write a hypothesis about the effect of the fan speed

Fan Performance Characteristics at Various Rotational Speeds and Ambient Pressures 2014-01-2219

The scaling laws of fans express basic relationships among the variables of fan static pressure head, volume flow rate, air density, rotational speed, fan diameter, and power. These relationships make it possible to compare the performance of geometrically similar fans in dissimilar conditions. The fan laws were derived from dimensionless analysis of the equations for volumetric flow rate, static pressure head, and power as a function of fan diameter, air density and rotational speed. The purpose of this study is to characterize a fan's performance characteristics at various rotational speeds and ambient pressures. The experimental results are compared to the fan scaling laws.

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Fan Speed Formula

Is there any formula for computing fan speed by using air mass,air flux, air density or specific heat? I have computed air mass and air flux, and found the values for air density and specific heat, but now I am stuck at finding a correlation between these and fan speed.

• thermodynamics

• $\begingroup$ Can you reproduce your computing here much appreciated $\endgroup$ –  user6760 Commented May 18, 2015 at 12:20
• $\begingroup$ I start from 2 equations for computing the power consumption of a data center: P = m Cp*(Tout-Tin) and P=p f*Cp(Tout-Tin), where m=air mass, Cp= specific heat, p=air density (1.205kg/m^3 at 20degreesC),f= air flow rate = m/p, Tin = the inlet temperature (temperature supplied by a CRAC unit), Tout=exhaust temperature. I also know that the fan power Pfan=(FanSpeed^3) (equation 3). What I need, is to find a correlation between the first 2 equation and the 3rd one $\endgroup$ –  Ade Commented May 19, 2015 at 10:05
• $\begingroup$ The fan laws state that the air flow is proportional with the fan speed. So, basically, I need to convert airflow (m^3/s) to speed $\endgroup$ –  Ade Commented May 19, 2015 at 13:54

2 Answers 2

From an engineering perspective, there are many different fan designs including axial and centrifugal configurations, along with various blade designs including forward curved, backward curved, and radial. There is no formula to calculate the required fan speed, but if a specific fan configuration is known then fan similarity laws can be used to calculate performance based on known performance of a similar fan. For example, for a given fan design the flow varies linearly with speed, static pressure varies with the square of the speed, and power consumption varies with the cube of the speed. Similarly, at the same speed flow varies with the cube of the impeller diameter, and static pressure varies as the square of the diameter.

These formulas are described here for example.

Using a dimensional analysis indeed can help you find dimensionless numbers as The Dark Side suggested Floris might help with, but beyond that there is no direct analytical method, no closed form solutions that can relate fan speed, shaft torque, flow rate and delta pressure. The issue is that at best the flow behavior is two dimensional, but more likely three dimensional in its behavior. There are two approach's to find the relationships:

(1) Do the dimensionless analysis, come up with dimensionless numbers, then do experiments with your fan to find the relationship of speed to the other parameters. Then you can fit the relationships to polynomials.

(2) Model the fan in CAD, then do a dimensional CFD simulation to relate your parameters of interest.

The difficulty in trying to obtain an analytical solution directly from the fundamental energy, momentum and continuity principles comes from the nonlinear nature of the Navier Stokes equations and the intractability of the equations in particular 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional problems. If fluid rotation can occur you are stuck doing 3 dimensional analysis. The other factor is the complex description of the fan's surface. Not all fans are alike.

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Fan speed and power consumption

Really basic question that I've struggled with for a while. In low-cost fans, a series of mechanical buttons select fan speed. I assume each button is connected to a specific resistor which limits the current/divides the voltage to the fan motor, depending on how they are arranged.

My question is, is it irrelevant to the overall power used by the appliance whether the fan is operating on low or high speed? My assumption is that the energy is simply wasted to heat the resistor on the low speed setting.

• induction-motor

2 Answers 2

These fans use shaded pole motors which are a type of asynchronous motor.

Speed can be controlled by varying winding current.

This isn't done with actual resistors, but by switching between several windings. The lowest speed setting corresponds to the longest length of wire in the windings, thus the highest resistance. Highest speed corresponds to lowest resistance (shortest winding). This can also be done by switches connecting windings in series, parallel, or a combination.

Also, more winding turns mean higher inductance, thus higer impedance, which reduces current without wasting power in winding resistance.

Since higher impedance results in lower current, the fan does not draw constant power from mains, and lower speeds do use less power.

• 1 \$\begingroup\$ As a side note, when the motor fails, it is often the winding between the common and the high connection. By disconnecting medium, and connecting high directly to common, you can get the fan to work for a short time, albeit faster than high, probably overheating the motor, and certainly not UL approved. The current runs only through the windings between the high connection and the low connection. I've extended the "fan life" by additional weeks doing this. \$\endgroup\$ –  Keeta - reinstate Monica Commented Aug 27, 2019 at 18:51
• \$\begingroup\$ Plus, from a purely physical point of view, force, and thus the power needed to propel a fan faster goes up quadratically with speed. So, most definitively even a hypothetical "wasteful" fan that burns energy in a restistor turning slower would likely be more energy-efficient. \$\endgroup\$ –  Damon Commented Aug 27, 2019 at 20:17

Resistors can be used to control motor speed an you described, but they must dissipate a lot of heat. The preferred speed control method is to switch the value of capacitor that is connected in series with the auxiliary winding of the single-phase motor. See Speed control for PSC induction motor As illustrated in that question, it is a natural characteristics of a fan that it requires less torque to operate at lower speeds. That mean that less power is used, since power is torque multiplied by speed. An increased proportion of that power is dissipated in the rotor of the motor, but less total power used and less power is dissipated in the rotor as compared to full-speed operation.

Shaded-pole Motors

Another answer describes much the same performance for shaded-pole motors. Shaded pole motors tend to be used for smaller fans such as exhaust fans for bathrooms and stove hoods. Window fans and pedestal fans are more likely to use the capacitor-run or permanent-split-capacitor (PSC) motor described above.

• \$\begingroup\$ I just assumed they were controlled wastefully using resistors, good to know there's more it. Thanks for your response. \$\endgroup\$ –  Chorlton2080 Commented Aug 27, 2019 at 13:25

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Mitigating System Effect to Optimize Fan Performance and Efficiency

Date: 2024-06-04 14:52:00

By : Mike Humann, The New York Blower Company

This article appeared in the 2020 edition of AMCA inmotion magazine .

Fans used to move air in industrial and commercial applications are tested and rated in a laboratory under ideal conditions—that is, conditions designed to enable the equipment to achieve its maximum performance. As anyone who has set foot on a building site can attest, however, the conditions under which fans are put into service seldom are—and often are far from—ideal. The difference between how a fan performs installed in the field and how it performed when tested in a laboratory can be attributed to a phenomenon known as system effect.

This article will describe system effect, its causes, and its impact on fan performance. Additionally, it will discuss strategies for minimizing, eliminating, or avoiding system effect to achieve optimal, reliable performance once a fan is installed.

Credit: Mikall Grachikoy/Bigstock

System Effect and Its Impacts

System effect refers to losses in air-system performance caused by adverse flow conditions (excess turbulence or swirl) at or near the fan. System effect can occur at a fan’s inlet or outlet or both. Often, it results from changes to system design—commonly involving the length, width, and/or transition points of ductwork—made during the fan-installation process.

The only way to overcome system effect and achieve specified airflow volume is to increase fan speed. Increasing fan speed, however, results in increased energy consumption (just a 10-percent increase in fan speed will result in a 33-percent increase in energy consumption) and costs and greater stress on system components. Additionally, it may prevent the motor, electrical conduit, starter, and disconnect from achieving the necessary brake horsepower.

Figure 1 shows the impact system effect has on system performance.

In addition to hindering fan performance, system effect can increase noise and vibration and lead to premature impeller or bearing failure. The associated performance testing, engineering analysis, field service, long-term maintenance, and lost production from unplanned downtime and extended startup can be costly.

With any installation, system effect and all other system-associated losses must be considered to understand how a fan will perform relative to its laboratory tests once installed. During the fan-selection process, the combined impact of those losses should be taken into account. For optimal system performance and cost-effective operation for years to come, best practices for fan ducting and installation need to be followed.

Laboratory vs. Real-World Conditions

To recognize how system effect impacts air-system performance, it is important to understand the conditions under which fans are tested in a laboratory. Housed fans typically are tested with an open inlet that includes a bell mouth to eliminate entry losses and achieve uniform airflow across the inlet. The discharge includes a straight run of ductwork that produces fully developed airflow (free of swirl or turbulence) prior to the air entering the test chamber. Uniform, fully developed airflow enables a fan to move air efficiently and quietly through a duct system without causing excessive vibration. In the field, however, inlet and outlet conditions rarely mimic those of laboratory-test setups, as the installation and ducting are influenced by the existing infrastructure and space limitations.

Common Causes of System Effect

The most common causes of system effect include uneven or spinning airflow at a fan’s inlet, obstructions to airflow at the inlet or outlet, improperly configured ductwork at the inlet or outlet, and/or failure to correct for losses caused by fan accessories.

System effect can be avoided by accounting for all factors, including the shape of the transition points between the fan and existing ducts, ductwork configuration close to the fan, and accessories. For optimum air performance, airflow at the fan’s inlet needs to be uniform, symmetrical, and free of swirl. Similarly, airflow must be able to diffuse and fully develop across the fan’s outlet. Even minor improvements to airflow stability can reduce system effect and, in turn, increase fan performance and operating efficiency.

An inlet vane damper is a modulating device that affects fan performance. As a damper is closed, air begins to pre-spin into the fan; the fan wheel no longer can move as much air, and flow, pressure, and brake horsepower all decrease. Even when a damper is fully open, the vanes interfere with normal flow and reduce fan performance. If the losses are not accounted for, the fan will have to run at a speed higher than the one specified during fan selection. Fans should be tested with accessories that determine the losses and the fan speed required to overcome them.

Reducing System Effect at a Fan’s Inlet

A lack of uniform airflow entering a fan’s inlet is one of the greatest and most common causes of system effect. Often, these losses are the result of elbows and isolation dampers being installed too close to a fan’s inlet.

Depending on the application, a variety of strategies can be employed to improve airflow at a fan’s inlet. Take, for example, the 90-degree round elbow located at the inlet of a fan shown in Figure 2 . Air entering the fan wheel is not uniform, loading on various parts of the fan wheel instead of at the center as designed for optimal performance. Some air is circulating back into the elbow, creating additional losses. In this case, the addition of turning vanes in the elbow will help direct air toward the center of the fan wheel.

Figure 3 shows the effect of a rectangular inlet box mounted directly to the inlet of a fan. Again, the fan wheel is not being uniformly loaded, resulting in performance loss. With an inlet box, the cavity, or dead area, below the outlet is where air will get hung up, creating additional losses. Improving the shape of the inlet box or adding straightening vanes can help to redirect the flow of air into the wheel.

Figure 4 shows air entering a fan from the side as opposed to straight through the inlet. The air is spinning in the opposite direction of the fan wheel. Consequently, the fan is having to work harder, resulting in greater energy consumption and stress on fan components.

Reducing System Effect at a Fan’s Outlet

Similar to inlet flow, outlet flow is impacted significantly by the placement and distancing of ductwork and dampers. The effective length of ductwork at a fan’s outlet is one of the most important factors in fan and system efficiency. In most cases, the profile of the air coming out of a fan is asymmetrical, causing turbulence and a lack of static-pressure regain.

For symmetrical and uniform flow to be achieved, outlet ducting must be long enough to allow airflow to diffuse and fully develop. This is called 100-percent effective duct length. As a rule of thumb, the effective length of outlet ducting should be no less than 2.5 duct diameters when duct velocity is 2,500 fpm (13 m/s) or less. For every additional 1,000 fpm (5 m/s), one duct diameter should be added.

Figure 5 shows the velocity profile of air as it exits a fan. Air is forced against the outside of the scroll, resulting in uneven flow at the outlet. An effective run of ductwork allows for a uniform velocity profile. Note that at approximately 50 percent of effective duct length the fan achieves approximately 80 percent of its pressure regain.

In addition to effective duct length, the placement and direction of elbows is significant at a fan’s outlet. An elbow installed too close to the outlet will result in a significant loss of airflow. If the elbow turns in the opposite direction of the fan’s rotation, the loss will be even greater. When a design requires the installation of an elbow, a minimum of two to three duct lengths is recommended to allow the velocity profile of air exiting the fan to develop across the ductwork.

By and large, most fan-performance deficiencies are the result of improper system design. This is because fans are simple, standard mechanical devices, while systems are complex and unique, with many installation variables that can adversely impact performance.When designing a fan system for optimal operation, remember to allow enough room for needed accessories and appropriate ducting connecting the fan to the larger system. The long-term cost savings will be worth the extra effort upfront. Additionally, because fan installations are so customized, it is important to partner with a knowledgeable and experienced vendor to ensure optimum system performance, efficiency, and longevity.

Figure 1. Impact of system effect on system performance. Source: AMCA “System Effect” online educational module

Figure 2. Non-uniform airflow into a fan inlet inducated by a 90-degree, three piece section elbow- no turning vanes.

Figfure 3. Non-uniform airflow into a fan inlet induced by a rectangular inlet duct.

Figure 4. Example of a forced inlet vortex.

Figure 5. System-effect curves for outlet ducts—centrifugal fans.

About the Author

Mike Humann is manager of products and applications for The New York Blower Co. During his 10-year career, he has presented at conferences and conducted training sessions on topics including system effect, fan applications, and custom fan modifications. He has a bachelor’s degree with a concentration in physics from Elmhurst University.

Sidebar: System Effect in Effect

After a neighbor complained about the noise generated by this backward-inclined fan, which exhausted fumes from a tank at a rate of 50,000 cu ft (3,750 lb) per minute, the owner sought to redirect the noise by reversing the flow of air so that the air came back toward the fan. It was a self-defeating proposition: The air turbulence caused by the 180-degree turn at the outlet and the speed at which the fan had to run to overcome the system effect actually increased the noise.

Instead of a rectangular-to-round transition from the fan inlet, a transition plate is being used in this application, resulting in the bottom-loading of air on the fan wheel.

A fan and collector purchased at a salvage auction. The owner used a 50-gal. drum as part of the duct system between the fan and collector. In addition to a base that is unstable, there is no length of ductwork at the fan outlet to establish uniform airflow.

Pressure blowers used in a combustion-air system. The 90-degree elbows are turning air in the opposite direction it exits the fans. The system effect could have been avoided with upblast fans.

This process fan exhausting to atmosphere has to overcome system effect resulting from the use of a cutoff sheet in conjunction with a rectangular duct and a 90-degree-elbow turn without any run of ductwork.

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Prediction of the impact of air speed produced by a mechanical fan and operative temperature on the thermal sensation.

1. Introduction

Objective of this work, 2. research methods, 2.1. the calibration exercise setup (stage 1), 2.2. the parametric investigation setup (stage 2), 3.1. the calibration exercise (stage 1), 3.2. the matrices for thermal comfort obtained with parametric investigation (stage 2), 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest, nomenclatures.

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Faria, L.C.d.; Romero, M.d.A.; Porras-Amores, C.; Pirró, L.F.d.S.; Saez, P.V. Prediction of the Impact of Air Speed Produced by a Mechanical Fan and Operative Temperature on the Thermal Sensation. Buildings 2022 , 12 , 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020101

Faria LCd, Romero MdA, Porras-Amores C, Pirró LFdS, Saez PV. Prediction of the Impact of Air Speed Produced by a Mechanical Fan and Operative Temperature on the Thermal Sensation. Buildings . 2022; 12(2):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020101

Faria, Luciano Caruggi de, Marcelo de Andrade Romero, César Porras-Amores, Lucia Fernanda de Souza Pirró, and Paola Villoria Saez. 2022. "Prediction of the Impact of Air Speed Produced by a Mechanical Fan and Operative Temperature on the Thermal Sensation" Buildings 12, no. 2: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020101

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Is A Low Or High AC Fan Speed Better? (Explained & Solved!)

Most of today’s air conditioning systems offer a fan that can be operated at both a high and low speed.

Find out which is better for specific scenarios and why.

Here’s if a Low or High AC Fan Speed Is Better:

A fan operating at the highest speed possible will without a doubt produce the most airflow in the least amount of time. This, of course, will also come at the cost of noise. Despite that, this doesn’t necessarily mean high speed is the best setting for all situations. Take a very hot, humid day for example. A low setting could be a much more effective option. Why? Simply because it will run longer, removing unwanted moisture while it is running.

Does Fan Speed Affect AC?

Yes, you better believe that fan speed will affect the AC. The fan is an integral component of any HVAC system. How it operates will greatly affect the outcome of the AC.

To start, it is important to realize that a residential or commercial air conditioning system contains two fans.

They would be the outdoor fan (condenser fan) or the indoor fan (air handler fan).

The purpose of the outdoor fan is to remove hot air from the condenser and compressor so that the refrigerant in the copper lines can change from vapor to liquid.

When most homeowners or average Joes refer to an air conditioner fan or an AC fan, they are not referring to the condenser fan. In fact, this is one of the more overlooked components.

When most average individuals refer to an air conditioner fan, they are talking about the indoor fan or the air handler fan.

This is the more noticeable of the two components, as this fan’s responsibility is to force air through the ducts and into the home.

When you stand over or under your vents in the home or office, it’s the indoor fan that moves the air. This is the fan most people refer to simply because it is the one that most affects them.

While the outdoor fan does play a huge role in the overall operation of the AC system, it usually goes unnoticed.

With that established, the discussion about fan speeds can get underway. Most people would automatically assume that the better speed is the highest speed.

This assumption is made by many because of the physical connection. It’s the more noticeable of the two.

Now, imagine two box fans, one blowing on high and one blowing on low. What are you going to notice standing in front of the two?

You’ll notice that the high-blowing fan is forcing out more air at a higher velocity. Just because this is the case it doesn’t necessarily mean the high fan setting is always the optimal option.

Things can, unfortunately, get a bit tricky from this point. To fully grasp the concept, you need industry insight explaining how the fan also controls humidity .

The simplest way to think about it is by understanding that an air conditioner’s job is not just to specifically satisfy a temperature setting on the thermostat.

When operating properly and efficiently, the indoor air conditioning fan should also remove humidity. Think about setting your thermostat to 75 degrees F in the summer.

When the temperature in the home rises to 76 degrees F the system will startup. Imagine one system running on the high setting compared to the same one running on the low setting.

The higher setting is going to bring the temperature back down to 75 degrees F faster, causing the thermostat to satisfy and shut off.

This is where most would assume that the high setting is more efficient because it forces the thermostat to reach 75 degrees F faster. And this is true in certain respects.

However, if the fan shuts down too fast it might not remove all the humidity in the home to make it feel comfortable.

If this is the case, it’s going to cause the homeowner to visit the thermostat and turn down the temperature even further.

When the fan runs at a slower speed it’ll run longer, removing more humidity from the air.

This might take a little longer to satisfy the stat, but the process will force the system to remove more humidity during operation.

Since humidity is best described as the degrees to which the air feels, you’re always going to want to remove as much of it as possible.

If properly sized and functioning properly, your indoor fan will already be set to the most efficient settings possible.

If you are trying to tweak your fan to satisfy the thermostat or make it more comfortable in the home something is wrong.

There could be something physically wrong with the fan motor or its squirrel cage. This could also be a blockage of air in the duct system somewhere or the unit itself.

Calculating and measuring airflow can be extremely technical and difficult. Therefore, it is best to work with a professional to make sure your unit is functioning properly.

Does Higher Fan Speed Affect Electricity Consumption?

If you think fan airflow is complex, you’ve yet to touch the surface. Although there are some simple aspects to wiring, electrical currents and circuits are demandingly complicated.

According to industry experts, 90 percent of air conditioner breakdowns are due to wiring issues.

Add to that the fact that just about everything in an air conditioner runs on electricity, and you can imagine just how hard it will be to trace these circuits.

This is not to even mention the fact that electricity is extremely dangerous. Electrical shorts can cause fires and it only takes a single amp traveling across the heart to make it stop.

Most basic AC systems produce anywhere from 30 to 40 amps. To muddy things even further, a fan operating on high doesn’t consume more electricity than a low running fan.

They consume the same amount of energy. The reason for this is extremely complicated and technical.

You’ll feel like you need an electrical engineering background just to understand the theory.

However, the easiest way to think about it is in terms of voltage drop, not voltage being applied.

When you change your fan settings, you are changing the voltage drop rather than the voltage applied.

AC Designs Priority Energy

Formulating a Hypothesis Write a hypothesis about the effect of the fan spood on the acceleration of the cart Use the "if __ then __ because __ format and be sure to answer the lesson question: "How does an object's position and velocity change as the object accelorates? square

Explanation

All Subjects Homework Helper

Air pollution mitigation and CO 2 emission reduction effects of heterogeneous enterprises synergistic agglomeration

• Published: 07 October 2024

Cite this article

• Jiamin Liu 1 ,
• Xiaoyu Ma 1 , 2 ,
• Jiaoning Zhang 1 ,
• Chiqun Hu 3 &
• Qiuqiu Guo 1  

In the context of synergistic pollution control, it is of great significance to explore the mitigation path of air pollution (Aip) and CO 2 emission (CO 2 ) through the heterogeneous enterprises synergistic agglomeration (Msa) represented by synergistic agglomeration of manufacturing enterprises and productive service enterprises. Based on panel data of 284 prefecture-level and above cities from 2010 to 2021, the effect of Msa on Aip and CO 2 is examined. The results indicate that the Msa curbs Aip and CO 2 . For every one unit increase in Msa, Aip decreases by 0.786 units, and CO 2 decreases by 0.122 units. This impact is effective in first–second-tier cities, central cities, and non-resource-based cities. Innovative talent mobility and green technology innovation are pathways for Msa to reduce Aip and CO 2 . In addition, as the market potential increases, the effect of Msa on Aip and CO 2 shows a leaping feature: significant promotion → significant inhibition → no impact. Environmental protection policy significantly decreases the effect of Msa inhibiting Aip and CO 2 . This study provides theoretical support for local governments to guide the synergistic agglomeration of manufacturing enterprises and productive service enterprises, and control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This is a better choice to achieve co-benefit of economic and environmental welfare.

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Data source: https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/zghjzkgb/202305/P020230529570623593284.pdf .

Data source: http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/c/2022-12-27/3264252.shtml .

Data source: https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/sthjtjnb/202301/W020230118392178258531.pdf .

19 industries include agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries; Mining; Manufacturing; Electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply; Construction; Wholesale and retail; Transportation, storage and postal services; Accommodation and catering; Information transmission, software and information technology services; Finance; Real estate; Leasing and business services; Scientific research and technology services; Water conservancy, environment and public facilities management; Residential services; Repair and other services; Education industry; Health and social work; Culture, sports and entertainment; Public management, social security, and social organization industry.

Data source: https://www.ipe.org.cn .

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21XRK007); Excellent Doctoral Student Research Innovation Project for Xinjiang University (Grant No. XJU2022BS008). The graduate research and innovation project of Xinjiang Autonomous Regions (Grant No. XJ2024G010).

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Jiamin Liu, Xiaoyu Ma, Jiaoning Zhang & Qiuqiu Guo

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Liu, J., Ma, X., Zhang, J. et al. Air pollution mitigation and CO 2 emission reduction effects of heterogeneous enterprises synergistic agglomeration. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05497-2

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