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Aufbau und Gliederung deiner Masterarbeit + Vorlage & Tipps

Veröffentlicht am 11. Januar 2019 von Mandy Theel . Aktualisiert am 5. Juni 2023.

Die Gliederung deiner Masterarbeit besteht neben den Hauptkapiteln Einleitung , Hauptteil und Schluss zusätzlich aus formalen Inhalten wie Deckblatt , Verzeichnissen und Anhängen .

Um zwischen den zahlreichen Kapiteln den Überblick zu behalten, haben wir eine Vorlage für den Aufbau einer Masterarbeit erstellt.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorlage für die gliederung deiner masterarbeit, die einzelnen kapitel deiner masterarbeit erklärt, masterarbeit gliederung und aufbau beispiele, tipps für den aufbau und die gliederung deiner masterarbeit, häufig gestellte fragen.

Die Anforderungen an die Gliederung deiner Masterarbeit können je nach Hochschule und Studiengang variieren. Erkundige dich vorher, welche Vorgaben du beim Aufbau deiner Masterarbeit einhalten musst.

Im Gegensatz zum Aufbau einer Bachelorarbeit beinhaltet die Gliederung einer Masterarbeit immer auch einen empirischen Teil. Dieser gliedert sich in die Methodik , die Vorstellung der Ergebnisse und eine Diskussion .

Die folgende Gliederung kann dir als Vorlage für die Gliederung deiner Masterarbeit dienen. Je nach Thema und Umfang kannst du die einzelnen Kapitel und Unterkapitel für deine eigene Gliederung anpassen.

Scribbr Masterarbeit Gliederung Beispiel herunterladen

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Du findest eine Übersicht und Erklärungen der einzelnen Bestandteile deiner Masterarbeit in der folgenden Tabelle.

Eine Masterarbeit ist im Durchschnitt 66 Seiten lang . Darauf basierend findest du in unserer Übersicht Richtwerte zu dem Umfang der einzelnen Kapitel.

Falls dir unklar ist, wie viel Bearbeitungszeit du pro Abschnitt einplanen solltest, kannst du dir unseren Artikel zur Zeitplanung deiner Masterarbeit anschauen.

Gliederung Masterarbeit Psychologie

Gliederung Masterarbeit BWL

Gliederung Masterarbeit Maschinenbau

Gliederung Masterarbeit Informatik

Zu den Masterarbeit Beispielen

Achte bei der Erstellung der Gliederung deiner Masterarbeit auf die folgenden Hinweise.

Gliederungsebenen :

• Gliederungsebenen müssen immer mindestens 2-fach untergliedert werden. Unterkapitel dürfen daher niemals alleine stehen, z. B. sollte auf Kapitel 2.1 immer Kapitel 2.2 folgen.
• Verwende nicht mehr als 4 Gliederungsebenen in deiner Masterarbeit, damit dein Aufbau übersichtlich bleibt.

Titel und Überschriften :

• Formuliere kurze und präzise Titel für deine Kapitel.
• Die Titel deiner Kapitel müssen nicht zwangsläufig Einleitung, Fazit usw. heißen. Stattdessen kannst du sie auch angelehnt an deine Themen oder Ergebnisse benennen.

Wusstest du schon, dass ...

Scribbr durchschnittlich 150 Fehler pro 1000 Wörter korrigiert?

Unsere Sprachexperten verbessern vor Abgabe deiner Abschlussarbeit den akademischen Ausdruck, die Interpunktion und sprachliche Fehler.

Erfahre mehr zur Korrektur

Unsere Erfahrung hat uns gezeigt, dass die von uns korrigierte Masterarbeit im Durchschnitt 16.500 Wörter hat.

Im Gegensatz zum Aufbau einer Bachelorarbeit beinhaltet die Gliederung einer Masterarbeit immer auch einen empirischen Teil. Dieser gliedert sich in die Methodik, die Vorstellung der Ergebnisse und eine Diskussion.

Wir haben die Hochschul-Prüfungsordnungen durchforstet und unsere jahrelange Erfahrung im Lektorat   Korrekturlesen von Masterarbeiten genutzt. Das Ergebnis: Eine Masterarbeit ist im Durchschnitt 66 Seiten lang.

Es gibt keine allgemeingültige Zahl dafür, wie viele Quellen du für eine Masterarbeit brauchst. Manche Unis geben an, dass eine Masterarbeit ca. doppelt so viele Quellen wie Seitenzahlen enthalten soll.

Andere Unis betonen hingegen: Nicht die Anzahl der Quellen ist entscheidend, sondern dass alle Quellen enthalten sind, die für das Thema der Masterarbeit relevant sind (vgl. LMU ). Es gilt Qualität vor Quantität.

Führe eine systematische Literaturrecherche durch, um alle Quellen zu finden, die für deine Fragestellung relevant sind. Die Literaturrecherche bildet die Grundlage für das Schreiben einer Masterarbeit und sollte am Anfang stehen.

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Theel, M. (2023, 05. Juni). Aufbau und Gliederung deiner Masterarbeit + Vorlage & Tipps. Scribbr. Abgerufen am 23. März 2024, von https://www.scribbr.de/masterarbeit/aufbau-gliederung/

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Mandy Theel

Das hat anderen studierenden noch gefallen, umfang masterarbeit: sind 50 seiten genug, zeitplan masterarbeit erstellen mit excel vorlage, eine perfekte einleitung für deine masterarbeit schreiben, aus versehen plagiiert finde kostenlos heraus.

ICH Master project - all about planning

On this webpage you will get step by step guidance on how to plan and finish your master project and thesis. In the first   semester you need to find a topic for your project and secure a supervisor (1 - 3). In the second semester you write your project description/protocol, apply for ethical clearance and financing (4 - 9). You do fieldwork and data collection in the third semester (9 - 10), while the forth and final semester is dedicated to writing and finalizing your master’s thesis (11).

0. Overall timeline

Note: In the course INTHE4022 or INTHE4023 you will learn how to write a project description or protocol depending on the method you will be using in your project.

1. Finding a topic and project

The main task during the first semester is finding a thesis topic and securing an appropriate supervisor. When you have identified or chosen a broader topic of interest you will then be able to secure a supervisor. Finding a thesis topic and finding a supervisor should preferably be completed before December or latest early January. 

From the start of the study, we recommend that you think of 2-3 ideas or topics for your project, which methodology you think would be appropriate and study setting such as country or region. At this point in time, your thesis topic idea does not need to be thorough and specific, but could be a broader research area such as reproductive health, non-communicable diseases, infectious disease etc. You can later narrow down your idea into a more specific topic such as contraceptives or diabetics and then make a 0,5 - 1 page draft of your proposed research gap, questions and methodology (qualitative or quantitative).

Where to find a topic:

• You may have an idea of a topic from your previous studies or work, or from one of the articles you have read.
• The INTHE4019 Fundamental for International Community Health course which you will take during your first semester can be an inspirational source of a thesis topic.
• You may also get ideas from looking at research groups at the Department of Community Medicine and Global Health  (where the programme is located) or  research projects or research groups at the Institute of Health and Society.
• There may also be an opportunity to get a research topic from some staff at the university or elsewhere who have project data or oversee routinely collected national or regional data that could be analyzed to address some critical research questions.
• You can also look at former student’s master projects  (NB! Some of them may have restricted access so you cannot read them).

What can the programme help you with:

To facilitate this process of finding a topic, the programme will arrange several brainstorming sessions during the first semester. These are good sessions to attend as we will ask students to share what they think could be a researchable topic and you may have an opportunity to receive some feedback from others.

Tips regarding budget and topic:

Please note that when thinking about a project, you should be aware that the program does not have any funding. The Institute have a limited funding opportunity where you can apply for a small amount of funding to cover for international travel costs for those intending to conduct their project abroad (outside of Norway). You should therefore think about a project that is doable also when you consider the budget.

2. Finding a supervisor

When you have chosen an interesting topic for your thesis and have developed a 1-page draft of your project ideas, we urge you to personally start contacting staff who could potentially serve as supervisors for your thesis. Each student should by the end of the first semester have a main supervisor preferably employed at the Department.

Requirement of a supervisor

Each student should have one supervisor, and we do not recommend more than one unless it is strictly necessary. The supervisor must:

• Be employed at the UIO, preferably at the Department, the whole period you are a student.

In case you need two supervisors, at least one of them should be employed at UIO and have a PHD. The other could be a co-supervisor from inside or outside UIO, for example a person who is an expert in the field of your topic, or it could be a PHD candidate in his or her second year or above. It is the program that approves the supervisors.

Where to find a supervisor

Visit the department webpages  or the webpage with research groups and research projects at the institute to see if any of the academic staff is working or has experience with a research area that is similar to your idea. You may also contact potential supervisors based on their expertise in specific research methodology (qualitative or quantitative) although they may not have worked on a topic similar to what you are interested in. 

In case you are interested in a topic outside of our staff's expertise, it is possible to secure a supervisor outside of UIO. One source is to talk to lecturers in the INTHE4019 course or other courses you attend. The department collaborate with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health where there are staff with various expertise who could serve as co-supervisors. You may contact them and express your interest.

When you have explored all the possibilities and still face difficulties finding a supervisor, you may contact the programme leader and the student advisors who will help you search for a supervisor.

Around October, the program will send out a form for you to fill in your topic and supervisor search status so that we get an overview of who have found a topic and supervisor and who need help from us.

Supervision hours

The student has 20 hours of supervision at disposition until finalization of the master thesis. These hours include face-to-face meetings, email, and telephone or other digital correspondence. The supervisor is allocated one hour preparation for each supervision hour. Supervision hours delivered by a co-supervisor will be deducted from the total hours available for the student. This means that your supervisors will share the 20 hours of supervision and the sharing will be indicated in the supervision contract.

The available supervision hours should be distributed over the whole period until finalization of the thesis. We recommend that the student and supervisor agree on a meeting plan early in the process.

3. Supervision contract

When the program has confirmed your supervisor(s), you should download the  supervision contract , and get your supervisor(s) signatures. Please, note that if there are more than one supervisor, they need to state in the contract how they plan to divide the time between them. 

The contract with the signatures is to be uploaded at  https://nettskjema.no/a/85616 , as a PHD document, as soon as possible and within the spring semester. It is then given to the program leader for his final approval and signature, who then give the final dully signed contract to the student advisor for storage.

The supervision contract contains important information about the formalities and other details regarding supervision, such as student’s responsibilities, supervisor’s responsibility, disagreements, and termination. See the link to the contract above.

4. Choosing methodology

At the start of the second semester, you will be expected to have chosen your thesis topic, secured a supervisor and identified an appropriate methodology (quantitative or qualitative) for your thesis research. This will therefore allow you to know the type of advanced methodology course you need to enroll to during the second semester ( INTHE4022 or INTHE4023 ).

The aim of the advanced methodology courses is to assist you in developing your thesis research protocol. You will therefore need to choose the advanced methodology course based on the main methodology you plan to use in your research thesis. It is therefore critical that you start this semester already identified your research topic, methodology and a supervisor. 

Mixed method

We do recommend choosing only one methodology due to the time constraint of a master program. If you like to have a mixed method, we recommend having one main method (the method course you choose) and have smaller components of the other method to support your research. There is an opportunity to take an elective course to learn more about the other methodology, for example INTHE4113 or INTHE4114 .

INTHE4022 or INTHE4023 exam

This is the "protocol" exam and the deadline is around mid-April. You will get your results within 3 weeks after submission, often before. Apart from the results as to whether you have passed or not, you will also receive comments from the examiner to help you improve your protocol for your thesis. When you have passed this exam and addressed comments raised by the examiner, you m apply for ethical clearance.

5. Choosing elective courses

You need to fill 15 credits with elective courses. On the Programme structure webpage , you find which elective courses the programme offers and when.

The official deadline to apply for elective courses at UIO is 1 February / 1 September. However, we recommend that you apply before 10 January for elective courses at the programme so you can get priority seating. After the 10 January we open up our elective courses for others.

You may also find elective courses outside of the programme, but then you need to get approval from the programme if you want it in your diploma. To apply, you fill out the form to get your course recognized . The deadline to apply to get a course recognized is 1 February and 1 September.

Our main criteria for approving elective courses is that the course is:

• At the master level
• Relevant to health and medicine OR relevant to your thesis project

You may choose to take more than 15 credits of elective courses. If you do, remember that only 15 credits of elective will show in your diploma. You can however, get a transcript where all your courses that you have taken at UIO will be listed. We also do not recommend to take much more than 30 credits each semester, as the credits is calculated based on normal workload. Even though the second semester have some empty weeks, this is meant for you to work on your project description or protocol.

6. Ethical clearance

The course HELSEF4510 Medical and health related research ethics  provides you with knowledge about ethical consideration in your project. This is necessary for any research projects. You should use the knowledge you acquire in this course to improve your ethical consideration section in your protocol.

Which steps to take to get ethical clearance, and in which order:

• ALL students must submit their updated protocol for assessment to the ICH ethical committee at  https://nettskjema.no/a/94010  to get their recommendation on how to proceed. When you have gotten an answer from the ICH ethical committee, usually in a couple of days, you must apply to REK, NSD, both or non, depending on your project and what the ICH ethical committee recommends. Please, do not apply for ethics approval to NSD or REK before you have passed your protocol exam and before you have received recommendations from the ICH ethics committee.
• REK (Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics): If you need to send your protocol here, you should opt for the application deadlines in April-August, to avoid delays in your project. It may take up to 2 months to get an answer from them. Please note that your application to REK should be submitted by your supervisor from UIO.
• SIKT -  Data Protection Services for research (former NSD): Most of you will probably send a notification from to Sikt only. There are no specific deadlines for submission of notification to Sikt. Submission is open at any time. They normally answer quite quickly. Please note that your notification to Sikt should be submitted by your supervisor from UIO.
• Ethical clearance in fieldwork country (if fieldwork will be done outside of Norway): You will need to secure relevant ethics approval and/or permissions from the country outside of Norway where you plan to do your fieldwork. In some countries, having a clearance from Norway help the process to be quicker. You may also do this process parallel to your processing in Norway to save time. Our experience indicates that in some countries, this process may take a long time hence be aware of that and start the process as early as possible.

You MUST have all ethical clearances in order before you start collecting data for your project. While waiting you can acquire knowledge about the country's health system, the culture in your field country and so on, but nothing that has to do with interviewing or other form of direct data collection.

7. Securing your data and TSD

For any researcher it is important to make sure that the data that is collected is secured properly. This also applies for our master students. UIO have a classification of different types of data  that says something about how sensitive the data is and how strict you have to be in securing it and where and how you can store it . Please make sure you read these webpages and store your data accordingly.

For sensitive data you would need to use TSD which is the most secure storage solution UIO have. In that case your UIO supervisor will need to make an account in TSD for you to use. 

In short we may say that there are two parallel routines that needs to be followed when it comes to research projects. Those that have to apply for ethical clearance to Sikt have to follow the  UIO privacy protection regulations . While those that have to apply to REK have to in addition follow the  UIO Quality assurance system for health and medical research  routine. 

8. Funding and budget

Students are advised to make a project that is doable when it comes to the cost. We also advise students to apply for funding externally to cover expenses related to fieldwork. Getting funding for a research project is an integral part of being a researcher, and this is a good learning process. You can apply to local or international NGOs, agencies, research institutions and other. Below are some places you could look for funding from Norwegian agencies, but these are just a few examples, and you are encouraged to look broader also outside Norway.

• HELSAM's master project scholarship , intended as a top up grant for travel expenses for those doing their fieldwork outside EU/EEA. The maximum fund the Institute will give is around 10.000,- NOK for one student. The funding is limited and competitive.
• Funding opportunities a website by the Medical Faculty where they post possibilities for fundings, mostly for PHD and above, but occasionally also for master students.
• UNIFOR   (in Norwegian) is a webpage where you can find several funding opportunities. Some of the funding opportunities are written in English.
• Scholarship from The Science Colloquium Series (in Norwegian)
• Oslo research (we do not know if they offer scholarship every year, so please check)
• Scholarship from the Norwegian safety forum , search for "masterstipend" within their webpage. We do not know if they offer scholarship every year, so check. The scholarship is for those that is writing a master thesis on injuries and accidents prevention and preventive medicine. On the webpage you find a link to more information about the Forum in English.
• Legathåndboken (in Norwegian) a book online with a list of different scholarships and grants.
• Borregaard Research Foundation , may offer research grants for master students writing on occupational health. We do not know if it will offer it every year, so check.
• Other, e.g. Kirkens Bymisjon, NGOs in Norway or in your field country, or on the topic you are doing.
• Norwegian students may apply for financial support from Lånekassen. You apply online through "Mine sider", but should attach the "D-skjema" which is available on Lånekassens website .

If you receive a grant:

In most cases you would need to show an account of your expenses after you have completed your fieldwork. Therefore you need to retain your receipts for all expenses you have covered with your grant. If you do your fieldwork in a country where it is not common to get a receipt, you can buy a receipt book from Norway or make a receipt yourself and get a signature from the seller.

If you get funding from the HELSAM's scholarship you would need to show your account of your expenses after your fieldwork. Should you not use your grant in full, you will be taxed by standard rules.

We recommend you make a budget of your whole fieldwork so that you have an overview of how much money you need and can use for the different tasks. Revise you budget weekly or monthly so that you have complete control of your spendings.

Typical items on your budget are: Travel cost, accommodation, food, travel insurance, vaccinations, equipment, ethical clearance fee, and compensation for participants.

9. Tips for data collection

• Pay the semester fee and register for only lectures in INTHE4012 in the autumn (although the lectures and exam is in the spring) – the last deadline is 1 September.
• Check your UIO email weekly , or at least monthly.
• Save, save, save! Always save and take backups of your files and recordings.
• Communicate with your supervisor and program coordinator. Especially if something happen that you think will delay your project. We are here to try to help you find a good solution.
• Changes in your project: In case you find it is practically impossible to do the data collection the way you had planned, contact your supervisor to talk about changes. You do not need to have a perfect text or thoroughly thought through plan before you communicate with your supervisor. In case you are still stuck contact your program coordinator early on so that the program can help solve the problem before you get to much delayed.
• Communicate with your fellow students. Previous students have mentioned how good it was to be able to communicate with other students who knew what they were going through and get mental support from each other.
• Print out some articles before you leave, to read while in field. It is good to have something useful to read while you are waiting, as there may be lots of waiting.
• Read 1-2 article per week. We recommend you to read 1-2 scientific articles (or chapter in a scientific book) regarding your topic each week. This will keep your mind active, give you new ideas and questions regarding your topic and be helpful in many other ways.
• Write while collecting data. We recommend you to write notes (diary regarding your project) during your data collection, preferably each day or week. This can be impressions of the day, new questions you got or observations you made or other. We recommend you write on paper, as it is scientifically said it is better for reflections. This will be valuable later on in your data collection or when writing your thesis. You may also start writing on several parts on your thesis during data collection.
• Keep track on your budget. We advice you to go through your budget each week or month to see that you are not spending much more than you expected.
• Get receipts for ALL expenses you have. As you most likely will need to document your spending for those that you got funding from, either the institute or other organizations. If you have not done that, you are in high risk of having to pay back the money. If you do not automatically get a receipt, bring a receipt book or piece of paper on which you write what the expenses are for, the date, the amount and get the receiver to sign this piece of paper.
• Be prepared for the unexpected! Be flexible! Have fun!!! ☺

10. If you do fieldwork abroad

• Fill out the Fieldwork outside of Norway form . It is important due to emergencies abroad, but also for us to register how many of our students do fieldwork in an other country.
• Please read UIO's webpage regarding safety abroad .
• Arrange for your returning to Norway visa – here is how to Apply for renewal of residence permit .
• Plan to be back in Oslo again on the third week of January, which is around the 10th of January. The obligatory lectures on how to analyze and write your thesis usually starts then and are very useful and helpful.
• Buy a travel insurance in case something should happen. We can recommend IF. Make sure it last the whole time you are on fieldwork. This you have to pay yourself, so add it in the budget.
• Get the appropriate vaccinations according to the country you are traveling to. This you have to pay yourself, so add it in the budget.
• Prepare your stay in the field country : Cultural sensitivity, what is available, equipment, currency, money transfer. Inform your family, supervisor and Master program about your contact points.

11. Your thesis, the requirements and exam

In the forth semester it is all about analyzing and writing up the thesis, submission and the oral exam. You find out about all the requirements and information you need at the ICH Master's thesis - guidelines and submission webpage .

You may also find more information at Helsam's master thesis webpage

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Masterstudiengang "Drug Regulatory Affairs"

Master-thesis, the new guideline ich q12 and its application to the production transfer of european approved and approvable medicinal products to a new manufacturing site - does it provide any new benefits for the regulatory strategy ***, dr. daniela matthey-inführ (abschlußjahr: 2020).

Summary Language: English The mission of the ICH is to increase the harmonisation of regulatory approaches worldwide to improve the development and manufacturing of medicinal products to ensure they are of constant high quality as well as safe and effective for the patient. So far, quality guidelines of the ICH have not particularly considered the drug product's lifecycle after approval. Although in the past, with the implementation of design space and quality by design (according to ICH Q8 – Pharmaceutical Development), a good basis to increase the scientific and process-related knowledge of a product has been established. Together with the principles of quality risk management provided by guideline ICH Q9 and the implementation of a pharmaceutical quality system as described in guideline ICH Q10, risk-based knowledge of the product is achieved and innovation and continual improvement is facilitated by monitoring of process performance and product quality. With one of the newest guidelines – ICH Q12 (with the title: Technical and Regulatory Considerations for Pharmaceutical Product Lifecycle Management) – the current guidelines ICH Q8 to Q10 (and Q11 for development and manufacture of drug substances) are now complemented to cover also the period of a product's lifecycle after approval. It introduces tools and enablers to facilitate the management of post-approval chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) changes in a more predictable and efficient manner. The draft of ICH Q12 was published for public consultation in November 2017 and more than 900 comments from industry and associations were received until December 2018, showing that there was an enormous interest worldwide to get the most out of the approach of harmonising a product's lifecycle. The guideline was amended in 2019 and adopted on 20 November 2019 (Step 4). Though the guideline ICH Q12 tends to harmonise technical and regulatory tools for pharmaceutical product lifecycle management throughout the regions that are accepting ICH principles, it is clearly stated in several chapters of the guideline that regional guidance and requirements may be considered. The responsibility to provide publicly available information about regulatory considerations to be assumed for the implementation of ICH Q12 in a specific region lies with the regulatory members of the ICH region. The present master thesis deals with a real scenario of a planned manufacturing site change for drug products and how the product transfer can be accomplished in a resource-conservative way. The use of a post-approval change management protocol (PACMP) is described as an example. The advantages and disadvantages of a PACMP for European approved and approvable products are compared to those of the "classic" way of submitting post-approval variations according to the Classification Guidelines and the Variations Regulation. This tool has already been established in the European legislation with the former version of the European Commission (EC) Classification Guidelines (2010/C 17/01) that supported the Variations Regulation (Commission Regulation (EC) 1234/2008). The Expert Working Group responsible for the compilation of ICH Q12 expects that the application of PACMPs will continue to increase with the implementation of the guideline in the EU/EAA due to global harmonisation and international recognition by the authorities. Consequently, more Type IA and Type IB variations will be submitted instead of Type II variations. Problems with drug shortages could be reduced and manufacturing efficiency and innovation increased. Page: 57 Annex: 1, Pages: 4

© 2018 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Regulatory Affairs e.V.

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Department of Informatics s.e.a.l

Quicklinks und sprachwechsel, main navigation, master theses - guidelines, general information.

The following paragraphs provide useful information of how to do a master thesis in our group.

Project Plan

Each student needs to prepare a project plan. Project management is crucial for the success of any software engineering research project with us. Consider that part of the thesis work typically is the development of a software prototype. The project plan does not need to be very verbose, but it should contain enough information to serve as a guide during and as a reference at the end of the project to determine whether the project was a success and has met the requirements specification.

A project plan should contain the following five sections:

• Section 1 Project description -- should give an overview of your project: its scope and intended results.
• Section 2 Background material -- should be your "reading list", namely the list of books, papers and articles that are relevant to your project and that you plan to read or have already read.
• Section 3 Project management -- should explain precisely the objectives of your project, your priorities, and criteria for success. You should also describe the method of work you intend to apply to achieve these results, and the documentation you intend to provide to your supervisor during your project.
• Section 4 Plan with milestones -- should specify the deadlines for each step of your project, with a tentative schedule.
• Section 5 References -- should include the references to papers, articles, books or Web pages that you have used to write your research plan.

For writing the project plan we propose the student to use our LaTeX template .

How to write a Thesis?

For writing the thesis you must use our LaTeX template that you can get from your advisor. The PDF version of the guideline is available online. It describes the structure of a thesis and provides hints about what to write in each chapter. The guideline was taken from Prof. John W. Chinneck's web site where you can find additional information.

Regarding the style of writing a Diploma Thesis we refer the student to the books:

• "The Elements of Style", Strunk and White.
• "Writing for Computer Science" of Justin Zobel.

The web site of Prof. Henning Schulzrinne contains further useful hints that should be considered.

According to the official guideline for Diploma Theses you have to deliver 2 printed copies to the IFI Lehrbereichssekretariat. At least one exemplar must contain a CD-ROM with an electronic copy.

In addition to the official deliveries, the student has to deliver:

• 1 printed copy (in form of a book) for our seal library.
• 1 electronic copy (pdf or ps) to be published on our web site.
• A 20 minutes presentation.

Each student is supposed to do a 20 minutes presentation, during which the student presents the problem, the proposed approach addressing this problem, the work done, obtained results, validation of the results, lessons learned, conclusions, and open issues. A guideline on how to do give a research talk is provided here .

Remember: the presentation does influence the grading of your thesis work. Further, it is a chance for you to present the work to us and others.

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• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation
• What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

Published on September 14, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.

Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation , it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: choosing a relevant topic , crafting a proposal , designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .

Thesis template

You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.

Download Word template Download Google Docs template

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Table of contents

Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about theses.

You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.

• A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay , and should clearly and concisely summarize the central points of your academic essay .
• A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to complete. It is generally a degree requirement for Master’s programs, and is also sometimes required to complete a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts colleges.
• In the US, a dissertation is generally written as a final step toward obtaining a PhD.
• In other countries (particularly the UK), a dissertation is generally written at the bachelor’s or master’s level.

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The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:

• Your discipline
• Your theoretical approach

Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.

In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section ,  results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .

Thesis examples

We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.

• Example thesis #1:   “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807” by Suchait Kahlon.
• Example thesis #2: “’A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man’: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947″ by Julian Saint Reiman.

The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:

• Your full title
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date.

Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.

Read more about title pages

The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.

Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces

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An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.

Read more about abstracts

A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.

Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.

Read more about tables of contents

While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the “Insert Caption” feature.

Read more about lists of figures and tables

If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetized list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.

Read more about lists of abbreviations

Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialized or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetize the terms you want to include with a brief definition.

Read more about glossaries

An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:

• Ground your research topic , sharing any background information your reader may need
• Define the scope of your work
• Introduce any existing research on your topic, situating your work within a broader problem or debate
• State your research question(s)
• Outline (briefly) how the remainder of your work will proceed

In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.

Read more about introductions

A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:

• Selecting relevant sources
• Determining the credibility of your sources
• Critically evaluating each of your sources
• Drawing connections between sources, including any themes, patterns, conflicts, or gaps

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:

• Addressing a gap in the literature
• Building on existing knowledge to draw new conclusions
• Exploring a new theoretical or methodological approach
• Introducing a new solution to an unresolved problem
• Definitively advocating for one side of a theoretical debate

Read more about literature reviews

Theoretical framework

Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyzes the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.

Read more about theoretical frameworks

Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.

A methodology section should generally include:

• Your overall approach ( quantitative vs. qualitative )
• Your research methods (e.g., a longitudinal study )
• Your data collection methods (e.g., interviews or a controlled experiment
• Any tools or materials you used (e.g., computer software)
• The data analysis methods you chose (e.g., statistical analysis , discourse analysis )
• A strong, but not defensive justification of your methods

Read more about methodology sections

Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.

Your results section should:

• State each (relevant) result with any (relevant) descriptive statistics (e.g., mean , standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (e.g., test statistics , p values )
• Explain how each result relates to the research question
• Determine whether the hypothesis was supported

Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.

Read more about results sections

Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.

For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.

Read more about discussion sections

Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasize what your research specifically has contributed to your field.

Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.

Read more about conclusions

In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.

Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.

Create APA citations Create MLA citations

In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.

Read more about appendices

Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!

Consider using a professional thesis editing service or grammar checker to make sure your final project is perfect.

Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.

After your defense , your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

• Survivorship bias
• Self-serving bias
• Availability heuristic
• Halo effect
• Hindsight bias
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

 (AI) Tools

• Grammar Checker
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Text Summarizer
• AI Detector
• Plagiarism Checker
• Citation Generator

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.

Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:

• Plan to attend graduate school soon
• Have a particular topic you’d like to study more in-depth
• Are considering a career in research
• Would like a capstone experience to tie up your academic experience

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Your studies

Thesis application forms.

To be able to register for your thesis/degree project, you need to fill out the web form ”Thesis application form” and have it approved. You also need to meet the requirements that are stated in the regulations.

Thesis application form

Once you have filled out the web form it needs to be approved by the examiner and Head of programme/Director of master's programme. You must do this at least four weeks before your estimated start date. The application form apply to students on both bachelor of science in engineering, shipping, civil engineering and master's programmes.

Erasmus and Bilateral students are exempted from getting a signature/approval from the Director of master’s programme since they don’t belong to a programme. Web form: Thesis application form

Are you unsure about something in the web form or is something not working? In that case, please use the contact form on the start page for more help. If you can´t reach the start page, please use the contact form in the Service Portal:

Thesis form support - in the Service Portal

Info videos

Here you will find short info videos on how to fill in the web form "Thesis application form" Chalmers Play

Thesis application exemption form

In some cases you should use the exemption form, "Thesis application exemption form":

• If the main field of study for the course does not match with the main field of study for the programme (Applies only to 30 and 60 credit theses/degree projects)
• If you want to register on an older programme code that is no longer given

The completed form must be digitally signed by the examiner and Head of programme/Director of master's programme. It must be sent in at least four weeks before your estimated start date. This is done by the person who last signed the document.

The document must then be sent to: [email protected] .

Please note! We only accept a digitally signed exemption form.

Register for your thesis/degree project in Ladok

When your form is received and everything is correct, it will be included in Ladok showing that you are expected to do your thesis/degree project. You are then responsible for registering on the course yourself (just as with other course registration). The registration opens Monday three weeks before the course instance starts and closes Tuesday of the second week of the course instance.

For those who have not completed their thesis/degree project

To re-register for a thesis/degree project you have started but not finished (with the same course code as before), use the services in Ladok for students. Select “My education" and "Change to another course instance.” You should not fill in a new form. If this does not work, you are welcome to contact us at our contact address.

Questions and answers about how to fill out the forms

For questions, please contact:.

• [email protected]

Bachelor-/Master Thesis

To register your bachelor thesis / master thesis, you must submit an application for admission to the bachelor thesis examination to the Central Examinations Office (ZPA). Please note that all prerequisites must be fulfilled in strict accordance with the applicable and currently valid examination regulations. Once your application has been reviewed and approved, you will receive a letter of acceptance stating the deadline for handing in your thesis, and the processing time will begin. The processing time is in accordance with the rules laid down in the subject-specific examination regulations. Should you be taken ill during the processing time, you can submit a medical certificate (in original) together with the sick leave form to the ZPA. The processing period will be extended by the same period of time as your sick leave. The application and the medical certificate must be submitted to the ZPA without delay. The processing time will be extended accordingly and you will receive a notification with the new deadline.

Be sure to hand in the bachelor thesis / master thesis on time to the ZPA, as shown in the admission letter. As a rule, 3 bound copies and an electronic version are to be submitted.

Please make sure that the declaration must be included in every copy of your bachelor thesis / master thesis.

You can hand in your bachelor thesis / master thesis personally during opening hours of the service center or drop it into the mailbox in the entrance area to the ZPA. If the due date falls on a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, the deadline is postponed to the following working day.

After reviewing the formalities, your bachelor thesis / master thesis will be sent to the supervisors for evaluation. Please make sure that the ZPA has the address of any external supervisors.

Graduate Education

Office of graduate and postdoctoral education, thesis & dissertation forms.

Georgia Tech's Graduate Thesis Office requires graduate students and programs to use DocuSign for all thesis and dissertation forms. You can find tips on how to use DocuSign and all of the forms you will need for the thesis/dissertation process on this page.

Tips on Form Submission and DocuSign

• Go to esignature.gatech.edu to understand how DocuSign works and to login. Be sure to read steps 1-5 before you begin .
• Forms must be initiated by a student, not staff or faculty.
• A form must be completed in full for Graduate Education to finalize.
• You must complete all forms related to your degree progress in order to be finalized by Graduate Education.
• For a full list of required documents for thesis submission go to the Thesis Submission Checklist (PDF) .
• Be sure to check the thesis and dissertation form deadlines .

For more information and questions, please contact Graduate Education at [email protected] .

Forms for Master's and Doctoral Students

• Thesis/Dissertation Announcement Example (PDF)
• Request for Withholding of Thesis/Dissertation  (DocuSign)
• Letters of Completion located on the Office of the Registrar's website
• SMARTech Repository Agreement  (DocuSign)
• Redaction/Thesis Page Substitution Form (PDF)
• Thesis Errata Request (PDF)

Forms for Master's Students

• Request for Approval of Master's Thesis Topic (DocuSign)
• Certificate of Thesis Approval (DocuSign)

Forms for Doctoral Students

• Request for Admission to Ph.D. Candidacy (DocuSign)
• Survey of Earned Doctorate Form (Qualtrics)
• Purpose and Use of the Survey
• Confidentiality of Survey Data
• Doctoral Minor Form (DocuSign)
• Dissertation Abstract Example (PDF)

Additional Forms

• Enrollment Waiver (DocuSign)
• GRA/GTA Late Hire Approval Request Form (DocuSign)

Check our frequently asked questions (FAQ) to see if your question has already been answered. Else, contact Graduate Education at [email protected] .

Accessibility Information

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Master’s thesis/project approval (tpa).

Access Form

Thesis/Dissertation Requirements

Description

The Master’s Thesis/Project Approval form confirms you successfully defended a research proposal and have the necessary regulatory approvals to conduct the proposed research.

Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) CITI Training is required of MS/A students who began their program after March 2020, and is available for master’s students whose committee deems it appropriate for the student’s thesis/project.

For updates on IRB regulations and to determine whether your research requires IRB approval, view  USU's IRB webpage .

You, your major professor, committee members, department head, Vice Provost of Graduate Studies, and IRB (if needed) will receive an email notification from ServiceNow, to review and approve the Thesis/Project Approval form. Once all signatures are obtained electronically, all parties will receive a final email from ServiceNow with a completed form.

Submit this form during your second semester, after the Supervisory Committee Approval form , successful thesis proposal defense, and all regulatory approvals are in place. Your thesis defense is scheduled after the Thesis Proposal Approval form is accepted.

Students Who Need This Form

• Master’s Plan A
• Master’s Plan B

Signatures Needed

• Major professor
• Committee members
• Department head
• Vice Provost of Graduate Studies
• IRB (if needed)

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