presenters: Ask Questions to the Audience

We all know how it goes. “Any questions?” Silence.

Scientists, by their very nature, are usually introverted. Any ideas they might want to contribute to a discussion are typically outweighed by the fear of looking silly in front of their peers. Or they think everyone already knows the item they wish to contribute. Or don’t want to be publicly disproven. And so on.

Prepare some questions to ask the audience in advance. As soon as a few people speak, everyone tends to loosen up. Take advantage of this.

Audience: Think About Topics to Praise or Critique

Aside from seeking clarification on any unclear topics, you could ask questions on:

• Does the data support the conclusions?
• Are the conclusions relevant?
• Are the methods valid?
• What are the drawbacks and limitations of the conclusions?
• Are there better methods to test the hypothesis?
• How will the research be translated into real-world benefits?
• Are there obvious follow-up experiments?
• How well is the burden of proof met?
• Is the data physiologically relevant?
• Do you agree with the conclusions?

How to Keep It Fun

Make it interactive.

Quizzes and polls are a great way to do this! And QR codes make it really easy to do on-the-fly. Remember, scientists, are shy. So why not seek their participation in an anonymized form?

You could poll your audience on the quality of the work. You could make a fun quiz based on the material you’ve covered. You could do a live “what happened next?” You could even get your feedback this way. Here’s what to do:

• Create your quiz or poll using Google forms .
• Make a shareable link.
• Paste the link into a free QR code generator .
• Put the QR code in the appropriate bit of your talk.

Use Multimedia

Talking to your audience without anything to break it up is a guaranteed way of sending them all to sleep.

Consider embedding demonstration videos and animations in your talk. Or even just pausing to interject with your own anecdotes will keep everyone concentrated on you.

Keep It Informal

At the end of the day, we’re all scientists. Perhaps at different stages of our careers, but we’ve all had similar-ish trajectories. So there’s no need for haughtiness.

And research institutes are usually aggressively casual in terms of dress code, coffee breaks, and impromptu chats. Asking everyone to don a suit won’t add any value to a journal club.

Your Journal Club Toolkit in Summary

Anyone can read a paper, but the value lies in understanding it and applying it to your own research and thought process.

Remember, journal club is about extracting wisdom from your colleagues in the form of a discussion while disseminating wisdom to them in a digestible format.

Need some inspiration for your journal club? Check out the online repositories hosted by PNAS and NASPAG to get your juices flowing.

We’ve covered a lot of information, from parsing papers to organizational logistics, and effective presentation. So why not bookmark this page so you can come back to it all when it’s your turn to present?

While you’re here, why not ensure you’re always prepared for your next journal club and download bitesize bio’s free journal club checklist ?

And if you present at journal club and realize we’ve left something obvious out. Get in touch and let us know. We’ll add it to the article!

• Linzer M et al . (1988) Impact of a medical journal club on house-staff reading habits, knowledge, and critical appraisal skills . JAMA 260 :2537–41

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Journal Club: How to Build One and Why

By Michelle Sharp, MD; Hunter Young, MD, MHS

Published April 6, 2022

Journal clubs are a longstanding tradition in residency training, dating back to William Osler in 1875. The original goal of the journal club in Osler’s day was to share expensive texts and to review literature as a group. Over time, the goals of journal clubs have evolved to include discussion and review of current literature and development of skills for evaluating medical literature. The ultimate goal of a journal club is to improve patient care by incorporating evidence into practice.

Why are journal clubs important?

In 2004, Alper et al . reported that it would take more than 600 hours per month to stay current with the medical literature. That leaves residents with less than 5 hours a day to eat, sleep, and care for patients if they want to stay current, and it’s simply impossible. Journal clubs offer the opportunity for residents to review the literature and stay current. Furthermore, Lee et al . showed that journal clubs improve residents’ critical appraisal of the literature.

How do you get started?

The first step to starting a journal club is to decide on the initial goal. A good initial goal is to lay the foundation for critical thinking skills using literature that is interesting to residents. An introductory lecture series or primer on study design is a valuable way to start the journal club experience. The goal of the primer is not for each resident to become a statistician, but rather to lay the foundation for understanding basic study designs and the strengths and weaknesses of each design.

The next step is to decide on the time, frequency, and duration of the journal club. This depends on the size of your residency program and leadership support. Our journal club at Johns Hopkins is scheduled monthly during the lunch hour instead of a noon conference lecture. It is essential to pick a time when most residents in your program will be available to attend and a frequency that is sustainable.

How do you get residents to come?

Generally, if you feed them, they will come. In a cross-sectional analysis of journal clubs in U.S. internal medicine residencies, Sidorov found that providing food was associated with long-lasting journal clubs. Factors associated with higher resident attendance were fewer house staff, mandatory attendance, formal teaching, and an independent journal club (separate from faculty journal clubs).

The design or format of your journal club is also a key factor for attendance. Not all residents will have time during each rotation to read the assigned article, but you want to encourage these residents to attend nonetheless. One way to engage all residents is to assign one or two residents to lead each journal club, with the goal of assigning every resident at least one journal club during the year. If possible, pick residents who are on lighter rotations, so they have more time outside of clinical duties to dissect the article. To enhance engagement, allow the assigned residents to pick an article on a topic that they find interesting.

Faculty leadership should collaborate with residents on article selection and dissection and preparation of the presentation. Start each journal club with a 10- to 20-minute presentation by the assigned residents to describe the article (as detailed below) to help residents who did not have time to read the article to participate.

What are the nuts and bolts of a journal club?

To prepare a successful journal club presentation, it helps for the structure of the presentation to mirror the structure of the article as follows:

Background: Start by briefly describing the background of the study, prior literature, and the question the paper was intended to address.

Methods: Review the paper’s methods, emphasizing the study design, analysis, and other key points that address the validity and generalizability of the results (e.g., participant selection, treatment of potential confounders, and other issues that are specific to each study design).

Results: Discuss the results, focusing on the paper’s tables and figures.

Discussion: Restate the research question, summarize the key findings, and focus on factors that can affect the validity of the findings. What are potential biases, confounders, and other issues that affect the validity or generalizability of the findings to clinical practice? The study results should also be discussed in the context of prior literature and current clinical practice. Addressing the questions that remain unanswered and potential next steps can also be useful.

Faculty participation: At our institution, the faculty sponsor meets with the assigned residents to address their questions about the paper and guide the development of the presentation, ensuring that the key points are addressed. Faculty sponsors also attend the journal club to answer questions, emphasize key elements of the paper, and facilitate the open discussion after the resident’s presentation.

How do you measure impact?

One way to evaluate your journal club is to assess the evidence-based practice skills of the residents before and after the implementation of the journal club with a tool such as the Berlin questionnaire — a validated 15-question survey that assesses evidence-based practice skills. You can also conduct a resident satisfaction survey to evaluate the residents’ perception of the implementation of the journal club and areas for improvement. Finally, you can develop a rubric for evaluation of the resident presenters in each journal club session, and allow faculty to provide feedback on critical assessment of the literature and presentation skills.

Journal clubs are a great tradition in medical training and continue to be a valued educational resource. Set your goal. Consider starting with a primer on study design. Engage and empower residents to be part of the journal club. Enlist faculty involvement for guidance and mentorship. Measure the impact.

Journal Club Presentation: Tips and How To Prepare To Present

Preparing for a journal club presentation can be a daunting task, but with the right approach, it can be a rewarding experience.

In this guide, you’ll find essential tips on how to choose the right article, organize your presentation, and engage your audience effectively.

From understanding the methods and results to delivering a compelling discussion, this article will provide you with the tools you need to present confidently and make a meaningful contribution to your journal club.

What Is A Journal Club?

A journal club is a platform where you, along with fellow scientists, clinicians, and students , gather to discuss a chosen paper.

The purpose is to critically analyse and appraise a primary research article. In a typical journal club presentation, you start with the introduction, giving your audience the background information and the hypothesis the article addresses.

This sets the context and ensures everyone understands the scope of the study. You can find journal clubs in:

• universities,
• hospitals, and
• research institutions.

Many professional organizations also host journal clubs, both in-person and online, offering a platform for continuous learning and professional development.

When you prepare for a journal club, choose an article relevant to your subject area and consider your audience. Are they clinicians or basic scientists? This impacts how you present the data and the depth of explanation required. 

How To Present In Journal Clubs?

Presenting in a journal club is an art that combines preparation, organisation, and clear communication. Here’s a step-by-step process to ensure your journal club presentation is engaging and insightful.

Choosing the Article

Start by selecting a primary research article, not a review. A primary article allows you to discuss the methods, results, and discussion sections in depth.

Choose a paper that interests you and is relevant to your subject area. Consult with your supervisor to ensure the chosen paper is suitable for your audience, whether they are clinicians or basic scientists.

For example, a study using mouse model study may work for scientists, but might not be ideal for a clinical audience.

Prepare Your Paper Presentation

Read the paper multiple times to understand its core concepts and findings. As you read, highlight key points and make notes. Explore supplementary materials and related articles to get a comprehensive view of the topic.

This background information is crucial for providing context during your presentation. If the article contains a lot of experimental data, ensure you understand the methods and results thoroughly.

You also want to check your references here, in case your audience wants to know more about where you get your facts and findings.

Organise Your Presentation

A well-structured presentation is critical. Organise your slides into clear sections:

• introduction,
• results, and
• discussion.

Start with the introduction, providing background information and stating the hypothesis. This sets the stage for your audience. Use a summary slide to outline the main points you’ll cover.

Introduction

In the introduction, discuss the study’s aim and why it’s important. Provide a brief overview of the background and previous research. 

This helps your audience and colleagues understand the context and significance of the study. Relate the topic to broader scientific questions or clinical problems. This also serves as a starting point, to ensure their expectation is aligning to what you plan to talk to them about.

Spend the most time on the methods section. Discuss the:

• experimental design,
• study population, and
• data collection techniques. 

Address questions like, “Does the study design answer the research question?” and “Who is the study population?” Highlight any inclusion or exclusion criteria.

Discuss potential biases and how the authors attempted to mitigate them. Understanding the methods is crucial for assessing the validity of the results.

When presenting the results, consider to describe the sample and present the data clearly. Use figures and tables from the article but avoid overcrowding your slides. 

Instead, split complex diagrams and annotate them to highlight key points. Discuss the results from both the figures and the main text, explaining their significance. 

Look at confidence intervals and p-values to assess the statistical significance of the findings.

However, as much as you want to let your audience know how detailed your study is, remember not to share in too much detail, you could confuse, or worse bore them.

Discussion, Summary & Conclusion

In the discussion section, explore how the study’s findings relate to previous research. Do other studies support or contradict these results? Discuss the implications of the findings and what they mean for the field.

 Acknowledge the limitations of the study, such as sample size or methodological constraints. This section is your chance to critically appraise the article and provide a balanced view.

Engaging Your Audience

Keep your audience engaged by making the presentation interactive. Anticipate questions they might have and address them during your talk. Encourage feedback and discussion.

This makes the session more dynamic and informative, where you interact and exchange information and opinion with your audience. 

Tips To Present In Journal Club Presentation

Mastering a journal club presentation involves thorough preparation, clear organization, and engaging delivery.

By choosing a relevant article, understanding its content deeply, and structuring your presentation effectively, you can confidently share your insights and foster valuable discussions.

Remember to anticipate questions and involve your audience to keep the session dynamic. With these tips, you’ll be well-equipped to present compellingly and contribute to the collective learning and professional development of your peers.

For more tips on how to present effectively, check out my video:

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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• 10 Journal Club Tips: How to Run, Lead, and Present Like a Pro

Ten Tips for Scientific Journal Clubs: How to Organize, Lead, and Participate Well

What is a journal club? A scientific journal club is a dedicated meeting where researchers gather to discuss publications from peer-reviewed journals. These meetings help researchers keep up with current findings, exercise their critical thinking skills, and improve their presentation and debate abilities.

Journal club formats vary depending on the preferences of organizers and participants. Online journal clubs organized using virtual meeting platforms (e.g. Zoom, Google Meets, Webex) are increasing in popularity with research labs and institutions.

In a well-run journal club, participants engage in lively discussions, while critically and honestly evaluating a study's strengths and weaknesses. They take away insights on what to do—and what not to do—in their own work. They feel inspired by new findings and walk away with ideas for their own research. On the contrary, ineffective journal clubs lack active participation. There may be a fear of openly voicing thoughts and opinions, or attendees may just be there for the free refreshments. In the end, the attendees take away nothing useful and think it's a waste of time. Whether you’re an organizer or a participant, follow these tips to run and lead a successful journal club, and to create engaging journal club presentations.

1. Make It a Routine

Schedule the journal club at a recurring time and location, so that it becomes a regular part of everyone's schedule. Choose a time that will be the least disruptive to everyone's experiments. Perhaps host it during lunchtime and invite people to eat while the presenter is speaking. Or perhaps host it in late afternoon with coffee and snacks provided.

We try and make the meeting times agreeable to most people and at times that are conducive to the work day of a grad student. We hold our journal clubs after seminars or presentations so it doesn’t interrupt experiments.

Shan Kasal, Graduate Student, The University of Chicago

2. Designate a Leader

A designated leader(s) who can take ownership of running the journal club will contribute tremendously to its success. The responsibilities of a leader may include organizing the journal club (see below) and facilitating the meeting (e.g., starting and ending meetings on time, making speaker introductions and announcements, and moderating discussions). Skilled journal club leaders make it safe for members to openly voice their thoughts and opinions. They work to generate excitement and encourage active participation. They also provide opportunities for members to join them in organizing and leading the journal club. Great leaders inspire personal and professional growth in others within their journal club community. Download this journal club preparation checklist to help you stay organized as a leader and ensure all necessary tasks are completed before each journal club meeting.

3. Get Organized

Staying organized is key to running a successful journal club. Here are some ways that can help you organize a journal club:

• Set a consistent format and make sure members are aware of it.
• Create and share schedules so participants know it's their turn to present, facilitate, pre-read, or provide refreshments.
• Develop a communication rhythm to make sure announcements and reminders are sent out in a timely manner.
• Provide guidelines and/or a template for presenters.
• Bring attendance sheets to track member turnouts. Depending on the institute, keeping track of attendance can help with budget requests and approvals.
• Provide feedback forms to the audience to help identify areas for improvement.

Journal Club ToolKit

Get organized with these downloadable tools, including a journal club preparation checklist, attendance sheet template, presentation checklist, feedback form template, and presenter evaluation forms.

4. Pre-Read Papers

Pre-reading is a great way to ensure that you have sufficient background information to participate in journal club discussions. In an ideal world, everyone in the journal club will read the paper prior to the meeting. But due to the high demands of research , members may not have the time to pre-read before every single meeting. Journal club leaders can encourage pre-reading or even make it mandatory. Some journal clubs ask for different members to present different figures. Using this format, several individuals have to pre-read the paper and actively participate during each meeting. Other journal clubs designate one or two individuals, in addition to the presenter, to thoroughly pre-read the paper each week. The pre-readers are asked to help promote discussion by asking questions during the meetings. Organizers can set a schedule so that members know when it's their turn to pre-read.

5. Build a Community

You need to have students that are interested in the club in the first place, and I would also say, interested in hanging out with each other. Our journal club format is informal, which allows us to at least enjoy the company of each other.

Journal club organizers and leaders should aim to create a community where the members feel safe enough to share their thoughts and ask questions. Fostering community encourages active participation and the exchange of ideas, and can increase participant satisfaction and collaborations.

Successful journal clubs always come with food!!

Serena Chang, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Stanford University

A great way to foster community is, simply, to serve food and drinks. Eating and drinking together can create a friendly, informal atmosphere conducive to open discussions, which will help encourage the flow of ideas and thoughts on the journal club paper. In addition, refreshments help to incentivize members to continue attending the journal club.

Immunology Journal Club Sponsorship Contest

Enter for a chance to win a $500 USD sponsorship budget for your immunology journal club. Use it to fund food and drinks. Be a hero and win it for your journal club community.

6. Choose Relevant Papers

Consider the composition of your journal club community when choosing a paper. A journal club may have a broad group of researchers (e.g., a general immunology journal club), or it may only involve one or two labs specifically working on immune tolerance or a particular immune cell type. Papers discussed should be be on topics relevant to the participants’ research areas so that they remain interested.

We encourage people to select papers they are not already reading to try and expand our understanding of immunology and theirs. Too many times I feel like people select papers they already have read or will read and gain nothing from it, so there is no incentive to invest more.

As a busy researcher, the additional task of preparing for a journal club can feel like an extra burden. It’s easy to choose a paper that you are already reading for your research project. But choosing a paper that is outside of your research specialty can help you and others gain new perspectives and broaden your knowledge.

7. Make Engaging Presentations

You’ve likely suffered through boring lectures with text-heavy slides, or a monotonous presentation. How can this be avoided in your journal club?

I have a one page suggestion list of things to include in the presentation, including criticisms for the methods, hypothesis, whether the results are valid/strong enough to support the hypothesis, etc. This helps keep everyone on track.

As a journal club organizer or leader, you can provide presenters with a suggested list of presentation content and best practices:

• Start with why. Capture everyone’s interest by sharing why you chose that paper or why the paper is important to discuss.
• Prepare a concise presentation. Summarize only the key points of the paper. Include enough background information but avoid the urge to include every single detail. You can provide technical details when needed during the discussion period.
• Simplify complex information. Create simple visual representations of complex ideas, pathways, or techniques to help your audience understand the information. Avoid writing out complex information in text-heavy slides that nobody will read.
• Give it more space. Make your slides easier to read by avoiding having too much text in small fonts or too many figures on one slide. If a figure is too large, you can break it up into a few slides.
• Include discussion starters. Instead of simply summarizing, include your thoughts and opinions on all aspects of the paper to initiate a discussion. What were the strengths and weaknesses? What questions did you have when reading the paper?

Download this journal club presentation checklist to help your presentation preparation.

8. Keep It Exciting

Break out of the routine once in a while to keep the journal club fresh and exciting. For example, you could invite external speakers to your journal club:

• Invite a visiting scientist to present their work.
• Ask a biotech company to present their technologies.
• Find a speaker who can discuss scientific careers.
• Ask a science communication expert to give tips.

9. Look for Ways to Improve

You’ve taken the first step towards improving your journal club by reading this article, but improvement is a continual process. What does your journal club community think? Perform regular audits of the journal club by asking for feedback every few months. Distribute feedback forms that attendees can fill out at the end of a journal club meeting. Download a journal club feedback form template > In addition to asking for feedback, pay attention to what happens during journal club meetings. Do members generally appear awake and engaged during presentations? Are you constantly running out of discussion time? You can gain a lot of insights by simply being observant in the meeting.

10. Make Time for It

Understandably, the demands of research can prevent you from making the choice to take on this additional task of leading or participating in a journal club. Adopt smart practices so you can use your time more efficiently. Working smart will help free up your time for other beneficial activities, including journal clubs. One of the ways to work smarter is to make the switch to more efficient technologies that can help you get your results in less time. For example, you can switch to a smarter way to isolate cells.

Efficient Tools and Technologies for Life Science Research

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Who says science needs to be hard and dry?

When I give presentation in journal club, I always select the kind of papers that tell a "fun" story- I believe we can learn more by discussing "how the author(s) come up with such idea?" question. Over the years, the topics of my selected papers have ranged from how bugs determine the color of laid eggs to whether getting cancer is just bad luck. Many people have told me that they like how the papers I selected arouse interest and discussion from the audience in journal club. Here I'd like to explain how we all can benefit our research by reading and interpreting research papers from a different perspective.

To begin with, we have to understand that the purpose of scientific research is very different from that of scientific publication, and the latter can facilitate but does not achieve the former. Therefore, it is important for a career scientist to be able to distinguish these from each other, get to know the structural elements of both, and identify what can be learned from them for her/his own research.   

First of all, we don’t only study cancer. We study the natural history of life. Ultimately, all biological studies address different perspectives of life. Keeping in mind the quote "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" (Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1973), any paper is relevant.   

Second, in most studies, the authors observe the world through the lens of the contemporary paradigm or prevailing models. Many papers in top-tier journals attempt to find the “last piece” of the puzzle in the established model (and many “elite” authors are very good at this). An idea that does not fit into any of the paradigms will have a hard time getting published. A good example is Carl Woese. He single-handedly redefined the history of life but was mostly ignored until his later years because people of his time did not know where his idea should be placed (if you don’t know who he is, please Google him).

Third, we have to understand how a paper is written. Running a study is like constructing a skyscraper. You dig ground to make a foundation, lift pillars, construct floor by floor. Finally, you reach the top and finish the roof. When the construction is completed, you remove all the scaffolds and auxiliaries, clean up all the garbage, and decorate the environment. Now a brand new, beautiful building stands in front of people. But when someone asks you how such a marvelous building is constructed, you say: "I started constructing it from the roof, followed by the top floor, and floor by floor built down until the first floor touched the ground. This is a perfect plan, isn’t it?” Unfortunately, this is often how a study is presented at publication nowadays. If you follow the authors’ plans, most papers are over-decorated in a similar fashion, making them quite indistinguishable, with everything arranged perfectly and logically, even though the study hadn’t truly evolved in that way, sacrificing many critical elements that may give implications or insights to the field. For example, a discovery made by chance is described as a process following a logical design without mentioning the accident, thus the critical elements involved in the discovering circumstances may be lost forever, resulting in low reproducibility. Alternatively, following a “perfect” plan, a paper may be over-decorated with mechanism studies, and the real drivers of the phenomenon are overlooked.    

The route out of these “conceptual traps”, I believe, comes from a genuine observation or curious question that can catch people by surprise. For example, one of my all-time favorite papers is “Genetic Variations Associated with Red Hair Color and Fear of Dental Pain, Anxiety Regarding Dental Care and Avoidance of Dental Care” - yes, this is the real title. The study was initiated by an urban legend circulating among dentists: redheads have a worse response to anesthesia and terrible tooth conditions. The author - a dentist - wanted to test if it was true. What would you think if you heard such a rumor as a dentist? As you can imagine, this study is not high-profile journal material (it was published in a dental house journal, J. Am. Dental Assoc., 2009, 140:896-905). Because I study pigment cells, the results gave me a “think-out-of-the-box” moment: pigment variation and neural response are intertwined together evolutionarily. 

With these thoughts in mind, I would like to share a few “tips” for selecting a paper and preparing a presentation for journal club:

● Select a paper with a subject that might interest both scientists and non-scientists. A genuine question out of curiosity is always intriguing. Studies in lifestyle and behavior are fun because the audience can connect with them personally.

● In many cases, why the researcher asked the question and how she/he solved it are more valuable - and interesting - than the discovery itself. Even a wrong question can lead to a good observation. 

● Discuss what led the authors to the current study in the historic and/or conceptual (paradigm) perspective. This is necessary, in my opinion. For example, Joan Masague copied the in vivo cycling methodology from Isaiah J. Fidler, who got the idea from Luria-Delbruck distribution in bacterial resistance to phage. From here, we can easily see how studies of bacterial resistance heavily impacted the concept of clonal selection in cancer research. It would be very interesting to discuss the extent/limit of this concept in cancer research. Digging into the history of the research field can bring implications beyond the imagination.  

● Figure out if the question and the hypothesis are the “roof” or the “foundation” of the study. This will also arouse fun discussion.

● Examine whether the “mechanism” is required or decorative for the conclusion. Here is one of my favorite examples. In 1846, Hungarian clinician Ignaz Semmelweis published his findings in Vienna that washing deliverers’ hands with chlorinated lime solutions could effectively reduce maternal mortality in obstetrical clinics. Although the experimental data was solid, the idea was rejected by the most renowned doctors at the time, including Rudolf Virchow. The reason? Semmelweis could not offer an explanation fitting the contemporary scientific concept (i.e., “mechanism”) for his findings. The practice of hand disinfection did not prevail until Pasteur’s germ theory emerged in 1880, 15 years after Semmelweis had died in a mental institute. During this period, more women died unnecessarily because elite doctors demanded mechanisms in a scientific paper.

● Try to discuss how the findings can be applied to other fields. For example, after discovery of immune checkpoints, many immunologists tried to activate them to cure autoimmunity. Imagine this: if you read such a paper in those years, how would you think about its implication in cancer research?         

Actually, all the statements above involve only two factors: zooming out and then zooming in on the question. Believe me, doing this will easily facilitate many fun discussions.

Here are some more practical, step-by-step suggestions for the slides for journal club:

1. Start with a brief background of the field: a historic account to explain “how we got here”, and/or introduction to the current and alternative paradigms. Do these paradigms make sense in terms of biological evolution or life history? 

2. Summarize the model system and focused pathway/process being used and studied that is related to the paper. What is the scope of the model being used, and how relevant is it to the real world?

3. What is the author’s question? Why did she/he ask it? Is the question derived from the current model, or from an unexpected observation?  

4. What are the key claims in the paper? (We put this first so we can hang all the data against their claims. Ironically, the hypothesis in the paper may already give a good clue since it is often added after all the results were generated.)

5. A summary of the study design is helpful, especially for complicated projects.

6. Pick and choose key data that support the central conclusion, summarize everything else.

7. How much could the results answer the question? Alternatively, what is the paradigm-shifting discovery?

8. What is the implication of the results? How can we make use of the information in the paper in our own work? In what ways could the results impact other fields? What are the unanswered questions?

All the questions here can be asked during your presentation to arouse questions or discussion from the audience. 

Case Study: Ising C., et al. NLRP3 inflammasome activation drives tau pathology. Nature (2019).

Conclusion:  1. fibrillar amyloid-beta -> NLRP3 inflammasome -> tau kinase/phosphatase -> tau pathology  2. Neurofibrillary tangles develop downstream of amyloid-beta-induced microglial activation.

Historic context: What is the “driver” of Alzheimer disease (AD) identified by pathological and genetic studies in the history of research?

Evolutionary context: Why is there neurodegeneration disease?  1. Do other animals get neurodegeneration disease? Are the genes involved in AD conserved in other animals? What are the functions of the conserved and divergent genes? 2. “Why would we have in our brains proteins such as α-synuclein or tau that, without substantive modification appears to be able to accumulate and cause some rather distressing diseases?” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662249/) 3. What is the common cause of microglia activation? Is neurodegeneration disease the price we pay to prevent parasite infection in brain? 4. Does the conclusion of this study fit in any evolutionary biology explanation? If so, is the explanation supported by any epidemiological data worldwide?

Results: 1. How much in pathology can the identified mechanism explain? 2. Can boundary condition of the model be mapped to human data?

Biomedical relevance: 1. Is there any study in diet and life style related to the conclusion, so a preventive/diagnostic measure can be suggested? 2. Disease of aging and cancer are two extreme ends in the same spectrum. Is the activation of microglia relevant to the occurrence or suppression of brain tumors?

The author would like to thank Dr. Sarah Spaeh for her editorial assistance. 

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This is an excellent article, not only about how to present but where adn what to look for. Most big findings are serendipitous, and boggles our mind. Keeping an open mind, looking for crazy connections everywhere, not just in high tier journals, is a w3onderful suggestion. Thank you

Hi, Sarawati,

I am glad that this article is helpful for you! There are so many interesting and important papers out there, not necessarily in the top-tier journals. For example, Luria-Delbruck distribution was published in the journal Gene in 1943. The work, which won them Nobel Prize, is the foundation of research in the evolution of cells, but the modern impact factor of the journal was like 4.0.

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Recommended content, is ai a hype, circle of connections, career transition in my 50s, in memory of a young postdoc, supernova, wow signal, and reproducibility.

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Prepare For Journal Club

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Presentation Skills

Journal club examples.

• Start Searching Here
• 18 Tips for Killer Presentations - Lifehack General tips for presenting successfully.
• Creating Your 20.109 [Journal Club] Presentation - Atissa Banuazizi, MIT PowerPoint with basic tips for planning and presenting.
• How to Give a Dynamic Scientific Presentation - Elsevier Connect General tips on preparing the presentation, presenting, and PowerPoint slides.
• How to Give a Great Scientific Talk - Nature General tips on how to present or give a talk.
• Presentation Skills - Sheffield Hallam University Library Guide with tips for planning and organizing presentations and coping with nerves.
• Presenting with Poise - University of Saskatchewan PDF guide on presentation skills from the Student Learning Services at the University of Saskatchewan
• Example Journal Club Presentation - MERIT-HF This example PowerPoint presentation slide set is for the article: MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-2007.
• Journal Club Example Handout - MERIT-HF This example handout is for the article: MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-2007.
• Nursing Times Journal Club Example Handout This example handout is for the article: Mannix K, Jones C (2020) Nurses’ experiences of transitioning into advanced practice roles. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 3, 35-38.

Proper citations are an essential component of a good journal club presentation.

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• How to Review a Meta-analysis Article Russo MW. How to review a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2007;3(8):637-42.

• Jadad Score Berger VW, Alperson SY. A general framework for the evaluation of clinical trial quality. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2009;4(2):79-88. doi:10.2174/157488709788186021
• Limitations of Meta-analysis: Overview Improving Medical Statistics and the Interpretation of Clinical Trials
• Living Systematic Reviews: Towards Real-time Evidence for Health-care Decision-making BMJ Blog By Chris Mavergames and Julian Elliott
• Meta-Analysis: Principles and Procedures article Egger M. Meta-analysis: principles and procedures. BMJ 1997;315:1533.

• The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-analyses GA Wells, B Shea, D O'Connell, J Peterson, V Welch, M Losos, P Tugwell. Department of Epidemiology and Commuunity Medicine, University of Ottawa
• Overview of Meta-Analysis and Methods greatdoctorstv YouTube video of Gordon Guyatt, M.D., M.Sc.

• Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement Annals of Internal Medicine article
• Problems with Meta-Analysis Methods greatdoctorstv YouTube video of Gordon Guyatt, M.D., M.Sc.
• Tips for Learners of Evidence-Based Medicine: 4. Assessing Heterogeneity of Primary Studies in Systematic Reviews and Whether to Combine their Results Hatala R, Keitz S, Wyer P, Guyatt G. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 4. Assessing heterogeneity of primary studies in systematic reviews and whether to combine their results. CMAJ. 2005;172(5):661-5.
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• 5 Key Things to Know About Meta-Analysis Hilda Bastian - Absolutely Maybe
• Another 5 Things to Know About Meta-Analysis Bastian H. Absolutely Maybe : Evidence and Uncertainties about Medicine and Life PLOS blog.
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• Heterogeneity: Assessing Heterogeneity in Meta-Analysis: Q Statistic or I2 Index? University of Connecticut - Tania Huedo-Medina, et al.
• How to Read a Forest Plot in a Meta-analysis Sedgwick P. How to read a forest plot in a meta-analysis. BMJ 2015;351:h4028
• Living Systematic Reviews The Cochrane Library
• Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-Analyses Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-60.
• Meta-analyses: Heterogeneity and Subgroup Analysis Sedgwick P. Meta-analyses: heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f4040.
• Meta-analyses: How to Read a Funnel Plot Sedgwick P. Meta-analyses: how to read a funnel plot. BMJ. 2013;346:f1342.
• Meta-analyses: Tests of Heterogeneity Sedgwick P. Sample size: how many participants are needed in a trial?. BMJ. 2012;344:e3971.
• Meta-Analysis Handbook of Biological Statistics John H. McDonald
• What is Heterogeneity? YouTube video by Terry Shaneyfelt, M.D.

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Establishing and sustaining an effective journal club

1 Health Education England North West, Manchester, UK

2 Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

3 Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, UK

A journal club is a group that meets regularly to review and critique scientific literature. It is thought that Sir William Osler set up the first discussion-based healthcare journal club at McGill University in 1875, after which he encouraged attendees to apply their updated knowledge in practice. 1

There is debate over whether the main goal of a journal club should be for attendees to keep abreast of the literature, or to develop critical appraisal skills. 2 , 3 Both are essential in clinical medicine, and a journal club may incorporate both or vary its aims over time. Goals may also include the acquisition of other transferrable skills such as presentation and debating skills.

Features associated with a successful journal club (i.e. one that is well attended and sustained over time) include a high degree of interest from participants and the ability to acquire critical appraisal skills. Other important considerations are to ensure that selected articles are relevant and interesting, thereby encouraging discussion of complex and controversial issues. 4 In this article, we suggest how to establish and run an effective journal club, both in-person and virtual, and direct readers to critical appraisal tools that may be used to maximise the educational benefits.

There is no ‘gold standard’ for how to conduct a journal club. 5 , 6 , 7 We therefore draw on published evidence in combination our own experience of running journal clubs, particularly the Self-Isolating Virtual Education (SAVEd) Virtual Journal Club. This was established in the North West School of Anaesthesia during the COVID-19 pandemic to allow trainee anaesthetists, including those who were unable to attend the clinical workplace because they were ‘shielding’ or self-isolating, to continue to participate in a journal club. 8

It is useful to define leadership and administrative roles at the outset and distribute responsibilities between colleagues. A typical model comprises a trainee lead supported by a senior colleague who should support the presenters and trainee lead, and who may offer specialist expertise (e.g. in research methods or areas of clinical practice). Tasks include promotion and publicising, scheduling, arranging rooms, selecting and sharing papers, allocating presenters and facilitating discussion.

Schedule the journal club to maximise participation and minimise exclusion. Although specifying a regular day and time integrates the journal club into departmental routine, it can prevent colleagues from attending if they have commitments at fixed times. Likewise, fit the journal club around essential clinical duties, and release participants from clinical work to attend if possible. Relatively short meetings on alternating days appear to be effective, and attendance can be maximised by online scheduling tools.

Register participants' attendance and make the details available for attendees' records. Try to ensure that attendees have shared interests where you can. Multidisciplinary sessions can offer richer and more valuable discussions, and the shared educational experience allows for common understandings that improve relationships and collaborations at the bedside. For example, colleagues from anaesthesia, geriatric medicine, orthopaedic surgery, nursing and physiotherapy could attend a journal club on a paper concerning the timing of hip fracture surgery.

Journal club conduct

Make expectations and responsibilities clear. We have found it effective to assign a ‘presenter’ for each journal club, who should read, critique and prepare a short presentation on a paper, supported by the senior or trainee journal club lead who may offer advice such as suggestions for critique and explanation of research methods. This is followed by a discussion facilitated by the journal club lead. If you expect attendees to read the paper in advance, make them aware of this, and share the manuscript beforehand, where copyright rules permit.

Either the presenter or the journal club lead can select the articles for discussion. Although any paper may have an educational component, we advise the selection of primary research or systematic reviews that have been published recently, are relevant to clinical practice and have clear potential for discussion amongst colleagues, for example relating to study design or clinical implications.

Format the discussion based on the principles of adult learning. These include promoting interest by relating the discussion to immediate work and personal goals, by focusing on patient or situation-based problems, using multiple teaching formats (i.e. individual reading, presentation, discussion), and by facilitating active participation and feedback. 9

A journal club can help individuals to develop their critical appraisal skills. Several critical appraisal tools and reporting guidelines are available as checklists ( Table 1 ). These provide a useful guide; they can be used to structure presentations and also provide prompts for key questions such as ‘will the results help locally?’ Structured appraisal tools can increase attendees' satisfaction and the perceived value of a journal club. 10

Table 1

Free-to-access checklists to guide critical appraisal of the scientific literature.

Ensure that you evaluate the journal club through written and quantitative feedback from attendees. Feedback can focus on both the journal club in general, and individual presentations in particular. The former should be used to optimise the conduct and format of the journal club, and the latter can be used to focus participants' reflections (e.g. on how they will apply their learning in practice), and summarised for use by the presenter, for example in their annual appraisals.

Online journal clubs

Face-to-face journal clubs have a long history. 1 However, online journal clubs have increased as a consequence of the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This approach permits attendance from work or home (thereby potentially increasing attendance), ensures social distancing and allows recording of the sessions. Recording the sessions allows participation via asynchronous online discussion and access for colleagues who are unable to attend ‘live’. 11 , 12

You can operate an online journal club in a similar fashion to in-person events. However, there are some particular considerations related to the use of information technology (IT):

• • Assign a chairperson and a facilitator, to avoid one person having to manage the IT aspects (screen sharing, recording etc.) at the same time as presenting.
• • Set a time when attendees can access a computer. Evenings may be most suitable, depending on hospital IT infrastructure.
• • Promotion (e.g. via social media) is important to encourage attendance at online journal clubs.
• • Use a videoconferencing system that is easy to use, free for attendees to access and allows the ability to record. Make log-in details clear.
• • Explain videoconferencing etiquette at beginning of each session. For example ensure that attendees mute their microphones during the presentation and keep their cameras on. Effective chairing of the discussion is more important than in the face-to-face setting. 12
• • If recording the session, specify when the recording will start and finish, so that attendees can turn off their cameras, if preferred.
• • Make time after the recording has finished for informal or social discussion.
• • Use an online survey platform for feedback; quick response (QR) code links allow rapid access via mobile phone.
• • Be prepared to change the format in response to feedback from attendees and facilitators. 13

Conclusions

Journal clubs provide the opportunity for attendees to maintain their knowledge of current literature and develop skills in evidence-based medicine. The successful running of a journal club involves a learner-centred approach to organisation, scheduling and delivery, and appropriate paper selection and support in undertaking critical appraisal; checklists are a useful resource for this purpose. Virtual journal clubs offer a flexible approach, but warrant consideration of the specific challenges and benefits of online technologies.

Declaration of interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Biographies

Danielle Eusuf BSc (hons) MRCP FRCA is a specialty registrar in the North West School of Anaesthesia. She is the founder and joint lead of the Self-isolAting Virtual Education (SAVEd) project, which was set up to continue education for trainee anaesthetists during the COVID-19 pandemic via prerecorded and live virtual tutorials. Together with Dr Shelton, she established the SAVEd virtual journal club.

Cliff Shelton MSc PhD FRCA is a consultant anaesthetist at Wythenshawe Hospital and senior clinical lecturer in anaesthesia at Lancaster Medical School. He completed the NIHR integrated academic training pathway and is interested in supporting academic training in anaesthesia and critical care medicine.

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• Volume 22, Issue 6
• Journal Clubs: 2. Why and how to run them and how to publish them
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• Jeffrey K Aronson
• Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford OX2 6GG , UK
• Correspondence to Dr Jeffrey K Aronson, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX26GG, UK; jeffrey.aronson{at}phc.ox.ac.uk

https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmed-2017-110861

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Journal clubs have many functions, including the provision of a forum for developing skills in critical appraisal, an essential part of being a competent clinician.

From early on, journal clubs reported their proceedings in academic journals. The Zoological Journal Club of Michigan , for example, regularly reported its activities in the journal Science (see figure 1 ).  Table 1 lists a selection of other journals that publish journal club articles, showing the wide range of topics covered. Modern methods of conducting journal clubs include the use of online media to encourage interactive discussion, 1 including blogs, 2 twitter, 3 and virtual journal clubs. 4

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The contents page of Science for Friday 7 December 1900, listing the proceedings of the Zoological Journal Club of the University of Michigan .

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Some journals that publish articles under the heading ‘Journal Club’

It is therefore appropriate that Evidence-Based Medicine  (EBM) should feature a regular journal club report.

In order to find out how others run journal clubs and the effects that they have, I searched PubMed for articles on journal clubs, using the search term ‘journal[ti] & (club[ti] OR clubs[ti])’ (1699 hits) and found three types of articles: articles in which authors described a paper that they had discussed at a journal club or thought would be suitable material for a journal club; studies of the effects of running journal clubs; and reviews of various sorts.

I found three systematic reviews. One recommended the journal club as a tool for assessing practice-based competencies that might be difficult to assess by other means 5 ; one reported that journal clubs improve knowledge and critical appraisal skills but that there was no evidence on translation of evidence from journal clubs into clinical practice 6 ; and one reported that journal clubs seemed to be the preferred way of teaching critical appraisal skills but that it was not clear which elements were most important for learning. 7

I have synthesized much of this information and have distilled what I consider to be the important points that arise from the formal studies and reviews and describe the objectives of a journal club and how to run one.  I also give guidance on the preparation of journal club reports that we hope readers will submit for publication. We look forward to hearing from you.

Five reasons for running a journal club

To highlight new findings.

To teach practitioners how to search for interesting articles representing the best evidence to inform clinical practice.

To encourage practitioners to read and appraise publications critically and give them the ability to do so.

To encourage practitioners to do applied clinical research and to show them how.

To improve debating skills, demonstrate leadership skills, and aid peer mentorship.

Sixteen suggestions on how to run a journal club

The members of the club should on the whole have shared or complementary interests, including statisticians, but do not discourage multidisciplinarity, if available; involve everyone, from students down to professors.

Run the club regularly at the same time on the same day of the week, so that it becomes a fixture.

Have at least one designated skilled leader who regularly participates in the club.

Ideally, make attendance mandatory and keep a record.

Ensure that the meetings start and end on time.

Encourage communality; this could be done, for example, by asking everyone at the start of each meeting to give their name and a piece of information about themselves (eg, a movie they have recently seen).

Discuss up to three papers from peer-reviewed journals; develop a theme each time; occasionally include books of interest.

Split presentation and discussion times 50/50.

Try to choose papers that you think may influence clinical practice and discuss why.

Disseminate the chosen articles in advance, with questions that might be asked; the leader should bring spare copies to the meeting.

Keep notes and conduct regular audits (eg, yearly); give feedback on later developments; link it to a Xmas quiz.

Welcome guest speakers from time to time to add expert comment.

Provide free enticing refreshments; have a rota for making the tea/coffee.

Use your imagination to make it fun.

Publish your experience.

Adapt these suggestions to suit your own circumstances.

Ten tips on how to prepare a journal club article for EBM

The article should have proceeded from an actual journal club.

The paper discussed need not have been published in EBM .

At the start, give the full reference (Vancouver style) of the article that you have discussed.

The following framework, adapted from that originally suggested by Riegelman 8 may be useful: aims, methods, results, interpretation, implications for practice, and further research.

Say what the purpose of the study was.

Summarise the important points in the article, paying particular attention to the methods that were used.

Briefly describe the main results.

Highlight the strengths and weaknesses; how could the study have been improved? did the authors achieve what they set out to achieve?

Describe the implications of the results and whether you think they may or may not influence practice beneficially or adversely.

If relevant, say what further research might be carried out.

• Radecki R , et al
• Sparks MA ,
• Phelan PJ , et al
• Chetlen AL ,
• Solberg AO , et al
• Golnik KC , et al
• Deenadayalan Y ,
• Grimmer-Somers K ,
• Prior M , et al
• McKenzie ME ,
• Maclean A , et al
• Riegelman RK

Competing interests JKA is an associate editor for EBM.

Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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Best Practices for Preparing and Presenting a Journal Club

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Join members of the ASHP New Practitioners Forum as they share advice for pharmacy students, residents and new practitioners on how to prepare for a journal club presentation.

TIME-STAMPED SHOW NOTES

Today on ASHPOfficial , you will hear from members of the ASHP New Practitioners Forum. They will be speaking on guidelines and best practices for journal club presentations. You will hear everything from choosing an article, common mistakes to avoid, and bringing it all back to patient care. Today’s host is  Charnae Ross, PGY2 Health System Pharmacy Administration and Leadership Resident at VCU Health . Dr. Ross interviews Dr. Betty Petrovich, Clinical Pharmacist at St. Elizabeth Healthcare. She is joined by PGY1 Health System Pharmacy Administration and Leadership Resident at The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center , Dr. Will Hammond, and PGY2 Ambulatory Care Resident at Inova Health System , Dr. Caitlin Prather.

(1:10) Dr. Caitlin Prather is asked about best practices when looking for an article. She suggests looking in pharmacy-specific journals, general medical journals, or journals that focus on a specialty. It is best to choose an article that is within the last 6-12 months so that it will be relevant for current patients. The quality of the article and journal is important. One way to look into the quality is to check out the impact factor. The impact factor shows you how much the journal has been recently cited. Dr. Prather also recommends confirming with your preceptor to see if they have a preference on what type of study/article you use.

(3:38) Next, Dr. Betty Petrovich talks about preparing to present your topic. A common mistake she sees is reading directly from your handout or from the article itself. She recommends providing enough background information on the topic. Dr. Petrovich encourages you to have relevant and concise information. Another mistake Dr. Petrovich highlights is the misinterpretation of statistics. She also recommends coming up with your own conclusion to the article and differentiating that from the author’s conclusion. Dr. Petrovich has also seen the mistake of not connecting the article to your specialty area or institution etc.

(5:38) Dr. Ross asks Dr. Will Hammond to talk about presenting background information. Dr. Hammond recommends giving a brief overview and current guidelines (if applicable) of the topic you are studying. He also recommends researching what your institution (or practice site) is currently doing in regards to your topic.

(8:24) Dr. Ross asks Dr. Petrovich about interpreting statistics. Dr. Petrovich mentions a resource that can be used to assist with interpreting statistics ( Studying a Study and Testing a Test ). Dr. Petrovich discusses the number needed to treat and the number needed to harm . She helps differentiate between statistical and clinical significance.

(13:04) Dr. Ross asks Dr. Prather to speak on evaluating potential bias in an article. Dr. Prather recommends looking for any hidden data and to see if the baseline population seems skewed. Dr. Hammond touches on the funding or involvement of pharmaceutical companies.

(15:20) Dr. Ross brings the conversation back to patient care. She asks Dr. Petrovich to elaborate on this. Dr. Petrovich talks about looking at the commentary about the article and also seeing if there are letters to the editor. Starting out, these both helped Dr. Petrovich to form her own conclusion to articles. Dr. Prather chimes in about considering the price of the drug and who would be paying for it. In closing, Dr. Hammond says, “My final thought that I'll leave you with is that the goal of this presentation is not necessarily to defend the article, but your goal is to critique and provide your analysis of the article so that others can apply it to practice.”

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• Journal Club Handout

Takeaways in Today’s Episode:

• Describes where to look for an article. It’s important to choose an article that is relatively recent (within 6-12 months).
• Recommends looking into the journal’s impact factor.
• .Encourages giving adequate background information.
• Highlights other mistakes that can happen like misinterpreting statistics. Advises you to come up with your own conclusion from the article that is different from the author’s conclusion.
• Encourages you to keep your audience in mind while doing your research. Recommends (if applicable) including the current guidelines for your area of study.

Speaker 1: Welcome to the ASHPOfficial Podcast, your guide to issues related to medication use, public health, and the profession of pharmacy.

Charnae Ross: Thank you for joining us for ASHP's Practice Journey Podcast. This podcast invites members to share their stories about their professional path, lessons learned, and how their experience has shaped, who and where they are today. My name is Charnae Ross, and I'm a PGY2 Health-System Pharmacy Administration and Leadership Resident at VCU Health and I'll be your host today. With me today are , Dr. Betty Petrovich, Clinical Pharmacist at Saint Elizabeth Healthcare, Dr. Will Hammond, PGY1 Health-System Pharmacy Administration and Leadership Resident at The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, and Dr. Caitlin Prather, PGY2 Ambulatory Care Resident at Inova Health System.

Charnae Ross: Thank you for joining us today. Let's get started talking about today's topic, best practices for preparing and presenting a journal club. The first thing that I think of as a student or a resident when my preceptor asks me to do a journal club is how do I find a good article or where do I begin my search? Caitlin, can you share how you go about finding a good article?

Caitlin Prather: Yeah, sure. The first thing that I usually think of is where you need to look for a journal.  Some of the common journals to find articles could include pharmacy-specific ones, so that could be AJHP or the Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy. You can also look in general medicine journals, something like the Journal of the American Medical Association, better known as JAMA, and the New England Journal of Medicine. You may even want to look at journals that are in a particular specialty. So if you're maybe on a diabetes-focused APPE  rotation, then consider looking at The Lancet or Diabetes Care.

Caitlin Prather: It's also a good idea to choose a journal that's relatively recent,usually from the past six to twelve months, and this helps ensure that the topic is up-to-date with current treatment standards and guidelines, and that your analysis will be impactful on your current patients. You also want to consider the quality of the journal and journal article. One way to do this is by looking up the journal's impact factor. This is essentially a measurement of how much that particular journal has been cited in the last two years. In general, the higher the impact factor, the better.

Caitlin Prather: You also want to make sure that your journal article is relevant to your audience.  If you're on an outpatient ambulatory care rotation, you probably don't want to present on sepsis; you want it to be something that's more focused to that actual rotation. Journal clubs are typically done on randomized controlled trials rather than cohort or case control studies and that's just because the data from randomized controlled trials are typically more substantial and reliable when we're trying to apply these to larger patient populations. This isn't always the case, so just be sure to confirm that with your preceptor and see if they have a preference for the type of study or article that do yours on.

Caitlin Prather: And then finally talk with your preceptor. See if there's any controversial or ambiguous topics that have come up during patient care or if there's a particular topic that could benefit the whole team, but try to pick one that you're interested in when you can, because that makes the whole process a lot easier too.

Charnae Ross: Thank you, Caitlin. Those are all great tips. I personally like to start my search by looking at journals that interest me. I also think it's helpful to subscribe to monthly, weekly, or even daily alerts from your favorite journal to stay up-to-date on the literature. And that's actually how I found my most recent journal club article that I did a presentation on. So we've identified our article. Now I have to prepare to present. Betty, in your experience, what is the best way to prepare a journal club and what are some common mistakes that should be avoided during journal club presentations?

Betty Petrovich: That's definitely a good question. Before I dive into some of the common mistakes that could be made during journal clubs and how to avoid them, I figured I could put a little plug in for our journal club handout, which will be linked to this podcast. It might be a good way to help people start off in terms of how to prepare for a journal club. As far as some common mistakes go, the most common thing I see is when people read directly from the article. That's really supposed to be a discussion and a presentation, so you want to avoid reading directly from the article and even from reading directly from your handout as well.

Betty Petrovich: You'll also want to make sure that you provide enough background. Making sure that you provide adequate background really helps orient the audience to the specific topic that you're doing or the treatment that you're going to be discussing. And it's important to make sure that it's relevant as well as concise. Some other mistakes that I see are incorrectly interpreting statistics, and we'll have more on that later. You'll also want to make sure that you don't repeat the author's conclusions as your own. Of course, it's important to state the author's conclusions, but you want to make sure you provide your own conclusion regarding the article, too.

Betty Petrovich: Failing to connect the article to your pharmacy practice and or institution or specialty or area is another common mistake that I see. And finally, you want to make sure that you adhere to the guidelines of where you're presenting from. So your preceptor will have specific recommendations and expectations regarding the length of your presentation and or handout and other guidelines and things that they might want you to adhere to. So make sure you follow those and get those expectations from them.

Charnae Ross: I agree, Betty. Those are all great points you touched on and I'm sure as students, and even as residents, we have been given valuable feedback regarding some of these common mistakes. Typically, when we prepare journal clubs, we start off with the background information regarding the topic or disease state in question. Will, what advice do you have regarding presenting background information?

Will Hammond: Thank you,Charnae . And I agree that the background information is so important to really set stage for your journal club. So the first tip that I have is to really research that background information on either the disease state or the medication being studied and provide a brief overview. Now, keep in mind that this may look very different if it's a known drug and a common disease state versus a rare drug or rare disease state. So really consider your audience and consider what you're presenting to your audience when you're doing your research.

Will Hammond: If applicable, discuss current guideline recommendations for the disease state, or the drug being studied. So some of these include where does the medication fit into the guidelines and why was the study studied in the first place? Or why was the study needed in the first place? Briefly discuss any pertinent landmark trials that may have led to the development of your study that you're about to discuss. And one quick way to do this initially is to really research some of those background studies that are listed in the introduction section of your study.

But also don't forget to do a quick PubMed search of the references and perform your own search. So this is not really meant to be a literature review for your presentation, but it's helpful to give you, as well as your audience, a little bit of context on what you're presenting. Next, I urge you to look at institutional standards or what the practice is for your current practice site, whether that be the hospital, the clinic, or the community setting. This will really impress your preceptor, too. So ask your preceptor or look on the resources provided to see what your institution or practice site is currently doing for the disease state or the medication in question.

For example, if the study is on vancomycin, is the institution doing AUC monitoring or are they doing trough monitoring? If on a disease state, does the hospital have a standard protocol or guideline pertaining to your medication? These are all good things to include in your presentation that again, will impress your preceptor. Are there other medications at your institution that are in the same class on the institution's formulary? And lastly, is the drug in your study on the formulary?

Charnae Ross: Will, you've definitely provided some key pearls on how to present background information that we can all consider when preparing a journal club. I think the biggest thing I struggle with as a student and even as a resident is interpreting the statistics. And honestly, there could be an entire podcast series dedicated to this topic. But for the purposes of time, we wanted to briefly touch on interpreting statistics since it's critical to analyzing the results of a study. Betty, how do you approach interpreting the statistics?

Betty Petrovich: Interpreting statistics can definitely be overwhelming and intimidating. And so it's important to know about some resources that might be helpful. Some that will be included and linked into this podcast episode include things like studying a study and testing a test. Now that we know about some of the resources that are available to you and some of the things that might help you, I figured I'd touch on some key points regarding statistics and some key things that you might come across as a student or a resident presenting a journal club.

Betty Petrovich: One of the first statistics that comes to mind is power. So what is the meaning of power and why do we care? Oftentimes you'll see that studies will conduct a power analysis. And what power does is it allows you to say with X certainty that if a difference between groups exist, you will find it. So if a study doesn't have enough patients and it's underpowered, it really makes it difficult to interpret if there really is no difference between the groups or if you didn't have the power to detect a difference.

Betty Petrovich: Another common statistic that you might come across or hear about is number needed to treat and a number needed to harm. When should these be calculated and how should they be interpreted? I'm sure you are all aware that the number needed to treat is the number of patients needed to treat in order to prevent a certain outcome over the median length of the follow-up of the study. Number needed to harm on the other hand is similar, except for it is the number of patients treated for one adverse event to occur. Both of these can be calculatedand I recommend you look up how to do so online.

Betty Petrovich: There's several different resources that you can look into to see how you calculate that. But typically they should be calculated when there is a statistically significant difference between the groups for a given endpoint or adverse events. So if an endpoint is statistically significant, I personally would recommend always calculating the number needed to treat and or harm. And depending on the format of your handout, you can either put it directly into your handout or you might want to have it on hand to include in the discussion. And that might be institution specific, whether your preceptor expects you to calculate it, or if you might want to have it in your back pocket as a discussion point.

Betty Petrovich: So how do we interpret number needed to treat a number needed to harm? For number needed to treat, generally a lower number is better because that means you need to treat fewer patients to get the desired result. But what low is will vary. When I was on my rotations, I had asked all of my preceptors, how do I interpret the number needed to treat versus the number needed to harm? And the best advice that I got was to calculate both, to calculate the number needed to treat for the primary and or secondary outcome, and to calculate the number needed to harm for adverse events. If these numbers are similar, it might indicate that the risk outweighs the benefit.

Betty Petrovich: Now that we've discussed number needed to treat and number needed to harm a little bit, I want to touch on statistical significance versus clinical significance. Of course, we learned in school that a statistically significant result is usually when the p-value is less than 0.05. However, how do we know if that is clinically significant for your patients? So for example, cancer studies often look at progression free survival. So let's say the study found a statistically significant difference of an additional three days of progression free survival for the treatment group compared to the control.

Betty Petrovich: This result is statistically significant, but is it clinically significant? And when you look at the cost of the drug and the adverse events that the patient might have, is an additional three days of progression free survival clinically significant for your patient? Caitlin, do you have any other pearls you can share regarding interpreting statistics?

Caitlin Prather: Yeah, so another point that I would like to add is that you should also determine if the statistical tests are appropriate. So you definitely don't need to be an expert statistician, but you should know if they were comparing two groups versus three groups, or if that test accounted for confounders, things like that. So you could be asked, why do you think they chose to analyze this outcome with a Cox proportional hazards model? Or were all the statistical tests appropriately chosen? So you should at least know the basics of those. That's also a good idea to know the general types of statistics used, depending on if the article is a superiority or a non-inferiority trial. So just trying to get the basics down can help you out a lot.

Charnae Ross: Thank you, Caitlin and Betty for providing a brief, yet concise overview of interpreting the statistics. In addition to analyzing the statistics, it's also important to assess the article for bias that could potentially affect the results. Caitlin, how do you go about evaluating an article for potential bias?

Caitlin Prather: So personally, the first thing that I do is I take a look at the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Try to see if they skew the baseline population one way or another. So for example, do they exclude very high-risk patients? That may affect who you can apply the data to when finding a way to use the article in patient care. You should also be sure to look for data that's hidden in the supplemental material. Sometimes authors may try to hide some unflattering data or data that had non-statistically significant results in the supplements. It's not always a bad thing, though, it could just be that there wasn't enough room in the main article to include all the data, but be sure to look at all of the resources that are available to you with each article.

Will Hammond: Caitlin, another thing that I wanted to bring up is how did the authors actually present the results? So did the tables, figures and graphs actually represent the clinical significance? And what I'm talking about specifically here is really looking closely at their graphs and the Y axes, as well as the X axes to make sure that they actually make sense. Have they changed the values to be so close together that your graph looks very different from the intervention versus the control group? These are really good things to analyze when you're looking at the graphs and figures.

Will Hammond: The last point that I'll bring up regarding bias is the funding and involvement of pharmaceutical companies. Now, when I first started evaluating literature, I thought that this was actually a bad thing, but it's generally expected that a company will provide funding for a study on a new drug, because if they don't do it, then who will? So try to dig a little bit deeper to see how involved the pharmaceutical company is with the design and analysis of the trial. You could also check if any of the authors have any conflict of interest in receiving funding from the company.

Charnae Ross: Will, you bring up a great point about pharmaceutical funding for a study, and it could be a good argument for a potential source of bias. When we think about presenting primary literature to a group of practicing pharmacists, their biggest question is how does this apply to patient care? Betty, do you mind sharing some strategies for applying the article to patient care?

Betty Petrovich: Yeah, for sure. This is actually something I struggled with when I first started doing journal clubs as a student, I had trouble applying the article to patient care because I didn't have the clinical experience yet. So as I mentioned earlier, one of the main things to avoid doing is simply stating the author's conclusion. Of course you'd want to state the author's conclusion, but you really also want to form your own opinion. So when I was first starting out, a lot of times what I would do is I would look at the commentary underneath the article to see if other people mentioned anything noteworthy. I would also see if anyone's sent a letter to the editor regarding their article. And of course I would not let these commentaries or these letters to the editor bias my opinion, but it really would help shape my own conclusion regarding the article.

Betty Petrovich: You also really want to make sure you're looking at who you're going to apply the results of your article to. So who is going to benefit or not benefit from the results of the study that you're looking at. And typically what helped me the most for this was looking at the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as the baseline characteristics of the patient's study. And that really helped me hone in on who we can apply the results to. Caitlin, do you have any other clinical pearls to add related to applying articles to patient care being in the amb care world?

Caitlin Prather: Yeah, sure. One other thing that I would want to consider is cost. So a lot of times these trials are going to be on new drugs, so you would want to consider what is the price of that drug and also consider whether a patient is actually going to be able to afford it. And this may just depend on their insurance, but knowing some of that information can be helpful. You should also consider overall costs. So this is especially important if you're on a rotation that's in managed care or population health or ambulatory care or something like that. So something to think about is that the drug may be expensive, but does it lower rates of re-hospitalizations? Because if it does, then it may be cost effective overall for the health-system and even for the individual patient too. So trying to think of things from a broader perspective as well can add another perspective to your presentation.

Charnae Ross: So far, we've talked about crafting your journal club from background research all the way through applying it to patient care. Will, what final tips do you have for students who are preparing a journal club presentation on their APPE rotation?

Will Hammond: Charnae, I'm glad you asked. I think that the first key for having a successful journal club presentation is truly to set your expectations early. So if you're not told by your preceptor, I encourage you to just ask what the general expectations are. Do they have a specific format or template that they want you to use? Is there a time limit or a page limit? For a journal club handout, the optimal length is around one to two pages, but still clarify with your preceptor as it does differ depending on the institution. I also want to put in an additional plug here for our journal club resource that's listed under the ASHP New Practitioners Forum resources page under pharmacy research and journal club.

Will Hammond: Next up, I would also ask the preceptor if they want slides or no slides. For example, one of my APPE institutions always wanted a platform presentation, whereas another institution really left it up to me. And some institutions may really prefer handouts and conversation-style journal clubs. Another thing to ask would be how many people are in attendance. This really helps you plan out how many handouts you'll have to print out and if you are the one to print out those handouts. For your audience, assume that they have read your article, but not that they understand and have analyzed the article as in-depth as you have.

Will Hammond: It's also a good idea to read opinion articles and news articles about your journal article, if they're out there, but don't let them bias your opinion. It is okay for your conversation and presentation to be a little bit controversial, especially if it is more of a handout style journal club. And remember, this is your presentation, but it should also stimulate good discussion. My final thought that I'll leave you with is that the goal of this presentation is not necessarily to defend the article, but your goal is to critique and provide your analysis of the article so that others can apply it to practice. All studies do have their strengths and limitations.

Charnae Ross: I hope our listeners have taken some great notes that can be used when preparing their next journal club article. That's all the time we have today. I want to thank Betty, Will and Caitlin for joining us to discuss best practices for preparing and presenting a journal club. Join us here every Thursday, we will be talking with ASHP members and content matter experts on a variety of clinical topics.

Speaker 1: Thank you for listening to ASHP Official, the voice of pharmacists advancing healthcare. Be sure to visit ASHP.org/podcast to discover more great episodes, access show notes, and download the episode transcript. If you loved the episode and want to hear more, be sure to subscribe, rate or leave a review. Join us next time on ASHPOfficial .

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• An Effective Journal Club Presentation: A Guide

Prabhaharan Renganathan a, *, Suresh S. Venkita b

Technical Editor – Kauverian Medical Journal, Kauvery Hospital, Trichy, India

Group Medical Director, Kauvery Hospitals, India

*Correspondence:  [email protected] (R. Prabhaharan);  [email protected] (Dr. Suresh Venkita)

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What is a Journal Club?

A journal club is a dedicated meeting where medical practitioners gather to discuss published articles from peer-reviewed journals. These meetings help fellows and residents keep up with current research findings, exercise their critical thinking skills, and improve their presentation and debating abilities. A journal club is a core element of residency and fellowship training in almost every medical specialty.

History of Journal Club

A journal club is a form of meeting regularly held among health practitioners to discuss recently published literature. The first organized journal club is credited to Sir William Osler, one of the greatest teachers in Medicine, at Montreal, Canada, in 1875, although Sir James Paget described a kind of club among some pupils at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London to read journals together in the period 1835 to 1854. Approximately a decade later, Osler started the first journal club in the United States at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 [1]. During the next 100 years and after, it has flourished in various disciplines in the medical field in many countries.

Formats of Journal Club

The format of a journal club has evolved over decades. The most commonly recognized formats include a traditional journal club format and a more recently introduced evidence-based format [2].

Traditional journal club

In the traditional journal club, one trainee presents previously selected articles, and attendees discuss the results and findings. Senior faculty give comments mainly based on their expertise and clinical experience.

Evidence-based journal club

The articles are chosen based on clinical questions arising from clinical practice. Discussions include the critical appraisal of methodological aspects of the study and whether the findings would modify clinical practice.

Recently, an innovative flipped journal club was introduced [3].

Flipped journal club

Flipped format requires senior faculty to select an important clinical topic and a related landmark article, and trainees to select an accompanying background paper and a social medical piece, while also preparing an in-depth discussion in advance.

In recent years, virtual, online, journal club has become increasingly popular.

Online journal club

Large institutions usually decide the topics for discussion and organize the journal club, whereas participants from other centres contribute to the discussion. This format provides great opportunities for practitioners in community hospitals to get updated.

However, each journal club format has its advantages and disadvantages (Table 1). Therefore, the flexible integration of different formats may be considered to fulfil various objectives.

Table 1.  Advantages and disadvantages of different formats of a journal club

Principle Objectives of a Journal Club

•  The primary goal of a journal club is gaining knowledge on the advances in the medical field, together with improving presenting and communication skills for the residents and fellows.
• Practice-based learning and keeping up-to-date with medical knowledge shall become the core element of a journal club.

Choosing pertinent articles

• Articles may be selected based on their clinical relevance or educational value.
• A 5-crucial-steps method to select a paper include screening of (1) title, (2) authors, (3) abstract, (4) figures and tables and (5) references.
• Either one or a few related articles can be selected and presented in the journal club.
• Choosing original articles are suitable for improving critique skills, whereas reviews, including meta-analyses, are also great resources for a quick review of the background information and keeping medical knowledge up-to-date.

Template of a Journal Club

A journal club could be structured through a series of questions.

Background and overview

• Study Citation:  Cite your article here using proper format.
• Purpose/Background:  Give a brief summary about why this study is important. You can also provide a short background on the drug, disease state, or procedure that is being evaluated. In addition, relevant literature on the subject can be discussed.
• Study Objective : The objective, study aim or goal, should be clearly stated in the article and copied directly so as not the meaning does not get changed.
• Historical Context : What other related trials have been done prior to this study? Discuss any other relevant literature on the subject here. Be sure to cite these below in the reference list.
• Retrospective vs. prospective
• Randomization
• Case control vs. RCT vs. meta-analysis
• Superiority vs. non-inferiority
• Multicenter vs. single site
• Describe the interventions performed in the trial.
• What was the dose of the medications used?
• How often were they administered?
• Was there a washout period for study drugs?
• Was there an enrolment period to determine adherence?
• How were study participants randomized (i.e. 1:1, 1:2:1, etc.)?
• How long was the intervention period?
• What was the median follow-up time-frame?
• Was the follow-up period similar between the groups?
• Primary outcome/endpoint
• Secondary outcomes/endpoints
• What statistical tests were used for each set of data?
• Were these tests were appropriate for your discussion?
• Did the study include a sample size calculation?
• You may include tables and/or points to describe and summarize the main results.
• Be sure to include how many patients dropped out of the study and why?
• Be sure to include the results of the primary and secondary endpoints, statistical significance (e.g. p-value, confidence interval, etc.)
• Consider directing the audience/readers to a specific table/figure within the article if available.
• Consider also including number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to harm (NNH).
• Address noteworthy adverse event rates (if applicable).

Discussion and Conclusions

• Strengths:  List them here. Examples: large sample size, external validity, etc.
• Limitations:  What could be improved about the study design? What weakens the overall impact of the trial? (e.g. internal/external validity, statistical vs. clinical significance, inclusion/exclusion criteria appropriateness).
• Author’s discussion and conclusion Summarize the author’s conclusion from the article.
• Personal discussion and conclusion Present your conclusions. You may reference other articles and how findings from those might play a role in interpreting this study.
• Application to Patient Care How will you use this information in practice (consider your practice site specifically)?

Conclusions

The main purpose, and format of the journal club is focussed on the specific educational goals – to gain knowledge about advances in the medical field, and to improve the skills of presentation and communication. The journal club has been recognized as an efficient tool in graduate medical training.

• Linzer M. The journal club and medical education: over one hundred years of unrecorded history. Postgrad Med J. 1987;63:475-8.
• Mohr NM, Stoltze AJ, Harland KK, et al. An evidence-based medicine curriculum implemented in journal club improves resident performance on the Fresno test. J Emerg Med. 2015; 48:222.e1-9.e1.
• Bounds R, Boone S. The flipped journal club. West J Emerg Med. 2018;19:23-7.
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• Diabetic Keto Acidosis (DKA), Associated with Failed Thrombolysis with Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction
• EARNING FROM EXPERIENCE – CHAPTERS 1 AND 2
• Notes to Nocturne
• Caring for nobody’s baby
• Special Report
• The curious case of a migrating needle on the chest wall
• Foreign body: A boon at times
• Cardiorenal Syndrome
• What My Grandmother Knew About Dying
• Endovascular Therapy for Acute Stroke with a Large Ischemic Region. N Engl J Med. 2022
• Letter to the Editor
• Clinical outcomes of Coronary Artery Disease in Octogenarians
• Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 11 and 12
• Ultrashort Case Report
• Cochlear Implantation: Expanding candidacy and Cost Effectiveness
• Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in COVID 19 – Tertiary Care Centre Experience in South India
• Amoxycillin Induced Anaphylactic Shock: A Case Report
• An Unusual Cause of Seizures: A Case Report
• Educational Strategies to Promote Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning
• Rheumatic Rarities
• Types of sampling methods in statistics
• Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 21 and 22
• Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
• Prophylactic orthopaedic surgery
• Subclavian steal: An interesting imaging scenario
• Spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD)
• The bleeding windpipe
• Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 23 and 24
• Physician, Protect thyself
• Foetal Medicine, the Future is here!
• Japanese Encephalitis: A common menace
• Carpometacarpal dislocation with impending compartment syndrome
• Heterotopic pregnancy
• Femoral Trochantric and Proximal Humerus Fracture, from Diagnosis to Rehabilitation
• My Father’s Heart Block
• CRT CSP Cases
• Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 25 and 26
• Multiple Sclerosis: An overview
• A flower born to blush unseen
• Radio-frequency ablation as an effective treatment strategy in a case of VT storm post STEMI
• Lymphatic malformation of tongue
• Bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation in epilepsy: A case report and review of literature
• An unusual cause of Stridor
• Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) – the magic bullets: A review of therapeutic applications and its future perspectives
• Write the Talk
• Press release and Comments
• Probability Distribution of Bernoulli Trials
• Lambda-cyhalothrin and pyrethrin poisoning: A case report
• Good Enough
• The Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): the beginning
• Comprehensive trauma course 2022: Trauma Management & Kauvery
• Comprehensive trauma course 2022: Introduction to Comprehensive trauma course
• Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 27 and 28
• The Brave New World of Anaesthesia
• Anesthetic considerations in Wilson’s disease for fess: A case report
• The painful story behind modern anaesthesia
• Anesthesia considerations for Ankyslosing Spondylitis
• Total intravenous anaesthesia: An overview
• Risk stratification for cardiac patients coming for non-cardiac surgeries
• The Anaesthesiologist’s role in fluoroscopic guided epidural steroid injections for low back pain
• Awake Craniotomy
• Malpositioned central venous catheter: Step wise approach to avoid, identify and manage
• Benefits outweighing risk: Neuraxial anaesthesia in a patient with Spina Bifida with operated Meningomyelocele
• Pain free CABG: newer horizon of minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery a walk through anaesthesiologist perspective
• Stellate Ganglion Block: A bridge to cervical sympathectomy in refractory Long QT Syndrome
• Venous Malformation in Upper Airway – Anesthetic Challenges and Management: A Case Report
• USG guided peripheral nerve block in surgery for hernia
• Anaesthesia and morbid obesity: A systematic review
• Patient-Controlled Analgesia
• Parapharyngeal abscess of face and neck: Anesthetic management
• 3D TEE, a boon for the diagnosis of Left Atrial Appendage thrombus!
• Anaesthetic management of difficult airway due to retropharyngeal abscess and cervical spondylosis
• Expect the unexpected – Breach in continuous nerve block catheter
• Lignocaine nasal spray: An easy remedy for Post Dural Puncture Headache
• Potassium permanganate poisoning and airway oedema
• Angioedema following anti-snake venom administration
• Ra Fx ablation of Atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia
• Pace and Ablate Strategy: Conduction system pacing with AV junction ablation for drug refractory atrial arrhythmia – A novel approach
• Why Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) For complete heart block? A case discussion
• Pacemakers and Bradyarrhythmias in Diabetic Mellitus
• Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty in patients aged 70 years and above
• An approach to CBC for practitioners
• Acute cerebral sinus venous thrombosis with different presentations and different outcomes: A case series
• Diet and nutritional care for DDLT: A case study
• Vaccine for Dengue (Dengvaxia CYD-TDV)
• Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 31 and 32
• காவிரித்தாய்
• ATLAS OF HAEMATOLOGY AND HEMATOONCOLOGY
• Case reports and Case series:
• Usefulness of NEWS 2 score in monitoring patients with cytokine storm of COVID-19 pneumonia
• Treatment approach for extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
• Modified Lichtenstein mesh repair, for a patient of Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Failure and with Implanted Cardioverter- Defibrillator
• Fever-induced Brugada Syndrome
• Pulmonary Thrombo Embolism: When to Thrombolyse?
• Learning from the failure of Nebacumab
• Learning From Experience Intra Operative Chapters 29 and 30
• Heart transplantation: Life beyond the end of life
• Azithromycin to Prevent Sepsis or Death in Women Planning a Vaginal
• Medial retropharyngeal nodal region sparing radiotherapy versus standard radiotherapy
• Proximie: Patient safety in surgery – the urgent need for reform
• Analysis of femoral neck fracture in octogenarians and its management
• Adult Immunisation in Clinical Practice: A Neglected Life Saver
• “Icing” The Eyes
• Doppler vascular mapping in Arterio Venous Fistula (AVF)
• Cosmesis and cure: Radiotherapy in basal cell carcinoma of the dorsum of nose – A case report
• Pulmonary Hypertension and Portal Hypertension
• Comprehensive review of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity
• Statistics – Data Collection – Case Study Method
• Atlas of Haematology and Hematooncology
• PRE-OPERATIVE Chapters 1 and 2 – Learning from Experience
• Chapter 2. Uncertainties in medicine in spite of advances
• No Splendid Child
• A Young Girl Lost in the Storm
• ECMO as a bridge to Transplant: A case report
• Renal anemia – from bench to bedside
• Mission Possible
• New kids on the block – Update on diabetic nephropathy therapy
• Infections – Trade off in Transplants
• To Give Or Not to Give – Primer on Bicarbonate Therapy
• Sialendoscopy: Shifting paradigms in treatment of salivary gland disease
• Gait imbalance in a senior due to Chronic Immune Sensory Polyneuropathy (CISP)
• Statistics – Mcnemar Test
• Atlas Of Haematology And Hematooncology
• PRE-OPERATIVE Chapters 3 and 4 – Learning from Experience
• Changing trends a challenge to the already trained
• PREGNANCY POST-RENAL TRANSPLANT
• BALLOON-OCCLUDED RETROGRADE TRANSVENOUS OBLITERATION
• REVERSE SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY FOR ROTATOR CUFF ARTHROPATHY
• THE AMBUSH A TEAM APPROACH
• ENDOSCOPIC TRANS-SPHENOID APPROACH FOR PITUITARY ADENOMA EXCISION
• A STUDY ON PRESENTATION AND OUTCOME OF BULL GORE INJURIES IN A GROUP OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS
• A CASE OF INTERNUCLEAR OPHTHALMOPARESIS AS THE FIRST MANIFESTATION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
• GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGITIS AND LUNG INVOLVMENT (WEGENER’S DISEASE)
• RITUXIMAB (RITUXAN, MABTHERA) IN THE TREATMENT OF B-CELL NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
• STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 5 AND 6 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• Chapter 4: Diagnostic process often reversed
• Journal scan: A review of 25 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
• ஆரோக்கியம் நம் கையில்
• வெற்றியின் பாதை
• Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a multi-speciality hospital orthopaedic outpatient clinic
• Esomeprazole induced Hypoglycemia
• Dynamic external fixator for unstable intra articular fractures of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP): “Suzuki” frame
• How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? A Practical Guide, Springer Nature, 2022
• WINTNCON 2022 – Scientific Program
• Pulmonary Thrombo Embolism: A state of the art review
• Role of Artificial Intelligence in improving EHR/EMR and Medical Coding and billing
• Monoclonal Antibodies: Edrecolomab and Abciximab
• Atlas of haematology and hematooncology
• What doctors must learn: Doctor, look beyond science
• I Whisper Secrets In My Ear
• Mismatched Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplantation in a 10-year-old boy with relapsed refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia, at Trichy
• ST-Segment Elevation is not always Myocardial Infarction
• Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease, repaired, evolves into a Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease and presents with an atrial tachycardia
• Family medicine – caring for you for the whole of your life. A Lost and Found Art
• The Principles and Practice of Family Medicine
• Complete Heart Block
• Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS)
• The First Ever National Award Comes to Kauvery Hospital Chennai & Heart City for Safety and Workforce Category in IMC RBNQA Milestone Merits Recognition 2022
• PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 7 AND 7 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• Chapter 5: Super-specialist – boon or bane
• Journal scan: A review of 42 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
• RECOMMENDED READINGS
• நேரம் ஒதுக்கு
• மருத்துவரின் மகத்துவம்
• Surgical Management of Covid-19 Associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral-Mucormycosis (Ca-Rocm) – A Single Centre Experience
• Knee Joint Preservation Surgeries
• Guest Editorial Comments
• Ventricular Septal (VSR) closure with ASD device
• Newer Calcium Debulking Angioplasty technique of Orbital Atherectomy
• An hour-long CPR to restart the heart
• VT or SVT with aberrancy?
• Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor (PitNET)
• VSD Device Closure
• PDA Device Closure
• Iron Deficiency Anemia, Post MVR
• Torsades de Pointes
• Quality improvement project to Reducing the Malnutrition Rate of ICU patients from 43% to 20%
• Long term use of Amiodarone in Cardiac patients: A Clinical Audit
• Statistical Independent Events and Probability
• PERI-OPERATIVE Chapters 9 and 10 – Learning from Experience
• Journal scan: A review of 40 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
• Kauverian Medical Journal
• First da Vinci Robotic Surgery in Carcinoma Prostate: A Case Report
• Black burden or Taylor the saviour: A case report
• Analysis of differences in Oncology practice between the United Kingdom and India
• A Case of Takayasu Arteritis
• Idiopathic Dilated Pulmonary Artery (IDPA)
• Unusual cause of Dysphagia: A case report
• Tu Youyou: The scientist who discovered artemisinin
• Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) on Risk assessment tools, to assess vulnerable patients at Kauvery Hospital, Tennur
• PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 11 AND 12 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• OLD AND NEW – MAKE THE BEST OF THE TWO
• Journal scan: A review of 30 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
• INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS
• A pregnant patient with DKA, septic shock and a lactate mystery
• Radical Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis through Partial Sternotomy approach: A report on three patients
• In-utero blood transfusion in two etiologically distinct anaemic fetus
• RARE CAUSE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
• Acute Rheumatic fever is still an enigma
• A remarkable journey: Managing LQTS in a 43-year-old female with recurrent syncope and seizure
• An unusual case of Acute Coronary Syndrome
• Reversible cause of severe LV Dysfunction in Left Bundle Branch Block
• A case study on Rhino-Orbital-Cerebro- Mucormycosis
• Snakebite and its management
• Total Elbow arthroplasty in Post Traumatic arthritis
• Wellens Syndrome: An ECG finding not to miss!
• Dr. C.R. Rao Wins Top Statistics Award a look back at his pioneering work
• PRE-OPERATIVE Chapters 13 and 14 – Learning from Experience
• Chapter 7. Doctor-patient relationship
• FROZEN ELEPHANT TRUNK (FET) PROCEDURE IN A 52 YEARS OLD CHRONIC AORTIC DISSECTION PATIENT
• DIAGNOSING AND MANAGING EISENMENGER SYNDROME IN A YOUNG MALE
• STEMI EQUIVALENT BUT STEMI!
• TEMPORARY HEAL CAN POSSIBLY KILL!
• UNDERSTANDING PUBERTY
• THE IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS IN HEALTHCARE
• JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 44 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
• PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 15 AND 16 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• CHAPTER 8. DOCTOR-DOCTOR RELATIONSHIP
• CLINICAL AUDIT: AN INTRODUCTION
• YOUNG ACS AUDIT
• CLINICAL AUDIT: ANAESTHESIA
• CLINICAL OUTCOME IN ICU PATIENTS
• RATE OF MALIGNANCY IN INDETERMINATE OVARIAN CYST – A PROCESS AUDIT
• PATTERNS OF NEEDLE DISPOSAL AMONG INSULIN USING PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS: AN AUDIT
• CONTINUOUS PATIENT MONITORING – LIFE SIGNS
• AGE IS JUST A NUMBER!
• SVT WITH LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK FOLLOWING GASTRECTOMY
• COMPLEX AORTIC DISSECTION WITH MULTIFACETED CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
• POST-OPERATIVE SORE THROAT IN GA: A CONCERN
• NEONATAL HLH: OUR EXPERIENCE
• CLINICAL REVIEW MEET 16TH NOV 2023: CHALLENGES IN SETTING UP A NEW HSCT CENTRE IN A TIER-2 CITY IN INDIA
• CARDIAC BIOMARKERS: CLINICAL UTILITY
• HIRAYAMA DISEASE: A CLINICAL-RADIOLOGICAL REVIEW
• ECG AS A WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY: FOR HYPERKALEMIA
• EFFECTIVENESS OF ROOD’S APPROACH BASED PAEDIATRIC OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY MANAGEMENT: ON CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL MUSCULAR TORTICOLLIS
• ELTROMBOPAG, A NOVEL THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO) RECEPTOR AGONIST: AN OVERVIEW
• HENOCH-SCHONLEIN PURPURA
• SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND SIALADENITIS SECONDARY TO SUBMANDIBULAR CALCULUS
• LEAN HOSPITALS
• STATISTICS BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL
• PERI-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 17 AND 18 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• CHAPTER 9. BUILDING BLOCKS OF PATIENT CARE
• JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 30 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
• INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
• ROTATHON-SERIES OF SUCCESSFUL ROTA CASES LAST 2 MONTHS: AN AUDIT
• OUTCOMES OF AKI AUDIT IN KAUVERY
• ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN KAUVERY CANTONMENT HOSPITAL (KCN), TRICHY
• USE OF BLOOD PRODUCTS AND STEROIDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE AT KAUVERY TRICHY HOSPITALS: A CLINICAL AUDIT
• A CLINICAL AUDIT: ON THE MANAGEMENT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
• DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS WITH HIGH ANION GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
• HYPOKALEMIC PARALYSIS FROM DISTAL RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (TYPE-1)
• DELAYED PRESENTATION OF INTERMEDIATE SYNDROME IN A PATIENT WITH ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING: A CASE REPORT
• SCAPULA FRACTURES: DO WE NEED TO FIX THEM?
• SPONTANEOUS CSF RHINORRHEA
• DANCING WITH DIABETES: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF CHOREA HYPERGLYCEMIA BASAL GANGLIA SYNDROME
• CONVALESCENT RASH OF DENGUE
• ECG ATLAS 2
• MI MIMICKER
• PERFORATION PERITONITIS-A CASE REPORT
• APPLICATION OF EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY WITH FUNCTIONAL DIFFICULTIES: ROLE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PRACTICE GUIDELINES
• METHOTREXATE INDUCED MUCOSITIS AND PANCYTOPENIA: A CONSEQUENCE OF MEDICATION ERROR IN A PSORIASIS PATIENT
• POST OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 1 AND 2 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• CHAPTER 10. NURTURING SELF
• விடாமுயற்சி வெற்றி தரும்
• JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 26 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
• LIMB SALVAGE IN EXTREMITY VASCULAR TRAUMA: OUR EXPERIENCE
• MANAGEMENT OF URETHRAL CATHETER RELATED PAIN IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: A CLINICAL AUDIT
• NO PAIN VEIN GAIN WITH PRILOX IN PAEDIATRIC POPULATION
• GUIDELINE-DIRECTED MEDICAL TREATMENT (GDMT) OF HEART FAILURE AT KAUVERY HOSPITALS: A CLINICAL AUDIT
• PATIENTS STORY: DIGNITY MATTERS
• VIDEO PRESENTATION- CT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
• DRUG INDUCED HYPERKALEMIA
• ADULT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
• EXPLORING COMPLEX CARDIAC CASES: INSIGHTS FROM DIVERSE PRESENTATIONS IN MID-AGED WOMEN
• EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTIVITY CONFIGURATION APPROACH BASED OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL MUSCULAR TORTICOLLIS: A CASE STUDY
• CARDIOMYOPATHY AND ITS ECHO FINDINGS
• THE STRESS TEST ON THE TREADMILL
• POST OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 3 AND 4 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• CHAPTER 11. BALANCE IN LIFE BEYOND BANK BALANCES
• காணும் பொங்கலும் மனித மன மாற்றமும்
• PREVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE SEROTYPES IN AND AROUND TRICHY AND ITS CLINICAL RELEVANCE
• ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH HUGE GOITER: A CASE REPORT
• EUGLYCEMIC DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS A RARE CAUSE FOR DELAYED EXTUBATION
• SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY IN ASD PATIENT – COMPLICATED BY SEVERE PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
• ENDOCRINE COMPLICATION OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING TUMOR: A CASE REPORT
• EFFICACY OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES OF PAEDIATRIC OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ON ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: A CASE REPORT
• POST OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 5 AND 6 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
• CHAPTER 12. MILES TO GO – BEFORE TEACHING BECOMES LEARNING
• காவேரி – 25
• POEM – மண்ணில் பிறந்தது சாதிப்பதற்குத்தான்
• Audit Appraisal: An overview
• Intra Ventricular antibiotics: Our experience
• Transfusion Reactions: A clinical audit
• Postoperative pain management
• Rising concerns of Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and the options available: An overview
• Ultrashort case report on VF storm in immediate Post CABG Period—‘Angry Purkinje Syndrome’
• Lynch syndrome, diagnostic challenges and management: A case report
• Bilateral posterior shoulder fracture – dislocation due to seizure, an uncommon injury: A case report
• Navigating amlodipine overdose: A multi-disciplinary approach in a 23 year old female
• Exploring the interplay between sleep patterns and behavioural characteristics in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
• POST OPERATIVE Chapters 7 and 8 – Learning from Experience
• Chapter 13. Art of communication and counselling
• Journal scan: A review of 20 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
• மருத்துவமனையின் தேவதையே
• மருத்துவ சிந்தனை விருந்து
• Cardiac surgery in an octogenarian Indian population
• Mycotic Aortoiliac Aneurysm: A case series
• The Scorpion Block—A Sting operation
• Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A case report
• Infective endocarditis in adult congenital heart disease: A case report
• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case report
• Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT): A case report
• Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Dengue
• A prospective observational study on the prescription of Guideline Directed Medical Treatment (GDMT) for Heart Failure at Kauvery Heart City
• Guideline-Directed Medical Treatment (GDMT) of Heart Failure at Kauvery Hospitals: A clinical audit
• POST OPERATIVE Chapters 9 and 10 – Learning from Experience
• Chapter 14. How to keep updated in busy medical practice?
• Journal scan: A review of 15 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
• சிந்தனையே சிறப்பு
• தோல்வியே வெற்றியின் பாதை
• Results of Mechanical Thrombectomy in acute stroke: A case study in a Tier 2 city in India
• A clinical audit—cost effective way of managing superficial chest wound infections post sternotomy
• Dental implants: Our experience and expertise
• A non-randomized retrospective study on the management of pediatric septic arthritis
• Airway management of a huge thyroid: A case report
• Cardiac Arrhythmias in the ER setting
• Effectiveness of tactile-spatial oriented approach based paediatric occupational therapy intervention for children with Infantile Hemiplegia
• Corporate citizenship in healthcare: Nurturing social responsibility
• Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case report
• POST OPERATIVE Chapters 11 and 12 – Learning from Experience
• Chapter 15. How to be rational in practice?
• Journal scan: Elsevier’s Medicine, Current Issue, Volume 52 Issue 6, June 2024, Seminar on Poisoning
• இயற்கை சொல்லும் செய்தி
• A rare organism causing septic arthritis of hip joint
• ICD implant in 6 year old with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen (JLN) syndrome
• A clinical audit on Bariatric/Metabolic surgery
• Clinical audit on Nil per Oral (NPO)
• A non-randomized clinical study on heat stroke
• Stress cardiomyopathy with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in Eclampsia
• Intro-Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS): An ultra-short case report
• A 2 am Tamponade: Critical call to action
• Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and in combination with JAK inhibitors: The modelling for the future
• Optimizing the patient journey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—Patient and clinician perspectives: Summary of CME from Medscape
• ER Intervention
• Diagnostic Images/Videos
• A randomized controlled trial: Different types of blinding
• Journal scan –  June
• Journal scan –  July
• Post-Operative Chapters 13, 14
• Chapter 16. How to enjoy medical practice?
• Driving business growth with 5S and lean strategies: A transformative session for corporations in the Trichy region
• Poem: 25 – வருடங்களாக காவேரி
• A Data Audit: Tool for Good Clinical Practice
• Ortho rehab audit at Kauvery Hospital, Trichy
• Endovascular Thrombectomy in young patient with a stroke – surgical procedure decompressive craniotomy
• Secondary HLH (Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis): An ultra-short case report
• Prone ventilation: A case series
• Dermatologic Emergencies: A case series
• Managing DKA at the ER
• Podcast – Managing DKA at the ER
• Insertion of tunneled hemodialysis catheter through the collateral vein adjacent to the thrombosed right jugular vein.
• Access failure with dysfunctional tunnelled haemodialysis catheter in the presence of exit-site infection
• Video – A multidisciplinary approach to preventing sudden cardiac death
• Dasatinib in pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An overview
• Dyslipidemia management: Indian perspective
• Pharmacological stress testing: Assessing heart health without exercise
• Journal scan: A review of 15 Ethics with clinical significance, harvested from a major international journal
• Post-Operative Chapters 15 and 16
• Chapter 17. How to find time for the family
• Poem – உனக்காக நீ
• Extraordinary Edition of the Kauverian

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Novokuznetsk

Demographics

City administration, administrative and municipal status, administrative bodies, transportation, twin towns and sister cities, notable people, external links.

It was previously known as Kuznetsk until 1931, and as Stalinsk until 1961.

Founded in 1618 by men from Tomsk as a Cossack ostrog (fort) on the Tom River , it was initially called Kuznetsky ostrog ( Кузне́цкий острог ). [2] It became the seat of Kuznetsky Uyezd in 1622. [3] Kuznetsk ( Кузне́цк ) was granted town status in 1689. [3] It was here that Fyodor Dostoevsky married his first wife, Maria Isayeva in 1857. [13] Joseph Stalin 's rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union transformed the sleepy town into a major coal mining and industrial center in the 1930s. It merged with Sad Gorod in 1931. From 1931 to 1932, the city was known as Novokuznetsk and between 1932 and 1961 as Stalinsk ( Ста́линск ), after Stalin. As a result of de-Stalinization , it was renamed back to Novokuznetsk .

As of the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition of Novokuznetsk was: [14]

Ethnic group Population Percentage 438,507 95.5% 3,450 0.8% 2,533 0.6% Other 14,919 3.2% Within the framework of administrative divisions , Novokuznetsk serves as the administrative center of Novokuznetsky District , even though it is not a part of it. [1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the Novokuznetsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [15] As a municipal division , Novokuznetsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as the Novokuznetsky Urban Okrug . [15] [16] The city consists of six non-municipal intra-city districts : [16] District Area, km Population (2021) 109.10 92,620 36.11 46,932 92.49 75,174 22.49 77,593 95.62 78,533 66.52 166,628 On 7 December 2009, by a resolution of the Novokuznetsk City Council of People's Deputies, a new version of the City Charter was approved, [16] according to which the authorities consist of: Novokuznetsk City Council of People's Deputies (representative authority), Mayors of the city of Novokuznetsk, Administration of the City of Novokuznetsk (executive and administrative authority), City Control Committee (permanent body of financial control), Judicial institutions: district courts, courts of general jurisdiction, the Russian Agency for Legal and Judicial Information, the permanent judicial presence of the Kemerovo Oblast Court, judicial divisions of magistrates, and others. [18] The Novokuznetsk City Council of People's Deputies is a representative body of power and consists of 18 deputies elected in 18 single-mandate constituencies and 18 deputies elected on party lists. The term of office of deputies is five years. In September 2021, elections were held for the Council of People's Deputies, following which the seats in the council were distributed as follows: 27 - United Russia , 2 - Liberal Democratic Party , 2 - A Just Russia , 2 - Communist Party . The representative of United Russia, Alexandra Shelkovnikova, was elected chairman. The Youth Parliament of the city operates under the City Council of People's Deputies. [19] A whole network of bodies of territorial public self-government has been created in Novokuznetsk; [20] in total, 60 of them have been created in the city: in the Zavodskoy District - 7, Kuznetsky - 6, Kuibyshevsky - 13, [21] [22] [23] Novoilyinsky - 6, Ordzhonikidzevsky - 9, Central - 16. Siberian State Industrial University Novokuznetsk branch of Kemerovo State University State Institute for Physicians Postgraduate Training (also known as Novokuznetsk Postgraduate Physician Institute), Russian Ministry of Health Novokuznetsk Scientific Center of Medicosocial Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Invalids, Federal Agency for Public Health and Social welfare Institute of General Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Novokuznetsk is a heavily industrial city and is located in the heart of the Kuzbass region . Factories in the city include: West-Siberian Metal Plant Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant Kuznetsk Ferroalloys   [ ru ] Novokuznetsk aluminium factory   [ ru ] Metallurg Novokuznetsk is an ice hockey team based in Novokuznetsk. Formerly a member of the Kontinental Hockey League , the team is currently a member of the Supreme Hockey League . The football team of the same name was recently promoted to the Russian first division below the premier. RC Novokuznetsk compete in the Professional Rugby League , the highest division of rugby union in Russia. Florida Panthers goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky , Carolina Hurricanes defenseman Dmitry Orlov and Minnesota Wild winger Kirill Kaprizov were all born in Novokuznetsk and began their pro careers with Metallurg Novokuznetsk. Novokuznetsk is also the birthplace of US chess Grandmaster Gata Kamsky . The main airport is the Spichenkovo Airport . The city is also a major railway junction with both local and long-distance trains. Local public transport is provided by trams, buses, and trolleybuses. Novokuznetsk has a fairly typical southwest Siberian humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ) with warm summers during which most of the precipitation occurs, and severe, generally dry winters. Snowfall is very frequent during the winter, but its water content is generally very low due to the cold temperatures. Climate data for Novokuznetsk (1991–2020, extremes 1955–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 4.2 (39.6) 7.9 (46.2) 18.3 (64.9) 30.6 (87.1) 34.8 (94.6) 36.7 (98.1) 36.0 (96.8) 35.9 (96.6) 34.7 (94.5) 24.9 (76.8) 17.4 (63.3) 7.3 (45.1) 36.7 (98.1) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.9 (12.4) −6 (21) 1.3 (34.3) 11.8 (53.2) 19.2 (66.6) 24.5 (76.1) 25.5 (77.9) 24.1 (75.4) 16.8 (62.2) 9.1 (48.4) −2.5 (27.5) −8.6 (16.5) 8.7 (47.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −15.9 (3.4) −12.9 (8.8) −5.2 (22.6) 4.2 (39.6) 11.5 (52.7) 17.0 (62.6) 19.0 (66.2) 16.5 (61.7) 9.9 (49.8) 3.0 (37.4) −6.5 (20.3) −13.2 (8.2) 2.3 (36.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.5 (−4.9) −18.2 (−0.8) −10.9 (12.4) −3.0 (26.6) 4.0 (39.2) 9.1 (48.4) 12.5 (54.5) 9.5 (49.1) 4.6 (40.3) −1.7 (28.9) −10.0 (14.0) −17.5 (0.5) −3.5 (25.7) Record low °C (°F) −47.7 (−53.9) −42.2 (−44.0) −33.9 (−29.0) −26.1 (−15.0) −8.9 (16.0) −2.1 (28.2) 2.2 (36.0) 0.2 (32.4) −6.7 (19.9) −23.0 (−9.4) −37.7 (−35.9) −42.8 (−45.0) −47.7 (−53.9) Average mm (inches) 25 (1.0) 17 (0.7) 19 (0.7) 28 (1.1) 43 (1.7) 56 (2.2) 73 (2.9) 62 (2.4) 42 (1.7) 38 (1.5) 40 (1.6) 31 (1.2) 474 (18.7) Average rainy days 0.4 0 2 9 15 16 16 15 14 11 4 1 103 Average snowy days 20 18 15 11 3 0.1 0 0 1 11 19 23 121 Average (%) 81 78 74 66 60 68 73 75 75 77 82 82 74 Source: Pogoda.ru.net Novokuznetsk is twinned with: Sergei Abramov , ice hockey player Sergei Bobrovsky (born 1988), ice hockey player Margarita Chernousova (born 1996), a sport shooter Maksim Chevelev (born 1990), professional football player Evgeny Chigishev (born 1979), a former weightlifter and Olympic silver medalist Andrey Dementyev (born 1970), a former professional football player Kirill Kaprizov (born 1997), ice hockey player Maxim Kitsyn (born 1991), a professional ice hockey player Ana Kriégel , Russian-born Irish murder victim Anna Litvinova (1983–2013), a fashion model and beauty pageant title holder Aleksandr Melikhov (born 1998), a professional football player Kostyantyn Milyayev (born 1987), a Ukrainian Olympic platform diver Vadim Mitryakov (born 1991), a professional ice hockey player Nikita Morgunov (born 1975), a former professional basketball player Albert Nasibulin (born 1972), a material scientist Dmitry Orlov (born 1991), ice hockey player Maksim Pichugin (born 1974), a Winter Olympic cross-country skier Anton Rekhtin (born 1989), a professional ice hockey player Artyom Sapozhkov (born 1990), a former professional football player Stanislav Sel'skiy (born 1991), a rugby union player Denis Simplikevich (born 1991), a rugby union player Kirill Skachkov (born 1987), an Olympic table tennis player Denis Stasyuk (born 1985), ice hockey player Daniil Tarasov (born 1999), ice hockey player Ivan Telegin (born 1992), ice hockey player and Winter Olympic gold medalist Arkady Vainshtein (born 1942), a Russian-American theoretical physicist Vladimir Vilisov (born 1976), a Winter Olympic cross-country skier Maxim Zyuzyakin (born 1991), a professional ice hockey player Pavel Silyagin (born 1993), professional boxer Related Research Articles Prokopyevsk is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 210,130 (2010 Russian census) ; 224,597 (2002 Census) ; 273,838 (1989 Soviet census) . Mariinsk is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, where the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the Kiya River, 180 kilometers (110 mi) northeast of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 40,526 (2010 Russian census) ; 42,977 (2002 Census) ; 40,956 (1989 Soviet census) ; 39,700 (1972). Anzhero-Sudzhensk is a town in the Kuznetsk Basin in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located to the north of the oblast's administrative center of Kemerovo and to the east of the Tom River, on the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population: 76,646 (2010 Russian census) ; 86,480 (2002 Census) ; 107,951 (1989 Soviet census) . Leninsk-Kuznetsky , known as Kolchugino until 1925, is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located on both banks of the Inya River. Population: 101,666 (2010 Russian census) ; 112,253 (2002 Census) ; 165,487 (1989 Soviet census) ; 128,000 (1972); 83,000 (1939); 20,000 (1926). Guryevsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Guryevsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Prokopyevsky, Belovsky, and Leninsk-Kuznetsky Districts of Kemerovo Oblast and with Altai Krai and Novosibirsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 2,180 square kilometers (840 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Guryevsk. Population: 10,617 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,057 ; 20,816 (1989 Soviet census) . Yurga is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located on the Tom River and the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population: 81,533 (2010 Russian census) ; 85,555 (2002 Census) ; 93,202 (1989 Soviet census) . Tashtagol is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located on the Kondoma River 511 kilometers (318 mi) south of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Topki is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located 38 kilometers (24 mi) west of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 28,641 (2010 Russian census) ; 31,004 (2002 Census) ; 33,574 (1989 Soviet census) . Beryozovsky is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located between the Barzas and Shurap Rivers, 27 kilometers (17 mi) north of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 47,279 (2010 Russian census) ; 48,299 (2002 Census) ; 51,250 (1989 Soviet census) . Belovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Belovsky Municipal District . It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,400 square kilometers (1,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Vishnevka. Population: 30,204 (2010 Russian census) ; 33,382 ; 25,815 (1989 Soviet census) . Chebulinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Chebulinsky Municipal District . It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,780 square kilometers (1,460 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Verkh-Chebula. Population: 16,348 (2010 Russian census) ; 17,971 ; 17,723 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Verkh-Chebula accounts for 31.0% of the district's total population. Kemerovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kemerovsky Municipal District . It is located in the northern central portion of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,391 square kilometers (1,695 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Kemerovo. Population: 45,459 (2010 Russian census) ; 39,036 ; 37,207 (1989 Soviet census) . Leninsk-Kuznetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Leninsk-Kuznetsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,356 square kilometers (910 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky. Population: 23,760 (2010 Russian census) ; 27,825 ; 29,752 (1989 Soviet census) . Novokuznetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Novokuznetsky Municipal District . It is located in the center of the oblast and spans it from border to border in the southwest-northeast direction. The area of the district is 13,039.5989 square kilometers (5,034.6173 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Novokuznetsk. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 50,681. Prokopyevsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Prokopyevsky Municipal District . It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,450 square kilometers (1,330 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Prokopyevsk. Population: 31,442 (2010 Russian census) ; 33,705 ; 35,657 (1989 Soviet census) . Promyshlennovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Promyshlennovsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,083 square kilometers (1,190 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Promyshlennaya. Population: 50,106 (2010 Russian census) ; 50,125 ; 47,150 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Promyshlennaya accounts for 36.0% of the district's total population. Topkinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Topkinsky Municipal District . It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,774 square kilometers (1,071 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Topki. Population: 16,246 (2010 Russian census) ; 18,077 ; 19,018 (1989 Soviet census) . Tyazhinsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Tyazhinsky Municipal District . It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,531 square kilometers (1,363 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Tyazhinsky. Population: 25,597 (2010 Russian census) ; 32,782 ; 32,574 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of the administrative center accounts for 43.4% of the district's total population. Yurginsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Yurginsky Municipal District . It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,510 square kilometers (970 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yurga. Population: 22,448 (2010 Russian census) ; 22,779 ; 22,994 (1989 Soviet census) . Krasnobrodsky is an urban locality in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 11,919 (2010 Russian census) ; 11,859 (2002 Census) ; 12,663 (1989 Soviet census) . 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #215-OZ 1 2 3 "Review of City History" . Official site of Novokuznetsk municipal administration (in Russian). admnkz.ru. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017 . Retrieved October 5, 2012 . ↑ http://www.kem.kp.ru/daily/26136.7/3026076/Сергей%5B%5D Кузнецов вступает в должность главы Новокузнецка ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . 1 2 3 Law #104-OZ ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 . ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. ( Russian Post ). Поиск объектов почтовой связи ( Postal Objects Search ) (in Russian) ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly . ↑ "F. M. Dostoevsky Literary-Memorial Museum in Novokuznetsk" . Fyodor Dostoevsky Literary Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved October 17, 2012 . ↑ "Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Кемеровской области - Кузбассу" . Retrieved May 24, 2023 . 1 2 "ОБ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОМ УСТРОЙСТВЕ КЕМЕРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (с изменениями на: 29.03.2017), Закон Кемеровской области от 27 декабря 2007 года №215-ОЗ" [ ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE KEMEROV OBLAST (as amended on: 29/03/2017), Law of the Kemerovo Oblast dated 27 December 2007 No. 215-OZ ] (in Russian). docs.cntd.ru. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . 1 2 3 "Устав города Новокузнецка" [ Charter of the city of Novokuznetsk ] (in Russian). Official website of the administration of Novokuznetsk (admnkz.ru). Archived from the original on October 17, 2012 . Retrieved January 4, 2013 . ↑ "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав Новокузнецкого городского округа" [ About modification and additions in the Charter of the Novokuznetsk city district ] . gigabaza.ru/ (in Russian). April 29, 2016. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ↑ "Cправочник организаций Новокузнецка" [ Directory of Novokuznetsk organizations ] . novokuznetsk.jsprav.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2019 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ↑ "Молодёжный парламент города Новокузнецка — общая информация" [ Youth Parliament of the city of Novokuznetsk - general information ] (in Russian). newparlament.ru. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013 . Retrieved July 13, 2013 . ↑ "Избранные депутаты и глава получили от населения лишь часть полномочий" [ Elected deputies and the head received only part of the powers from the population ] (in Russian). i2n.ru. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014 . Retrieved January 4, 2013 . ↑ Kuznetsky Rabochy , 2008, № 148 ↑ Kuznetsky Rabochy , 2009, № 16 ↑ Kuznetsky Rabochy , 2009, № 59 ↑ Климат Новокузнецка (in Russian). Погода и климат. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019 . Retrieved November 5, 2021 . Совет народных депутатов Кемеровской области.   Закон   №215-ОЗ   от   27 декабря 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кемеровской области», в ред. Закона №131-ОЗ от   22 декабря 2014 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Кемеровской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований" и Закон Кемеровской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кемеровской области"». Вступил в силу   в день, следующий за днём официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №243, 28 декабря 2007 г. (Council of People's Deputies of Kemerovo Oblast.   Law   # 215-OZ   of   December   27, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kemerovo Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 131-OZ of   December   22, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations" and the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kemerovo Oblast" . Effective as of   the day following the official publication date.). Совет народных депутатов Кемеровской области.   Закон   №104-ОЗ   от   17 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований», в ред. Закона №123-ОЗ от   22 декабря 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Кемеровской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №242, 24 декабря 2004 г. (Council of People's Deputies of Chelyabinsk Oblast.   Law   # 104-OZ   of   December   17, 2004 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations , as amended by the Law   # 123-OZ of   December   22, 2015 On Amending the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations" . Effective as of   the official publication date.). (in Russian) Official website of Novokuznetsk Siberian State Industrial University (SIBSIU) (in Russian) Life in Novokuznetsk (in Russian) Informational website of Novokuznetsk : • Administrative districts Cities and towns Breadcrumbs Section. Click here to navigate to respective pages. Kemerovo Oblast—Kuzbass DOI link for Kemerovo Oblast—Kuzbass Click here to navigate to parent product. Kemerovo Oblast—Kuzbass is situated in southern central Russia. Krasnoyarsk Krai and Khakasiya lie to the east, Tomsk Oblast to the north, Novosibirsk Oblast to the west, and Altai Krai and the Republic of Altai to the south-west. Kemerovo was founded in 1918 as Shcheglovsk. It became the administrative centre of the Oblast upon its formation on 26 January 1943. The city is at the centre of Russia’s principal coal mining area. In 1998 Tuleyev signed a framework agreement with the federal Government on the delimitation of powers, which was accompanied by 10 accords aimed at strengthening the regional economy. The Oblast’s main industrial centres are at Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kiselyovsk and Leninsk-Kuznetskii. Kemerovo Oblast’s agriculture consists mainly of potato and grain production, animal husbandry and beekeeping. The Oblast is the largest producer of coal among the federal subjects, and a principal producer of steel. Privacy Policy Terms & Conditions Cookie Policy Taylor & Francis Online Taylor & Francis Group Students/Researchers Librarians/Institutions Connect with us Registered in England & Wales No. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG © 2024 Informa UK Limited 431 IMAGES Journal Club Toolkit: How to Give an Excellent Presentation JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION Journal Club Journal Club Template Word: Complete with ease PPT Components of TREAT journal club format COMMENTS How to Prepare an Outstanding Journal Club Presentation The foundation of an outstanding journal club presentation rests on the choice of an interesting and well-written paper for discussion. Several resources are available to help you select important and timely research, including the American College of Physicians (ACP) Journal Club and the Diffusion section of The Hematologist.McMaster University has created the McMaster Online Rating of ... Journal Club Toolkit: How to Give an Excellent Presentation The exact length of your meeting is up to you or the organizer. A 15-minute talk followed by a 30-minute discussion is about the right length, Add in tea and coffee and hellos, and you get to an hour. We tend to speak at 125-150 words per minute. All these words should not be on your slides, however. Step-by-Step Approach to Presenting at Journal Club Make sure to ask the residents how they usually do journal club in their department. Some programs do not use powerpoints or want your presentation under 5 mins. Regardless of the timing and format, every journal club presentation can be approached in this general format: Step 1: Introduction PDF Example Journal Club Template You may include tables and/or bullet points to describe and summarize the main results. Be sure to include how many patients dropped out of the study and why. Be sure to include the results of the primary and secondary endpoints, statistical significance (e.g. p-value, confidence interval, etc.). Consider directing the audience to a specific ... Journal Club: How to Build One and Why The first step to starting a journal club is to decide on the initial goal. A good initial goal is to lay the foundation for critical thinking skills using literature that is interesting to residents. An introductory lecture series or primer on study design is a valuable way to start the journal club experience. Journal Club Presentation: Tips and How To Prepare To Present When presenting the results, consider to describe the sample and present the data clearly. Use figures and tables from the article but avoid overcrowding your slides. Instead, split complex diagrams and annotate them to highlight key points. Discuss the results from both the figures and the main text, explaining their significance. PDF Template for a Journal Club Presentation A Template for Journal Club Presentations, Celia M. Elliott If you feel compelled to provide an outline, make it content‐rich Today we'll discuss Majorana fermions (MFs), theory background InSb nanowires used as "colliders" Zero‐energy peaks observed; believed to be electrons scattering off MFs PDF Improving journal club presentations, or, I can present that paper in up front in their presentation titles, similar to the format in ACP Journal Club and Evidence-Based Medicine. Alternatively, you can report the results after the descriptors and research question. We find that when browsing a journal our eyes go from the title (if it sounds interesting) to the conclusions in the abstract. 10 Journal Club Tips: How to Run, Lead, and Present Like a Pro Whether you're an organizer or a participant, follow these tips to run and lead a successful journal club, and to create engaging journal club presentations. 1. Make It a Routine. Schedule the journal club at a recurring time and location, so that it becomes a regular part of everyone's schedule. Choose a time that will be the least ... How to make a good (and interesting) presentation in journal club When I give presentation in journal club, I always select the kind of papers that tell a "fun" story- I believe we can learn more by discussing "how the author(s) come up with such idea?" question. Over the years, the topics of my selected papers have ranged from how bugs determine the color of laid eggs to whether getting cancer is just bad luck. PDF Journal Club Tips How to Give a Good Journal Club Presentation Paper ve a Good Journal Club Presentatio. Paper SelectionStep 1: pick a good paper. What makes a "g. od" J. Club paper? Papers that present an important concept in a clear manner. Many excellent paper. are published bu. the data does not lend itself well to a clear presentation. Overall features: should clearly state WHY doing the problem in the ... How to do the Journal Club Presentation Example Journal Club Presentation - MERIT-HF. This example PowerPoint presentation slide set is for the article: MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-2007. Journal Club Example Handout - MERIT-HF. Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews Journal Club Presentation Resources (Statistics Help): Meta-Analyses & Systematic Reviews. This guide provides help for preparing to give clinical journal club presentations. Introduction; Evaluating the Literature Toggle Dropdown. Level of Evidence / EBM Calculators ; Library Resources; Establishing and sustaining an effective journal club Promotion (e.g. via social media) is important to encourage attendance at online journal clubs. •. Use a videoconferencing system that is easy to use, free for attendees to access and allows the ability to record. Make log-in details clear. •. Explain videoconferencing etiquette at beginning of each session. Establishing and sustaining an effective journal club A journal club is a group that meets regularly to review and critique scientific literature. It is thought that Sir William Osler set up the first discussion-based healthcare journal club at McGill University in 1875, after which he encouraged attendees to apply their updated knowledge in practice. 1 There is debate over whether the main goal of a journal club should be for attendees to keep ... PDF A Guide to Leading a Journal Club This guide aims to help you to lead a journal club. It will introduce the principles of evidence-based practice and provide a foundation of understanding and skills in appraising the evidence for quality, reliability, accuracy and relevance. The following aspects of the appraisal of evidence will include: Identifying study objectives Sixteen suggestions on how to run a journal club Journal clubs have many functions, including the provision of a forum for developing skills in critical appraisal, an essential part of being a competent clinician. From early on, journal clubs reported their proceedings in academic journals. The Zoological Journal Club of Michigan , for example, regularly reported its activities in the journal Science (see figure 1). Table 1 lists a selection ... Best Practices for Preparing and Presenting a Journal Club Today on ASHPOfficial, you will hear from members of the ASHP New Practitioners Forum. They will be speaking on guidelines and best practices for journal club presentations. You will hear everything from choosing an article, common mistakes to avoid, and bringing it all back to patient care. Today's host is Charnae Ross, PGY2 Health System ... An Effective Journal Club Presentation: A Guide A journal club is a dedicated meeting where medical practitioners gather to discuss published articles from peer-reviewed journals. These meetings help fellows and residents keep up with current research findings, exercise their critical thinking skills, and improve their presentation and debating abilities. A journal club is a core element of. Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo-Oblast-Kuzbass weather map See our radar map for Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo-Oblast-Kuzbass weather updates. Check for severe weather including wildfires and hurricanes, or just check to see when rain is due. Kemerovo Oblast This chapter presents history, economic statistics, and federal government directories of Kemerovo Oblast. Kemerovo Oblast, known as the Kuzbass, is situated in southern central Russia. Novokuznetsk History. Founded in 1618 by men from Tomsk as a Cossack ostrog (fort) on the Tom River, it was initially called Kuznetsky ostrog (Кузне́цкий острог). [2] It became the seat of Kuznetsky Uyezd in 1622. [3] Kuznetsk (Кузне́цк) was granted town status in 1689. [3] It was here that Fyodor Dostoevsky married his first wife, Maria Isayeva in 1857. [13] Kemerovo Oblast—Kuzbass Kemerovo Oblast—Kuzbass is situated in southern central Russia. Krasnoyarsk Krai and Khakasiya lie to the east, Tomsk Oblast to the north, Novosibirsk Oblast to the west, and Altai Krai and the Republic of Altai to the south-west. assignment business plan case study course work essay report research paper speech term paper thesis