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40 Detailed Artificial Intelligence Case Studies [2024]

In this dynamic era of technological advancements, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a pivotal force, reshaping the way industries operate and charting new courses for business innovation. This article presents an in-depth exploration of 40 diverse and compelling AI case studies from across the globe. Each case study offers a deep dive into the challenges faced by companies, the AI-driven solutions implemented, their substantial impacts, and the valuable lessons learned. From healthcare and finance to transportation and retail, these stories highlight AI’s transformative power in solving complex problems, optimizing processes, and driving growth, offering insightful glimpses into the potential and versatility of AI in shaping our world.

Related: How to Become an AI Thought Leader?

1. IBM Watson Health: Revolutionizing Patient Care with AI

Task/Conflict: The healthcare industry faces challenges in handling vast amounts of patient data, accurately diagnosing diseases, and creating effective treatment plans. IBM Watson Health aimed to address these issues by harnessing AI to process and analyze complex medical information, thus improving the accuracy and efficiency of patient care.

Solution: Utilizing the cognitive computing capabilities of IBM Watson, this solution involves analyzing large volumes of medical records, research papers, and clinical trial data. The system uses natural language processing to understand and process medical jargon, making sense of unstructured data to aid medical professionals in diagnosing and treating patients.

Overall Impact:

• Enhanced accuracy in patient diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
• Significant improvement in personalized healthcare services.

Key Learnings:

• AI can complement medical professionals’ expertise, leading to better healthcare outcomes.
• The integration of AI in healthcare can lead to significant advancements in personalized medicine.

2. Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold: Unraveling the Mysteries of Protein Folding

Task/Conflict: The scientific community has long grappled with the protein folding problem – understanding how a protein’s amino acid sequence determines its 3D structure. Solving this problem is crucial for drug discovery and understanding diseases at a molecular level, yet it remained a formidable challenge due to the complexity of biological structures.

Solution: AlphaFold, developed by Google DeepMind, is an AI model trained on vast datasets of known protein structures. It assesses the distances and angles between amino acids to predict how a protein folds, outperforming existing methods in terms of speed and accuracy. This breakthrough represents a major advancement in computational biology.

• Significant acceleration in drug discovery and disease understanding.
• Set a new benchmark for computational methods in biology.
• AI’s predictive power can solve complex biological problems.
• The application of AI in scientific research can lead to groundbreaking discoveries.

3. Amazon: Transforming Supply Chain Management through AI

Task/Conflict: Managing a global supply chain involves complex challenges like predicting product demand, optimizing inventory levels, and streamlining logistics. Amazon faced the task of efficiently managing its massive inventory while minimizing costs and meeting customer demands promptly.

Solution: Amazon employs sophisticated AI algorithms for predictive inventory management, which forecast product demand based on various factors like buying trends, seasonality, and market changes. This system allows for real-time adjustments, adapting swiftly to changing market dynamics.

• Reduced operational costs through efficient inventory management.
• Improved customer satisfaction with timely deliveries and availability.
• AI can significantly enhance supply chain efficiency and responsiveness.
• Predictive analytics in inventory management leads to reduced waste and cost savings.

4. Tesla’s Autonomous Vehicles: Driving the Future of Transportation

Task/Conflict: The development of autonomous vehicles represents a major technological and safety challenge. Tesla aimed to create self-driving cars that are not only reliable and safe but also capable of navigating complex traffic conditions without human intervention.

Solution: Tesla’s solution involves advanced AI and machine learning algorithms that process data from various sensors and cameras to understand and navigate the driving environment. Continuous learning from real-world driving data allows the system to improve over time, making autonomous driving safer and more efficient.

• Leadership in the autonomous vehicle sector, enhancing road safety.
• Continuous improvements in self-driving technology through AI-driven data analysis.
• Continuous data analysis is key to advancing autonomous driving technologies.
• AI can significantly improve road safety and driving efficiency.

Related: High-Paying AI Career Options

5. Zara: Fashioning the Future with AI in Retail

Task/Conflict: In the fast-paced fashion industry, predicting trends and managing inventory efficiently are critical for success. Zara faced the challenge of quickly adapting to changing fashion trends while avoiding overstock and meeting consumer demand.

Solution: Zara employs AI algorithms to analyze fashion trends, customer preferences, and sales data. The AI system also assists in managing inventory, ensuring that popular items are restocked promptly and that stores are not overburdened with unsold products. This approach optimizes both production and distribution.

• Increased sales and profitability through optimized inventory.
• Enhanced customer satisfaction by aligning products with current trends.
• AI can accurately predict consumer behavior and trends.
• Effective inventory management through AI can significantly impact business success.

6. Netflix: Personalizing Entertainment with AI

Task/Conflict: In the competitive streaming industry, providing a personalized user experience is key to retaining subscribers. Netflix needed to recommend relevant content to each user from its vast library, ensuring that users remained engaged and satisfied.

Solution: Netflix developed an advanced AI-driven recommendation engine that analyzes individual viewing habits, ratings, and preferences. This personalized approach keeps users engaged, as they are more likely to find content that interests them, enhancing their overall viewing experience.

• Increased viewer engagement and longer watch times.
• Higher subscription retention rates due to personalized content.
• Personalized recommendations significantly enhance user experience.
• AI-driven content curation is essential for success in digital entertainment.

7. Airbus: Elevating Aircraft Maintenance with AI

Task/Conflict: Aircraft maintenance is crucial for ensuring flight safety and operational efficiency. Airbus faced the challenge of predicting maintenance needs to prevent equipment failures and reduce downtime, which is critical in the aviation industry.

Solution: Airbus implemented AI algorithms for predictive maintenance, analyzing data from aircraft sensors to identify potential issues before they lead to failures. This system assesses the condition of various components, predicting when maintenance is needed. The solution not only enhances safety but also optimizes maintenance schedules, reducing unnecessary inspections and downtime.

• Decreased maintenance costs and reduced aircraft downtime.
• Improved safety with proactive maintenance measures.
• AI can predict and prevent potential equipment failures.
• Predictive maintenance is essential for operational efficiency and safety in aviation.

8. American Express: Securing Transactions with AI

Task/Conflict: Credit card fraud is a significant issue in the financial sector, leading to substantial losses and undermining customer trust. American Express needed an efficient way to detect and prevent fraudulent transactions in real-time.

Solution: American Express utilizes machine learning models to analyze transaction data. These models identify unusual patterns and behaviors indicative of fraud. By constant learning from refined data, the system becomes increasingly accurate in detecting fraudulent activities, providing real-time alerts and preventing unauthorized transactions.

• Minimized financial losses due to reduced fraudulent activities.
• Enhanced customer trust and security in financial transactions.
• Machine learning is highly effective in fraud detection.
• Real-time data analysis is crucial for preventing financial fraud.

Related: Is AI a Good Career Option for Women?

9. Stitch Fix: Tailoring the Future of Fashion Retail

Task/Conflict: In the competitive fashion retail industry, providing a personalized shopping experience is key to customer satisfaction and business growth. Stitch Fix aimed to offer customized clothing selections to each customer, based on their unique preferences and style.

Solution: Stitch Fix uses AI and algorithms analyze customer feedback, style preferences, and purchase history to recommend clothing items. This personalized approach is complemented by human stylists, ensuring that each customer receives a tailored selection that aligns with their individual style.

• Increased customer satisfaction through personalized styling services.
• Business growth driven by a unique, AI-enhanced shopping experience.
• AI combined with human judgment can create highly effective personalization.
• Tailoring customer experiences using AI leads to increased loyalty and business success.

10. Baidu: Breaking Language Barriers with Voice Recognition

Task/Conflict: Voice recognition technology faces the challenge of accurately understanding and processing speech in various languages and accents. Baidu aimed to enhance its voice recognition capabilities to provide more accurate and user-friendly interactions in multiple languages.

Solution: Baidu employs deep learning algorithms for voice and speech recognition, training its system on a diverse range of languages and dialects. This approach allows for more accurate recognition of speech patterns, enabling the technology to understand and respond to voice commands more effectively. The system continuously improves as it processes more voice data, making technology more accessible to users worldwide.

• Enhanced user interaction with technology in multiple languages.
• Reduced language barriers in voice-activated services and devices.
• AI can effectively bridge language gaps in technology.
• Continuous learning from diverse data sets is key to improving voice recognition.

11. JP Morgan: Revolutionizing Legal Document Analysis with AI

Task/Conflict: Analyzing legal documents, such as contracts, is a time-consuming and error-prone process. JP Morgan sought to streamline this process, reducing the time and effort required while increasing accuracy.

Solution: JP Morgan implemented an AI-powered tool, COIN (Contract Intelligence), to analyze legal documents quickly and accurately. COIN uses NLP to interpret and extract relevant information from contracts, significantly reducing the time required for document review.

• Dramatic reduction in time required for legal document analysis.
• Increased accuracy and reduced human error in contract interpretation.
• AI can efficiently handle large volumes of data, offering speed and accuracy.
• Automation in legal processes can significantly enhance operational efficiency.

12. Microsoft: AI for Accessibility

Task/Conflict: People with disabilities often face challenges in accessing technology. Microsoft aimed to create AI-driven tools to enhance accessibility, especially for individuals with visual, hearing, or cognitive impairments.

Solution: Microsoft developed a range of AI-powered tools including applications for voice recognition, visual assistance, and cognitive support, making technology more accessible and user-friendly. For instance, Seeing AI, an app developed by Microsoft, helps visually impaired users to understand their surroundings by describing people, texts, and objects.

• Improved accessibility and independence for people with disabilities.
• Creation of more inclusive technology solutions.
• AI can significantly contribute to making technology accessible for all.
• Developing inclusive technology is essential for societal progress.

Related: How to get an Internship in AI?

13. Alibaba’s City Brain: Revolutionizing Urban Traffic Management

Task/Conflict: Urban traffic congestion is a major challenge in many cities, leading to inefficiencies and environmental concerns. Alibaba’s City Brain project aimed to address this issue by using AI to optimize traffic flow and improve public transportation in urban areas.

Solution: City Brain uses AI to analyze real-time data from traffic cameras, sensors, and GPS systems. It processes this information to predict traffic patterns and optimize traffic light timing, reducing congestion. The system also provides data-driven insights for urban planning and emergency response coordination, enhancing overall city management.

• Significant reduction in traffic congestion and improved urban transportation.
• Enhanced efficiency in city management and emergency response.
• AI can effectively manage complex urban systems.
• Data-driven solutions are key to improving urban living conditions.

14. Deep 6 AI: Accelerating Clinical Trials with Artificial Intelligence

Task/Conflict: Recruiting suitable patients for clinical trials is often a slow and cumbersome process, hindering medical research. Deep 6 AI sought to accelerate this process by quickly identifying eligible participants from a vast pool of patient data.

Solution: Deep 6 AI employs AI to sift through extensive medical records, identifying potential trial participants based on specific criteria. The system analyzes structured and unstructured data, including doctor’s notes and diagnostic reports, to find matches for clinical trials. This approach significantly speeds up the recruitment process, enabling faster trial completions and advancements in medical research.

• Quicker recruitment for clinical trials, leading to faster research progress.
• Enhanced efficiency in medical research and development.
• AI can streamline the patient selection process for clinical trials.
• Efficient recruitment is crucial for the advancement of medical research.

15. NVIDIA: Revolutionizing Gaming Graphics with AI

Task/Conflict: Enhancing the realism and performance of gaming graphics is a continuous challenge in the gaming industry. NVIDIA aimed to revolutionize gaming visuals by leveraging AI to create more realistic and immersive gaming experiences.

Solution: NVIDIA’s AI-driven graphic processing technologies, such as ray tracing and deep learning super sampling (DLSS), provide highly realistic and detailed graphics. These technologies use AI to render images more efficiently, improving game performance without compromising on visual quality. This innovation sets new standards in gaming graphics, making games more lifelike and engaging.

• Elevated gaming experiences with state-of-the-art graphics.
• Set new industry standards for graphic realism and performance.
• AI can significantly enhance creative industries, like gaming.
• Balancing performance and visual quality is key to gaming innovation.

16. Palantir: Mastering Data Integration and Analysis with AI

Task/Conflict: Integrating and analyzing large-scale, diverse datasets is a complex task, essential for informed decision-making in various sectors. Palantir Technologies faced the challenge of making sense of vast amounts of data to provide actionable insights for businesses and governments.

Solution: Palantir developed AI-powered platforms that integrate data from multiple sources, providing a comprehensive view of complex systems. These platforms use machine learning to analyze data, uncover patterns, and predict outcomes, assisting in strategic decision-making. This solution enables users to make informed decisions in real-time, based on a holistic understanding of their data.

• Enhanced decision-making capabilities in complex environments.
• Greater insights and efficiency in data analysis across sectors.
• Effective data integration is crucial for comprehensive analysis.
• AI-driven insights are essential for strategic decision-making.

Related: Surprising AI Facts & Statistics

17. Blue River Technology: Sowing the Seeds of AI in Agriculture

Task/Conflict: The agriculture industry faces challenges in increasing efficiency and sustainability while minimizing environmental impact. Blue River Technology aimed to enhance agricultural practices by using AI to make farming more precise and efficient.

Solution: Blue River Technology developed AI-driven agricultural robots that perform tasks like precise planting and weed control. These robots use ML to identify plants and make real-time decisions, such as applying herbicides only to weeds. This targeted approach reduces chemical usage and promotes sustainable farming practices, leading to better crop yields and environmental conservation.

• Significant reduction in chemical usage in farming.
• Increased crop yields through precision agriculture.
• AI can contribute significantly to sustainable agricultural practices.
• Precision farming is key to balancing productivity and environmental conservation.

18. Salesforce: Enhancing Customer Relationship Management with AI

Task/Conflict: In the realm of customer relationship management (CRM), personalizing interactions and gaining insights into customer behavior are crucial for business success. Salesforce aimed to enhance CRM capabilities by integrating AI to provide personalized customer experiences and actionable insights.

Solution: Salesforce incorporates AI-powered tools into its CRM platform, enabling businesses to personalize customer interactions, automate responses, and predict customer needs. These tools analyze customer data, providing insights that help businesses tailor their strategies and communications. The AI integration not only improves customer engagement but also streamlines sales and marketing efforts.

• Improved customer engagement and satisfaction.
• Increased business growth through tailored marketing and sales strategies.
• AI-driven personalization is key to successful customer relationship management.
• Leveraging AI for data insights can significantly impact business growth.

19. OpenAI: Transforming Natural Language Processing

Task/Conflict: OpenAI aimed to advance NLP by developing models capable of generating coherent and contextually relevant text, opening new possibilities in AI-human interaction.

Solution: OpenAI developed the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models, which use deep learning to generate text that closely mimics human language. These models are trained on vast datasets, enabling them to understand context and generate responses in a conversational and coherent manner.

• Pioneered advancements in natural language understanding and generation.
• Expanded the possibilities for AI applications in communication.
• AI’s ability to mimic human language has vast potential applications.
• Advancements in NLP are crucial for improving AI-human interactions.

20. Siemens: Pioneering Industrial Automation with AI

Task/Conflict: Industrial automation seeks to improve productivity and efficiency in manufacturing processes. Siemens faced the challenge of optimizing these processes using AI to reduce downtime and enhance output quality.

Solution: Siemens employs AI-driven solutions for predictive maintenance and process optimization to reduce downtime in industrial settings. Additionally, AI optimizes manufacturing processes, ensuring quality and efficiency.

• Increased productivity and reduced downtime in industrial operations.
• Enhanced quality and efficiency in manufacturing processes.
• AI is a key driver in the advancement of industrial automation.
• Predictive analytics are crucial for maintaining efficiency in manufacturing.

Related: Top Books for Learning AI

21. Ford: Driving Safety Innovation with AI

Task/Conflict: Enhancing automotive safety and providing effective driver assistance systems are critical challenges in the auto industry. Ford aimed to leverage AI to improve vehicle safety features and assist drivers in real-time decision-making.

Solution: Ford integrated AI into its advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to provide features like adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assistance, and collision avoidance. These systems use sensors and cameras to gather data, which AI processes to make split-second decisions that enhance driver safety and vehicle performance.

• Improved safety features in vehicles, minimizing accidents and improving driver confidence.
• Enhanced driving experience with intelligent assistance features.
• AI can highly enhance safety in the automotive industry.
• Real-time data processing and decision-making are essential for effective driver assistance systems.

22. HSBC: Enhancing Banking Security with AI

Task/Conflict: As financial transactions increasingly move online, banks face heightened risks of fraud and cybersecurity threats. HSBC needed to bolster its protective measures to secure user data and prevent scam.

Solution: HSBC employed AI-driven security systems to observe transactions and identify suspicious activities. The AI models analyze patterns in customer behavior and flag anomalies that could indicate fraudulent actions, allowing for immediate intervention. This helps in minimizing the risk of financial losses and protects customer trust.

• Strengthened security measures and reduced incidence of fraud.
• Maintained high levels of customer trust and satisfaction.
• AI is critical in enhancing security in the banking sector.
• Proactive fraud detection can prevent significant financial losses.

23. Unilever: Optimizing Supply Chain with AI

Task/Conflict: Managing a global supply chain involves complexities related to logistics, demand forecasting, and sustainability practices. Unilever sought to enhance its supply chain efficiency while promoting sustainability.

Solution: Unilever implemented AI to optimize its supply chain operations, from raw material sourcing to distribution. AI algorithms analyze data to forecast demand, improve inventory levels, and minimize waste. Additionally, AI helps in selecting sustainable practices and suppliers, aligning with Unilever’s commitment to environmental responsibility.

• Enhanced efficiency and reduced costs in supply chain operations.
• Better sustainability practices, reducing environmental impact.
• AI can highly optimize supply chain management.
• Integrating AI with sustainability initiatives can lead to environmentally responsible operations.

24. Spotify: Personalizing Music Experience with AI

Task/Conflict: In the competitive music streaming industry, providing a personalized listening experience is crucial for user engagement and retention. Spotify needed to tailor music recommendations to individual tastes and preferences.

Solution: Spotify utilizes AI-driven algorithms to analyze user listening habits, preferences, and contextual data to recommend music tracks and playlists. This personalization ensures that users are continually engaged and discover new music that aligns with their tastes, enhancing their overall listening experience.

• Increased customer engagement and time spent on the platform.
• Higher user satisfaction and subscription retention rates.
• Personalized content delivery is key to user retention in digital entertainment.
• AI-driven recommendations significantly enhance user experience.

Related: How can AI be used in Instagram Marketing?

25. Walmart: Revolutionizing Retail with AI

Task/Conflict: Retail giants like Walmart face challenges in inventory management and providing a high-quality customer service experience. Walmart aimed to use AI to optimize these areas and enhance overall operational efficacy.

Solution: Walmart deployed AI technologies across its stores to manage inventory levels effectively and enhance customer service. AI systems predict product demand to optimize stock levels, while AI-driven robots assist in inventory management and customer service, such as guiding customers in stores and handling queries.

• Improved inventory management, reducing overstock and shortages.
• Enhanced customer service experience in stores.
• AI can streamline retail operations significantly.
• Enhanced customer service through AI leads to better customer satisfaction.

26. Roche: Innovating Drug Discovery with AI

Task/Conflict: The pharmaceutical industry faces significant challenges in drug discovery, requiring vast investments of time and resources. Roche aimed to utilize AI to streamline the drug development process and enhance the discovery of new therapeutics.

Solution: Roche implemented AI to analyze medical data and simulate drug interactions, speeding up the drug discovery process. AI models predict the effectiveness of compounds and identify potential candidates for further testing, significantly minimizing the time and cost related with traditional drug development procedures.

• Accelerated drug discovery processes, bringing new treatments to market faster.
• Reduced costs and increased efficiency in pharmaceutical research.
• AI can greatly accelerate the drug discovery process.
• Cost-effective and efficient drug development is possible with AI integration.

27. IKEA: Enhancing Customer Experience with AI

Task/Conflict: In the competitive home furnishings market, enhancing the customer shopping experience is crucial for success. IKEA aimed to use AI to provide innovative design tools and improve customer interaction.

Solution: IKEA introduced AI-powered tools such as virtual reality apps that allow consumers to visualize furniture before buying. These tools help customers make more informed decisions and enhance their shopping experience. Additionally, AI chatbots assist with customer service inquiries, providing timely and effective support.

• Improved customer decision-making and satisfaction with interactive tools.
• Enhanced efficiency in customer service.
• AI can transform the retail experience by providing innovative customer interaction tools.
• Effective customer support through AI can enhance brand loyalty and satisfaction.

28. General Electric: Optimizing Energy Production with AI

Task/Conflict: Managing energy production efficiently while predicting and mitigating potential issues is crucial for energy companies. General Electric (GE) aimed to improve the efficiency and reliability of its energy production facilities using AI.

Solution: GE integrated AI into its energy management systems to enhance power generation and distribution. AI algorithms predict maintenance needs and optimize energy production, ensuring efficient operation and reducing downtime. This predictive maintenance approach saves costs and enhances the reliability of energy production.

• Increased efficiency in energy production and distribution.
• Reduced operational costs and enhanced system reliability.
• Predictive maintenance is crucial for cost-effective and efficient energy management.
• AI can significantly improve the predictability and efficiency of energy production.

Related: Use of AI in Sales

29. L’Oréal: Transforming Beauty with AI

Task/Conflict: Personalization in the beauty industry enhances customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. L’Oréal aimed to personalize beauty products and experiences for its diverse customer base using AI.

Solution: L’Oréal leverages AI to assess consumer data and provide personalized product suggestions. AI-driven tools assess skin types and preferences to recommend the best skincare and makeup products. Additionally, virtual try-on apps powered by AI allow customers to see how products would look before making a purchase.

• Enhanced personalization of beauty products and experiences.
• Increased customer engagement and satisfaction.
• AI can provide highly personalized experiences in the beauty industry.
• Data-driven personalization enhances customer satisfaction and brand loyalty.

30. The Weather Company: AI-Predicting Weather Patterns

Task/Conflict: Accurate weather prediction is vital for planning and safety in various sectors. The Weather Company aimed to enhance the accuracy of weather forecasts and provide timely weather-related information using AI.

Solution: The Weather Company employs AI to analyze data from weather sensors, satellites, and historical weather patterns. AI models improve the accuracy of weather predictions by identifying trends and anomalies. These enhanced forecasts help in better planning and preparedness for weather events, benefiting industries like agriculture, transportation, and public safety.

• Improved accuracy in weather forecasting.
• Better preparedness and planning for adverse weather conditions.
• AI can enhance the precision of meteorological predictions.
• Accurate weather forecasting is crucial for safety and operational planning in multiple sectors.

31. Cisco: Securing Networks with AI

Task/Conflict: As cyber threats evolve and become more sophisticated, maintaining robust network security is crucial for businesses. Cisco aimed to leverage AI to enhance its cybersecurity measures, detecting and responding to threats more efficiently.

Solution: Cisco integrated AI into its cybersecurity framework to analyze network traffic and identify unusual patterns indicative of cyber threats. This AI-driven approach allows for real-time threat detection and automated responses, thus improving the speed and efficacy of security measures.

• Strengthened network security with faster threat detection.
• Reduced manual intervention by automating threat responses.
• AI is essential in modern cybersecurity for real-time threat detection.
• Automating responses can significantly enhance network security protocols.

32. Adidas: AI in Sports Apparel Manufacturing

Task/Conflict: To maintain competitive advantage in the fast-paced sports apparel market, Adidas sought to innovate its manufacturing processes by incorporating AI to improve efficiency and product quality.

Solution: Adidas employed AI-driven robotics and automation technologies in its factories to streamline the production process. These AI systems optimize manufacturing workflows, enhance quality control, and reduce waste by precisely cutting fabrics and assembling materials according to exact specifications.

• Increased production efficacy and reduced waste.
• Enhanced consistency and quality of sports apparel.
• AI-driven automation can revolutionize manufacturing processes.
• Precision and efficiency in production lead to higher product quality and sustainability.

Related: How can AI be used in Disaster Management?

33. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines: AI-Enhanced Customer Service

Task/Conflict: Enhancing the customer service experience in the airline industry is crucial for customer satisfaction and loyalty. KLM aimed to provide immediate and effective assistance to its customers by integrating AI into their service channels.

Solution: KLM introduced an AI-powered chatbot, which provides 24/7 customer service across multiple languages. The chatbot handles inquiries about flight statuses, bookings, and baggage policies, offering quick and accurate responses. This AI solution helps manage customer interactions efficiently, especially during high-volume periods.

• Improved customer service efficiency and responsiveness.
• Increased customer satisfaction through accessible and timely support.
• AI chatbots can highly improve user service in high-demand industries.
• Effective communication through AI leads to better customer engagement and loyalty.

34. Novartis: AI in Drug Formulation

Task/Conflict: The pharmaceutical industry requires rapid development and formulation of new drugs to address emerging health challenges. Novartis aimed to use AI to expedite the drug formulation process, making it faster and more efficient.

Solution: Novartis applied AI to simulate and predict how different formulations might behave, speeding up the lab testing phase. AI algorithms analyze vast amounts of data to predict the stability and efficacy of drug formulations, allowing researchers to focus on the most promising candidates.

• Accelerated drug formulation and reduced time to market.
• Improved efficacy and stability of pharmaceutical products.
• AI can significantly shorten the drug development lifecycle.
• Predictive analytics in pharmaceutical research can lead to more effective treatments.

35. Shell: Optimizing Energy Resources with AI

Task/Conflict: In the energy sector, optimizing exploration and production processes for efficiency and sustainability is crucial. Shell sought to harness AI to enhance its oil and gas operations, making them more efficient and less environmentally impactful.

Solution: Shell implemented AI to analyze geological data and predict drilling outcomes, optimizing resource extraction. AI algorithms also adjust production processes in real time, improving operational proficiency and minimizing waste.

• Improved efficiency and sustainability in energy production.
• Reduced environmental impact through optimized resource management.
• Automation can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of energy production.
• Real-time data analysis is crucial for optimizing exploration and production.

36. Procter & Gamble: AI in Consumer Goods Production

Task/Conflict: Maintaining operational efficiency and innovating product development are key challenges in the consumer goods industry. Procter & Gamble (P&G) aimed to integrate AI into their operations to enhance these aspects.

Solution: P&G employs AI to optimize its manufacturing processes and predict market trends for product development. AI-driven data analysis helps in managing supply chains and production lines efficiently, while AI in market research informs new product development, aligning with consumer needs.

• Enhanced operational efficacy and minimized production charges.
• Improved product innovation based on consumer data analysis.
• AI is crucial for optimizing manufacturing and supply chain processes.
• Data-driven product development leads to more successful market introductions.

Related: Use of AI in the Navy

37. Disney: Creating Magical Experiences with AI

Task/Conflict: Enhancing visitor experiences in theme parks and resorts is a priority for Disney. They aimed to use AI to create personalized and magical experiences for guests, improving satisfaction and engagement.

Solution: Disney utilizes AI to manage park operations, personalize guest interactions, and enhance entertainment offerings. AI algorithms predict visitor traffic and optimize attractions and staff deployment. Personalized recommendations for rides, shows, and dining options enhance the guest experience by leveraging data from past visits and preferences.

• Enhanced guest satisfaction through personalized experiences.
• Improved operational efficiency in park management.
• AI can transform the entertainment and hospitality businesses by personalizing consumer experiences.
• Efficient management of operations using AI leads to improved customer satisfaction.

38. BMW: Reinventing Mobility with Autonomous Driving

Task/Conflict: The future of mobility heavily relies on the development of safe and efficient autonomous driving technologies. BMW aimed to dominate in this field by incorporating AI into their vehicles.

Solution: BMW is advancing its autonomous driving capabilities through AI, using sophisticated machine learning models to process data from vehicle sensors and external environments. This technology enables vehicles to make intelligent driving decisions, improving safety and passenger experiences.

• Pioneering advancements in autonomous vehicle technology.
• Enhanced safety and user experience in mobility.
• AI is crucial for the development of autonomous driving technologies.
• Safety and reliability are paramount in developing AI-driven vehicles.

39. Mastercard: Innovating Payment Solutions with AI

Task/Conflict: In the digital age, securing online transactions and enhancing payment processing efficiency are critical challenges. Mastercard aimed to leverage AI to address these issues, ensuring secure and seamless payment experiences for users.

Solution: Mastercard integrates AI to monitor transactions in real time, detect fraudulent activities, and enhance the efficiency of payment processing. AI algorithms analyze spending patterns and flag anomalies, while also optimizing authorization processes to reduce false declines and improve user satisfaction.

• Strengthened security and reduced fraud in transactions.
• Improved efficiency and user experience in payment processing.
• AI is necessary for securing and streamlining expense systems.
• Enhanced transaction processing efficiency leads to higher customer satisfaction.

40. AstraZeneca: Revolutionizing Oncology with AI

Task/Conflict: Advancing cancer research and developing effective treatments is a pressing challenge in healthcare. AstraZeneca aimed to utilize AI to revolutionize oncology research, enhancing the development and personalization of cancer treatments.

Solution: AstraZeneca employs AI to analyze genetic data and clinical trial results, identifying potential treatment pathways and personalizing therapies based on individual genetic profiles. This approach accelerates the development of targeted treatments and improves the efficacy of cancer therapies.

• Accelerated innovation and personalized treatment in oncology.
• Better survival chances for cancer patients.
• AI can significantly advance personalized medicine in oncology.
• Data-driven approaches in healthcare lead to better treatment outcomes and innovations.

Related: How can AI be used in Tennis?

Closing Thoughts

These 40 case studies illustrate the transformative power of AI across various industries. By addressing specific challenges and leveraging AI solutions, companies have achieved remarkable outcomes, from enhancing customer experiences to solving complex scientific problems. The key learnings from these cases underscore AI’s potential to revolutionize industries, improve efficiencies, and open up new possibilities for innovation and growth.

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Best AI Case Study Examples in 2024 (And a How-To Guide!)

Who has the best case studies for ai solutions.

B2B buyers’ heads are spinning with the opportunities that AI makes possible.

But in a noisy, technical space where hundreds of new AI solutions and use cases are popping up overnight, many buyers don’t know how to navigate these opportunities—or who they can trust.

Your customers are as skeptical as they are excited, thinking…

• “I’m confused by the complexity of your technology.”
• “I’m unsure whether there’s clear ROI.”
• “I’m concerned about my data security.”
• “How will I integrate AI into our systems?”
• “I’m worried about employee pushback.”
• “I’m nervous about its use and governance.”

Done well, case studies about your AI solution can answer all of these questions in a way no other asset can:

With real-world storytelling, third party trust, and practical demonstrations that you can do what you promise.

To help you level up your customer stories, we’ve scoured the web for examples of the best AI case studies from companies spanning billion-dollar-juggernauts and scrappy startups.

Then, we profiled exactly what they’re doing well so you can level up your own stories!

OPPORTUNITY ALERT: Of all of the businesses we reviewed in researching this piece, just 50% were publishing customer success stories on their websites. Want an instant competitive advantage in AI? Scale your own case study production right now!

1. Location is everything: make stories findable

Key decision-makers in B2B businesses actively seek out word-of-mouth content about potential AI partners (like you!). So the easier they can find case studies on your website, the better.

Of the AI businesses we analyzed doing case studies, most make it easy to locate their case study overview page (where prospects see your complete portfolio of case studies at a glance.)

A common journey is via ‘Resources’ in the main navigation bar, followed by a link to ‘Customer Stories’, ‘Client Stories’, ‘Case Studies’, or similar.

For example, Otter.ai has their customer stories slightly buried in their “Blog” section , with an easy-to-miss category link. We don’t love this, because there’s no clear reason someone should expect to find this type of content in the blog vs. a “Customers” section or otherwise:

These also appear in their “Resources” section, but without any sort of jump link or clear indication you might find them there:

But you can do better!

In a space so skeptical and noisy, we advise you follow the likes of Presight AI and Google DeepMind and give buyers access to your customer success stories with a single click from the main navigation:

While Presight AI favors simplicity with a link to ‘Client Stories’, Google DeepMind opens the door via ‘Impact’.

If, like Google DeepMind, your impact as an AI business extends beyond commercial customers to broader sectors and communities, using a term like ‘Impact’ works well, but ‘clear’ is better than clever here, and a simpler term (‘Customers’) may be stronger.

You’ve put in the hard work sourcing concrete proof for potential buyers; don’t put hurdles in the way of finding it.

AI case study overview pages

The ‘overview’ for your customer story page is where customers are going to either continue their journey with intention—or stumble around in the dark.

A great overview page provides a clear sense of hierarchy (what’s important?), organization (what’s here, and what’s for me?) and expectation (what’s on the other side of the click?).

Take Jasper.ai for example:

Their overview page starts strong with a compelling bit of social proof (100,000+ businesses? Holy toledo!). Having a featured story is great (more on that later), though the headline for the one in the image sort of buries the lede (800% surge in traffic!? Holy toledo!)

After that, the page offers no clear way to drill down with intention: A lead is left to scroll through the logos presented to see if there are any companies they know of, or choose a story at random—most likely the featured story or the one in the upper left of the grid.

That’s not as ideal: you’d much rather have a customer quickly find the stories most relevant to THEM.

Boston Dynamics is one AI business worth emulating on that front.

A no-nonsense intro tells prospects they’re on the right page: “Discover success stories from real customers putting our robotics systems to work.”

If you choose to run a featured case study on your overview page, choose a high-impact one that appeals directly to…

• A substantial result (with metrics ideally), if your audience is skeptical about ROI
• A strong quote on the alleviation of pain (if metrics aren’t available)
• A weighty promise of value if your audience is looking for something to aspire to
• A clear ‘how-to’ hook if your audience is curious about the logistics/implementation

Next, Boston Dynamics provides a comprehensive list of case studies. It’s important that prospects can easily slice and dice these to find studies that are most relevant.

Boston Dynamics does this in a couple of ways:

First, they provide filters by ‘topic’, ‘application’, and ‘industry focus’. Second, they stamp each preview image with the main use case in that study.

Potential buyers can sort the ‘safety’ wheat from the ‘inspection’ chaff with or without filters.

There are other ways to optimize your overview page and help buyers find relevant case studies fast.

Consider using imagery that reflects your customers’ industry or specialism. Also include company logos, so prospects recognize relatable brands.

Another AI business with a strong overview page is Dynatrace . Like Boston Dynamics, they kick off with a featured story:

Instead of creating intrigue with a juicy title and intro, Dynatrace runs a ‘hero’ quote.

A strong quote from your interviewee, at the outset, can spike prospects’ serotonin levels, create intrigue and add credibility.

Dynatrace’s hero quote isn’t as dynamic as it could be, though it’s still strong, speaking to specific benefits (clarity and visibility).

Dynatrace offers a video testimonial (rather than written) as their featured story, something we’re all for when context for the content has been provided like it has been with the hero quote.

Video adds even more trust for buyers because they see the speaker’s reactions and emotions right there in front of them (though be careful not to conceal the interviewee’s face with the play button!)

Again, Dynatrace provides an easy-to-segment list of stories. Brand-focused imagery, company logos, and filter functionality make digging out relevant content a breeze:

  LIGHTBULB MOMENT: Want to take filtering in your AI business to the next level? Buyers want more clarity on your ROI, so why not provide an ROI filter that highlights common KPIs/outcomes that matter to customers (e.g. savings, time savings, increased sales, reduced errors, improved retention, etc.)?

2. I can see clearly now: the importance of readability

Executed properly, case studies mimic the powerful effect of word of mouth and can be as persuasive as a trusted recommendation from friends.

But AI businesses face an added challenge: while you know your AI solution inside out, buyers could be confused by the complexity of your technology.

In any B2B business, multiple people will likely be involved in any buying decision. If your case study is meant to appeal to (typically) less tech-savvy buyers (e.g. CEOs, CMOs, etc.), then avoiding complex jargon is key.

One way to do this is to put the customers’ quotes and narrative at the core of the story.

Runway handles this with a Q&A style approach to customer stories where their customers’ responses (and thus, language) make up the entire content:

But if the Q&A style approach isn’t right for you (and it may not be), you’ve got options.

6 quick tips for writing an AI case study well

Before we dive into examples of the best written case studies for AI, here are some basics to bear in mind:

1. Every great story has a beginning, middle, and end. Case studies follow more or less the same flow: a headline, a challenge, a solution, and the results you achieved.

2. Every good story needs a hero, so introduce yours—your client. Your leads care about the transformation of someone like them, facing similar pressures and decisions. You want to build tension and stakes to make the story relatable, highlighting relatable pains and making the story feel personal.

Remember: heroes are rarely idiots—don’t make your customer look like one.

3. Explain in specific detail how your hero’s pain got solved. To demonstrate your value, you want to help the reader feel the same relief, security, and confidence that the actual customer experienced. Don’t just list the features that the customer used: tie everything back to a specific, desirable outcome and a practical “how.”

4. Address specific AI-related objections in the content. If leads worry about integration, explain it in your customers’ words. If they’re worried about security, aim for quotes covering this. A lot of this comes down to properly planning and structuring interviews with your clients.

5. Share the impact beyond the metrics (but the metrics, too.) In the ‘results’ section, metrics matter—but so does clearly showing the transformation that has taken place. Use specific examples of what a customer can do now, or do better. Share from their output, portfolio, or specific process if you can.

Make it real with tangible examples.

6. Avoid jargon, complicated words, and creative adjectives, unless… Jargon is to be killed with fire UNLESS your customers use that same jargon and identify with it (e.g. technical roles that prize their acronyms and lingo.)

Now, let’s get into what we saw in AI case studies out in the wild.

Across the companies we analyzed, we identified A LOT of impenetrable language and off putting jargon. A huge chunk of stories were so chewy, most non-technical B2B buyers would probably spit them out, for example:

“The ‘xxx (technology)’ provides a framework for energy operators, service providers and equipment providers to offer interoperable solutions, including AI- and physics-based models, and monitoring, diagnostics, prescriptive actions and services for energy use cases.”

These sentences are SO long. Incomprehensible jargon is everywhere. It all means next to nothing, unless you have a deep technical background in that business.

And your buyers may not!

We also found that while AI businesses should always aim for specificity in case studies, content (especially around results) trended towards being vague. For example:

“The collaboration has proven to be a fruitful venture, providing the bank with new opportunities for growth and risk management in the changing financial landscape.”

A fruitful venture? Was it as impactful as a falling watermelon or a shriveled grape?

Remember that buyers are looking for concrete, relatable, “I-can-now-do-this” proof of your capabilities. They want word-of-mouth quotes and powerful metrics.

Not rotten fruit or vague terms.

But it wasn’t all business-speaky doom and gloom. We found some great examples from AI businesses who deliver clarity and simplicity—including UiPath, who excelled at presenting the challenges their customers faced clearly and simply.

“The payroll process is complex, sensitive, and error-prone. It requires the coordination of various departments including HR, finance, and legal. Processing every wage accurately every single time requires massive effort and involves tedious manual tasks.”

UiPath make the story relatable, too, by adding human interest:

“On the micro level, missing a payment or getting it wrong simply isn’t an option when employees have bills to pay and essentials to buy.”

The pain of missing a bill because your employer messed up payroll is recognized by most people. This creates an emotional connection and sympathy in the reader.

And that probably means more engagement with the story at large!

UiPath liberally sprinkles customer quotes throughout their studies, providing a constant reminder that their solution positively impacts real people in the real world, and allowing those people to speak for themselves, in their own terms.

They also seize every opportunity to add vibrant, descriptive language so buyers feel what their customer felt. It reads like a magazine feature in places:

“I was asked to look into automation,” Guez says with a sparkle in his eye , explaining that he came out of retirement to take on his current role. “At the time, RPA was a buzzword. It was still quite a new technology. We needed to get a pilot going to see how it could alleviate this pain point.”

Google DeepMind is another AI solution that tells understandable and engaging customer stories, successfully when it comes to describing complex tech in plain English:

In the circled section, the company describes its Flamingo technology with both clarity and flare.

They use a funny, real-world image—a dog balancing a stack of crackers on its head—that appeals to your senses and creates a vivid and emotional connection with their solution. A visual would almost certainly have added value here!

It’s worth trying similar with your own case studies: find descriptive language, metaphors, or examples that appeal to your audience’s imagination and persuade them to reach out to you.

Google DeepMind takes care to explain every piece of technical language it uses. In another section, they talk about “improving the VP9 codec”. But they don’t leave it hanging like a curveball you can’t hit.

They add a short sentence to explain what they mean: “a coding format that helps compress and transmit video over the internet”. Home run!

3. Who cares: demonstrating value and ROI

Given the risk inherent in choosing the wrong solution or adopting a new product that doesn’t pan out, discerning B2B buyers need a clear picture of the ROI that your AI solutions provide.

Give them that, and you’re already a step ahead of the competition.

Attack the status quo

Your greatest competitors aren’t other AI solutions: they’re what your ideal customers are doing to solve the problem now—and that may very well be nothing.

To make AI customer stories compelling, you need to demonstrate the limitations and risks of sticking with the norm in order to give your solution a backdrop it can stand out against.

DataRobot does a fantastic job of this in their Freddie Mac story:

ThoughtSpot leads the “Challenge” section of their Fabuwood customer story with a comparison against a well-established alternative, Power BI:

In both cases, this not only quickly establishes the shortcomings of the status quo: it also gives leads something to compare this new solution to, instantly putting ThoughtSpot and DataRobot into well-defined categories their customers can understand (“Oh, it would replace X!”) instead of some nebulous “AI” bucket (“Oh, it’s… a new… AI… thing.”)

The importance of metrics in demonstrating ROI

Across the AI businesses we analyzed, there was a noticeable lack of performance metrics in their case studies. This suggests that either customers aren’t seeing strong returns or, more likely, AI firms and their customers find it a challenge to quantify AI investments.

Most organizations using your technology will have considered baseline performance pre-AI, put measurable goals in place and be tracking progress.

To strengthen the impact of your case studies, ask them to provide this quantifiable proof during your interview process. The key here is to be specific about what you ask for.

So what metrics should you ask customers to dig out for you?

Of course, it depends on your products and customers’ goals for using them, but here are some general tips.

Anything related to sales is gold for prospective buyers, such as revenue growth, margin improvements, conversion rates, and customer lifetime value.

Ask, too, about improvements to operations and efficiency, including cost savings, error reduction, productivity improvement, and process optimization.

As well as hard returns, try to unearth softer ones, such as the human impact on your hero, as this will strongly resonate with B2B buyers in similar roles.

Now let’s check out some examples.

Some AI companies do attempt to add weight and muscle to their case studies with metrics. But even the best examples we found have work to do.

Numenta , for example, showcases a hot metric in the headline below. 20x inference acceleration is a big sell for customers operating in the computing space, because it improves the performance of their machines:

To make the headline more intriguing, Numenta could explain the result and impact of this 20x increase in processor speed on their customers. For example, sharing revenue growth or profit margin improvements off the back of this high-speed processor would give other buyers a tempting result they’d want to replicate.

Back to UiPath now, who also use metrics to show how customers reap the benefits of their AI solutions. Here, metrics take center stage at the start of a story :

UiPath has chosen operational metrics here—the number of automations implemented, number of transactions handled by robots, and growth in payrolls they process each day.

While they do provide quantifiable evidence of the impact of AI to their business, they could go further.

For example…

• If more transactions are being handled by robots, how much time is that saving the business?
• Has staff retention improved with more dependable payroll?
• Have they saved costs as a result of greater efficiency?

AI has clearly provided Papaya Global with significant benefits. With a little more work—and arguably more structure at the interview stage—UiPath could have left readers with no doubt about their solution’s ROI.

Going beyond metrics and into examples

Several solutions had demonstrations of outcomes—for example, galleries of outputted imagery or samples of produced work.  Kaiber  has a lovely gallery, as you’d expect from a very visual solution:

Meanwhile Tome comes to bat with stories that disambiguate a use case and explain an outcome that is valuable, but not necessarily quantifiable, like creating a “Personal radio station”:

These are also valuable in terms of demonstrating practical value, but business buyers also speak in terms of ROI, especially when making a case to their bosses for a purchase.

4. Don’t fight it: turning employee pushback into employee buy-in

An ongoing barrier for businesses looking to implement AI solutions is the risk of employee pushback: will staff actually adopt and support new technologies that may fundamentally change how they work?

Strategic AI companies can use customer success stories as a weapon to shoot down those objections.

We found a number of AI businesses using case studies to share the message: “AI is not going to take your job!”

In this case study, UiPath’s customer explains the continued importance of having ‘a human touch’ in the business:

UiPath doesn’t want its customers to say their AI solves everything. Their goal is to make businesses more efficient and successful—not to jeopardize job security.

OpenAI also uses its case studies to battle employee pushback. One powerful line reads:

“Ironclad’s goal in using AI has always been to help people do more, not to replace them with technology.”

Their message couldn’t be clearer to companies looking for an AI solution, while avoiding conflict on the frontline.

Meanwhile, Reply.io works to overcome potential objections by focusing on where teams are likely to take issue: with the quality of work done by AI relative to a human.

They cover this potential staff objection right in the story, proactively shooting a barrier to adoption out of the sky.

4. Muzzled, not muted: make ‘anonymous’ compelling

In an ideal world, all your customers would let you tell the story of how you helped them succeed. In the real world, customers aren’t always comfortable publicly talking about their AI use, even when they’re thrilled.

Sometimes, they’re constrained by their legal departments. Other times, they make a call that the story’s just too sensitive and decline to participate.

One way around this is to ask customers to share their story anonymously. But can stories be compelling weapons of mass conversion if you don’t mention any names?

Yes, absolutely.

Let’s look at how one of the AI companies we analyzed, C3 AI , produces powerful anonymous studies, like this one :

C3 AI anonymizes this case study, but manages to maintaining most of its impact by:

• Demonstrating the prestige of the customer with a sidebar packed with detail (see ‘About the Company’ in the graphic above)
• Turning anonymity into a plus by sharing metrics the company might not make public if their name was associated with it (ie, $9M in accelerated operating income)
• Including it alongside multiple case studies that are named. Taken together, the anonymous study has as much credibility as named studies.

What more can you do?

You can further retain the power of anonymous studies by:

• Including compelling, in-depth quotes from the people involved, swapping out names for descriptive titles and gender-neutral pronouns.
• Providing as much detail as non-anonymous studies; telling the full story of why the customer chose you, what their journey looked like, and how you made a difference. You don’t need to provide names to demonstrate how you delivered real ROI.

5. Trust me, bro: getting your leads to believe the hype

As a B2B buyer, it’s hard to know whether companies are spinning you a genuine opportunity—or a yarn. Trust is tough to earn and keep.

Case studies immediately cut through the sales spiel and provide concrete proof straight from customers’ mouths.

By nature, case studies are powerful trust builders because they show rather than tell. You can maximize that opportunity by including additional ‘trust’ signals throughout your stories.

Devices such as customer quotes, customer headshots, and customer logos all do the job.

During our analysis of AI case studies, we found most companies use direct customer quotes to foster trust.

In an environment where many AI businesses have an ROI problem, customer quotes are critical. Buyers can hear exactly how other people just like them have benefited from your solutions, proving that your brand is worth buying.

OpenAI uses quotes well to enhance the credibility of their customer stories :

GoGwilt recalled the initial excitement within his legal engineering team as they saw what OpenAI’s models could do for contracting. “There was the first moment of the team saying, ‘Wow, this is producing work at the level of a first-year associate,’” he said.

It’s powerful for a buyer when they hear someone—in a role that resonates with their own—describing the ‘wow’ moment your product provides.

Here’s another example of how customer quotes can build emotion, trust, and buy-in:

The engineers quickly moved on to a prototype—and experienced another “wow” moment. “Integrating GPT-4 into our contract editor and just seeing how seamless and powerful it felt made it pretty easy for us to invest further into productizing and getting it to customers,” GoGwilt added.

Using customer headshots, customer logos, and embedded video are other solid ways to signal trust.

Video testimonials , in particular, increases the impact of customer success stories because viewers see a customer’s emotion and sincerity in real time.

Here’s another great example of this from DataRobot, combining customer testimonial videos with written quotes to hammer home the legitimacy of their story:

Similarly, WorkFusion regularly brings video into their enterprise customer stories , adding depth and legitimacy while sharing the genuine human perspectives of the impact:

6. Picky eaters: how to make AI case studies valuable for time-starved buyers

We’re big believers (supported by data) that prioritizing long-form customer stories on your website improves online visibility and provides proof of your expertise and authority.

But time-starved B2B buyers also need to be catered for.

That means presenting success stories in a scannable (or watchable) way that helps even wandering eyeballs catch the best bits.

Formatting and design devices, including top and sidebars, pull quotes, and images all help readers find proof of your capabilities without reading the entire study.

PROS is one company setting good scannability standards in their customer stories, like this one on Lufthansa :

They use exploded quotes, a snackable company round-up, short paragraphs, and white space to help buyers derive value without reading every word.

Using a hero quote at the outset adds instant credibility, even for scanners.

C3 AI does something unique by providing a visual timeline of events in their Shell customer story . This is a great idea for showing your customers’ journey in a bite-sized and accessible way:

Dynatrace runs a snappy sidebar, complete with a snack sized story round-up:

Dynatrace also uses a bulleted list, ‘Life with Dynatrace’, to highlight the key benefits of partnering with them, without oceans of convoluted narrative:

Boston Dynamics also performs well on scannability. Colorful images of robotic technology and punchy crossheads are used to break up long runs of text:

Shoutout to OpenAI, too, which uses exploded quotes as text breakers to make its formatting friendlier. Rushed readers are constantly rewarded with quotes from happy customers as they scan:

Google DeepMind provides an always on-screen navigation bar to help readers jump to the sections that most interest them:

If you do choose to use a topbar or sidebar in your studies, include impactful metrics in there, like UiPath does:

Because you’ll be drawing buyers to this section with your amazing performance metrics, be sure to include a call to action (the logical next step you want a buyer to take).

And don’t forget to include a CTA at the end of every story, too.

By making studies scannable, you ensure that every reader is covered.

One final observation: if you put the hard work into creating case studies, you will hook in target buyers looking to learn even more. Encourage extra engagement by including ‘keep reading’ or ‘share on social’ options at the end of your stories, just like Boston Dynamics do:

The last word: putting it all together

Now you’ve seen what other leading AI businesses are doing with their case studies, the question is this:

Are YOU ready to suck in more leads and buyers by producing high-impact case studies that prove your ROI and credibility?

Let’s recap some of the findings and recommendations from our analysis of leading AI case studies:

• AI companies can answer buyers’ biggest questions and concerns with well-crafted and well-presented case studies.
• Of the AI companies we analyzed, fewer than 50% had even a single case study case on their website. Scaling your own AI case study production (right now!) will give you an instant advantage.
• Make case studies super-easy for buyers who are looking for solutions like yours to find.
• Use simple, straightforward language to explain your technology, so technical and non-technical decision-makers can understand
• Differentiate your AI business in a noisy marketplace by providing quantifiable metrics. Clearly show the ROI customers get when they work with you.
• Anonymous studies about AI solutions can be as impactful as named studies. When customers know they won’t be named, they often provide mic-drop worthy metrics and personal details about their journey they otherwise wouldn’t feel comfortable sharing.
• Enhance case study credibility with customer quotes, customer imagery, customer logos, and video testimonials.
• Make your AI case studies scannable, so time-starved buyers understand all your capabilities and the results you get for customers without reading every word.

Need help producing written AI case studies or video testimonials?

At Case Study Buddy, we have the knowhow, streamlined processes, and team to make it easy for you.

Contact us today.

Ian Winterton

Based in SW France, Ian has spent 48,000hrs of his life (yes, he worked it out) telling stories about what makes great businesses special.

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100+ AI Use Cases & Applications: In-Depth Guide for 2024

Cem is the principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017. AIMultiple informs hundreds of thousands of businesses (as per Similarweb) including 60% of Fortune 500 every month.

Cem's work has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, global firms like Deloitte, HPE, NGOs like World Economic Forum and supranational organizations like European Commission. You can see more reputable companies and media that referenced AIMultiple.

AI is changing every industry and business function, which results in increased interest in AI, its subdomains, and related fields such as machine learning and data science as seen below. With the launch of ChatGPT , interest in generative AI , a subfield of AI, exploded.

According to a recent McKinsey survey, 55% of organizations are using AI in at least one business function. 1 To integrate AI into your own business, you need to identify how AI can serve your business, possible use cases of AI in your business.

This article gathers the most common AI use cases covering marketing, sales, customer services, security, data, technology, and other processes.

Generative AI Use Cases

Generative AI involves AI models generating output in requests where there is not a single right answer (e.g. creative writing). Since the launch of ChatGPT , it has been exploding in popularity. Its use cases include content creation for marketing, software code generation, user interface design and many others.

For more: Generative AI use cases .

Business Functions

> ai use cases for analytics, general solutions.

• Analytics Platform : Empower your employees with unified data and tools to run advanced analyses. Quickly identify problems and provide meaningful insights.
• Analytics Services : Satisfy your custom analytics needs with these e2e solution providers. Vendors are there to help you with your business objectives by providing turnkey solutions.
• Automated Machine Learning (autoML) : Machines helping data scientists optimize machine learning models. With the rise of data and analytics capabilities, automation is needed in data science. AutoML automates time consuming machine learning tasks, enabling companies to deploy models and automate processes faster.

Specialized solutions

• Conversational Analytics : Use conversational interfaces to analyze your business data. Natural Language Processing is there to help you with voice data and more enabling automated analysis of reviews and suggestions.
• E-Commerce Analytics : Specialized analytics systems designed to deal with the explosion of e-commerce data. Optimize your funnel and customer traffic to maximize your profits.
• Geo-Analytics Platform : Enables analysis of granular satellite imagery for predictions. Leverage spatial data for your business goals. Capture the changes in any landscape on the fly.
• Image Recognition and Visual Analytics : Analyze visual data with advanced image and video recognition systems. Meaningful insights can be derived from the data piles of images and videos.
• Real-Time Analytics : Real-Time Analytics for your time-sensitive decisions. Act timely and keep your KPI’s intact. Use machine learning to explore unstructured data without any disruptions.

> AI use cases for Customer Service

• Call Analytics : Advanced analytics on call data to uncover insights to improve customer satisfaction and increase efficiency. Find patterns and optimize your results. Analyze customer reviews through voice data and pinpoint, where there is room for improvement. Sestek indicates that ING Bank observed a 15% increase in sales quality score and a 3% decrease in overall silence rates after they integrated AI into their contact systems .
• Call Classification : Leverage natural language processing (NLP) to understand what the customer wants to achieve so your agents can focus on higher value-added activities. Before channeling the call, identify the nature of your customers’ needs and let the right department handle the problem. Increase efficiency with higher satisfaction rates.
• Call Intent Discovery : Leverage Natural Language Processing and machine learning to estimate and manage customer’s intent (e.g., churn) to improve customer satisfaction and business metrics. Sentiment analysis through the customer’s voice level and pitch. Detect the micro-emotions that drive the decision-making process. Explore how chatbots detect customer intent in our in-depth article on intent recognition .
• Chatbot for Customer Service (Self – Service Solution) : Chatbots can understand more complicated queries as AI algorithms improve. Build your own 24/7 functioning, intelligent, self-improving chatbots to handle most queries and transfer customers to live agents when needed. Reduce customer service costs and increase customer satisfaction. Reduce the traffic on your existing customer representatives and make them focus on the more specific needs of your customers. Read for more insights on chatbots in customer service or discover chatbot platforms .
• Chatbot Analytics : Analyze how customers are interacting with your chatbot. See the overall performance of your chatbot. Pinpoint its shortcomings and improve your chatbot. Detect the overall satisfaction rate of your customer with the chatbot.
• Chatbot testing : Semi-automated and automated testing frameworks facilitate bot testing. See the performance of your chatbot before deploying. Save your business from catastrophic chatbot failures. Detect the shortcomings of your conversational flow.
• Customer Contact Analytics : Advanced analytics on all customer contact data to uncover insights to improve customer satisfaction and increase efficiency. Utilize Natural Language Processing for higher customer satisfaction rates.
• Customer Service Response Suggestions : Bots will listen in on agents’ calls suggesting best practice answers to improve customer satisfaction and standardize customer experience. Increase upsells and cross-sells by giving the right suggestion. Responses will be standardized, and the best possible approach will serve the benefit of the customer.
• Social Listening & Ticketing : Leverage Natural Language Processing and machine vision to identify customers to contact and respond to them automatically or assign them to relevant agents, increasing customer satisfaction. Use the data available in social networks to uncover whom to sell and what to sell.
• Intelligent Call Routing : Route calls to the most capable agents available. Intelligent routing systems incorporate data from all customer interactions to optimize the customer satisfaction. Based on the customer profile and your agent’s performance, you can deliver the right service with the right agent and achieve superior net promoter scores. Feel free to read case studies about matching customer to right agent in our emotional AI examples article .
• Survey & Review Analytics : Leverage Natural Language Processing to analyze text fields in surveys and reviews to uncover insights to improve customer satisfaction and increase efficiency. Automate the process by mapping the right keywords with the right scores. Make it possible to lower the time for generating reports. Protobrand states that they used to do review analytics manually through the hand-coding of the data, but now it automates much of the analytical work with Gavagai. This helps the company to collect larger quantitative volumes of qualitative data and still complete the analytical work in a timely and efficient manner. You can read more about survey analytics from  our related article .
• Voice Authentication : Authenticate customers without passwords leveraging biometry to improve customer satisfaction and reduce issues related to forgotten passwords. Their unique voice id will be their most secure key for accessing confidential information. Instead of the last four digits of SSN, customers will gain access by using their voice.

> AI use cases for Data

• Data Cleaning & Validation Platform : Avoid garbage in, garbage out by ensuring the quality of your data with appropriate data cleaning processes and tools. Automate the validation process by using external data sources. Regular maintenance cleaning can be scheduled, and the quality of the data can be increased.
• Data Integration : Combine your data from different sources into meaningful and valuable information. Data traffic depends on multiple platforms. Therefore, managing this huge traffic and structuring the data into a meaningful format will be important. Keep your data lake available for further analysis. 
• Data Management & Monitoring : Keep your data high quality for advanced analytics. Adjust the quality by filtering the incoming data. Save time by automating manual and repetitive tasks.
• Data Preparation Platform : Prepare your data from raw formats with data quality problems to a clean, ready-to-analyze format. Use extract, transform, and load (ETL) platforms to fine-tune your data before placing it into a data warehouse.
• Data Transformation : Transform your data to prepare it for advanced analytics. If it is unstructured, adjust it for the required format.
• Data Visualization : Visualize your data for better analytics and decision-making. Let the dashboards speak. Convey your message more easily and more esthetically.
• Data Labeling : Unless you use unsupervised learning systems, you need high quality labeled data. Label your data to train your supervised learning systems. Human-in-the-loop systems auto label your data and crowdsource labeling data points that cannot be auto-labeled with confidence.
• Synthetic Data :  Computers can artificially create synthetic data to perform certain operations. The synthetic data is usually used to test new products and tools, validate models, and satisfy AI needs. Companies can simulate not yet encountered conditions and take precautions accordingly with the help of synthetic data. They also overcome the privacy limitations as it doesn’t expose any real data. Thus, synthetic data is a smart AI solution for companies to simulate future events and consider future possibilities. You can have more information on synthetic data from  our related article .

> AI use cases for Finance

Finance business function led by the CEO completes numerous repetitive tasks involving quantitative skills which makes them a good fit for AI transformation:

• Billing / invoicing reminders : Leverage accessible billing services that remind your customers to pay.
• Invoicing : Invoicing is a highly repetitive process that many companies perform manually. This causes human errors in invoicing and high costs in terms of time, especially when a high volume of documents needs to be processed. Thus, companies can handle these repetitive tasks with AI, automate invoicing procedures, and save significant time while reducing invoicing errors.

> AI use cases for HR

• Employee Monitoring : Monitor your employees for better productivity measurement. Provide objective metrics to see how well they function. Forecast their overall performance with the availability of massive amounts of data.
• Hiring :  Hiring is a prediction game: Which candidate, starting at a specific position, will contribute more to the company? Machine and recruiting chatbots ‘ better data processing capabilities augment HR employees in various parts of hiring such as finding qualified candidates, interviewing them with bots to understand their fit or evaluating their assessment results to decide if they should receive an offer. 
• HR Analytics : HR analytics services are like the voice of employee analysis. Look at your workforce analytics and make better HR decisions. Gain actionable insights and impactful suggestions for higher employee satisfaction.
• HR Retention Management : Predict which employees are likely to churn and improve their job satisfaction to retain them. Detect the underlying reasons for their motive for seeking new opportunities. By keeping them at your organization, lower your human capital loss.
• Performance Management : Manage your employees’ performance effectively and fairly without hurting their motivation. Follow their KPI’s on your dashboard and provide real-time feedback. This would increase employee satisfaction and lower your organization’s employee turnover. Actualize your employee’s maximum professional potential with the right tools.

You can also read our article on HR technology trends .

> AI use cases for Marketing

A 2021 survey conducted among global marketers revealed that 41% of respondents saw an increase in revenue growth and improved performance due to the use of AI in their marketing campaigns.

Marketing can be summarized as reaching the customer with the right offer, the right message, at the right time, through the right channel, while continually learning. To achieve success, companies can leverage AI-powered tools to get familiar with their customers better, create more compelling content, and perform personalized marketing campaigns. AI can provide accurate insights and suggest smart marketing solutions that would directly reflect on profits with customer data. You can find the top three AI use cases in marketing:

• Marketing analytics :  AI systems learn from, analyze, and measure marketing efforts. These solutions track media activity and provide insights into PR efforts to highlight what is driving engagement, traffic, and revenue. As a result, companies can provide better and more accurate marketing services to their customers. Besides PR efforts, AI-powered marketing analytics can lead companies to identify their customer groups more accurately. By discovering their loyal customers, companies can develop accurate marketing strategies and also retarget customers who have expressed interest in products or services before. Feel free to read more about marketing analytics with AI from  this article .
• Personalized Marketing:  The more companies understand their customers, the better they serve them. AI can assist companies in this task and support them in giving personalized experiences for customers. As an example, suppose you visited an online store and looked at a product but didn’t buy it. Afterward, you see that exact product in digital ads. More than that, companies can send personalized emails or special offers and recommend new products that go along with customers’ tastes.
• Context-Aware Marketing : You can leverage machine vision and natural language processing (NLP) to understand the context where your ads will be served. With context-aware advertising, you can protect your brand and increase marketing efficiency by ensuring your message fits its context, making static images on the web come alive with your messages. 

To learn more about AI use cases in marketing, you can check out  our complete guide  on the topic.

> AI use cases for Operations

• Cognitive / Intelligent Automation : Combine robotic process automation (RPA) with AI to automate complex processes with unstructured information. Digitize your processes in weeks without replacing legacy systems , which can take years. Bots can operate on legacy systems learning from your personnel’s instructions and actions. Increase your efficiency and profitability ratios. Increase speed and precision, and many more. Feel free to check intelligent automation use cases for more.
• Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Implementation : Implementing RPA solutions requires effort. Suitable processes need to be identified. If a rules-based robot will be used, the robot needs to be programmed. Employees’ questions need to be answered. That is why most companies get some level of external help. Generally, outsourcing companies, consultants, and IT integrators are happy to provide temporary labor to undertake this effort.
• Process Mining : Leverage AI algorithms to mine your processes and understand your actual processes in detail. Process mining tools can provide fastest time to insights about your as-is processes as demonstrated in case studies . Check out process mining use cases & benefits for more.
• Predictive Maintenance : Predictively maintain your robots and other machinery to minimize disruptions to operations. Implement big data analytics to estimate the factors that are likely to impact your future cash flow. Optimize PP&E spending by gaining insight regarding the possible factors.
• Inventory & Supply Chain Optimization : Leverage machine learning to take your inventory& supply chain optimization to the next level. See the possible scenarios in different customer demands. Reduce your stock, keeping spending, and maximize your inventory turnover ratios. Increase your impact factor in the value chain.
• Building Management : Sensors and advanced analytics improve building management. Integrate IoT systems in your building for lower energy consumption and many more. Increase the available data by implementing the right data collection tools for effective building management.
• Digital Assistant : Digital assistants are mature enough to replace real assistants in email communication. Include them in your emails to schedule meetings. They have already scheduled hundreds of thousands of meetings.

> AI use cases for Sales

• Sales Forecasting :  AI allows automatic and accurate sales forecasts based on all customer contacts and previous sales outcomes. Automatically forecast sales accurately based on all customer contacts and previous sales outcomes. Give your sales personnel more sales time while increasing forecast accuracy. Hewlett Packard Enterprise indicates that it has experienced a 5x increase in forecast simplicity, speed, and accuracy with Clari’s sales forecasting tools.
• Lead generation :  Use a comprehensive data profile of your visitors to identify which companies your sales reps need to connect. Generate leads for your sales reps leveraging databases and social networks
• Sales Data Input Automation: Data from various sources will be effortlessly and intelligently copied into your CRM. Automatically sync calendar, address book, emails, phone calls, and messages of your salesforce to your CRM system. Enjoy better sales visibility and analytics while giving your sales personnel more sales time.
• Predictive sales/lead scoring: Use AI to enable predictive sales. Score leads to prioritize sales rep actions based on lead scores and contact factors. Sales forecasting is automated with increased accuracy thanks to systems’ granular access to lead scores and sales rep performance. For scoring leads, these systems leverage anonymized transaction data from their customers, sales data of this specific customer. For assessing contact factors, these systems leverage anonymized data and analyze all customer contacts such as email and calls.
• Sales Rep Response Suggestions: AI will suggest responses during live conversations or written messages with leads. Bots will listen in on agents’ calls suggesting best practice answers to improve sales effectiveness
• Sales Rep Next Action Suggestions : Your sales reps’ actions and leads will be analyzed to suggest the next best action. This situation wise solution will help your representatives to find the right way to deal with the issue. Historical data and profile of the agent will help you to achieve higher results. All are leading to more customer satisfaction.
• Sales Content Personalization and Analytics: Preferences and browsing behavior of high priority leads are analyzed to match them with the right content, aimed to answer their most important questions. Personalize your sales content and analyze its effectiveness allowing continuous improvement.
• Retail Sales Bot : Use bots on your retail floor to answer customer’s questions and promote products. Engage with the right customer by analyzing the profile. Computer vision will help you to provide the right action depending on the characteristics and mimics of the customer.
• Meeting Setup Automation (Digital Assistant): Leave a digital assistant to set up meetings freeing your sales reps time. Decide on the targets to prioritize and keep your KPI’s high.
• Prescriptive Sales : Most sales processes exist in the mind of your sales reps. Sales reps interact with customers based on their different habits and observations. Prescriptive sales systems prescribe the content, interaction channel, frequency, price based on data on similar customers .
• Sales Chatbot : Chatbots are ideal to answer first customer questions. If the chatbot decides that it can not adequately serve the customer, it can pass those customers to human agents. Let 24/7 functioning, intelligent, self-improving bots handle making initial contacts to leads. High value, responsive leads will be called by live agents, increasing sales effectiveness.

Sales analytics

As Gartner discusses , sales analytic systems provide functionality that supports discovery, diagnostic, and predictive exercises that enable the manipulation of parameters, measures, dimensions, or figures as part of an analytic or planning exercise. AI algorithms can automate the data collection process and present solutions to improve sales performance. To have more detailed information, you can read  our article about sales analytics .

• Customer Sales Contact Analytics :  Analyze all customer contacts, including phone calls or emails, to understand what behaviors and actions drive sales. Advanced analytics on all sales call data to uncover insights to increase sales effectiveness
• Sales Call Analytics : Advanced analytics on call data to uncover insights to increase sales effectiveness. See how well your conversation flow performs. Integrating data on calls will help you to identify the performance of each component in your sales funnels.
• Sales attribution :  Leverage big data to attribute sales to marketing and sales efforts accurately. See which step of your sales funnel performs better. Pinpoint the low performing part by the insights provided by analysis.
• Sales Compensation :  Determine the right compensation levels for your sales personnel. Decide on the right incentive mechanism for the sales representatives. By using the sales data, provide objective measures, and continuously increase your sales representatives’ performance.

For more on AI in sales .

> AI use cases for Tech

• No code AI & app development : AI and App development platforms for your custom projects. Your in-house development team can create original solutions for your specific business needs.
• Analytics & Predictive Intelligence for Security : Analyze data feeds about the broad cyber activity as well as behavioral data inside an organization’s network to come up with actionable insights to help analysts predict and thwart impending attacks. Integrate external data sources the watch out for global cyber threats and act timely. Keep your tech infrastructure intact or minimize losses. 
• Knowledge Management : Enterprise knowledge management enables effective and effortless storage and retrieval of enterprise data, ensuring organizational memory. Increased collaboration by ensuring the right people are working with the right data. Seamless organizational integration through knowledge management platforms.
• Natural Language Processing Library/ SDK/ API : Leverage Natural Language Processing libraries/SDKs/APIs to quickly and cost-effectively build your custom NLP powered systems or to add NLP capabilities to your existing systems. An in-house team will gain experience and knowledge regarding the tools. Increased development and deployment capabilities for your enterprise.
• Image Recognition Library/ SDK/ API :  Leverage image recognition libraries/SDKs/APIs to quickly and cost-effectively build your custom image processing systems or to add image processing capabilities to your existing systems.
• Secure Communications : Protect employee communications like emails or phone conversations with advanced multilayered cryptography & ephemerality. Keep your industry secrets safe from corporate espionage.
• Deception Security : Deploy decoy-assets in a network as bait for attackers to identify, track, and disrupt security threats such as advanced automated malware attacks before they inflict damage. Keep your data and traffic safe by keeping them engaged in decoys. Enhance your cybersecurity capabilities against various forms of cyber attacks
• Autonomous Cybersecurity Systems : Utilize learning systems to efficiently and instantaneously respond to security threats, often augmenting the work of security analysts. Lower your risk of human errors by providing greater autonomy for your cybersecurity. AI-backed systems can check compliance with standards.
• Smart Security Systems : AI-powered autonomous security systems. Functioning 24/7 for achieving maximum protection. Computer vision for detecting even the tiniest anomalies in your environment. Automate emergency response procedures by instant notification capabilities.
• Machine Learning Library/ SDK/ API : Leverage machine learning libraries/SDKs/APIs to quickly and cost-effectively build your custom learning systems or to add learning capabilities to your existing systems.
• AI Developer : Develop your custom AI solutions with companies experienced in AI development. Create turnkey projects and deploy them to the specific business function. Best for companies with limited in-house capabilities for artificial intelligence.
• Deep Learning Library/ SDK/ API : Leverage deep learning libraries/SDKs/APIs to quickly and cost-effectively build your custom learning systems or to add learning capabilities to your existing systems.
• Developer Assistance : Assist your developers using AI to help them intelligently access the coding knowledge on the web and learn from suggested code samples. See the best practices for specific development tasks and formulate your custom solution. Real-time feedback provided by the huge history of developer mistakes and best practices.
• AI Consultancy : Provides consultancy services to support your in-house AI development, including machine learning and data science projects. See which units can benefit most from AI deployment. Optimize your artificial intelligence spending for the best results from the insight provided by a consultant.

> AI use cases for Automotive & Autonomous Things

Autonomous things including cars and drones are impacting every business function from operations to logistics.

• Driving Assistant : Required components and intelligent solutions to improve rider’s experience in the car. Implement AI-Powered vehicle perception solutions for the ultimate driving experience.
• Vehicle Cybersecurity : Secure connected and autonomous cars and other vehicles with intelligent cybersecurity solutions. Guarantee your safety by hack-proof mechanisms. Protect your intelligent systems from attacks.
• Vision Systems : Vision systems for self-driving cars. Integrate vision sensing and processing in your vehicle. Achieve your goals with the help of computer vision.
• Self-Driving Cars : From mining to manufacturing, self-driving cars/vehicles are increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of operations. Integrate them into your business for greater efficiency. Leverage the power of artificial intelligence for complex tasks.

> AI use cases for Education

• Course creation

For more: Generative AI applications in education

> AI use cases for Fashion

• Creative Design
• Virtual try-on
• Trend analysis

For more: Generative AI applications in fashion

> AI use cases for FinTech 

• Fraud Detection : Leverage machine learning to detect fraudulent and abnormal financial behavior, and/or use AI to improve general regulatory compliance matters and workflows. Lower your operational costs by limiting your exposure to fraudulent documents.
• Insurance & InsurTech : Leverage machine learning to process underwriting submissions efficiently and profitably, quote optimal prices , manage claims effectively, and improve customer satisfaction while reducing costs. Detect your customer’s risk profile and provide the right plan.
• Financial Analytics Platform : Leverage machine learning, Natural Language Processing, and other AI techniques for financial analysis, algorithmic trading, and other investment strategies or tools.
• Travel & expense management : Use deep learning to improve data extraction from receipts of all types including hotel, gas station, taxi, grocery receipts. Use anomaly detection and other approaches to identify fraud, non-compliant spending. Reduce approval workflows and processing costs per unit.
• Credit Lending & Scoring : Use AI for robust credit lending applications. Use predictive models to uncover potentially non-performing loans and act. See the potential credit scores of your customers before they apply for a loan and provide custom-tailored plans.
• Loan recovery: Increase loan recovery ratios with empathetic and automated messages.
• Robo-Advisory : Use AI finance chatbot and mobile app assistant applications to monitor personal finances. Set your target savings or spending rates for your own goals. Your finance assistant will handle the rest and provide you with insights to reach financial targets.
• Regulatory Compliance : Use Natural Language Processing to quickly scan legal and regulatory text for compliance issues, and do so at scale. Handle thousands of paperwork without any human interaction.
• Data Gathering : Use AI to efficiently gather external data such as sentiment and other market-related data. Wrangle data for your financial models and trading approaches.
• Debt Collection : Leverage AI to ensure a compliant and efficient debt collection process. Effectively handle any dispute and see your success right in debt collection.
• Conversational banking : Financial institutions engage with their customers on a variety of communication platforms ( WhatsApp , mobile app , website etc.) via conversational AI tools to increase customer satisfaction and automate many tasks like customer onboarding .

> AI use cases for HealthTech

• Patient Data Analytics : Analyze patient and/or 3rd party data to discover insights and suggest actions. Greater accuracy by assisted diagnostics. Lower the mortality rates and increase patient satisfaction by using all the diagnostic data available to detect the underlying reasons for the symptoms.
• Personalized Medications and Care : Find the best treatment plans according to patient data. Provide custom-tailored solutions for your patients. By using their medical history, genetic profile, you can create a custom medication or care plan.
• Drug Discovery : Find new drugs based on previous data and medical intelligence. Lower your R&D cost and increase the output — all leading to greater efficiency. Integrate FDA data, and you can transform your drug discovery by locating market mismatches and FDA approval or rejection rates.
• Real-Time Prioritization and Triage : Prescriptive analytics on patient data enabling accurate real-time case prioritization and triage. Manage your patient flow by automatization. Integrate your call center and use language processing tools to extract the information, priorate patients that need urgent care, and lower your error rates. Eliminate error-prone decisions by optimizing patient care.
• Early Diagnosis : Analyze chronic conditions leveraging lab data and other medical data to enable early diagnosis. Provide a detailed report on the likelihood of the development of certain diseases with genetic data. Integrate the right care plan for eliminating or reducing the risk factors.
• Assisted or Automated Diagnosis & Prescription :  Suggest the best treatment based on the patient complaint and other data. Put in place control mechanisms that detect and prevent possible diagnosis errors. Find out which active compound is most effective against that specific patient. Get the right statistics for superior care management.
• Pregnancy Management : Monitor mother and fetus health to reduce mothers’ worries and enable early diagnosis. Use machine learning to uncover potential risks and complications quickly. Lower the rates of miscarriage and pregnancy-related diseases.
• Medical Imaging Insights : Advanced medical imaging to analyze and transform images and model possible situations. Use diagnostic platforms equipped with high image processing capabilities to detect possible diseases.
• Healthcare Market Research : Prepare hospital competitive intelligence by tracking market prices. See the available insurance plans, drug prices, and many more public data to optimize your services. Leverage NLP tools to analyze the vast size of unstructured data.
• Healthcare Brand Management and Marketing : Create an optimal marketing strategy for the brand based on market perception and target segment. Tools that offer high granularity will allow you to reach the specific target and increase your sales.
• Gene Analytics and Editing : Understand genes and their components and predict the impact of gene edits.
• Device and Drug Comparative Effectiveness : Analyze drug and medical device effectiveness. Rather than just using simulations, test on other patient’s data to see the effectiveness of the new drug, compare your results with benchmark drugs to make an impact with the drug.
• Healthcare chatbot :  Use a chatbot to schedule patient appointments, give information about certain diseases or regulations, fill in patient information, handle insurance inquiries, and provide mental health assistance. You can also use intelligent automation with chatbot capabilities.

For more, feel free to check our article on the  use cases of AI in the healthcare industry .

> AI use cases for Manufacturing

• Manufacturing Analytics : Also called industrial analytics systems, these systems allow you to analyze your manufacturing process from production to logistics to save time, reduce cost, and increase efficiency. Keep your industry effectiveness at optimal levels.
• Collaborative Robots : Cobots provide a flexible method of automation. Cobots are flexible robots that learn by mimicking human workers’ behavior.
• Robotics : Factory floors are changing with programmable collaborative bots that can work next to employees to take over more repetitive tasks. Automate physical processes such as manufacturing or logistics with the help of advanced robotics. Increased your connected systems by centralizing the whole manufacturing process. Lower your exposures to human errors.

> AI use cases for Retail

• Cashierless Checkout : Self-checkout systems have many names. They are called cashierless, cashier-free, or automated checkout systems. They allow retail companies to serve customers in their physical stores without the need for cashiers. Technologies that allowed users to scan and pay for their products have been used for almost a decade now, and those systems did not require great advances in AI. However, these days we are witnessing systems powered by advanced sensors and AI to identify purchased merchandise and charge customers automatically.

> AI use cases for Telecom

• Network investment optimization : Both wired and wireless operators need to invest in infrastructure like active equipment or higher bandwidth connections to improve Quality of Service (QoS). Machine learning can be used to identify highest ROI investments that will result in less churn and higher cross and up-sell.

Other AI Use Cases

This was a list of areas by business function where out-of-the-box solutions are available. However, AI, like software, has too many applications to list here. You can also take a look at our  AI in business article  to read about AI applications by industry. Also, feel free to check our article on AI services .

It is important to get started fast with high impact applications and generate business value without spending months of effort. For that, we recommend companies to use no code AI solutions to quickly build AI models .

Once companies deploy a few models to production, they need to take a deeper look at their AI/ML development model.

• rely on autoML software to build complex AI models. Though most autoML software is not as easy to use as no code AI solutions, they can be used to build complex models.
• build custom AI solutions in-house
• work with the support of partners to build custom models
• run data science competitions to build custom AI models
• Use pre-trained models built by AI vendors

We examined the pros and cons of this approaches in our article on making the build or buy decisions regarding AI .

You can also check out our list of AI tools and services:

• AI Consultant
• AI/ML Development Services
• Data Science / ML / AI Platform

These articles about AI may also interest you:

• Ultimate Guide to the State of AI technology
• Future of AI according to top AI experts
• Advantages of AI according to top practitioners

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that focuses on creating machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. This includes activities such as learning, problem-solving, understanding natural language, speech recognition, and visual perception. AI systems can analyze large amounts of data, identify patterns, and make decisions, often with speed and accuracy surpassing human capabilities.

What are the examples of AI in real life?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is integrated into many aspects of daily life. Some common real-life examples include:

Virtual Assistants: Like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant, these AI-powered tools understand and respond to voice commands, performing tasks like setting reminders, answering questions, and controlling smart home devices.

Navigation and Maps: AI is used in services like Google Maps and Waze for route optimization, traffic prediction, and providing real-time directions.

Recommendation Systems: Streaming services like Netflix and Spotify use AI to analyze your viewing or listening history to recommend movies, shows, or music.

Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use AI to perceive the environment and make decisions for safe navigation.

Social Media: Platforms like Facebook and Instagram use AI for content curation, targeted advertising, and facial recognition in photos.

Security and Surveillance: AI aids in anomaly detection, facial recognition, and monitoring systems for enhanced security.

How does AI impact employment and job creation?

AI impacts employment by automating routine tasks, which can lead to job displacement in some sectors. However, it also creates new job opportunities in AI development, data analysis, and other tech-related fields, emphasizing the need for skill adaptation.

For more, you can check our article on the ethics of AI .

What are some misconceptions about AI?

Common misconceptions include the idea that AI can fully replicate human intelligence, that it’s always unbiased, or that AI-led automation will universally eliminate jobs. In reality, AI has limitations, can inherit biases from data, and often changes rather than replaces job roles.

And if you have a specific business challenge, we can help you find the right vendor to overcome that challenge:

External links

Though most use cases have been categorized based on our experience, we also took a look at Tractica’s AI use cases list before finalizing the list. Other sources:

• 1. “ The state of AI in 2023: Generative AI’s breakout year “. Quantum Black AI by McKinsey . August 1, 2023. Accessed January 1, 2024

Throughout his career, Cem served as a tech consultant, tech buyer and tech entrepreneur. He advised enterprises on their technology decisions at McKinsey & Company and Altman Solon for more than a decade. He also published a McKinsey report on digitalization.

He led technology strategy and procurement of a telco while reporting to the CEO. He has also led commercial growth of deep tech company Hypatos that reached a 7 digit annual recurring revenue and a 9 digit valuation from 0 within 2 years. Cem's work in Hypatos was covered by leading technology publications like TechCrunch and Business Insider.

Cem regularly speaks at international technology conferences. He graduated from Bogazici University as a computer engineer and holds an MBA from Columbia Business School.

AIMultiple.com Traffic Analytics, Ranking & Audience , Similarweb. Why Microsoft, IBM, and Google Are Ramping up Efforts on AI Ethics , Business Insider. Microsoft invests $1 billion in OpenAI to pursue artificial intelligence that’s smarter than we are , Washington Post. Data management barriers to AI success , Deloitte. Empowering AI Leadership: AI C-Suite Toolkit , World Economic Forum. Science, Research and Innovation Performance of the EU , European Commission. Public-sector digitization: The trillion-dollar challenge , McKinsey & Company. Hypatos gets $11.8M for a deep learning approach to document processing , TechCrunch. We got an exclusive look at the pitch deck AI startup Hypatos used to raise $11 million , Business Insider.

To stay up-to-date on B2B tech & accelerate your enterprise:

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Ai center of excellence (ai coe): what it is & how to build in '24, ai chips: a guide to cost-efficient ai training & inference in 2024, ai in analytics: how ai is shaping analytics in 2024 in 4 ways.

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Good afternoon. I am very curious about your claim that “Elekta has reduced its costs and increased its number of processed invoices from 50,000 to 120,000.” Do you have the source for this claim?

Hello, Aidan. We weren’t able to find the source. So we removed it entirely. Thanks for pointing it out!

We can say that AI is the future of our world. While AI is penetrating in more and more human works, thus creating a demand of AI Industry, AI in healthcare is one of the most surging category in global AI Market. According to Meridian Market Consultants, The global AI in Healthcare Market in 2020 is estimated for more than US$ 5.0 Bn and expected to reach a value of US$ 107.5 Bn by 2028 with a significant CAGR of 47.3%. SOI:

47.3% CAGR? You are so sure about the future. Why don’t you guys just sell the time machine rather than the report?

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Vertical AI / Horizontal AI & Other Specialized AI Models in 2024

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Machines of mind: The case for an AI-powered productivity boom

Subscribe to the economic studies bulletin, martin neil baily , martin neil baily senior fellow emeritus - economic studies , center on regulation and markets erik brynjolfsson , and erik brynjolfsson director - stanford digital economy lab, jerry yang and akiko yamazaki professor and senior fellow - stanford institute for human centered ai anton korinek anton korinek nonresident fellow - economic studies , center on regulation and markets @akorinek.

May 10, 2023

Large language models such as ChatGPT are emerging as powerful tools that not only make workers more productive but also increase the rate of innovation, laying the foundation for a significant acceleration in economic growth. As a general purpose technology, AI will impact a wide array of industries, prompting investments in new skills, transforming business processes, and altering the nature of work. However, official statistics will only partially capture the boost in productivity because the output of knowledge workers is difficult to measure. The rapid advances can have great benefits but may also lead to significant risks, so it is crucial to ensure that we steer progress in a direction that benefits all of society.

On a recent Friday morning, one of us sat down in his favorite coffee shop to work on a new research paper regarding how AI will affect the labor market. To begin, he pulled up ChatGPT , a generative AI tool. After entering a few plain-English prompts, the system was able to provide a suitable economic model, draft code to run the model, and produce potential titles for the work. By the end of the morning, he had achieved a week’s worth of progress on his research.

We expect millions of knowledge workers, ranging from doctors and lawyers to managers and salespeople to experience similar ground-breaking shifts in their productivity within a few years, if not sooner.

The potential of the most recent generation of AI systems is illustrated vividly by the viral uptake of ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM) that captured public attention by its ability to generate coherent and contextually appropriate text. This is not an innovation that is languishing in the basement. Its capabilities have already captivated hundreds of millions of users.

Other LLMs that were recently rolled out publicly include Google’s Bard and Anthropic’s Claude . But generative AI is not limited to text: in recent years, we have also seen generative AI systems that can create images, such as Midjourney , Stable Diffusion or DALL-E , and more recently multi-modal systems that combine text, images, video, audio and even robotic functions . These technologies are foundation models , which are vast systems based on deep neural networks that have been trained on massive amounts of data and can then be adapted to perform a wide range of different tasks. Because information and knowledge work dominates the US economy, these machines of the mind will dramatically boost overall productivity.

The power of productivity growth

The primary determinant of our long-term prosperity and welfare is the rate of productivity growth: the amount of output created per hour worked. This holds even though changes in productivity are not immediately felt by everyone and, in the short run, workers’ perceptions of the economy are dominated by the business cycle. From World War II until the early 1970s, labor productivity grew at over 3% a year, more than doubling over the period, ushering in an era of prosperity for most Americans. In the early 1970s productivity growth slowed dramatically, rebounding in the 1990s, only to slow again since the early 2000s.

Figure 1 illustrates the story. It decomposes the overall growth in labor productivity into two components: total factor productivity (which is a measure of the impact of technology) and the contribution of the labor composition and capital intensity. The figure illustrates that the key driver of changes in labor productivity is changes total factor productivity (TFP). There are many reasons for America’s recent economic struggles, but slow TFP growth is a key cause, slowly eating away at the country’s prosperity, making it harder to fight inflation, eroding workers’ wages and worsening budget deficits.

The generally slow pace of economic growth, together with the outsized profits of tech companies, has resulted in skepticism about the benefits of digital technologies for the broad economy. However, for about 10 years starting in the 1990s there was a surge in productivity growth, as shown in Figure 1, driven primarily by a huge wave of investment in computers and communications , which in turn drove business transformations. Even though there was a stock market bubble as well as significant reallocation of labor and resources, workers were generally better off. Furthermore, the federal budget was balanced from 1998 to 2001 —a double win. Digital technology can drive broad economic growth, and it happened less than thirty years ago.

Early estimates of AI’s productivity effects

The recent advances in generative AI have been driven by progress in software, hardware, data collection, and growing amounts of investment in cutting-edge models. Sevilla et al. (2022) observe that the amount of compute (computing power) used to train cutting-edge AI systems has been doubling every six months over the past decade. The capabilities of generative AI systems have grown in tandem, allowing them to perform many tasks that used to be reserved for cognitive workers, such as writing well-crafted sentences, creating computer code, summarizing articles, brainstorming ideas, organizing plans, translating other languages, writing complex emails, and much more.

Generative AI has broad applications that will impact a wide range of workers, occupations, and activities. Unlike most advances in automation in the past, it is a machine of the mind affecting cognitive work. As noted in a recent research paper (Eloundou et al., 2023) , LLMs could affect 80% of the US workforce in some form.

There is an emerging literature that estimates the productivity effects of AI on specific occupations or tasks. Kalliamvakou (2022) finds that software engineers can code up to twice as fast using a tool called Codex, based on the previous version of the large language model GPT-3. That’s a transformative effect. Noy and Zhang (2023) find that many writing tasks can also be completed twice as fast and Korinek (2023) estimates, based on 25 use cases for language models, that economists can be 10-20% more productive using large language models.

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But can these gains in specific tasks translate into significant gains in a real-world setting? The answer appears to be yes. Brynjolfsson, Li, and Raymond (2023) show that call center operators became 14% more productive when they used the technology, with the gains of over 30% for the least experienced workers. What’s more, customer sentiment was higher when interacting with operators using generative AI as an aid, and perhaps as a result, employee attrition was lower. The system appears to create value by capturing and conveying some of the tacit organizational knowledge about how to solve problems and please customers that previously was learned only via on-the-job experience.

Criticism of large language models as merely “stochastic parrots” is misplaced. Most cognitive work involves drawing on past knowledge and experience and applying it to the problem at hand. It is true that generative AI programs are prone to certain types of mistakes, but the form of these mistakes is predictable. For example, language models tend to engage in “hallucinations,” i.e., to make up facts and references. As a result, they clearly require human oversight. However, their economic value depends not on whether they are flawless, but on whether they can be used productively. By that criterion, they are already poised to have a massive impact. Moreover, the accuracy of generative AI models continues to improve rapidly.

Quantifying the productivity effects

A recent report by Goldman Sachs suggests that generative AI could raise global GDP by 7%, a truly significant effect for any single technology. Based on our analysis of a variety of use cases and the share of the workforce doing mainly cognitive work, this estimate strikes us as being reasonable, though there remains great uncertainty about the ultimate productivity and growth effects of AI.

It is useful to rigorously break down the channels through which we expect generative AI to produce growth in productivity, output, and ultimately in social welfare in a model.

The first channel is the increased efficiency of output production. By making cognitive workers engaged in production more efficient, the level of output increases. Economic theory tells us that, in competitive markets, the effect of a productivity boost in a given sector on aggregate productivity and output is equal to the size of the productivity boost multiplied by the size of the sector ( Hulten’s theorem ). For instance, if generative AI makes cognitive workers on average 30% more productive over a decade or two and cognitive work makes up about 60% of all value added in the economy (as measured by the wage bill attributable to cognitive tasks), this amounts to a 18% increase in aggregate productivity and output, spread out over those years.

The second, and ultimately more important, channel is the acceleration of innovation and thus future productivity growth. Cognitive workers not only produce current output but also invent new things, engage in discoveries, and generate the technological progress that boosts future productivity. This includes R&D—what scientists do—and perhaps more importantly, the process of rolling out new innovations into production activities throughout the economy—what managers do. If cognitive workers are more efficient, they will accelerate technological progress and thereby boost the rate of productivity growth—in perpetuity. For example, if productivity growth was 2% and the cognitive labor that underpins productivity growth is 20% more productive, this would raise the growth rate of productivity by 20% to 2.4%. In a given year, such a change is barely noticeable and is usually swamped by cyclical fluctuations.

But productivity growth compounds. After a decade, the described tiny increase in productivity growth would leave the economy 5% larger, and the growth would compound further every year thereafter. What’s more, if the acceleration applied to the growth rate of the growth rate (for instance if one of the applications of AI was to improving AI itself ), then of course, growth would accelerate even more over time.

Figure 2 schematically illustrates the effects of the two channels of productivity growth over a twenty year horizon. The baseline follows the current projection of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) of 1.5% productivity growth , giving rise to a total of 33% productivity growth over 20 years. The projection labeled “Level” assumes that generative AI raises the level of productivity and output by an additional 18% over ten years, as suggested by the illustrative numbers we discussed for the first channel. After ten years, growth reverts to the baseline rate. The third projection labeled “Level+Growth” additionally includes a one percentage point boost in the rate of growth over the baseline rate, resulting from the additional innovation triggered by generative AI. At first, the resulting growth trajectory is barely distinguishable from the “Level” projection, but through the power of compounding, the effects grow bigger over time, leading to a near doubling of output after 20 years, far greater than the baseline projection.

Barriers and drivers of adoption

For the productivity gains to materialize, advances in AI have to disseminate throughout the economy. Traditionally, this has always taken time, so we would not expect potential productivity gains to show up immediately. The advances need to be taken up and rolled out by businesses and organizations that employ cognitive labor throughout the economy, including small and medium-sized businesses, some of which may be slow to realize the potential of adapting advanced new technologies or may lack the required skills to use them well. For example, the Goldman report assumes it takes 10 years for the gains to fully materialize.

The “productivity J-curve” (Brynjolfsson et al., 2021) describes how new technologies, especially general purpose technologies, deliver productivity gains only after a period of investment in complementary intangible goods, such as business processes and new skills. In fact, this can temporarily even drag down measured productivity. As a result, earlier general purpose technologies like electricity and the first wave of computers took decades to have a significant effect on productivity. Additional barriers to adoption and rollout include concerns about job losses and institutional inertia and regulation, in areas from the medicine to finance and law.

However, in the case of generative AI there are also factors that can mitigate these barriers, or even accelerate adoption. First, in contrast to physical automation, one benefit of cognitive automation is that it can often be rolled out quickly via software. This is particularly true now that a ubiquitous digital infrastructure is available: the Internet. ChatGPT famously was the most rapid product launch in history—it gained 100 million users in just two months —because it was accessible to anyone with an internet connection and did not require any hardware investment on the users’ side.

Both Microsoft and Google are in the process of rolling out Generative AI tools as part of their search engines and office suites, offering access to generative AI to a large fraction of the cognitive workforce in advanced countries who regularly use these tools. Furthermore, application programming interfaces (APIs) are increasingly available to enable seamless modularization and connectivity between systems, and a marketplace for plug-ins and extensions is rapidly growing, making it much easier to add functionality. Finally, in contrast to other technologies, users of generative AI can interact with the technology in natural language rather than special codes or commands, making it easier to learn and adopt these tools.

These reasons for optimism suggest that the rollout of these new technologies may be faster than in the past. Still, the importance of training to make optimal use of these tools cannot be overstated.

Problems of measurement – silent productivity growth

The most common measure of productivity, non-farm business productivity, is quite adept at capturing increases in  productivity in the industrial sector where inputs and outputs are tangible and easy to account for. However, productivity of cognitive labor is harder to measure. Statisticians who compile GDP and productivity statistics sometimes resort to valuing the output of cognitive activity simply by assuming it is proportional to the quantity of labor input being used to produce it, which of course eliminates any scope for productivity growth.

For example, generative AI enables economists to write more thought pieces and provide deeper analyses of the economy than before, yet this output would not directly show up in GDP statistics. Readers may feel that they have access to better and deeper economic analyses (contributing to channel 1 above). Moreover, the analyses may also play a part in enabling business leaders and policymakers to better harness the positive productivity effects of generative AI (contributing to channel 2 above). Neither of these positive productivity effects of such work would be directly captured in official GDP or productivity statistics, yet the benefits of economists’ productivity gains would still lead to greater social welfare.

The same holds true for many other cognitive workers throughout the economy. This may give rise to significant under-measurement or “silent productivity growth.”

Productivity growth, labor markets, and income distribution

A bigger pie does not automatically mean everyone benefits evenly, or at all. The productivity effects of generative AI are likely to go hand in hand with significant disruption in the job market as many workers may see downward wage pressures. For example, the Eloundou et al. paper cited earlier predicts that up to 49% of the workforce could eventually have half or more of their job tasks performed by AI. Will the demand for these tasks increase enough to compensate for such efficiency gains? Will the workers find other tasks to do? The answers are far from certain. In past technological transformations, workers who lost their jobs could transition to new jobs, and on average pay increased. However, given the scale of the impending disruption and the labor-saving nature of it, it remains to be seen whether this will be the case in the age of generative AI.

Moreover, the current wave of cognitive automation marks a change from most earlier waves of automation, which focused on physical jobs or routine cognitive tasks. Now, creative and unstructured cognitive jobs are also being impacted. Instead of the lowest paid workers bearing the brunt of the disruption, now many of the highest-paying occupations will be affected. These workers may find the disruption to be quite unexpected. If their skills are general, they may find it easier to adjust to displacement than blue-collar workers. However, if they have acquired a significant amount of human capital that becomes obsolete, they may experience much larger income losses than blue-collar workers who were displaced by previous rounds of automation.

The idea of jobs created versus jobs displaced is the most tangible manifestation of job market disruption for lay people. Job losses are indeed a significant social concern, and we need policies to facilitate adjustment. However, as economists, we note that the key factor in determining the influence of new technologies on the labor market is ultimately their effect on labor demand. Counting how many jobs are created versus how many are destroyed misses that employment is determined as the equilibrium of labor demand and labor supply. Labor supply is quite inelastic, reflecting that most working-age people want to or have to work independently of whether their incomes go up or down. Workers who lose their jobs as a result of changing technology will seek alternative employment. And, to the extent that changing technology raises productivity, this will increase national income and spur the demand for labor. Over the long run, the labor market can be expected to equilibrate, meaning that the supply of jobs, the demand for jobs and the level of wages will adjust to maintain full employment. This is evidenced by the fact that the unemployment rate in the United States has remained consistently low in the postwar period (with help from monetary and fiscal policy to recover from recessions). Job destruction has always been offset by job creation. Instead, the effects of automation and augmentation tend to be reflected in wages and income.

The effect of generative AI on labor demand depends on whether the systems complement or substitute for labor . Substitution occurs when AI models automate most or all tasks of certain jobs, while complementing occurs if they automate small parts of certain jobs, leaving humans indispensable. Additionally, AI systems can be complementary to human labor if they enable new tasks or increase quality.

As companies invest more in generative AI, they often have choices about whether to emphasize substitution or complementarity. For example, if call centers can use AI to complement human operators, or, as AI improves, they may restructure their processes to have the systems address more and more queries without human operators being involved. At the same time, higher productivity growth across the economy may make the overall effects more complementary by increasing overall labor demand and may mitigate the disruption.

In recent decades, there have been three main forces impacting income distribution. First, there has been an overall shift of income away from wages and towards corporate capital. Second, there has been an increase in the return to the skills that are valued by companies (reflected in part by higher returns to education). Third, there has been a shift caused by increased foreign competition .

It is hard to predict how generative AI will impact this mix. A positive interpretation is that workers who currently struggle with aspects of math and writing will become more productive with the help of these new tools and will be able to take better-paid jobs with the help of the new technology. A negative interpretation is that companies will use the technology to eliminate or de-skill more and more positions pushing a larger fraction of the workforce into unfulfilling jobs, raising the share of profits in income and, perhaps, increasing the demand for the most elite members of the workforce.

No doubt technological progress will not stop with the current wave of generative AI. Instead, we can expect even more dramatic advances in AI, bringing the technology closer to what is called artificial general intelligence (AGI). This will lead to even more radical transformations of life and work . The scarcity of human labor has been a double-edged sword throughout our history : on the one hand, it has held back economic growth because greater production would require more labor; on the other hand, it has been highly beneficial for income distribution since wages represent the market value of scarce labor. If labor can be replaced by machines across a wide range of tasks in the future, both points may no longer hold, and we may experience an AI-powered growth take-off at the same time as that the value of labor declines. This would present a significant challenge for our society . Moreover, AGI may also impose large risks on humanity if not aligned with human objectives .

Large language models and other forms of generative AI are still at an early stage, making it difficult to predict with great confidence the exact productivity effects they will have. Yet as we have argued, we expect that generative AI will have tremendous positive productivity effects, both by increasing the level of productivity and accelerating future productivity growth.

For policymakers, the goal should be to allow for the positive productivity gains while mitigating the risks and downsides of ever-more powerful AI. Faster productivity growth is an elixir that can solve or mitigate many of our society’s challenges, from raising living standards and addressing poverty to providing healthcare for all and strengthening our defenses. Indeed, it will be nearly impossible to fix some of our budgetary challenges, including the growing deficits, without sufficiently stronger growth.

AI-powered productivity growth will also create challenges. There may be a need for updating social programs and tax policy to soften the welfare costs of labor market disruptions and ensure that the benefits of AI give rise to shared prosperity rather than concentration of wealth. Other harms will also need to be addressed, including the amplification of misinformation and polarization, potentially destabilizing our democracy, and the creation of new biological and other weapons that could injure or kill untold numbers of people.

Therefore, we cannot let the capabilities of AI outstrip our understanding of their potential impacts. Economists and other social scientists will need to accelerate their work on AI’s impacts to keep up with our colleagues in AI research who are rapidly advancing the technologies. If we do that, we are optimistic our society can harness the productivity benefits and growth acceleration delivered by artificial intelligence to substantially advance human welfare in the coming years.

The authors used GPT4 for writing assistance in producing this text but assume full responsibility for its content and accuracy.

The Brookings Institution is financed through the support of a diverse array of foundations, corporations, governments, individuals, as well as an endowment. A list of donors can be found in our annual reports published online here . The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in this report are solely those of its author(s) and are not influenced by any donation.

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Center on Regulation and Markets

March 6, 2024

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December 28, 2023

Mark Muro, Yang You

December 12, 2023

AI for Businesses: Seven Case Studies and How You Can Use It

Updated: March 11, 2024

Published: August 31, 2023

Artificial intelligence has become an essential growth strategy for entrepreneurs. Almost 9 in 10 organizations believe AI will enable them to gain or sustain a competitive advantage — yet only 35% of companies currently leverage AI.

The majority of businesses leave the benefits of using AI — from optimizing research to streamlining operations — on the table. To stay competitive, entrepreneurs need to figure out how to integrate AI into their business strategy.

Table of contents:

What is AI for businesses?

What are the benefits of ai for businesses, ai for businesses case studies, ai for businesses tools.

AI for businesses involves integrating AI into a business’s strategy, mainly for tasks that require some level of human intelligence. Within a business, as examples, AI can:

• Convert speech to text for emails or memos
• Translate text for foreign markets
• Generate images from text for marketing purposes
• Solve problems, such as aggregating data to make data-driven decisions

For the most part, AI for businesses does not necessarily entail replacing a human worker with AI. Rather, professionals on all levels — from entry-level workers to C-suite executives — can use AI to improve their job performance.

“Across nearly every business function, we’re seeing AI make a major impact on business as usual,” explains Chief Content Officer at Marketing AI Institute Mark Kaput . Benefits of using AI in business include:

• Automating data-driven, repetitive tasks such as data entry
• Increasing revenue by making better predictions
• Enhancing customer experiences by providing more readily available support
• Driving growth by aggregating data and outputting highly targeted ads and marketing campaigns

Aside from more direct benefits, AI has also improved popular business tools. For example, Google Workspace uses AI to enable users to create automatic Google Docs summaries, generate text based on prompts, and more.

Additionally, as AI adoption increases (it doubled from 2017 to 2022), so does the need to leverage it to stay competitive. Almost 8 in 10 organizations believe incumbent competitors already use AI — not surprisingly since 73% of consumers are open to using AI if it makes their lives easier.

AI has been an impactful tool across different industries, from podcasts to fashion to health care.

1. Reduce time and resources needed to create podcast content

In Kaput’s content-creation business, his team leverages AI to decrease the time he spends on their weekly podcast by 75%. This involves using AI to create promotional campaign material (e.g., graphics, emails) alongside script writing.

Podcasts necessitate a human host ( most of the time ), but AI can help optimize the process of getting from idea to episode.

2. Optimize supply chain operations in the fashion industry

Retailers often deal with a significant amount of guesswork. For example, predicting what kind of clothing to stock typically requires historical data and educated guesses.

AI can streamline supply chain operations for retailers. These tools take in necessary data, such as prior inventory levels and sales performance, and predict future sales with greater accuracy.

Fast fashion retailers (e.g., H&M, Zara) have seen growths in revenue by leveraging predictive analytics driven by AI.

3. Speed up and improve accuracy of diagnoses

Physicians often use imaging as a tool to provide accurate patient diagnoses. However, images often show only one part of a larger story — requiring physicians to look into a patient’s medical history.

AI can help optimize this process. For example, at Hardin Memorial Health (HMH), doctors can use AI to bring up a summary of the patient’s medical history and highlight information relevant to the imaging.

For example, one radiologist at the hospital found a bone lesion in an image, which can have many different causes. However, AI sifted through the patient’s medical background and showed the physician the patient’s history of smoking, giving them a better idea for potential treatments.

4. Create professional videos within minutes

If your business plans on creating a video, they need to find a speaker, acquire a high-quality camera, set up a studio, and edit. This can take days to finalize, but AI has made it possible to create a professional video in less than fifteen minutes.

For instance, Synthesia offers tools that enable the creation of videos featuring 140+ realistic-looking avatars, 120+ language options, and high-quality voice-overs.

5. Provide robots with autonomous functions

AI also has many industrial applications. For instance, Built Robotics uses AI to create autonomous heavy machinery that can operate in difficult environments.

One of their robots works in solar piling, or the process of creating solid foundations to place solar panels on. This entails placing foundations on uneven terrain and working with very strict design parameters, which can take time when done manually. However, AI-driven robots can automate and speed up this process significantly.

6. Act as a personal confidant

Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT often output human-sounding text. After all, its learning comes primarily from what people post on the internet. Replika recognized the opportunity to capitalize on this potential human-adjacent relationship and launched their “AI companion who cares.”

Users can create an avatar, customize its likes and interests, and build a relationship with it. The avatar can hop on video calls and chat, interact with real-life environments via augmented reality (AR), and provide guidance to their human companions.

7. Generate mock websites in minutes

Creating a minimum viable product (MVP) often entails launching a simple website to collect user information. But not everyone can code a functional website. AI tools enable users to create mock websites without any coding skills.

For example, you can use Uizard, which outputs app, web, and user interface (UI) designs after receiving instructions in text. Users type in what kind of app or website they want with a few other design parameters. Then, Uizard gives them a design of what their idea would look like.

In this case, AI performs a number of functions, including converting screenshots to functional designs and creating UI designs via simple text. Without AI, these tasks would take hours of technical and graphical work. You can also use AI to supplement your site's content, such as by using it to create blog posts. 

Though you can dive headfirst into AI, Kaput recommends doing thorough research before adopting new AI tools. He advises business owners to first ask themselves the following questions about their tasks:

• Is the task data-driven?
• Does the task follow a standard set of steps?
• Is the task predictive?
• Is the task generative?

If you answer yes to any of these questions, you likely have a solid starting point to integrate AI into your business. Once you understand which tasks you can apply AI to, you can look into different tools that can improve and speed up different parts of your operations.

AI has most visibly impacted marketing, with image and text tools going viral on social media. Tools can help create graphics for social media, write articles, design logos, and more. Consider using the following tools to integrate AI into your marketing:

• LogoAi : Designs logos using AI
• ChatGPT : Provides powerful text in response to prompts
• DALL·E 2 : Creates unique images in response to prompts 
• LOVO : Converts text to natural-sounding speech

AI can aid in high-level thinking, such as devising a business plan or strategy. The following tools can help validate ideas, provide useful analysis, and summarize complex information:

• VenturusAI : Analyzes business ideas for strategic planning
• Zapier : Connects apps to automated workflows

AI can be used to replace repetitive, manual tasks. Using the following tools, you can increase your productivity, speed up research, and more:

• Jamie : Automatically takes notes and creates an executive summary with action items
• Tome : Creates AI-powered presentations
• Consensus : Provides answers using insights from evidence-based research papers

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This study investigates the ethical use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies (BD + AI)—using an empirical approach. The paper categorises the current literature and presents a multi-case study of 'on-the-ground' ethical issues that uses qualitative tools to analyse findings from ten targeted case-studies from a range of domains. The analysis coalesces identified singular ethical issues, (from the literature), into clusters to offer a comparison with the proposed classification in the literature. The results show that despite the variety of different social domains, fields, and applications of AI, there is overlap and correlation between the organisations’ ethical concerns. This more detailed understanding of ethics in AI + BD is required to ensure that the multitude of suggested ways of addressing them can be targeted and succeed in mitigating the pertinent ethical issues that are often discussed in the literature.

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Introduction

Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (BD + AI) are emerging technologies that offer great potential for business, healthcare, the public sector, and development agencies alike. The increasing impact of these two technologies and their combined potential in these sectors can be highlighted for diverse organisational aspects such as for customisation of organisational processes and for automated decision making. The combination of Big Data and AI, often in the form of machine learning applications, can better exploit the granularity of data and analyse it to offer better insights into behaviours, incidents, and risk, eventually aiming at positive organisational transformation.

Big Data offers fresh and interesting insights into structural patterns, anomalies, and decision-making in a broad range of different applications (Cuquet & Fensel, 2018 ), while AI provides predictive foresight, intelligent recommendations, and sophisticated modelling. The integration and combination of AI + BD offer phenomenal potential for correlating, predicting and prescribing recommendations in insurance, human resources (HR), agriculture, and energy, as well as many other sectors. While BD + AI provides a wide range of benefits, they also pose risks to users, including but not limited to privacy infringements, threats of unemployment, discrimination, security concerns, and increasing inequalities (O’Neil, 2016 ). Footnote 1 Adequate and timely policy needs to be implemented to prevent many of these risks occurring.

One of the main limitations preventing key decision-making for ethical BD + AI use is that there are few rigorous empirical studies carried out on the ethical implications of these technologies across multiple application domains. This renders it difficult for policymakers and developers to identify when ethical issues resulting from BD + AI use are only relevant for isolated domains and applications, or whether there are repeated/universal concerns which can be seen across different sectors. While the field lacks literature evaluating ethical issues Footnote 2 ‘on the ground’, there are even fewer multi-case evaluations.

This paper provides a cohesive multi-case study analysis across ten different application domains, including domains such as government, agriculture, insurance, and the media. It reviews ethical concerns found within these case studies to establish cross-cutting thematic issues arising from the implementation and use of BD + AI. The paper collects relevant literature and proposes a simple classification of ethical issues (short term, medium term, long term), which is then juxtaposed with the ethical concerns highlighted from the multiple-case study analysis. This multiple-case study analysis of BD + AI offers an understanding of current organisational practices.

The work described in this paper makes an important contribution to the literature, based on its empirical findings. By presenting the ethical issues across an array of application areas, the paper provides much-needed rigorous empirical insight into the social and organisational reality of ethics of AI + BD. Our empirical research brings together a collection of domains that gives a broad oversight about issues that underpin the implementation of AI. Through its empirical insights the paper provides a basis for a broader discussion of how these issues can and should be addressed.

This paper is structured in six main sections: this introduction is followed by a literature review, which allows for an integrated review of ethical issues, contrasting them with those found in the cases. This provides the basis for a categorisation or classification of ethical issues in BD + AI. The third section contains a description of the interpretivist qualitative case study methodology used in this paper. The subsequent section provides an overview of the organisations participating in the cases to contrast similarities and divisions, while also comparing the diversity of their use of BD + AI. Footnote 3 The fifth section provides a detailed analysis of the ethical issues derived from using BD + AI, as identified in the cases. The concluding section analyses the differences between theoretical and empirical work and spells out implications and further work.

Literature Review

An initial challenge that any researcher faces when investigating ethical issues of AI + BD is that, due to the popularity of the topic, there is a vast and rapidly growing literature to be considered. Ethical issues of AI + BD are covered by a number of academic venues, including some specific ones such as the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society ( https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3306618 ), policy initiative and many publicly and privately financed research reports (Whittlestone, Nyrup, Alexandrova, Dihal, & Cave, 2019 ). Initial attempts to provide overviews of the area have been published (Jobin, 2019 ; Mittelstadt, Allo, Taddeo, Wachter, & Floridi, 2016 ), but there is no settled view on what counts as an ethical issue and why. In this paper we aim to provide a broad overview of issues found through the case studies. This paper puts forward what are commonly perceived to be ethical issues within the literature or concerns that have ethical impacts and repercussions. We explicitly do not apply a particular philosophical framework of ethics but accept as ethical issues those issues that we encounter in the literature. This review is based on an understanding of the current state of the literature by the paper's authors. It is not a structured review and does not claim comprehensive coverage but does share some interesting insights.

To be able to undertake the analysis of ethical issues in our case studies, we sought to categorise the ethical issues found in the literature. There are potentially numerous ways of doing so and our suggestion does not claim to be authoritative. Our suggestion is to order ethical issues in terms of their temporal horizon, i.e., the amount of time it is likely to take to be able to address them. Time is a continuous variable, but we suggest that it is possible to sort the issues into three clusters: short term, medium term, and long term (see Fig.  1 ).

Temporal horizon for addressing ethical issues

As suggested by Baum ( 2017 ), it is best to acknowledge that there will be ethical issues and related mitigating activities that cannot exclusively fit in as short, medium or long term.

ather than seeing it as an authoritative classification, we see this as a heuristic that reflects aspects of the current discussion. One reason why this categorisation is useful is that the temporal horizon of ethical issues is a potentially useful variable, with companies often being accused of favouring short-term gains over long-term benefits. Similarly, short-term issues must be able to be addressed on the local level for short-term fixes to work.

Short-term issues

These are issues for which there is a reasonable assumption that they are capable of being addressed in the short term. We do not wish to quantify what exactly counts as short term, as any definition put forward will be contentious when analysing the boundaries and transition periods. A better definition of short term might therefore be that such issues can be expected to be successfully addressed in technical systems that are currently in operation or development. Many of the issues we discuss under the heading of short-term issues are directly linked to some of the key technologies driving the current AI debate, notably machine learning and some of its enabling techniques and approaches such as neural networks and reinforcement learning.

Many of the advantages promised by BD + AI involve the use of personal data, data which can be used to identify individuals. This includes health data; customer data; ANPR data (Automated Number Plate Recognition); bank data; and even includes data about farmers’ land, livestock, and harvests. Issues surrounding privacy and control of data are widely discussed and recognized as major ethical concerns that need to be addressed (Boyd & Crawford, 2012 ; Tene & Polonetsky, 2012 , 2013 ; Mittelstadt, Allo, Taddeo, Wachter, & Floridi, 2016 ; Jain, Gyanchandani, & Khare, 2016 ; Mai, 2016 ; Macnish, 2018 ). The concern surrounding privacy can be put down to a combination of a general level of awareness of privacy issues and the recently-introduced General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Closely aligned with privacy issues are those relating to transparency of processes dealing with data, which can often be classified as internal, external, and deliberate opaqueness (Burrell, 2016 ; Lepri, Staiano, Sangokoya, Letouzé, & Oliver, 2017 ; Mittelstadt, Allo, Taddeo, Wachter, & Floridi, 2016 ).

The Guidelines for Trustworthy AI Footnote 4 were released in 2018 by the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG Footnote 5 ), and address the need for technical robustness and safety, including accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability. Reliability is further linked to the requirements of diversity, fairness, and social impact because it addresses freedom from bias from a technical point of view. The concept of reliability, when it comes to BD + AI, refers to the capability to verify the stability or consistency of a set of results (Bush, 2012 ; Ferraggine, Doorn, & Rivera, 2009 ; Meeker and Hong, 2014 ).

If a technology is unreliable, error-prone, and unfit-for-purpose, adverse ethical issues may result from decisions made by the technology. The accuracy of recommendations made by BD + AI is a direct consequence of the degree of reliability of the technology (Barolli, Takizawa, Xhafa, & Enokido, 2019 ). Bias and discrimination in algorithms may be introduced consciously or unconsciously by those employing the BD + AI or because of algorithms reflecting pre-existing biases (Baroccas and Selbst, 2016 ). Examples of bias have been documented often reflecting “an imbalance in socio-economic or other ‘class’ categories—ie, a certain group or groups are not sampled as much as others or at all” (Panch et al., 2019 ). have the potential to affect levels of inequality and discrimination, and if biases are not corrected these systems can reproduce existing patterns of discrimination and inherit the prejudices of prior decision makers (Barocas & Selbst, 2016 , p. 674). An example of inherited prejudices is documented in the United States, where African-American citizens, more often than not, have been given longer prison sentences than Caucasians for the same crime.

Medium-term issues

Medium-term issues are not clearly linked to a particular technology but typically arise from the integration of AI techniques including machine learning into larger socio-technical systems and contexts. They are thus related to the way life in modern societies is affected by new technologies. These can be based on the specific issues listed above but have their main impact on the societal level. The use of BD + AI may allow individuals’ behaviour to be put under scrutiny and surveillance , leading to infringements on privacy, freedom, autonomy, and self-determination (Wolf, 2015 ). There is also the possibility that the increased use of algorithmic methods for societal decision-making may create a type of technocratic governance (Couldry & Powell, 2014 ; Janssen & Kuk, 2016 ), which could infringe on people’s decision-making processes (Kuriakose & Iyer, 2018 ). For example, because of the high levels of public data retrieval, BD + AI may harm people’s freedom of expression, association, and movement, through fear of surveillance and chilling effects (Latonero, 2018 ).

Corporations have a responsibility to the end-user to ensure compliance, accountability, and transparency of their BD + AI (Mittelstadt, Allo, Taddeo, Wachter, & Floridi, 2016 ). However, when the source of a problem is difficult to trace, owing to issues of opacity, it becomes challenging to identify who is responsible for the decisions made by the BD + AI. It is worth noting that a large-scale survey in Australia in 2020 indicated that 57.9% of end-users are not at all confident that most companies take adequate steps to protect user data. The significance of understanding and employing responsibility is an issue targeted in many studies (Chatfield et al., 2017 ; Fothergill et al., 2019 ; Jirotka et al., 2017 ; Pellé & Reber, 2015 ). Trust and control over BD + AI as an issue is reiterated by a recent ICO report demonstrating that most UK citizens do not trust organisations with their data (ICO, 2017 ).

Justice is a central concern in BD + AI (Johnson, 2014 , 2018 ). As a starting point, justice consists in giving each person his or her due or treating people equitably (De George, p. 101). A key concern is that benefits will be reaped by powerful individuals and organisations, while the burden falls predominantly on poorer members of society (Taylor, 2017 ). BD + AI can also reflect human intentionality, deploying patterns of power and authority (Portmess & Tower, 2015 , p. 1). The knowledge offered by BD + AI is often in the hands of a few powerful corporations (Wheeler, 2016 ). Power imbalances are heightened because companies and governments can deploy BD + AI for surveillance, privacy invasions and manipulation, through personalised marketing efforts and social control strategies (Lepri, Staiano, Sangokoya, Letouzé, & Oliver, 2017 , p. 11). They play a role in the ascent of datafication, especially when specific groups (such as corporate, academic, and state institutions) have greater unrestrained access to big datasets (van Dijck, 2014 , p. 203).

Discrimination , in BD + AI use, can occur when individuals are profiled based on their online choices and behaviour, but also their gender, ethnicity and belonging to specific groups (Calders, Kamiran, & Pechenizkiy, 2009 ; Cohen et al., 2014 ; and Danna & Gandy, 2002 ). Data-driven algorithmic decision-making may lead to discrimination that is then adopted by decision-makers and those in power (Lepri, Staiano, Sangokoya, Letouzé, & Oliver, 2017 , p. 4). Biases and discrimination can contribute to inequality . Some groups that are already disadvantaged may face worse inequalities, especially if those belonging to historically marginalised groups have less access and representation (Barocas & Selbst, 2016 , p. 685; Schradie, 2017 ). Inequality-enhancing biases can be reproduced in BD + AI, such as the use of predictive policing to target neighbourhoods of largely ethnic minorities or historically marginalised groups (O’Neil, 2016 ).

BD + AI offers great potential for increasing profit, reducing physical burdens on staff, and employing innovative sustainability practices (Badri, Boudreau-Trudel, & Souissi, 2018 ). They offer the potential to bring about improvements in innovation, science, and knowledge; allowing organisations to progress, expand, and economically benefit from their development and application (Crawford et al., 2014 ). BD + AI are being heralded as monumental for the economic growth and development of a wide diversity of industries around the world (Einav & Levin, 2014 ). The economic benefits accrued from BD + AI may be the strongest driver for their use, but BD + AI also holds the potential to cause economic harm to citizens and businesses or create other adverse ethical issues (Newman, 2013 ).

However, some in the literature view the co-development of employment and automation as somewhat naïve outlook (Zuboff, 2015 ). BD + AI companies may benefit from a ‘post-labour’ automation economy, which may have a negative impact on the labour market (Bossman, 2016 ), replacing up to 47% of all US jobs within the next 20 years (Frey & Osborne, 2017 ). The professions most at risk of affecting employment correlated with three of our case studies: farming, administration support and the insurance sector (Frey & Osborne, 2017 ).

Long-term issues

Long-term issues are those pertaining to fundamental aspects of nature of reality, society, or humanity. For example, that AI will develop capabilities far exceeding human beings (Kurzweil, 2006 ). At this point, sometimes called the ‘ singularity ’ machines achieve human intelligence, are expected to be able to improve on themselves and thereby surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent (Bostrom, 2016 ). If this were to happen, then it might have dystopian consequences for humanity as often depicted in science fiction. Also, it stands to reason that the superintelligent, or even just the normally intelligent machines may acquire a moral status.

It should be clear that these expectations are not universally shared. They refer to what is often called ‘ artificial general intelligence’ (AGI), a set of technologies that emulate human reasoning capacities more broadly. Footnote 6

Furthermore, if we may acquire new capabilities, e.g. by using technical implants to enhance human nature. The resulting being might be called a transhuman , the next step of human evolution or development. Again, it is important to underline that this is a contested idea (Livingstone, 2015 ) but one that has increasing traction in public discourse and popular science accounts (Harari, 2017 ).

We chose this distinction of three groups of issues for understanding how mitigation strategies within organisations can be contextualised. We concede that this is one reading of the literature and that many others are possible. In this account of the literature we tried to make sense of the current discourse to allow us to understand our empirical findings which are introduced in the following sections.

Case Study Methodology

Despite the impressive amount of research undertaken on ethical issues of AI + BD (e.g. Mittelstadt, Allo, Taddeo, Wachter, & Floridi, 2016 ; Zwitter, 2014 ), there are few case studies exploring such issues. This paper builds upon this research and employs an interpretivist methodology to do so, focusing on how, what, and why questions relevant to the ethical use of BD + AI (Walsham, 1995a , b ). The primary research questions for the case studies were: How do organisations perceive ethical concerns related to BD + AI and in what ways do they deal with them?

We sought to elicit insights from interviews, rather than attempting to reach an objective truth about the ethical impacts of BD + AI. The interpretivist case study approach (Stake 2003) allowed the researchers ‘to understand ‘reality’ as the blending of the various (and sometimes conflicting) perspectives which coexist in social contexts, the common threads that connect the different perspectives and the value systems that give rise to the seeming contradictions and disagreements around the topics discussed. Whether one sees this reality as static (social constructivism) or dynamic (social constructionism) was also a point of consideration, as they both belong in the same “family” approach where methodological flexibility is as important a value as rigour’ (XXX).

Through extensive brainstorming within the research team, and evaluations of relevant literature, 16 social application domains were established as topics for case study analysis. Footnote 7 The project focused on ten out of these application domains in accordance with the partners’ competencies. The case studies have covered ten domains, and each had their own unique focus, specifications, and niches, which added to the richness of the evaluations (Table 1 ).

The qualitative analysis approach adopted in this study focused on these ten standalone operational case studies that were directly related to the application domains presented in Table 1 . These individual case studies provide valuable insights (Yin, 2014 , 2015 ); however, a multiple-case study approach offers a more comprehensive analysis of ethical issues related to BD + AI use (Herriott & Firestone, 1983 ). Thus, this paper adopts a multiple-case study methodology to identify what insights can be obtained from the ten cases, identifies whether any generalisable understandings can be retrieved, and evaluates how different organisations deal with issues pertaining to BD + AI development and use. The paper does not attempt to derive universal findings from this analysis, in line with the principles of interpretive research, but further attempts to gain an in-depth understanding of the implications of selected BD + AI applications.

The data collection was guided by specific research questions identified through each case, including five desk research questions (see appendix 1); 24 interview questions (see appendix 2); and a checklist of 17 potential ethical issues, developed by the project leader Footnote 8 (see appendix 3). A thematic analysis framework was used to ‘highlight, expose, explore, and record patterns within the collected data. The themes were patterns across data sets that were important to describe several ethical issues which arise through the use of BD  +  AI across different types of organisations and application domains’ (XXX).

A workshop was then held after the interviews were carried out. The workshop brought together the experts in the case study team to discuss their findings. This culminated in 26 ethical issues Footnote 9 that were inductively derived from the data collected throughout the interviews (see Fig.  2 and Table 3). Footnote 10 In order to ensure consistency and rigour in the multiple-case study approach, researchers followed a standardised case study protocol (Yin, 2014 ). Footnote 11

The Prevalence of Ethical Issues in the Case Studies

Thirteen different organisations were interviewed for 10 case studies, consisting of 22 interviews in total. Footnote 12 These ranged from 30 min to 1 ½ hours in-person or Skype interviews. The participants that were selected for interviews represented a very broad range of application domains and organisations that use BD + AI. The case study organisations were selected according to their relevance to the overall case study domains and considering their fit with the domains and likelihood of providing interesting insights. The interviewees were then selected according to their ability to explain their BD + AI and its role in their organisation. In addition to interviews, a document review provided supporting information about the organisation. Thus, websites and published material were used to provide background to the research.

Findings: Ten Case Studies

This section gives a brief overview of the cases, before analysing their similarities and differences. It also highlights the different types of BD + AI being used, and the types of data used by the BD + AI in the case study organisations, before conducting an ethical analysis of the cases. Table 2 presents an overview of the 10 cases to show the roles of the interviewees, the focus of the technologies being used, and the data retrieved by each organisation’s BD + AI. All interviews were conducted in English.

The types of organisations that were used in the case studies varied extensively. They included start-ups (CS10), niche software companies (CS1), national health insurers (Organisation X in CS6), national energy providers (CS7), chemical/agricultural multinational (CS3), and national (CS9) and international (CS8) telecommunications providers. The case studies also included public (CS2, Organisation 1 and 4 in CS4) and semi-public (Organisation 2 in CS4) organisations, as well as a large scientific research project (CS5).

The types of individuals interviewed also varied extensively. For example, CS6 and CS7 did not have anyone with a specific technical background, which limited the possibility of analysing issues related to the technology itself. Some case studies only had technology experts (such as CS1, CS8, and CS9), who mostly concentrated on technical issues, with much less of a focus on ethical concerns. Other case studies had a combination of both technical and policy-focused experts (i.e. CS3, CS4, and CS5). Footnote 13

Therefore, it must be made fundamentally clear that we are not proposing that all of the interviewees were authorities in the field, or that even collectively they represent a unified authority on the matter, but instead, that we are hoping to show what are the insights and perceived ethical issues of those currently working with AI on the ground view as ethical concerns. While the paper is presenting the ethical concerns found within an array of domains, we do not claim that any individual case study is representative of their entire industry, but instead, our intent was to capture a wide diversity of viewpoints, domains, and applications of AI, to encompass a broad amalgamation of concerns. We should also state that this is not a shortcoming of the study but that it is the normal approach that social science often takes.

The diversity of organisations and their application focus areas also varied. Some organisations focused more so on the Big Data component of their AI, while others more strictly on the AI programming and analytics. Even when organisations concentrated on a specific type of BD + AI, such as Big Data, its use varied immensely, including retrieval (CS1), analysis (CS2), predictive analytics (CS10), and transactional value (Organisation 2 in CS4). Some domains adopted BD + AI earlier and more emphatically than others (such as communications, healthcare, and insurance). Also, the size, investment, and type of organisation played a part in the level of BD + AI innovation (for example, the two large multinationals in CS3 and CS8 had well-developed BD + AI).

The maturity level of BD + AI was also determined by how it was integrated, and its importance, within an organisation. For instance, in organisations where BD + AI were fundamental for the success of the business (e.g. CS1 and CS10), they played a much more important role than in companies where there was less of a reliance (e.g. CS7). In some organisations, even when BD + AI was not central to success, the level of development was still quite advanced because of economic investment capabilities (e.g. CS3 and CS8).

These differences provided important questions to ask throughout this multi-case study analysis, such as: Do certain organisations respond to ethical issues relating to BD + AI in a certain way? Does the type of interviewee affect the ethical issues discussed—e.g. case studies without technical experts, those that only had technical experts, and those that had both? Does the type of BD + AI used impact the types of ethical issues discussed? What significance does the type of data retrieved have on ethical issues identified by the organisations? These inductive ethical questions provided a template for the qualitative analysis in the following section.

Ethical Issues in the Case Studies

Based on the interview data, the ethical issues identified in the case studies were grouped into six specific thematic sections to provide a more conducive, concise, and pragmatic methodology. Those six sections are: control of data, reliability of data, justice, economic issues, role of organisations, and individual freedoms. From the 26 ethical issues, privacy was the only ethical issue addressed in all 10 case studies, which was not surprising because it has received a great deal of attention recently because of the GDPR. Also, security, transparency, and algorithmic bias are regularly discussed in the literature, so we expected them to be significant issues across many of the cases. However, there were many issues that received less attention in the literature—such as access to BD + AI, trust, and power asymmetries—which were discussed frequently in the interviews. In contrast to this, there were ethical issues that were heavily discussed in the literature which received far less attention in the interviews, such as employment, autonomy, and criminal or malicious use of BD + AI (Fig.  2 ).

The ethical analysis was conducted using a combination of literature reviews and interviews carried out with stakeholders. The purpose of the interviews was to ensure that there were no obvious ethical issues faced by stakeholders in their day-to-day activities which had been missed in the academic literature. As such, the starting point was not an overarching normative theory, which might have meant that we looked for issues which fit well with the theory but ignored anything that fell outside of that theory. Instead the combined approach led to the identification of the 26 ethical issues, each labelled based on particular words or phrases used in the literature or by the interviewees. For example, the term "privacy" was used frequently and so became the label for references to and instances of privacy-relevant concerns. In this section we have clustered issues together based on similar problems faced (e.g. accuracy of data and accuracy of algorithms within the category of ‘reliability of data’).

In an attempt to highlight similar ethical issues and improve the overall analysis to better capture similar perspectives, the research team decided to use the method of clustering, a technique often used in data mining to efficiently group similar elements together. Through discussion in the research team, and bearing in mind that the purpose of the clustering process was to form clusters that would enhance understanding of the impact of these ethical issues, we arrived at the following six clusters: the control of data (covering privacy, security, and informed consent); the reliability of data (accuracy of data and accuracy of algorithms); justice (power asymmetries, justice, discrimination, and bias); economic issues (economic concerns, sustainability, and employment); the role of organisations (trust and responsibility); and human freedoms (autonomy, freedom, and human rights). Both the titles and the precise composition of each cluster of issues are the outcome of a reasoned agreement of the research team. However, it should be clear that we could have used different titles and different clustering. The point is not that each cluster forms a distinct group of ethical issues, independent from any other. Rather the ethical issues faced overlap and play into one another, but to present them in a manageable format we have opted to use this bottom-up clustering approach.

Human Freedoms

An interviewee from CS10 stated that they were concerned about human rights because they were an integral part of the company’s ethics framework. This was beneficial to their business because they were required to incorporate human rights to receive public funding by the Austrian government. The company ensured that they would not grant ‘full exclusivity on generated social unrest event data to any single party, unless the data is used to minimise the risk of suppression of unrest events, or to protect the violation of human rights’ (XXX). The company demonstrates that while BD + AI has been criticised for infringing upon human rights in the literature, they also offer the opportunity to identify and prevent human rights abuses. The company’s moral framework definitively stemmed from regulatory and funding requirements, which lends itself to the benefit of effective ethical top-down approaches, which is a divisive topic in the literature, with diverging views about whether top-down or bottom-up approaches are better options for improved AI ethics.

Trust & Responsibility

Responsibility was a concern in 5 of the case studies, confirming the importance it is given in the literature (see Sect.  3 ). Trust appeared in seven of the case studies. The cases focused on concerns found in the literature, such as BD + AI use in policy development, public distrust about automated decision-making and the integrity of corporations utilising datafication methods (van Dijck 2014 ).

Trust and control over BD + AI were an issue throughout the case studies. The organisation from the predictive intelligence case study (CS10) identified that their use of social media data raised trust issues. They converged with perspectives found in the literature that when people feel disempowered to use or be part of the BD + AI development process, they tend to lose trust in the BD + AI (Accenture, 2016 , 2017 ). In CS6, stakeholders (health insurers) trusted the decisions made by BD + AI when they were engaged and empowered to give feedback on how their data was used. Trust is enhanced when users can refuse the use of their data (CS7), which correlates with the literature. Companies discussed the benefits of establishing trustworthy relationships. For example, in CS9, they have “ been trying really hard to avoid the existence of fake [mobile phone] base stations, because [these raise] an issue with the trust that people put in their networks” (XXX).

Corporations need to determine the objective of the data analysis (CS3), what data is required for the BD + AI to work (CS2), and accountability for when it does not work as intended or causes undesirable outcomes (CS4). The issue here is whether the organisation takes direct responsibility for these outcomes, or, if informed consent has been given, can responsibility be shared with the granter of consent (CS3). The cases also raised the question of ‘responsible to whom’, the person whose data is being used or the proxy organisation who has provided data (CS6). For example, in the insurance case study, the company stated that they only had a responsibility towards the proxy organisation and not the sources of the data. All these issues are covered extensively in the literature in most application domains.

Control of Data

Concerns surrounding the control of data for privacy reasons can be put down to a general awareness of privacy issues in the press, reinforced by the recently-introduced GDPR. This was supported in the cases, where interviewees expressed the opinion that the GDPR had raised general awareness of privacy issues (CS1, CS9) or that it had lent weight to arguments concerning the importance of privacy (CS8).

The discussion of privacy ranged from stressing that it was not an issue for some interviewees, because there was no personal information in the data they used (CS4), to its being an issue for others, but one which was being dealt with (CS2 and CS8). One interviewee (CS5) expressed apprehension that privacy concerns conflicted with scientific innovation, introducing hitherto unforeseen costs. This view is not uncommon in scientific and medical innovation, where harms arising from the use of anonymised medical data are often seen as minimal and the potential benefits significant (Manson & O’Neill, 2007 ). In other cases (CS1), there was a confusion between anonymisation (data which cannot be traced back to the originating source) and pseudonymisation (where data can be traced back, albeit with difficulty) of users’ data. A common response from the cases was that providing informed consent for the use of personal data waived some of the rights to privacy of the user.

Consent may come in the form of a company contract Footnote 14 or an individual agreement. Footnote 15 In the former, the company often has the advantage of legal support prior to entering a contract and so should be fully aware of the information provided. In individual agreements, though, the individual is less likely to be legally supported, and so may be at risk of exploitation through not reading the information sufficiently (CS3), or of responding without adequate understanding (CS9). In one case (CS5), referring to anonymised data, consent was implied rather than given: the interviewee suggested that those involved in the project may have contributed data without giving clear informed consent. The interviewee also noted that some data may have been shared without the permission, or indeed knowledge, of those contributing individuals. This was acknowledged by the interviewee as a potential issue.

In one case (CS6), data was used without informed consent for fraud detection purposes. The interviewees noted that their organisation was working within the parameters of national and EU legislation, which allows for non-consensual use of data for these ends. One interviewee in this case stated that informed consent was sought for every novel use of the data they held. However, this was sought from the perceived owner of the data (an insurance company) rather than from the originating individuals. This case demonstrates how people may expect their data to be used without having a full understanding of the legal framework under which the data are collected. For example, data relating to individuals may legally be accessed for fraud detection without notifying the individual and without relying on the individual’s consent.

This use of personal data for fraud detection in CS6 also led to concerns regarding opacity. In both CS6 and CS10 there was transparency within the organisations (a shared understanding among staff as to the various uses of the data) but that did not extend to the public outside those organisations. In some cases (CS5) the internal transparency/external opacity meant that those responsible for developing BD + AI were often hard to meet. Of those who were interviewed in CS5, many did not know the providence of the data or the algorithms they were using. Equally, some organisations saw external opacity as integral to the business environment in which they were operating (CS9, CS10) for reasons of commercial advantage. The interviewee in CS9 cautioned that this approach, coupled with a lack of public education and the speed of transformation within the industry, would challenge any meaningful level of public accountability. This would render processes effectively opaque to the public, despite their being transparent to experts.

Reliability of Data

There can be multiple sources of unreliability in BD + AI. Unreliability originating from faults in the technology can lead to algorithmic bias, which can cause ethical issues such as unfairness, discrimination, and general negative social impact (CS3 and CS6). Considering algorithmic bias as a key input to data reliability, there exist two types of issues that may need to be addressed. Primarily, bias may stem from the input data, referred to as training data, if such data excludes adequate representation of the world, e.g. gender-biased datasets (CS6). Secondly, an inadequate representation of the world may be the result of lack of data, e.g. a correctly designed algorithm to learn from and predict a rare disease, may not have sufficient representative data to achieve correct predictions (CS5). In either case the input data are biased and may result in inaccurate decision-making and recommendations.

The issues of reliability of data stemming from data accuracy and/or algorithmic bias, may escalate depending on their use, as for example in predictive or risk-assessment algorithms (CS10). Consider the risks of unreliable data in employee monitoring situations (CS1), detecting pests and diseases in agriculture (CS3), in human brain research (CS5) or cybersecurity applications (CS8). Such issues are not singular in nature but closely linked to other ethical issues such as information asymmetries, trust, and discrimination. Consequently, the umbrella issue of reliability of data must be approached from different perspectives to ensure the validity of the decision-making processes of the BD + AI.

Data may over-represent some people or social groups who are likely to be already privileged or under-represent disadvantaged and vulnerable groups (CS3). Furthermore, people who are better positioned to gain access to data and have the expertise to interpret them may have an unfair advantage over people devoid of such competencies. In addition, BD + AI can work as a tool of disciplinary power, used to evaluate people’s conformity to norms representing the standards of disciplinary systems (CS5). We focus on the following aspects of justice in our case study analysis: power asymmetries, discrimination, inequality, and access.

The fact that issues of power can arise in public as well as private organisations was discussed in our case studies. The smart city case (CS4) showed that the public organisations were aware of potential problems arising from companies using public data and were trying to put legal safeguards in place to avoid such misuse. As a result of misuse, there is the potential that cities, or the companies with which they contract, may use data in harmful or discriminatory ways. Our case study on the use of BD + AI in scientific research showed that the interviewees were acutely aware of the potential of discrimination (CS10). They stated that biases in the data may not be easy to identify, and may lead to misclassification or misinterpretation of findings, which may in turn skew results. Discrimination refers to the recognition of difference, but it may also refer to unjust treatment of different categories of people based on their gender, sex, religion, race, class, or disability. BD + AI are often employed to distinguish between different cases, e.g. between normal and abnormal behaviour in cybersecurity. Determining whether such classification entails discrimination in the latter sense can be difficult, due to the nature of the data and algorithms involved.

Examples of potential inequality based on BD + AI could be seen in several case studies. The agricultural case (CS3) highlighted the power differential between farmers and companies with potential implications for inequality, but also the global inequality between farmers, linked to farming practices in different countries (CS3). Subsistence farmers in developing countries, for example, might find it more difficult to benefit from these technologies than large agro-businesses. The diverging levels of access to BD + AI entail different levels of ability to benefit from them and counteract possible disadvantages (CS3). Some companies restrict access to their data entirely, and others sell access at a fee, while others offer small datasets to university-based researchers (Boyd & Crawford, 2012 , p. 674).

Economic Issues

One economic impact of BD + AI outlined in the agriculture case study (CS3) focused on whether this technology, and their ethical implementation, were economically affordable. If BD + AI could not improve economic efficiency, they would be rejected by the end-user, whether they were more productive, sustainable, and ethical options. This is striking, as it raises a serious challenge for the AI ethics literature and industry. It establishes that no matter how well intentioned and principled AI ethics guidelines and charters are, unless their implementation can be done in an economically viable way, their implementation will be challenged and resisted by those footing the bill.

The telecommunications case study (CS9) focused on how GDPR legislation may economically impact businesses using BD + AI by creating disparities in competitiveness between EU and non-EU companies developing BD + AI. Owing to the larger data pools of the latter, their BD + AI may prove to be more effective than European-manufactured alternatives, which cannot bypass the ethical boundaries of European law in the same way (CS8). This is something that is also being addressed in the literature and is a very serious concern for the future profitability and development of AI in Europe (Wallace & Castro, 2018 ). The literature notes additional issues in this area that were not covered in the cases. There is the potential that the GDPR will increase costs of European AI companies by having to manually review algorithmic decision-making; the right to explanation could reduce AI accuracy; and the right to erasure could damage AI systems (Wallace & Castro, 2018 , p. 2).

One interviewee stated that public–private BD + AI projects should be conducted in a collaborative manner, rather than a sale-of-service (CS4). However, this harmonious partnership is often not possible. Another interviewee discussed the tension between public and private interests on their project—while the municipality tried to focus on citizen value, the ICT company focused on the project’s economic success. The interviewee stated that the project would have terminated earlier if it were the company’s decision, because it was unprofitable (CS4). This is a huge concern in the literature, whereby private interests will cloud, influence, and damage public decision-making within the city because of their sometimes-incompatible goals (citizen value vs. economic growth) (Sadowski & Pasquale, 2015 ). One interviewee said that the municipality officials were aware of the problems of corporate influence and thus are attempting to implement the approach of ‘data sovereignty’ (CS2).

During our interviews, some viewed BD + AI as complementary to human employment (CS3), collaborative with such employment (CS4), or as a replacement to employment (CS6). The interviewees from the agriculture case study (CS3) stated that their BD + AI were not sufficiently advanced to replace humans and were meant to complement the agronomist, rather than replace them. However, they did not indicate what would happen when the technology is advanced enough, and it becomes profitable to replace the agronomist. The insurance company interviewee (CS6) stated that they use BD + AI to reduce flaws in personal judgment. The literature also supports this viewpoint, where BD + AI is seen to offer the potential to evaluate cases impartially, which is beneficial to the insurance industry (Belliveau, Gray, & Wilson, 2019 ). Footnote 16 The interviewee reiterated this and also stated that BD + AI would reduce the number of people required to work on fraud cases. The interviewee stated that BD + AI are designed to replace these individuals, but did not indicate whether their jobs were secure or whether they would be retrained for different positions, highlighting a concern found in the literature about the replacement and unemployment of workers by AI (Bossman, 2016 ). In contrast to this, a municipality interviewee from CS4 stated that their chat-bots are used in a collaborative way to assist customer service agents, allowing them to concentrate on higher-level tasks, and that there are clear policies set in place to protect their jobs.

Sustainability was only explicitly discussed in two interviews (CS3 and CS4). The agriculture interviewees stated that they wanted to be the ‘first’ to incorporate sustainability metrics into agricultural BD + AI, indicating a competitive and innovative rationale for their company (CS3). Whereas the interviewee from the sustainable development case study (CS4) stated that their goal of using BD + AI was to reduce Co2 emissions and improve energy and air quality. He stated that there are often tensions between ecological and economic goals and that this tension tends to slow down the efforts of BD + AI public–private projects—an observation also supported by the literature (Keeso, 2014 ). This tension between public and private interests in BD + AI projects was a recurring issue throughout the cases, which will be the focus of the next section on the role of organisations.

Discussion and Conclusion

The motivation behind this paper is to come to a better understanding of ethical issues related to BD + AI based on a rich empirical basis across different application domains. The exploratory and interpretive approach chosen for this study means that we cannot generalise from our research to all possible examples of BD + AI, but it does allow us to generalise to theory and rich insights (Walsham, 1995a , b , 2006 ). These theoretical insights can then provide the basis for further empirical research, possibly using other methods to allow an even wider set of inputs to move beyond some of the limitations of the current study.

Organisational Practice and the Literature

The first point worth stating is that there is a high level of consistency both among the case studies and between cases and literature. Many of the ethical issues identified cut across the cases and are interpreted in similar ways by different stakeholders. The frequency distribution of ethical issues indicates that very few, if any, issues are relevant to all cases but many, such as privacy, have a high level of prevalence. Despite appearing in all case studies, privacy was not seen as overly problematic and could be dealt with in the context of current regulatory principles (GDPR). Most of the issues that we found in the literature (see Sect.  2 ) were also present in the case studies. In addition to privacy and data protection, this included accuracy, reliability, economic and power imbalances, justice, employment, discrimination and bias, autonomy and human rights and freedoms.

Beyond the general confirmation of the relevance of topics discussed in the literature, though, the case studies provide some further interesting insights. From the perspective of an individual case some societal factors are taken for granted and outside of the control of individual actors. For example, intellectual property regimes have significant and well-recognised consequences for justice, as demonstrated in the literature. However, there is often little that individuals or organisations can do about them. Even in cases where individuals may be able to make a difference and the problem is clear, it is not always obvious how to do this. Some well-publicised discrimination cases may be easy to recognise, for example where an HR system discriminates against women or where a facial recognition system discriminates against black people. But in many cases, it may be exceedingly difficult to recognise discrimination where it is not clear how a person is discriminated against. If, for example, an image-based medical diagnostic system leads to disadvantages for people with genetic profiles, this may not be easy to identify.

With regards to the classification of the literature suggested in Sect.  2 along the temporal dimension, we can see that the attention of the case study respondents seems to be correlated to the temporal horizon of the issues. The issues we see as short-term figures most prominently, whereas the medium-term issues, while still relevant and recognisable, appear to be less pronounced. The long-term questions are least visible in the cases. This is not very surprising, as the short-term issues are those that are at least potentially capable of being addressed relatively quickly and thus must be accessible on the local level. Organisations deploying or using AI therefore are likely to have a responsibility to address these issues and our case studies have shown that they are aware of this and putting measures in place. This is clearly true for data protection or security issues. The medium-term issues that are less likely to find local resolutions still figure prominently, even though an individual organisation has less influence on how they can be addressed. Examples of this would be questions of unemployment, justice, or fairness. There was little reference to what we call long-term issues, which can partly be explained by the fact that the type of AI user organisations we investigated have very limited influence on how they are perceived and how they may be addressed.

Interpretative Differences on Ethical Issues

Despite general agreement on the terminology used to describe ethical issues, there are often important differences in interpretation and understanding. In the first ethics theme, control of data, the perceptions of privacy ranged from ‘not an issue’ to an issue that was being dealt with. Some of this arose from the question of informed consent and the GDPR. However, a reliance on legislation, such as GDPR, without full knowledge of the intricacies of its details (i.e. that informed consent is only one of several legal bases of lawful data processing), may give rise to a false sense of security over people’s perceived privacy. This was also linked to the issue of transparency (of processes dealing with data), which may be external to the organisation (do people outside understand how an organisation holds and processes their data), or internal (how well does the organisation understand the algorithms developed internally) and sometimes involve deliberate opacity (used in specific contexts where it is perceived as necessary, such as in monitoring political unrest and its possible consequences). Therefore, a clearer and more nuanced understanding of privacy and other ethical terms raised here might well be useful, albeit tricky to derive in a public setting (for an example of complications in defining privacy, see Macnish, 2018 ).

Some issues from the literature were not mentioned in the cases, such as warfare. This can easily be explained by our choice of case studies, none of which drew on work done in this area. It indicates that even a set of 10 case studies falls short of covering all issues.

A further empirical insight is in the category we called ‘role of organisations’, which covers trust and responsibility. Trust is a key term in the discussion of the ethics of AI, prominently highlighted by the focus on trustworthy AI by the EU’s High-Level Expert Group, among others. We put this into the ‘role of organisations’ category because our interaction with the case study respondents suggested that they felt it was part of the role of their organisations to foster trust and establish responsibilities. But we are open to the suggestion that these are concepts on a slightly different level that may provide the link between specific issues in applications and broader societal debate.

Next Steps: Addressing the Ethics of AI and Big Data

This paper is predominantly descriptive, and it aims to provide a theoretically sound and empirically rich account of ethical concerns in AI + BD. While we hope that it proves to be insightful it is only a first step in the broader journey towards addressing and resolving these issues. The categorisation suggested here gives an initial indication of which type of actor may be called upon to address which type of issue. The distinction between micro-, meso- and macro perspectives suggested by Haenlein and Kaplan ( 2019 ) resonates to some degree with our categorisation of issues.

This points to the question what can be done to address these ethical issues and by whom should it be done? We have not touched on this question in the theoretical or empirical part of the paper, but the question of mitigation is the motivating force behind much of the AI + BD ethics research. The purpose of understanding these ethical questions is to find ways of addressing them.

This calls for a more detailed investigation of the ethical nature of the issues described here. As indicated earlier, we did not begin with a specific ethical theoretical framework imposed onto the case studies, but did have some derived ethics concepts which we explored within the context of the cases and allowed others to emerge over the course of the interviews. One issue is the philosophical question whether the different ethical issues discussed here are of a similar or comparable nature and what characterises them as ethical issues. This is not only a philosophical question but also a practical one for policymakers and decision makers. We have alluded to the idea that privacy and data protection are ethical issues, but they also have strong legal implications and can also be human rights issues. It would therefore be beneficial to undertake a further analysis to investigate which of these ethical issues are already regulated and to what degree current regulation covers BD + AI, and how this varies across the various EU nations and beyond.

Another step could be to expand an investigation like the one presented here to cover the ethics of AI + BD debate with a focus on suggested resolutions and policies. This could be achieved by adopting the categorisation and structure presented here and extending it to the currently discussed option for addressing the ethical issues. These include individual and collective activities ranging from technical measures to measure bias in data or individual professional guidance to standardisation, legislation, the creation of a specific regulator and many more. It will be important to understand how these measures are conceptualised as well as which ones are already used to which effect. Any such future work, however, will need to be based on a sound understanding of the issues themselves, which this paper contributes to. The key contribution of the paper, namely the presentation of empirical findings from 10 case studies show in more detail how ethical issues play out in practice. While this work can and should be expanded by including an even broader variety of cases and could be supplemented by other empirical research methods, it marks an important step in the development of our understanding of these ethical issues. This should form a part of the broader societal debate about what these new technologies can and should be used for and how we can ensure that their consequences are beneficial for individuals and society.

Throughout the paper, XXX will be used to anonymise relevant text that may identify the authors, either through the project and/or publications resulting from the individual case studies. All case studies have been published individually. Several the XXX references in the findings refer to these individual publications which provide more detail on the cases than can be provided in this cross-case analysis.

The ethical issues that we discussed throughout the case studies refers to issues broadly construed as ethical issues, or issues that have ethical significance. While some issues may not be directly obvious how they are ethical issues, they may give rise to significant harm relevant to ethics. For example, accuracy of data may not explicitly be an ethical issue, if inaccurate data is used in algorithms, it may lead to discrimination, unfair bias, or harms to individuals.

Such as chat-bots, natural language processing AI, IoT data retrieval, predictive risk analysis, cybersecurity machine-learning, and large dataset exchanges.

https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/ai-alliance-consultation/guidelines/1 .

https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/high-level-expert-group-artificial-intelligence .

The type of AI currently in vogue, as outlined earlier, is based on machine learning, typically employing artificial neural networks for big data analysis. This is typically seen as ‘narrow AI’ and it is not clear whether there is a way from narrow to general AI, even if one were to accept that achieving general AI is fundamentally possible.

The 16 social domains were: Banking and securities; Healthcare; Insurance; Retail and wholesale trade; Science; Education; Energy and utilities; Manufacturing and natural resources; Agriculture; Communications, media and entertainment; Transportation; Employee monitoring and administration; Government; Law enforcement and justice; Sustainable development; and Defence and national security.

This increased to 26 ethical issues following a group brainstorming session at the case study workshop.

The nine additional ethical issues from the initial 17 drafted by the project leader were: human rights, transparency, responsibility, ownership of data, algorithmic bias, integrity, human rights, human contact, and accuracy of data.

The additional ethical issues were access to BD + AI, accuracy of data, accuracy of recommendations, algorithmic bias, economic, human contact, human rights, integrity, ownership of data, responsibility, and transparency. Two of the initial ethical concerns were removed (inclusion of stakeholders and environmental impact). The issues raised concerning inclusion of stakeholders were deemed to be sufficiently included in access to BD + AI, and those relating to environmental impact were felt to be sufficiently covered by sustainability.

The three appendices attached in this paper comprise much of this case study protocol.

CS4 evaluated four organisations, but one of these organisations was also part of CS2 – Organisation 1. CS6 analysed two insurance organisations.

Starting out, we aimed to have both policy/ethics-focused experts within the organisation and individuals that could also speak with us about the technical aspects of the organisation’s BD + AI. However, this was often not possible, due to availability, organisations’ inability to free up resources (e.g. employee’s time) for interviews, or lack of designated experts in those areas.

For example, in CS1, CS6, and CS8.

For example, in CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, and CS9.

As is discussed elsewhere in this paper, algorithms also hold the possibility of reinforcing our prejudices and biases or creating new ones entirely.

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Acknowledgements

This SHERPA Project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreement No. 786641. The author(s) acknowledge the contribution of the consortium to the development and design of the case study approach.

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Northampton University, Northampton, UK

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The University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

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Appendix 1: Desk Research Questions

Number Research Question.

In which sector is the organisation located (e.g. industry, government, NGO, etc.)?

What is the name of the organisation?

What is the geographic scope of the organisation?

What is the name of the interviewee?

What is the interviewee’s role within the organisation?

Appendix 2: Interview Research Questions

No Research Question.

What involvement has the interviewee had with BD + AI within the organisation?

What type of BD + AI is the organisation using? (e.g. IBM Watson, Google Deepmind)

What is the field of application of the BD + AI (e.g. administration, healthcare, retail)

Does the BD + AI work as intended or are there problems with its operation?

What are the innovative elements introduced by the BD + AI (e.g. what has the technology enabled within the organisation?)

What is the level of maturity of the BD + AI ? (i.e. has the technology been used for long at the organisation? Is it a recent development or an established approach?)

How does the BD + AI interact with other technologies within the organisation?

What are the parameters/inputs used to inform the BD + AI ? (e.g. which sorts of data are input, how is the data understood within the algorithm?). Does the BD + AI collect and/or use data which identifies or can be used to identify a living person (personal data)?. Does the BD + AI collect personal data without the consent of the person to whom those data relate?

What are the principles informing the algorithm used in the BD + AI (e.g. does the algorithm assume that people walk in similar ways, does it assume that loitering involves not moving outside a particular radius in a particular time frame?). Does the BD + AI classify people into groups? If so, how are these groups determined? Does the BD + AI identify abnormal behaviour? If so, what is abnormal behaviour to the BD + AI ?

Are there policies in place governing the use of the BD + AI ?

How transparent is the technology to administrators within the organisation, to users within the organisation?

Who are the stakeholders in the organisation?

What has been the impact of the BD + AI on stakeholders?

How transparent is the technology to people outside the organisation?

Are those stakeholders engaged with the BD + AI ? (e.g. are those affected aware of the BD + AI, do they have any say in its operation?). If so, what is the nature of this engagement? (focus groups, feedback, etc.)

In what way are stakeholders impacted by the BD + AI ? (e.g. what is the societal impact: are there issues of inequality, fairness, safety, filter bubbles, etc.?)

What are the costs of using the BD + AI to stakeholders? (e.g. potential loss of privacy, loss of potential to sell information, potential loss of reputation)

What is the expected longevity of this impact? (e.g. is this expected to be temporary or long-term?)

Are those stakeholders engaged with the BD + AI ? (e.g. are those affected aware of the BD + AI, do they have any say in its operation?)

If so, what is the nature of this engagement? (focus groups, feedback, etc.)

Appendix 3: Checklist of Ethical Issues

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Ryan, M., Antoniou, J., Brooks, L. et al. Research and Practice of AI Ethics: A Case Study Approach Juxtaposing Academic Discourse with Organisational Reality. Sci Eng Ethics 27 , 16 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-021-00293-x

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-021-00293-x

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Strise.ai: AI-powered text analytics built by Norwegian startup

About Strise.ai

Seeded by a grant from the Norwegian Research Council in 2016, Strise.ai developed a machine learning solution that can extract meaning from millions of daily news articles, social media posts, reports, and so on, across languages. The small Trondheim-based firm uses its innovative approach to natural language processing to provide clients with actionable business insights in batch or on demand from a single API.

Tell us your challenge. We're here to help.

Strise.ai, a media intelligence and analytics startup in trondheim, norway, created a language-agnostic data processing platform that uses machine learning and knowledge graph engineering to make sense of tens of millions of daily news articles, blogs, social media posts, reports, and other unstructured data documents in multiple languages., google cloud results.

• Gains significant savings on computing power via reliable auto-scaling up and down
• Boosts throughput 3x in less than five minutes, 6x in less than 15 minutes
• Experiments at any scale without building or maintaining one-off build/deploy environments
• Minimizes native build environment — a single node cluster with 2 CPUs — to run Jenkins on off-peak hours

Dramatically minimizes DevOps resources

The demand for AI-assisted analytics is rising sharply. As retailers, publishers, financial services companies, and others look to capitalize on new business opportunities, text analytics can cue timely business insights and reveal new strategies for reaching and serving end-users. Scaling quickly to sort and reliably analyze vast amounts of unstructured data in content worldwide is key.

Strise.ai relies on Google Cloud to deploy, operate, and deliver results in real time. The company, which has brought together a small development team to focus on creating powerful AI solutions, is well positioned to ride a market projected to double in size to nearly $8 billion by 2022.

Marit Rodevand, Patrick Skjennum, and Sigve Søråsen, the company's co-founders, all met through the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Keen on AI, the Department of Computer Science championed Patrick's Master's project. His work laid out a promising path for extracting meaning from unstructured data in multiple languages by using a knowledge graph to abstract, chunk, and categorize content.

"Building DevOps and production environments from the ground up for our startup was not an option. Google Cloud is a vital enabling resource."

Marit quickly saw its commercial potential for the financial and media industries. With a grant from the Norwegian Research Council and a prominent early adopter, Norway's leading financial news outlet (Dagens Næringsliv — dn.no), Strise.ai was launched.

Strise.ai traverses the huge labyrinth of unstructured data using state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML), making insights available through intuitive and powerful customer APIs.

The Strise.ai GraphQL APIs, secured by Auth0, are designed to support extremely nuanced queries. According to Marit, one such query may result in fetching "the most relevant buying signals from pharmaceutical companies headquartered in New York City whose earnings exceeded $10M in revenue." The ability to apply filters and constraints with such human-level abstraction make querying Strise.ai's system simple, yet powerful, often reducing the number of returned documents by several orders of magnitude in comparison with traditional media monitoring systems. This can create value in numerous areas of application, but the first product Strise.ai is bringing to the market is a tool to help sales organizations prioritize and understand their B2B customers and prospects.

Customers, for example, can specify a Story object that traverses semantically chunked articles to return only the most relevant story points across blogs and articles while eliminating duplicates.

Since Strise.ai technology is language agnostic, the company is well positioned in linguistically fragmented markets like those in Europe and Asia. The solutions currently support Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, English, French, Spanish, and German, with support for more languages underway.

Scaling the opportunity

From the start, the challenge was the scale required to achieve Strise.ai's potential. In order to provide deep insights to its clients, Strise.ai needed to be able to analyze millions of documents from the start.

"Building DevOps and production environments from the ground up for our startup was not an option," says Marit, noting Strise.ai's ingestion of tens of millions of published news articles, blogs, and reports daily. "Google Cloud is a vital enabling resource."

The company's initial proof-of-concept ran on Ubuntu VMs in Compute Engine . It consisted of a single pipeline in Apache Spark Streaming which continuously read and parsed textual content from RSS. A simple NLP pipeline, including a knowledge graph stored as an in-memory Redis, made sense of the content.

Making it extensible was the next milestone. "We started splitting the system into separate modules for content ingestion, content analysis, and knowledge enrichment — all of which were connected through messaging queues using Pub/Sub ," explains Patrick. The company's knowledge base was moved from Redis and into Elasticsearch, and the Spark clusters became orchestrated by Yarn and Zookeeper. Strise.ai swapped its early NLP pipeline for a more sophisticated and modular microservice setup.

"Our initial reason for choosing Google Cloud over AWS and Azure was the superior support for Apache Spark through Dataproc. Managing and running Spark jobs went from being a constant struggle with high costs of operations to becoming automatically managed and scalable."

Though the system was now extensible, responsiveness, maintainability, and deployment quickly emerged as stumbling blocks. The solution requires running thousands of concurrent ML models to consume and sort ingested data. Prior to adopting Google Cloud, Strise.ai had to manually deploy 10 services to different machines, each with different requirements, dependencies, and configurations.

This created two related problems for developers: the complexity of managing physical resources and the lack of convenient scaling. "Not only was it expensive, but also hard to maintain," says Marit. "Developers spent a considerable portion of their time manually operating, monitoring, and maintaining the system."

Automating the AI pipe

An obvious approach for Strise.ai was outsourcing as much infrastructure and administration as possible to the cloud. "After having burned through the free credits of the Google Cloud trial program, our minds were made up," says Marit.

Explains Patrick, "Our initial reason for choosing Google Cloud over AWS and Azure was the superior support for Apache Spark through Dataproc . Managing and running Spark jobs went from being a constant struggle with high costs of operations to becoming automatically managed and scalable."

Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) and Dataproc were crucial to Strise.ai's successful revamping. Dataproc, which helps launch and tear down clusters supported by Compute Engine VMs on the fly to meet processing loads, enables the team to stay focused on analytics, not IT. The Google Kubernetes Engine container environment also further accelerates system deployment as well as greatly streamlines Strise.ai IT administration.

"We re-architected the system so we could have everything automatically deployed, managed, and monitored in Google Cloud," explains Patrick. The solution's content processors, ML services, and APIs are conveniently contained in stateless microservices running in Kubernetes . Strise.ai runs its data ingestion (millions of articles a day) through Cloud Storage and the messaging queues use Pub/Sub.

When analyzing all of those blogs, news articles, reports, and social media posts and constantly adding new sources, the system's ability to scale is paramount. From the Strise.ai redesign around GKE, a horizontally scalable system emerged. By using autoscale features enabled by Google Cloud, Strise.ai could triple or even quadruple its processing power within minutes. And Google Cloud is proving agile all around for the startup, saving money by down-scaling cloud resources when traffic drops.

An example is Strise.ai's self-hosted NLP service based on state-of-the-art natural language frameworks. While the frameworks are optimized for batch processing multiple documents, GKE helps Strise.ai serve them through a low-latency single-document API. When experiencing an increase in load, the solution scales the number of workers, deployed as pods on Kubernetes, until demand is met.

All of Strise.ai's code is hosted on GitHub and automatically deployed in the Kubernetes environment by Jenkins using Helm, a package manager for Kubernetes. Because Google Cloud has also enabled the team to develop a system that can be managed easily via the internet, they have more flexibility to deal with any issue at any time. "Deploying a new service from concept to production can usually be done within an hour," says Patrick. "It's so easy that team members have sometimes deployed a critical bug fix from public transportation or the occasional bar."

In addition to the Google Cloud benefits already noted by Strise.ai's developers, the company found other advantages to operating on Google Cloud and a containerized platform: greater freedom to experiment. It became easier to explore alternate setups and run environments with new features because these could be reverted quickly and reliably. "Our intellectual property is continuously expanding largely because Google Cloud makes experimenting easy," says Marit.

"You could say that Google Cloud has become our operations department, and that's been like adding two full-time developers to our team."

More focus on IP

One of the biggest takeaways going from barebones computers to a more supported and comprehensive environment built on Google Cloud is that developers can spend practically all their time writing code. And that gives the team more time to create solutions and get them to market sooner.

"The ability to spin up dozens of machines with the click of a button has made it possible to test and deploy ML and big data analytical services in a matter of minutes, which previously could have taken hours or days," explains Marit.

Developing and delivering services has become so manageable that Strise.ai does not even have an operations department. "With Google Kubernetes Engine and powerful templating tools in Helm, DevOps has been reduced to modifying YAML files, pushing them to GitHub, and watching it build and deploy on the Jenkins monitor at our office," says Patrick. "You could say that Google Cloud has become our operations department, and that's been like adding two full-time developers to our team."

Contributors to this story

Marit Rødevand : Strise.ai CEO and Co-founder. Second-time founder. Co-founded Rendra, a construction SaaS company acquired by JDMT. Marit founded Strise.ai while working as entrepreneur-in-residence at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), where she earned her MSc in Engineering Cybernetics and Entrepreneurship.

Patrick Skjennum : Strise.ai CTO and Co-founder. Patrick earned his MSc in Computer Science from NTNU, with a focus on multilingual news article classification using embedded words.

• The Google Cloud Startup Program enables any startup to get set up quickly and easily through mentorship, training, and free credits.

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Finland training & development plan

AI has been extensively discussed in Finland. The University of Helsinki and Reaktor launched a free and public course to educate 1% of the Finnish population on AI by the end of this year. They have challenged companies to train employees on AI during 2018 and many member companies of the Technology Industries of Finland association (e.g. Nokia, Kone, F-Secure) have joined and support the programme. More than 90,000 people have enrolled in these courses.

SAP – Training for boosting people’s AI skills

SAP has made available various Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) both for internal and external users, with goals ranging from basic knowledge/awareness building, for example programmes and courses on ‘Enterprise Machine Learning in a Nutshell’ (see: https://open.sap.com/courses/ml1-1 ), as well as more advanced skills, for instance on deep learning (see: https://open.sap.com/courses/ml2 ). Two-thirds of SAP’s own machine learning (ML) team is made up of people who already worked for SAP in non-ML roles and then acquired the necessary ML knowledge and skills on the job.

SAP – Addressing bias & ensuring diversity

SAP created a formal internal and diverse AI Ethics & Society Steering Committee. The committee is creating and enforcing a set of guiding principles for SAP to address the ethical and societal challenges of AI. It is comprised of senior leaders from across the entire organisation such as Human resources, Legal, Sustainability and AI Research departments. This interdisciplinary membership helps ensuring diversity of thought when considering how to address concerns around AI, e.g. those related to bias.

AI itself can also help increase diversity in the workplace and eliminate biases. SAP uses, offers and continues to develop AI powered HR services that eliminate biases in the application process. For example, SAP’s “Bias Language Checker” (see:  https://news.sap.com/2017/10/sap-introduces-intelligent-hr-solution-to-help-businesses-eliminate-bias/ ) helps HR identifying areas where the wording of a Job Description lacks inclusivity and may deter a prospective applicant from submitting their application.

Who can be held liable for damages caused by autonomous systems?

AI and robotics have raised some questions regarding liability. Take for example the scenario of an ‘autonomous’ or AI-driven robot moving through a factory. Another robot surprisingly crosses its way and our robot draws aside to prevent collision. However, by this manoeuvre the robot injures a person. Who can be held liable for damages caused by autonomous systems? The manufacturer using the robots, one or both or the robot manufacturers or one of the companies that programmed the software of the robots?

Existing approaches would likely already provide a good approach. For example, owner’s liability, as with motor vehicles, could be introduced for autonomous systems (whereas ‘owner’ means the person using or having used the system for its purposes). The injured party should be able to file a claim for personal or property damages applying strict liability standards against the owner of the autonomous system.

Sony – Neural Network Libraries available in open source 

Sony has made available in open source its “Neural Network Libraries” which serve as framework for creating deep learning programmes for AI. Software engineers and designers can use these core libraries free of charge to develop deep learning programmes and incorporate them into their products and services. This shift to open source is also intended to enable the development community to further build on the core libraries’ programmes.

Deep learning refers to a form of machine learning that uses neural networks modelled after the human brain. By making the switch to deep learning-based machine learning, the past few years have seen a rapid improvement in image and voice recognition technologies, even outperforming humans in certain areas. Compared to conventional forms of machine learning, deep learning is especially notable for its high versatility, with applications covering a wide variety of fields besides image and voice recognition, including machine translation, signal processing and robotics. As proposals are made to expand the scope of deep learning to fields where machine learning has not been traditionally used, there has been an accompanying surge in the number of deep learning developers.

Neural network design is very important for deep learning programme development. Programmers construct the neural network best suited to the task at hand, such as image or voice recognition, and load it into a product or service after optimising the network’s performance through a series of trials. The software contained in these core libraries efficiently facilitates all the above-mentioned development processes.

Cisco – Reinventing the network & making security foundational

Cisco is reinventing networking with the network intuitive. Cisco employs machine learning (ML) to analyse huge amounts of network data and understand anomalies as well as optimal network configurations. Ultimately, Cisco will enable an intent-based, self-driving and selfhealing network. The network will redirect traffic on its own and heal itself from internal shocks, such as device malfunctions, and external shocks, such as cyberattacks.

To simplify wide area network (WAN) deployments and improve performance, ML software observes configuration, telemetry and traffic patterns and recommends optimisation and security measures via a centralised management application. Machine learning plays a role in analysing network data to identify activity indicative of threats such as ransomware, cryptomining and advanced persistent threats within encrypted traffic flows.

Moreover, to help safeguard organisations in a constantly changing threat landscape, Cisco is using AI and ML to support comprehensive, automated, coordinated responses between various security components. For businesses in a multi-cloud environment, cloud access is secured by leveraging machine intelligence to uncover malicious domains, IPs, and URLs before they are even used in attacks. Once a malicious agent is discovered on one network, it is blacklisted across all customer networks. Machine learning is also used to detect anomalies in IT environments in order to safeguard the use of SaaS applications by adaptively learning user behaviour. Infrastructure-as-a-Service instances as well are safeguarded by using machine learning to discover advanced threats and malicious communications.

Intel – AI for cardiology treatment

Precision medicine for cancers requires the delivery of individually-adapted medical care based on the genetic characteristics of each patient. The last decade witnessed the development of high-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing, which paved their way in the field of oncology. While the cost of these technologies decreases, we are facing an exponential increase in the amount of data produced. In order to open the access to more and more patients to precision medicine-based therapies, healthcare providers have to rationalise both their data production and utilisation and this requires the implementation of the cuttingedge technology of high-performance computing and artificial intelligence.

Before taking a therapeutic decision based on the genome interpretation of a cancer, the physician can be presented with an overwhelming number of genes variants. In order to identify key actionable variants that can be targeted by treatments, the physician needs tools to sift through this large volume of variants. While the use of AI in genome interpretation is still nascent, it is growing rapidly as acting filter to dramatically reduce the number of variants, providing invaluable help to the physician. The mastering of high-performance computing methods on modern hardware infrastructure is becoming a key factor of the cancer genome interpretation process while being efficient, cost-effective and adjustable over time.

The pioneer collaboration initiated between the Curie Institute Bioinformatics platform and Intel aims at answering those challenges by defining a leading model in France and Europe. This collaboration will grant Institute Curie access to Intel experts for defining highperformance computing and artificial intelligence infrastructure and ensuring its optimisation in order to implement the Intel Genomics ecosystem partner solutions and best practices, for example the Broad Institute for Cancer Genomics pipeline optimisation. Also anticipated is the development of additional tailored tools needed to integrate and analyse heterogeneous biomedical data.

MSD – AI for healthcare professionals

MSD has launched, as part of its MSD Salute programme in Italy, a chatbot for physicians, powered by AI and machine learning. It has already achieved a large uptake with healthcare professionals in Italy. The programme’s sector of focus is immune-oncology.

From the MSD prospective, physicians are digital consumers looking for relevant information for their professional activity. Some key factors like the increase of media availability, mobile devices penetration and the decrease of time available, are resulting in a reduction of time spent navigating and searching on the web. Therefore users (and physicians with their pragmatic approach) read what they see and do not navigate as much but just ‘read and go’. This means that there is an urgent need to access content quickly, easily and efficiently.

The chatbot is developed in partnership with Facebook and runs on their Messenger app framework. As an easy and practical tool, it helps to establish a conversational relationship between the users. The MSD Italy ChatBot service is available only for registered physicians. Integration with Siri and other voice recognition systems is also worked on, to improve the human experience during the interaction with the chatbot. This initiative is a key item in MSD Italy’s digital strategy which focuses on new channels and touch-points with healthcare professionals, leveraging on new technologies.

Philips – AI in clinics and hospitals

With the clinical introduction of digital pathology, pioneered by Philips, it has become possible to implement more efficient pathology diagnostic workflows. This can help pathologists to streamline diagnostic processes, connect a team, even remotely, to enhance competencies and maximise use of resources, unify patient data for informed decision-making, and gain new insights by turning data into knowledge. Philips is working with PathAI to build deep learning applications. By analysing massive pathology data sets, we are developing algorithms aimed at supporting the detection of specific types of cancer and that inform treatment decisions.

Further, AI and machine learning for adaptive intelligence can also support quick action to address patient needs at the bedside. Manual patient health audits used to be timeconsuming, putting a strain on general ward staff. Nurses need to juggle a range of responsibilities: from quality of care to compliance with hospital standards. Information about the patient’s health was scattered across various records, making it even harder for nurses to focus their attention and take the right actions. Philips monitoring and notification systems assist nurses to detect a patient’s deterioration much quicker. All patient vital signs are automatically captured in one place to provide an Early Warning Score (EWS).

Microsoft – Machine learning for tumour detection and genome research

Microsoft’s Project InnerEye developed machine learning techniques for the automatic delineation of tumours as well as healthy anatomy in 3D radiological images. This technology helps to enable fast radiotherapy planning and precise surgery planning and navigation. Project InnerEye builds upon many years of research in computer vision and machine learning. The software learned how to mark organs and tumours up by training on a robust data set of images for patients that had been seen by experienced consultants.

The current process of marking organs and tumours on radiological images is done by medical practitioners and is very time consuming and expensive. Further, the process is a bottleneck to treatment – the tumour and healthy tissues must be delineated before treatment can begin. The InnerEye technology performs this task much more quickly than when done by hand by clinicians, reducing burdens on personnel and speeding up treatment.

The technology, however, does not replace the expertise of medical practitioners; it is designed to assist them and reduce the time needed for the task. The delineation provided by the technology is designed to be readily refined and adjusted by expert clinicians until completely satisfied with the results. Doctors maintain full control of the results at all times.

Further, Microsoft has partnered with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and DNANexus to develop a genomics platform that provides a database to enable researchers to identify how genomes differ. Researchers can inspect the data by disease, publication, gene mutation and also upload and test their own data using the bioinformatics tools. Researchers can progress their projects much faster and more cost-efficiently because the data and analysis run in the cloud, powered by rapid computing capabilities that do not require downloading anything.

Siemens – AI for Industry, Power Grids and Rail Systems

Siemens has been using smart boxes to bring older motors and transmissions into the digital age. These boxes contain sensors and communication interfaces for data transfer. By analysing the data, AI systems can draw conclusions regarding a machine’s condition and detect irregularities in order to make predictive maintenance possible.

AI is used also beyond industrial settings, for example to improve the reliability of power grids by making them smarter and providing the devices that control and monitor electrical networks with AI. This enables the devices to classify and localise disruptions in the grid. A special feature of this system is that the associated calculations are not performed centrally at a data centre, but de-centrally between the interlinked protection devices.

In cooperation with Deutsche Bahn, Siemens is running a pilot project for the predictive maintenance and repair of high-speed trains. Data analysts and software recognise patterns and trends from the vehicles’ operating data. Moreover, AI helps build optimised control centres for switch towers. From the billions of possible hardware configurations for a switch tower, the software selects options that fulfil all the requirements, including those regarding reliable operation.

Schneider Electric – AI for industry applications

Schneider Electric has used AI and machine learning in various sectors. In the oil and gas industry for example, machine learning is steering the operation of Realift rod pump control to monitor and configure pump settings and operations remotely, sending personnel onsite only when necessary for repair or maintenance – when Realift indicates that something has gone wrong. Anomalies in temperature and pressure, for instance, can flag potential problems, even issues brewing a mile below the surface. Intelligence edge devices can run analytics locally without having to tap the cloud — a huge deal for expensive, remote assets such as oil pumps.

To enable this solution an AI model is previously trained to recognise correct pump operation and also different types of failures a pump can experience, the AI model is deployed on a gateway at oil field for each pump and is fed with data collected at each pump stroke. Then, it outputs a prediction regarding the pump state. As we mimic the expert diagnostics, predictions can be easily validated, explained and interpreted.

Schneider Electric – Improving agriculture and farming with AI

Another example is in the agriculture sector, where Schneider Electric has proposed an AI solution for Waterforce, an irrigation solutions builder and water management company in New Zealand. Schneider Electric’ solution makes water use more efficient and effective in water use, saving up to 50% in energy costs, and provides remote monitoring capabilities that reduce the time farmers have to spend driving to inspect assets. The solution is able to collect data, from the weather forecast, pressure of pumps, temperatures, level of water, humidity of the ground, cleaning and selecting quality data, and preparing the data, in order to propose services such as fault diagnosis, performance benchmarking, recommendation and advise on operations.

AI and machine learning therefore represent a new way for humans and machines to work together – to learn about predictive tendencies and to solve complex problems. In the above examples, the challenges presented today in managing a process that requires tight control of temperatures, pressures, and liquid flows is quite complex and prone to error. Many variables need to be factored in to achieve a successful outcome – and the quality of the data that trains the AI algorithms could deliver very different results that the human brain should anyhow interpreted and guide. With the support of AI to make better operational decisions, critical factors such as safety, security, efficiency, productivity, and even profitability can be optimised in conjunction between machine/process and operator. This way, the training and combined skills from AI and expertise are a key success factor to deliver those values to Industry.

Canon – Application of automation in the office environment

Canon’s digital mailroom solution has been at the forefront of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) since it was first launched. A digital mailroom allows all incoming mail to be automatically captured, identified, validated and sent with relevant index data to the right systems or people. RPA technology is centred on removing the mundane to make lives easier. In the P2P world, RPA automates labour-intensive activities that require accessing multiple systems or that need to be audited for compliance.

Canon believes the next step in automation is the intelligent mailroom. The key challenge of the future will be the integration of digital and paper-based information into robust, effective and efficient processes. This means that organisations need more intelligent, digital mailroom solutions that enable data capture across every channel. One example of intelligent mailroom is the Multichannel Advanced Capture. This allows banks to enable customers to apply for an account minimising the amount of paper and using a mobile-friendly web page capturing the core details required. Automated checks on customers’ ID and credit history are made first. If all initial checks are valid, a second human check can be made. The bank is then presented with all the information required to make an informed decision on the application to open the bank account, based on applicable business rules as well as on (automatically) gathered historical business process knowledge.

SAS – Crowdsourcing and analysing data for endangered wildlife

The WildTrack Footprint Identification Technique (FIT) is a tool developed in partnership with SAS for non-invasive monitoring of endangered species through digital images of footprints. Measurements from these images are analysed by customised mathematical models that help to identify the species, individual, sex and age-class. AI could add the ability to adapt through progressive learning algorithms and tell an even more complete story.

Ordinary people would not necessarily be able to dart a rhino, but they can take an image of a footprint. WildTrack therefore has data coming in from everywhere. As this represents too much information to manage manually AI can automate repetitive learning through data, performing frequent, high-volume, computerised tasks reliably and without fatigue.

SAS – Using AI for real-time sports analytics

AI can also be used to analyse sports and football data. For example, SciSports models on-field movements using machine learning algorithms, which by nature improve on performing a task as they gain more experience. It works by automatically assigning a value to each action, such as a corner kick. Over time, these values change based on their success rate. A goal, for example, has a high value, but a contributing action – which may have previously had a low value – can become more valuable as the platform masters the game.

AI and machine learning will play an important role in the future of SciSports and football analytics in general. Existing mathematical models shape existing knowledge and insights in football, while AI and machine learning will make it possible to discover new connections that people would not make themselves.

Various other tools such as SAS Event Stream Processing and SAS Viya can then be utilised for real-time image recognition, with deep learning models, to distinguish between players, referees and the ball. The ability to deploy deep learning models in memory onto cameras and then do the inferencing in real time is cutting-edge science.

Google & TNO – AI for data analysis on traffic safety

TNO is one of the partners of InDeV, an international collaboration of researchers which was created to develop new ways of measuring traffic safety. Statistics about traffic safety were unreliable, insufficiently detailed, and hard to collect. Researchers often resort to filming busy intersections and manually reviewing the recording. This a time-intensive and expensive process. A single intersection needs to be monitored for three weeks with two cameras to create an estimation of its safety, adding up to six weeks of footage, which can take six weeks of work to analyse. Typically, less than one percent of the recorded material is actually of interest to researchers. The job of TNO is to apply machine learning to video of accident-prone hot spots to rate intersections on a scale according to their safety. With TNO’s neural network based on TensorFlow, researchers report that it takes only one hour to review footage that would previously have taken a week to inspect.

Princeton Dialogues on AI and Ethics

Princeton University

Case Studies

Princeton Dialogues on AI and Ethics Case Studies

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and their deployment in society gives rise to ethical dilemmas and hard questions. By situating ethical considerations in terms of real-world scenarios, case studies facilitate in-depth and multi-faceted explorations of complex philosophical questions about what is right, good and feasible. Case studies provide a useful jumping-off point for considering the various moral and practical trade-offs inherent in the study of practical ethics.

Case Study PDFs : The Princeton Dialogues on AI and Ethics has released six long-format case studies exploring issues at the intersection of AI, ethics and society. Three additional case studies are scheduled for release in spring 2019.

Methodology : The Princeton Dialogues on AI and Ethics case studies are unique in their adherence to five guiding principles: 1) empirical foundations, 2) broad accessibility, 3) interactiveness, 4) multiple viewpoints and 5) depth over brevity.

3 lessons from IBM on designing responsible, ethical AI

AI technology will affect all of human society - so it's crucial to put the work in to get it right. Image:  Gerd Altmann / Pixabay

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Stay up to date:, artificial intelligence.

• IBM is well underway on its mission to develop and advance ethical AI technology.
• A new report , co-authored by the World Economic Forum and the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, details these efforts.
• Here are its main lessons for other organizations in this space.

Over the past two years, the World Economic Forum has been working with a multi-stakeholder group to advance ethics in technology under a project titled Responsible Use of Technology . This group has identified a need to highlight and share best practices in the responsible design, development, deployment and use of technology. To this end, we have embarked on publishing a series of case studies that feature organizations that have made meaningful contributions and progress in technology ethics. Earlier this year, we began this series with a deep dive into Microsoft’s approach to responsible innovation .

In the second edition of this series, we focus on IBM’s journey towards ethical AI technology. The insights from this effort are detailed in a report titled Responsible Use of Technology: The IBM Case Study , which is jointly authored by the World Economic Forum and the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University. Below are the key lessons learned from our research, along with a brief overview of IBM's historical journey towards ethical technology.

1. Trusting your employees to think and act ethically

When Francesca Rossi joined IBM in 2015 with the mandate to work on AI ethics, she convened 40 colleagues to explore this topic. The work of this group of employees set in motion a critical chapter of IBM’s ethical AI technology journey.

Initially, the group researched and published a paper titled Learning to trust AI systems , in which the company makes a set of commitments to advance its understanding and to put into effect the ethical development of AI. One of these commitments is to establish an internal 'AI ethics board', to discuss, advise and guide the ethical development and deployment of AI systems. With the leadership of Dr. Rossi and IBM’s chief privacy officer Christina Montgomery, this board is responsible for governing the company’s technology ethics efforts globally. However, a centralized ethics governance board is insufficient to oversee more than 345,000 employees working in over 175 countries. All employees are being trained in the 'ethics by design' methodology, and it is also a mandate for all of IBM's business units to adopt this methodology. The AI ethics board relies on a group of employees called 'focal points', who have official roles to support their business units on issues related to ethics.

There is also a network of employee volunteers called the 'advocacy network', which promote the culture of ethical, responsible, and trustworthy technology. Empowering employees is an important part of making technology ethics work at IBM.

2. Operationalizing values and principles on AI ethics

To operationalize ethics in an organizational setting, there must first be commitments made to values. To this end, IBM developed a set of 'principles and pillars' to direct its research and business towards supporting key values in AI. Implementation of these principles and pillars led to the development of technical toolkits so that ethics could penetrate to the level of code; IBM Research created five open-source toolkits, freely available to anyone:

1. AI Explainability 360: eight algorithms for making machine learning models more explainable

2. AI Fairness 360: a set of 70 fairness metrics and 10 bias-mitigation algorithms

3. Adversarial Robustness Toolbox: a large set of tools for overcoming an array of adversarial attacks on machine learning models.

4. AI FactSheets 360: to make AI models transparent, factsheets collect data about the model in one place; this includes examples of FactSheets as well as a methodology for creating them.

5. Uncertainty Quantification 360: a set of tools to test how reliable AI predictions are, which helps to place boundaries on model confidence.

Any organization can make principles or other ethical commitments, but they have to be operationalized to become a reality. These toolkits help IBM fulfill its own ethical commitments, and by making them open-source IBM hopes to help other tech companies, and the machine learning community more broadly.

3. Aiming for broad impact on AI ethics

IBM recognizes that it is not separate from the tech industry or the world. Its actions will affect the reputation of the industry – and vice versa – and, ultimately, the entire tech industry together will affect human society. All this is to say that the stakes are high, so it is worth putting in the effort to get it right.

One of the ways that IBM has been attempting to promote the broad positive impact of technology has been through partnerships with educational and research organizations and multistakeholder organizations.

Within education, in 2011 IBM launched P-TECH, a programme that promotes career-applicable skill-building for high school students while working with an IBM mentor. Eventually, they can participate in paid summer internships at IBM and enroll in an associate’s degree programme at no cost.

At the university level, IBM has several partnerships with schools, such as the Notre Dame - IBM Tech Ethics Lab , to support underrepresented communities in STEM subjects and their teachers, and to improve relevant curricula. By teaming up with research organizations, IBM is helping to train the next generation of technology professionals and creates communications channels, between academia and industry, which include promoting the discussion of ethical concerns from both sides.

IBM is a founding member of several multistakeholders organizations, including the Partnership on AI to Benefit People and Society (2017) and the Vatican’s 'Rome Call for AI Ethics' (2020). IBM also works on many World Economic Forum initiatives related to AI ethics, including the Global Future Council on AI for Humanity, the Global AI Council, and the Global AI Action Alliance.

Besides these institutional partnerships, individual IBM employees are also involved in the IEEE’s Ethics in Action Initiative, the Future of Life Institute, the AAAI/ACM AI, Ethics, and Society conference, and the ITU AI for Good Global Summit.

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IBM finds it worth its time and money to support these many initiatives for at least three reasons. First, IBM is committed to educating people and society about how technology and AI work. A better-educated society and especially better educated decision-makers are capable of making better decisions regarding the future role of AI in society.

Second, IBM wants to gather input from society about the ways AI is affecting the world. In this way, IBM can be more responsive towards the social impact of AI and act more quickly to prevent or react to harms. This helps to make sure that AI is truly delivering on its promise as a beneficial technology.

Third, IBM and its employees are committed to developing, deploying and using AI to benefit the world. By making sure that society is educated about AI and that tech companies know about the immediate impacts of AI on society, AI will be more likely to be directed towards good uses.

More and more people are taking a longer look at ethics and responsible innovation – and in many cases, they and their organizations are making these ideas an integral part of their corporate culture. All of these efforts contribute to making AI a better – and therefore more trustworthy – technology.

Looking ahead

Although IBM’s size and scale allow it to invest significant resources in these important areas, the lessons learned from IBM’s journey around the ethical use of AI technology are relevant to any organization. As companies evolve and grow, it is unfeasible for leaders to oversee every aspect of their business. Leaders must trust and empower their employees to make ethical decisions. Leaders need to provide the principles, guidelines, training, tools and support that will enable their employees to feel empowered and ready to handle ethical issues. Lastly, the overall purpose of responsible technology is to deliver positive impacts to society. The scale and scope of the impacts will vary by organization, but the goal towards improving the state of society should be consistent.

As more organizations share their experiences in adopting ethical technology practices, there is an opportunity to investigate the similarities and differences in their approaches. Over time, there might be ways to measure their successes and failures, while analyzing the paths that led them to such outcomes. This effort is in the hope that more organizations can learn from the experiences of others so that everyone is adopting methods and tools for the responsible use of technology.

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License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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Generative AI is unlocking new research tools for bold scientific discoveries. We sort through the hype and take a deep dive into some practical examples of groundbreaking research enabled by generative AI such as small molecular inhibitors for treating infectious disease and the discovery of new materials for energy storage. As researchers reduce the discovery time from years to months, how are they ensuring that safe and responsible practices are used to instill public trust in the process?

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3 Use Cases For Case Studies

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The Case Study Generator can be a valuable asset for marketing teams looking to showcase their success stories and client testimonials. By using this tool, marketing teams can easily create compelling case studies that highlight the company's achievements, problem-solving strategies, and the positive outcomes for clients. Generate visually appealing case studies that can be shared across various marketing channels to attract potential customers and build credibility in the industry. Streamline the process of creating impactful case studies and leverage them to drive lead generation and conversions.

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Case Study FAQs

What are the key elements to consider when creating a compelling case study for sales.

Key elements to consider when creating a compelling case study for sales include highlighting the customer's challenge or pain point, detailing the solution provided by your product or service, showcasing measurable results or benefits achieved, incorporating direct quotes or testimonials from the customer, and making it visually engaging with graphs, images, and a clear narrative structure.

Where can I find successful examples of sales case studies to learn from?

You can find successful examples of sales case studies to learn from on company websites, industry publications, business school resources, and marketing research websites.

How can a well-crafted case study improve my sales performance?

A well-crafted case study can improve your sales performance by showcasing real-life success stories of satisfied customers who have benefited from your product or service. This provides social proof, builds credibility, addresses common objections, and helps potential customers visualize the benefits and outcomes they can expect, ultimately leading to increased trust, confidence, and conversion rates.

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Case Study Generator

Unlock the power of our case study creator tool—Generate compelling case studies effortlessly with our creator and captivate your audience. With just a few clicks, our smart technology helps you understand data, find trends, and make insightful reports, making your experience better and improving your SEO strategy.

What is a Case Study

A case study is like a detailed story that looks closely at a particular situation, person, or event, especially in the business world. It's a way to understand how things work in real life and learn valuable lessons. For instance, if a business wanted to figure out how another one became successful, they might study that business as a case study.

Let's say there's a small company that started selling handmade products online and became successful. A case study about this business could explain the challenges they faced, the strategies they used to grow, and the results they achieved. By reading this case study, other businesses could learn useful tips and apply them to their situations to improve and succeed.

7 Tips For Writing Great Case Studies

• Pick a Familiar Topic: Choose a client or project that your audience can relate to. This makes it easier for them to see how your solutions might work for their situations.
• Clear Structure: Start with a concise introduction that sets the stage for the case study. Clearly outline the problem, solution, and results to make your case study easy to follow.
• Engaging Storytelling: Turn your case study into a compelling narrative. Use real-world examples, anecdotes, and quotes to make it relatable and interesting for your audience.
• Focus on the Problem: Clearly define the problem or challenge your case study addresses. This helps readers understand the context and sets the foundation for the solution.
• Highlight Solutions: Showcase the strategies or solutions implemented to overcome the problem. Provide details about the process, tools used, and any unique approaches that contributed to the success.
• Optimize for SEO: By incorporating your case study into a blog post using a blog post generator, you enhance its visibility and reach. This, in turn, improves the search engine rankings of your blog post, attracting more organic traffic.
• Quantify Results: Use data and metrics to quantify the impact of your solutions. Whether it's increased revenue, improved efficiency, or customer satisfaction, concrete results add credibility and demonstrate the value of your case study.

What is a Case Study Creator

A free case study generator is a tool or system designed to automatically create detailed case studies. It typically uses predefined templates and may incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) to generate comprehensive analyses of specific situations, events, or individuals.

This tool streamlines the process of crafting informative case studies by extracting key details, analyzing data, and presenting the information in a structured format.

Case study generators are valuable for businesses, students, or professionals seeking to efficiently produce well-organized and insightful case studies without the need for extensive manual effort.

Benefits of Using Case Study Generator

In today's competitive landscape, showcasing your product or service successes is vital. While case studies offer a compelling way to do this, starting from scratch can be time-consuming. That's where case study generators step in, providing a robust solution to streamline the process and unlock various advantages.

• Easy and Quick: A case study generator makes it simple to create detailed studies without spending a lot of time. It's a fast and efficient way to compile information.
• Accessible Online: As an online case study generator, you can use it from anywhere with an internet connection. No need for installations or downloads.
• Free of Cost: Many case study creators are free to use, eliminating the need for any financial investment. This makes it budget-friendly for businesses or individuals.
• AI-Powered Insights: Some generators use AI (artificial intelligence) to analyze data and provide valuable insights. This adds depth and accuracy to your case studies.
• Save Time and Effort: Generate a polished case study in minutes, automating tasks like data analysis and content creation. This frees up your time to focus on other aspects of your business.
• Enhance Quality and Consistency: Case study creators offer templates and AI-powered suggestions, ensuring your studies are well-structured and visually appealing. Consistent quality strengthens your brand image.
• Improve Brand Awareness and Credibility: Sharing case studies on your platforms increases brand awareness and builds trust. Positive impacts on others establish you as a credible provider.
• Boost Lead Generation and Sales: Compelling case studies build trust and showcase your value, attracting leads and converting them into customers, ultimately boosting your sales.
• Increase Customer Engagement and Loyalty: Case studies provide insights into your company, fostering deeper connections, increasing engagement, and promoting long-term loyalty.
• Improve Your Writing Skills: Free AI Case study generators act as learning tools, offering guidance on structure, content, and storytelling. Studying generated drafts refines your writing skills for crafting impactful case studies in the future.

How AI Case Study Generator Works

An online case study generator works by leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms to analyze and synthesize information, creating comprehensive case studies. Here's a simplified explanation of its functioning:

Data Input:

Algorithm analysis:, content generation:, language processing:, who needs a case study creator.

Anyone looking to create informative and detailed case studies can benefit from using an online case study generator. This tool is useful for

Businesses:

Professionals:, individuals:, marketing professionals:, researchers:, why opt for our case study creator.

Are you on the lookout for a top-notch case study generator that combines outstanding features with user-friendliness, all at no cost and without the need for registration? Your search ends here. Our AI-driven case study generator is the ideal solution for you. Here's why you should choose our tool:

Craft Case Study in 50+ Languages:

Incorporate keywords in case study:, user-friendly interface:, 100% free, no registration:, 20+ diverse tones for versatile styles:, how much does your case study creator cost, do i need any writing experience to use a case study generator, what types of case studies can i create with a case study creator, what are some common mistakes people make when creating case studies.

• Not focusing on the benefits to the reader.
• Not using data and results to support their claims.
• Not telling a compelling story.
• Not using visuals effectively.
• Not promoting their case study.

Can I customize the generated case study?

Is the generated content unique.

AI Case Study Creator That Brings Stories to Life

Easily create impressive interactive case studies that increase lead engagement and conversion rates.

Used by professional marketing teams at:

Professional case study templates built for storytelling

Simply grab a template and let our AI case study generator✨ bring it to life for you:

How our AI case study generator works

Generate your case study with ai.

Simply type in what you need and let Storydoc do the magic for you!

Edit and bring it to perfection

Let our magic assistant help you through the process
with automatic slide copy and design.

Turbo-charge with integrations

Easily connect your CRM, calendar, and other tools
to move from static PDFs to actionable case studies.

Send. Track. Convert. Track customer engagement and conversion in real-time Generate your case study with AI

Send. track. convert..

Track customer engagement and conversion in real-time

Their case studies are getting attention

“Storydoc gives us the power and flexibility to design case studies and other pieces of content ourselves, even with our limited design experience ."

“With our most recent Storydocs, we're like, ‘Oh my goodness, It brought it to life like we do when we present it , but without the person even being there!’”

" Storydoc sets me apart from my competitors .  My goal is for my business to be memorable and Storydoc allows me to showcase the colors of my business in the best possible way."

A business case studies tool you can trust

Turn your case studies into an engagement tool.

Switch from static PDFs and webpages to interactive case studies created with modern marketing needs in mind.

Stop killing engagement

Readers strongly dislike PDF content . Replace your static case studies with interactive multimedia stories users love and remember.

Grant yourself content superpowers with AI

Easily design amazing interactive case studies by yourself faster than ever, guided by AI. No coding, no design skills needed.

Don’t lose your mobile readers

32% of case studies are opened on mobile  - your storydocs won’t fail to impress on mobile or any other device.

Convert users directly from your case studies

Enable readers to easily take the next step directly from your case studies with smart CTAs like a form, calendar, or live chat.

Wanna know if your case studies are working?

Get real-time analytics on everything . Reading time, scroll depth, conversions, shares, and more.

Make personalized case studies for ABM

Easily personalize prospecting case studies . Add the prospect's name and title with dynamic variables and instantantly apply their branding.

Your readers want a story , not a case study

Give'em what they want, give'em a Storydoc.

Everything that you should know about Storydoc

What is the Storydoc case study creator?

This AI case study generator lets you to intuitively design and write engaging interactive stories that captivate prospects. No coding or design skills needed.

The Storydoc case study designer offers a broad array of interactive slides for startups and new business concepts. These can be quickly and easily customized to align with your vision and requirements.

Storydoc frees you from outdated PPT slide methods, offering instead a scroll-based, web-friendly, mobile-optimized experience, complete with performance analytics.

Is the Storydoc AI case study generator safe?

Absolutely, the Storydoc AI case study creation app is secure and reliable. Your personal information is well-protected and encrypted.

We prioritize your data security, adhering to stringent security policies and best practices. Don't just take our word for it; companies like Meta, Pepsi, and Xerox trust us enough to use Storydoc daily.

For more information see  Our Story page ,  Terms and Conditions , and  Privacy Policy .

Why Storydoc is more than just another AI case study creator?

Storydoc is more than a tool for creating presentations. Instant AI case studies are useful, but they can become repetitive.

Sure, you can create your content faster, but does it truly stand out? Will it be effective? Probably not.

The issue often lies in the traditional PowerPoint design, whether AI-assisted or not. Storydoc takes a different approach.

We create case study experiences that truly engage decision-makers, featuring scrollitelling, multimedia, and in-document navigation.

Check out these examples .

What’s so great about AI-generated case studies?

An AI-generated case study can save you hours, even days, of effort for your startup. However, if you're using an AI PPT case study tool, you're saving time but potentially missing impact.

No one enjoys PowerPoints, even those created with AI. No AI PowerPoint case study tool can deliver a presentation that truly makes a difference. But Storydoc can. Our AI helps you create stories that generate interest and revenue.

Is Storydoc a free case study designer?

The Storydoc AI case study generator enables you to create content faster and more effectively than doing it solo.

Transform your presentations from ordinary to extraordinary in no time. Storydoc offers a 14-day free trial.

Try it out and see if it suits your needs. Based on hundreds of thousands of presentation sessions, we're confident that prospective clients will appreciate it.

Every interactive case study you create during your trial is yours to keep forever, at no cost!

For learning about our paid plans see our  Pricing .

Can I trust Storydoc with my data?

You can trust Storydoc to keep your personal information and business data safe.

The Storydoc app is safe and secure thanks to an encrypted connection . We process your data in accordance with very strict policies.

For more information, see Terms and Conditions , and Privacy Policy .

What's the best way to get started?

The easiest way to start is to visit our Case study templates page , pick a template you like, provide a few details, and see the magic happen - how Storydoc generates a presentation from scratch with your branding, content structure, visuals, and all.

Inside the presentation maker app, you can switch between templates, adjust your design with drag and drop interface, find ready-made slides for any use case, and generate text and images with the help of our AI assistant.

How do I send or share Storydoc case studies?

Storydocs function like web pages; each case study you create has a unique link for easy sending and tracking.

Once your Storydoc is complete, just hit publish. Published presentations are instantly viewable in any browser.

To share your presentation, simply click the Share button and copy the link. Viewers will experience an interactive webpage, far more engaging than a static PowerPoint or PDF.

Can I print Storydoc case studies?

Yes, but currently, this service is only available to our Pro and Enterprise customers. However, this feature will soon be accessible to all Storydoc users directly from the editor.

Keep in mind, a printed Storydoc loses its interactive elements, which are key to its high engagement and charm.

What integrations does Storydoc offer?

All the essential ones! Storydocs provide full content integrations: Calendly, Loom, YouTube, Typeform, and more, all of which can be added to your Storydoc presentation. But we offer much more than the basics.

With Storydoc, you can embed lead-capturing forms, your own live chat, advanced dashboards, in-page payments, and e-signatures.

Learn more on our Integrations page .

Are Storydocs mobile-friendly?

Yes! Storydoc is optimized for flawless mobile performance . No matter the divide or OS your case studies is opened on, the design will be perfect.

Check out similar Storydoc tools

Create your best case study to date

Stop losing opportunities to ineffective case studies. Your new winning case study is one click away!

The Coca-Cola Company and Microsoft announce five-year strategic partnership to accelerate cloud and generative AI initiatives

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Editor’s note – April 23, 2024 – The quotation from Judson Althoff was updated following initial publication.

ATLANTA and REDMOND, Wash . — April 23, 2024 — Microsoft Corp. and The Coca-Cola Company on Tuesday announced a five-year strategic partnership to align Coca-Cola’s core technology strategy systemwide; enable the adoption of leading-edge technology; and foster innovation and productivity globally.

As part of the partnership, Coca-Cola has made a $1.1 billion commitment to the Microsoft Cloud and its generative AI capabilities. The collaboration underscores Coca-Cola’s ongoing technology transformation, underpinned by the Microsoft Cloud as Coca-Cola’s globally preferred and strategic cloud and AI platform.

Through the partnership, the companies will jointly experiment with groundbreaking new technology like Azure OpenAI Service to develop innovative generative AI use cases across various business functions. This includes testing how Copilot for Microsoft 365 could help improve workplace productivity.

“Through our long-term partnership, we have made significant progress to accelerate system-wide AI Transformation across The Coca-Cola Company and its network of independent bottlers worldwide,” said Judson Althoff, executive vice president and chief commercial officer at Microsoft. “We are proud to support Coca-Cola as it continues to embrace the era of AI and looks to solutions like Azure OpenAI Service and Copilot for Microsoft 365 to drive innovation across every area of its business.”

Coca-Cola has migrated all its applications to Microsoft Azure, with most major independent bottling partners following suit. As a pioneer in AI adoption, Coca-Cola has been innovating with generative AI for nearly a year and has already leveraged Azure OpenAI Service to reimagine everything from marketing to manufacturing and supply chain and beyond. The company is currently exploring the use of generative AI-powered digital assistants on Azure OpenAI Service to help employees improve customer experiences, streamline operations, foster innovation, gain a competitive advantage, boost efficiency and uncover new growth opportunities.

“This new agreement builds on the success of Coca-Cola’s partnership strategy with Microsoft, showing our commitment to ongoing digital transformation,” said John Murphy, president and chief financial officer of The Coca-Cola Company. “Our partnership with Microsoft has grown exponentially, from the $250 million agreement we initially announced in 2020 to $1.1 billion today.”

The agreement reflects a significant step in advancing Coca-Cola’s digital transformation, focused on providing expanded access to Microsoft’s cloud and AI platforms — as well as solutions such as Microsoft 365, Power BI, Dynamics 365, Defender and Fabric — to enhance efficiency and scalability while fostering innovation across the system.

“Our expanded partnership with Microsoft is an important next chapter in Coca-Cola’s journey toward a digital-first enterprise powered by emerging technologies,” said Neeraj Tolmare, senior vice president and global chief information officer for The Coca-Cola Company. “Microsoft’s capabilities help accelerate our adoption of AI to create incremental enterprise value.”

About The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is a total beverage company with products sold in more than 200 countries and territories. Our company’s purpose is to refresh the world and make a difference. We sell multiple billion-dollar brands across several beverage categories worldwide. Our portfolio of sparkling soft drink brands includes Coca-Cola, Sprite and Fanta. Our water, sports, coffee and tea brands include Dasani, Smartwater, Vitaminwater, Topo Chico, BODYARMOR, Powerade, Costa, Georgia, Gold Peak and Ayataka. Our juice, value-added dairy and plant-based beverage brands include Minute Maid, Simply, innocent, Del Valle, fairlife and AdeS. We’re constantly transforming our portfolio, from reducing sugar in our drinks to bringing innovative new products to market. We seek to positively impact people’s lives, communities and the planet through water replenishment, packaging recycling, sustainable sourcing practices and carbon emissions reductions across our value chain. Together with our bottling partners, we employ more than 700,000 people, helping bring economic opportunity to local communities worldwide. Learn more at  www.coca-colacompany.com  and follow us on Instagram , Facebook and LinkedIn .

About Microsoft

Microsoft (Nasdaq “MSFT” @microsoft) enables digital transformation for the era of an intelligent cloud and an intelligent edge. Its mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more.

For more information, press only:

Microsoft Media Relations, WE Communications for Microsoft, (425) 638-7777, [email protected]

The Coca-Cola Company, Scott Leith, [email protected]

Note to editors: For more information, news and perspectives from Microsoft, please visit Microsoft Source at  http://news.microsoft.com/source . Web links, telephone numbers and titles were correct at time of publication but may have changed. For additional assistance, journalists and analysts may contact Microsoft’s Rapid Response Team or other appropriate contacts listed at  https://news.microsoft.com/microsoft-public-relations-contacts .

Related Posts

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Microsoft earnings press release available on Investor Relations website

Microsoft Cloud strength fuels third quarter results

Cognizant and Microsoft announce global partnership to expand adoption of generative AI in the enterprise, and drive industry transformation

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Case Study Generator

Craft a detailed case study utilizing the given details to captivate and optimize for SEO.

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A Case Study Generator is a powerful tool designed to automatically create detailed case studies with the help of AI writing assistance. It plays a crucial role in showcasing business successes, attracting new clients, and establishing credibility within the industry.

With the rise of AI technology, creating case studies has been completely transformed. Now, it's possible to generate customized, top-notch case studies quickly and easily with the help of AI.

Junia AI 's Case Study Generator offers an innovative solution that elevates your storytelling efforts and sets you apart from the competition.

How Does Junia AI's Case Study Generator Work?

Junia AI's Case Study Generator is different because of how it creates case studies automatically. It uses smart AI algorithms to help with writing, making sure that the case studies created are of high quality and tailored to specific needs. The platform also has templates that can be customized, which helps in making the case study look good and organized.

• Advanced AI writing assistance algorithms
• Customizable templates

This combination of features makes it easy to create visually appealing and cohesive case study presentations.

Streamlining the Creation Process

The main goal of Junia AI's Case Study Generator is to make the process of creating case studies faster and more efficient. With this tool, users don't have to start from scratch or spend hours writing each section. Instead, they can input their information and let the AI do the rest.

• Tailored to user's needs and branding

Generating Compelling Narratives

One of the key strengths of Junia AI's Case Study Generator is its ability to generate compelling narratives based on data and content provided. The advanced algorithms analyze the information given and turn it into a story that engages readers.

• Analyzes data and content
• Creates compelling narratives

Ensuring Consistency and Coherence

Another advantage of using Junia AI's Case Study Generator is that it maintains consistency and coherence throughout the case study. This means that all sections flow well together and there are no abrupt changes in tone or style.

• Maintains consistency
• Ensures coherence

By combining these three elements - streamlined creation process, compelling narratives, and consistency/coherence - Junia AI's Case Study Generator helps businesses create effective case studies that showcase their success stories in a clear and persuasive manner.

Diverse Distribution Opportunities with Junia AI's Case Study Generator

Versatile distribution formats.

Junia AI's Case Study Generator offers a wide range of options for sharing your case studies, including:

• PDFs : Perfect for presentations or downloadable resources.
• Website integration : Seamlessly embed your case studies on your website for easy access by publishing your case study to your CMS systems, such as WordPress or Shopify .

Benefits of Using Blog Posts

One effective way to showcase the case studies you create with Junia AI is through blog posts . Here's why:

• Maximum reach : Blog posts have the potential to reach a large audience, helping you get your message out to more people.
• SEO advantages : By optimizing your blog posts with relevant keywords and links, you can improve your search engine rankings and attract organic traffic.

Easy Link Sharing for Collaboration

Junia AI understands the importance of collaboration and client presentations. That's why they've made it simple to share your case studies with others:

• Convenient link sharing : Generate unique links for each case study, making it easy to send them to clients or colleagues.
• Real-time updates : Any changes you make to the case study will automatically be reflected in the shared link, ensuring everyone is always viewing the latest version.

By utilizing these diverse distribution options, businesses can effectively showcase their case studies, reach a wider audience, and drive meaningful engagement.

Using a Case Study Generator can greatly enhance your storytelling efforts and establish credibility in your industry. The automation and AI technology offered by platforms like Junia AI's Case Study Generator can streamline the process of creating high-quality and tailored case studies, saving you time and effort.

By using a Case Study Generator like Junia AI, you can:

• Unlock your creativity and deliver compelling narratives that captivate your audience.
• Optimize case study performance and drive user interaction and conversion with customizable templates, real-time engagement tracking, and smart CTAs.
• Showcase your expertise and build trust with your target audience through generating personalized narratives with dynamic variables and branding application supported by Junia AI.
• Ensure maximum reach and SEO benefits by distributing case studies in various formats such as PDFs, website integration and blog posts.
• Impress potential clients, drive customer engagement, and ultimately achieve business success.

So why not leverage this innovative solution to elevate your storytelling efforts and establish yourself as an industry leader?

Example outputs

Generate engaging case studies effortlessly with our Case Study Generator

How XYZ Company Increased Their Organic Traffic by 50%

XYZ Company is a leading provider of software solutions for small businesses. They had been struggling to increase their organic traffic despite having a well-designed website and regularly publishing blog posts.

After conducting an SEO audit, we identified several areas where XYZ Company could improve their search engine rankings. We recommended the following strategies:

• Conducting keyword research to identify high-value keywords that were relevant to their target audience
• Optimizing on-page elements such as title tags, meta descriptions, and header tags
• Improving site speed and mobile responsiveness
• Building high-quality backlinks from authoritative websites in their industry

Within six months of implementing our recommendations, XYZ Company saw a 50% increase in organic traffic. Their website now ranks on the first page of Google for several high-value keywords, driving more leads and sales to their business.

How ABC Agency Helped a Local Restaurant Increase Their Online Visibility

A local restaurant was struggling to attract new customers through their online presence. Despite having a website and social media profiles, they weren't getting much engagement or visibility.

We conducted a comprehensive digital marketing audit and found several opportunities to improve the restaurant's online visibility. Our strategy included the following tactics:

• Creating a content marketing plan to publish regular blog posts and social media updates
• Optimizing the restaurant's website for local search with targeted keywords and location-based landing pages
• Running paid advertising campaigns on Facebook and Instagram to reach new audiences
• Implementing email marketing campaigns to keep existing customers engaged and encourage repeat visits

Within three months of implementing our strategy, the restaurant saw a significant increase in online visibility and engagement. Their website traffic increased by 75%, and they saw a 50% increase in social media engagement. The restaurant also reported an increase in foot traffic, with many customers mentioning that they found the restaurant through their online presence.

How DEF Company Increased Their E-commerce Sales by 200%

DEF Company is an e-commerce retailer selling fashion accessories. They had been struggling to increase their sales despite having a wide range of products and competitive pricing.

We conducted a thorough analysis of DEF Company's website and identified several areas where they could improve their user experience and conversion rate. Our strategy included the following tactics:

• Conducting customer research to identify pain points and opportunities for improvement
• Redesigning the website to improve navigation and make it more visually appealing
• Implementing a mobile-responsive design to cater to the growing number of mobile shoppers
• Improving product descriptions and images to provide more information and enhance the shopping experience
• Running targeted advertising campaigns on Google AdWords and Facebook Ads

Within six months of implementing our recommendations, DEF Company saw a 200% increase in e-commerce sales. Their website now ranks on the first page of Google for several high-value keywords, driving more leads and sales to their business.

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Frequently asked questions

• How does Junia AI's Case Study Generator work? Junia AI's Case Study Generator is different because of how it streamlines the creation process, generates compelling narratives, ensures consistency and coherence, and offers diverse distribution opportunities with versatile formats. It uses advanced algorithms to automate the case study creation process, saving time and effort for users.
• What is the main goal of Junia AI's Case Study Generator? The main goal of Junia AI's Case Study Generator is to make the creation process more efficient and effective. By automating the generation of compelling narratives and ensuring consistency and coherence, it aims to provide users with a powerful tool for showcasing their success stories.
• What are the key strengths of Junia AI's Case Study Generator? One of the key strengths of Junia AI's Case Study Generator is its ability to generate compelling narratives that captivate audiences. By leveraging advanced algorithms, it can create engaging stories that effectively showcase the success of a product or service.
• What are the advantages of using Junia AI's Case Study Generator? Another advantage of using Junia AI's Case Study Generator is its ability to ensure consistency and coherence across all generated content. This helps maintain a unified brand voice and message, enhancing the overall impact of the case studies.
• What distribution opportunities does Junia AI's Case Study Generator offer? Junia AI's Case Study Generator offers diverse distribution opportunities with versatile formats. Users can easily share their case studies through various channels such as blogs, social media, websites, and more, reaching a wider audience and maximizing impact.
• How can I showcase the case studies created with Junia AI's Case Study Generator? One effective way to showcase the case studies you create with Junia AI's Case Study Generator is by using blog posts. This allows you to reach your target audience through a popular and widely accessible platform, maximizing the visibility of your success stories.
• Does Junia AI's Case Study Generator support collaboration and client sharing? Yes, Junia AI understands the importance of collaboration and client sharing. The Case Study Generator provides easy link sharing options, allowing seamless collaboration between team members and effortless sharing with clients for review and feedback.

AI Use Cases With Impact? Only With Deep Sector Expertise

The artificial intelligence (AI) revolution has been heralded as the most disruptive technological force since the digital age dawned. With generative AI (GenAI) models like ChatGPT and GPT4, Claude, and Gemini capturing global attention, businesses across sectors are scrambling to explore and harness these emerging capabilities.

However, amid the AI gold rush, a crucial truth is crystallizing – for organizations to truly innovate and drive transformative impact with AI, deep domain expertise and industry-specific knowledge about use cases are non-negotiable prerequisites. 

What Are GenAI Use Cases And How Do I Identify Them?

At their core, effective AI use cases are focused business initiatives that harness various technologies to achieve specific, measurable outcomes. They go beyond just implementing a single technology solution, instead centering on addressing core business needs or challenges through a strategic combination of tools and strategies. Critically, a use case is not simply a discrete offering like a chatbot or an isolated technology project. Rather, it’s a holistic approach that aligns technological capabilities with broader business objectives, enabling quantifiable results.

The most impactful use cases are driven by a clear understanding of organizational pain points and a vision for leveraging emerging technologies like GenAI to create innovative solutions. By identifying and pursuing well-defined use cases, businesses can unlock AI’s full potential while delivering tangible value.

GenAI use cases broadly fall into three principal categories : productivity, business function, and industry-specific.

Productivity use cases streamline work tasks like report summarization, job description generation, or code creation by integrating GenAI features into existing applications. Many derive value from pre-trained models.

Business function use cases involve integrating AI models with proprietary corporate data or specific departments/functions. Data governance is crucial, necessitating integration with established enterprise platforms. 

Industry use cases generally require extensive customization to offer significant value to larger enterprises. These specialized vertical applications entail tailored architectures and implementation efforts, leveraging unique data assets.

Preparing For AI Everywhere: The Great Data Grab

The “ Great Data Grab of 2024 ” underscores the urgency around the need for preparation. AI providers are aggressively expanding their data repositories and platform portfolios through acquisitions, partnerships, and arduous self-collection efforts. The goal? To amass as much raw training data as possible to feed increasingly powerful AI models spanning industries and use cases.

This explosive growth in data and AI assets presents a double-edged sword. The sheer abundance opens up tantalizing opportunities to experiment and push boundaries. Yet, it also manifests a bewildering sprawl of options that can just as easily lead businesses astray if not approached with laser-focused strategy and domain-specific expertise.

The stakes are rising exponentially. IDC’s industry predictions suggest that by 2025, a staggering 40% of all professional services engagements will involve GenAI-augmented delivery models in some capacity. This wholesale disruption to human-delivered services will upend long-established processes, roles, and competency models. Success in this new paradigm hinges on skillfully blending cutting-edge AI capabilities with nuanced, sector-specific wisdom.

The Four Pillars of Preparation : Skills , Cost, Innovation, Governance

As organizations attempt to construct compelling GenAI value propositions, four overarching pillars emerge as focal points – skills, costs, innovation, and governance. Mature AI proficiencies in areas like machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), data science, and cloud architecture are essential foundational elements.

Skills: Upskilling in core AI/ML disciplines like coding, model training, and data wrangling is now table stakes. But combining those horizontal proficiencies with rich, verticalized wisdom is what unlocks exponential value creation. A manufacturing AI wizard intimately versed in supply chain complexities and constraints will run circles around a generalist.

Cost: The underlying economics of productionizing and scaling advanced AI workloads at an enterprise level can be extremely complex and capital-intensive. Here, granular knowledge of industry-specific processes, inefficiencies, variable cost drivers and fluctuating demand signals is indispensable. Those insights ensure AI investments remain sustainable and tightly aligned with the pragmatic financial realities of a given business sector.

Innovation: AI is a potent catalyst for digital innovation, promising to streamline and augment development processes. But a relentless focus on measurable business results – not just shiny new tech for tech’s sake – must persist. Seasoned industry veterans skilled at mapping AI tools to specific sectoral pain points and KPIs help maintain this all-important outcomes-driven discipline.

Governance : Robust AI governance programs and rigorous data governance guardrails are no longer nice-to-have footnotes; they’re essential safeguards in an era of widespread AI adoption. Authoritative domain experts play a pivotal role in ensuring these frameworks holistically account for sector-specific risks, compliance requirements, ethical nuances, and regional regulatory variances from the outset.

Lest we forget, these escalating talent and policy demands are unfolding against a backdrop of continued infrastructure turbulence. Industry analysts forecast that well into 2025, enterprises will still be contending with degrees of uncertainty, cost volatility, and accessibility constraints surrounding the foundational compute, network and storage resources underpinning AI/ML workloads.

Navigating these intersecting infrastructure, skillset and governance complexities in pursuit of sustainable AI-driven innovation will require a depth of industry-specific intelligence. From evaluating build-vs-buy infrastructure options to right-sizing investments to mitigating sector-specific risks, vertical expertise is mission-critical.

Riding the AI Revolution: Essential Guidance

So as the AI revolution kicks into an even higher gear, here are some essential guideposts for businesses looking to leverage GenAI effectively:

Understand: Don’t treat AI as an isolated technological sphere. Immerse yourself in the unique cultural, operational, and financial dynamics, legacy constraints, customer/user pain points and market opportunities within your specific industry vertical. Your customers, employees and partners demand relevance and context, not generic AI solutions. 

Prioritize : Approach GenAI use case exploration through the lens of tangible, high-impact business outcomes. What are the most pressing strategic challenges specific to your domain? Prioritize accordingly, while carefully weighing factors like potential costs, risks, downstream adoption barriers and competitive implications. Provide crisp, industry-contextualized starting points and strategic roadmaps to chart the course.        

Establish: Certainly, it’s crucial to establish the right technical foundations like data-centric platforms, cost-effective AI infrastructure environments and robust API-driven integration frameworks. But recognize that these critical enablers must be purpose-built and customized to synchronize with the unique operating models, skills profiles and technology stacks present in each vertical. 

The AI age represents an era of incredible potential and opportunity. But it’s also one of unprecedented complexity – a reality that demands a sharp re-think of how companies acquire, nurture, and apply talent and domain expertise.

By treating specialized industry knowledge as a core competency on par with AI/ML capabilities themselves, businesses can firmly establish themselves as indispensable leaders driving the next waves of sectoral transformation.

After all, deep insight is the spark that will ultimately ignite an organization’s capacity to innovate. Generic AI will only get you so far. Expertise is what allows you to separate noise from signal and elevate AI into a tsunami of outcomes-driven impact.

International Data Corporation (IDC) is the premier global provider of market intelligence, advisory services, and events for the information technology, telecommunications, and consumer technology markets. With more than 1,200 analysts worldwide, IDC offers global, regional, and local expertise on technology and industry opportunities and trends in over 110 countries. IDC's analysis and insight helps IT professionals, business executives, and the investment community to make fact-based technology decisions and to achieve their key business objectives.

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Case Study Generator

A “case study” is a research methodology that is widely used in a range of fields such as social sciences, education, business, and health. It involves an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event to explore the causes of underlying principles. The idea behind a case study is that the more you understand about an object, whether it’s a person or a phenomenon, the more we can understand about it in a broad sense.

A case study is generally a detailed study of the subject, where the subject can be a person, group, organization, event, issue, or any other entity. The research data is gathered from various sources like documents, observational records, interviews, psychological testing, or archival records.

A good case study is characterized by:

• A clear and concise title The title should clearly identify the focus or central issue of the case study.
• A thorough literature review This step helps to ground the study and establish a framework for interpretation.
• A well-defined subject or issue It should be clear what or whom the case study is about.
• Use of multiple sources of data This helps to provide a more comprehensive insight into the subject matter.
• Detailed description The case study should provide a rich narrative of the issue or case under study, providing the reader with a real sense of the subject’s experience.
• Thoughtful analysis and interpretation The researcher should be able to draw conclusions and make inferences from the data collected.
• Well-structured and clear writing The case study should be well-organized, easy to follow, and free of technical jargon.

Remember, the aim of a good case study is not just to describe, but to illuminate a situation, and reveal what would otherwise not be known. The most valuable case studies provide the reader with new insights or knowledge about the subject.

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Module 1: Introduction to AI Challenge Overview and Origin Name of Company - Nvidia Corporation When was the company incorporated? Founded on April 5, 1993 in Santa Clara, CA and incorported in Delaware Who are the founders of the company? Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem How did the idea of the company come about? > "In 1993, the three co-founders envisioned that the ideal trajectory for the forthcoming wave of computing would be in the realm of accelerated computing, specifically in graphics-based processing. This path was chosen due to its unique ability to tackle challenges that eluded general-purpose computing methods. They also observed that video games were simultaeneously one of the most computationally challenging problems and would have incredibly high sales volume." How is the company funded? How much funding have they received? > "With $40,000 in the bank, the company was born. The company susequently received $20M venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital and others. Nvidia went public on January 22, 1999." Business Activities What specific problem is the company trying to solve? > "Nvidia engineers the most advanced chips, systems, and software for the AI factories of the future." Who is the company's intended customer? Nvidia incorporates a platform strategy to grow in the Gaming, Professional Visualization, Datacenter, and Automotive markets. A potenial customer, for example, is Amazon through their > "Omniverse platform for industrial digilization, which enables industries grounded in physical processes to become software-defined and connect large, highly skilled teams." What solutions does this company offer that their competitors don't? Nvidia has pioneerd accelerated computing and digital twins. Which technologies are they currently using? >"Reinvenitng Modern Graphics - NVIDIA RTX taps into AI and ray tracing to deliver a whole new level of realism in graphics. This year, they introduced the next breakthrough in AI powered graphics: DLSS 3." Landscape What field is the company in? > "It is a software and fabless company which designs and supplies graphics processing units (GPUs), application programming interfaces, (APIs) for data science and high-performance computing as well as system on a chip units (SoCs) for the mobile computing and automotive market. Nvidia is also a dominant suppier of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware and software. Nvidia's professional line of GPUs are used for edge-to-cloud computing and in supercomputers and workstations for applications in such fields as architecture, engineering and construction, media and entertainment, automotive, scientific research and manufacturing design." What have been the major trends and innovations of this field over the last 5 or 10 years? > "In May 2018, researchers at the artificial intelligence department of Nvidia realized the possibility that a robot can learn to perform a job simply by oberserving the person doing the jobs." What are the other major companies in this field? Broadcom, Taiwan Seimiconductor Manufacturing, Alphabest, Apple, Microsfot and Meta Platforms. How is your company performing relative to competitors in the same field? > "Limited success outside its core business: Despite the high quality of its procducts, NVIDIA's efforts to expand into new markets have yielded limited access so far. The company faces intense competition in the semiconductor market from AMD and Intel. Further, NVIDIA faces increasing pressure form consumer demands for improved user experiences at lower costs. To remain commpetiive in the future, NVIDIA will need to find ways to maximize return on investment and produce cost-effective products for different market segments." Recommendations If you were to advise the company, what prodcuts or services would you suggest they offer? > "Opportunities - Growing AI and Cloud Computing Markets - The cloud computing and AI markets are expected to experience robust growth in the next five years, driven largely by digital transforamtion initiatives. The increasing penetration of these technologies in a diverse range of applicaitons will provide several growth opporutnities with NVIDIA. The company can leverage its expertise in developing GPUs for AI and ML, attracing new customers such as Alibaba and Amazon." RESOURCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia https://businesschronicler.com/competitors/nvidia-competitors-analysis/ https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/NVDA/competitors-and-alternatives/ https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/about-nvidia/#About%20Us

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Backtesting a Trading Strategy in Python With Datalore and AI Assistant

Over lunch the other day, a friend mentioned his brother, a professional asset manager, swears by a simple mean reversion trading strategy. His strategy consists of buying the 10 biggest losers in the stock market each day and selling them at the close of the following trading session. I asked him if he knew which index or exchange his brother used to pick his losers from, and he told me that he wasn’t certain. As a curious casual investor, I decided to put this strategy to the test using historical data and backtest the trading strategy with Python. 

Disclaimer: This article is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended to serve as personal financial advice.

What you will learn from this backtesting tutorial

In this article, I’ll walk through the process of backtesting a daily Dow Jones mean reversion strategy using Python in Datalore notebooks . To make it accessible even for those with limited coding experience, I’ll leverage Datalore’s AI Assistant capabilities. I’ll also show how intuitive prompts can be used to create the key components of the backtest, and demonstrate Datalore’s interactive charting and reporting features to effectively analyze and share the backtest results. 

To make things more challenging for myself (and easier for you), I won’t write a single line of code myself. Every line of code in this tutorial will be generated by AI as shown below:

Still, building a comprehensive backtesting system does require significant Python expertise. But for those who don’t yet possess strong Python skills, this is where Datalore’s AI code assistance comes in. With Datalore you can:

• Generate the needed code from natural language prompts, putting backtesting in reach for Python beginners.
• Leverage a cloud-hosted Jupyter environment, eliminating the need to manage your own setup.
• Create interactive, self-documenting reports to share methodology and results with stakeholders.

If you have experience with Python, you can access the example notebook of the implemented backtesting strategy here .

Open Datalore Notebook

Understanding the basics of backtesting

Before diving into the specific strategy we’re exploring in this article, let’s take a moment to understand what backtesting is and why it’s a critical tool for any trader or investor looking to validate their trading strategies using historical data.

Backtesting is a process by which traders simulate a trading strategy on past data to see how it would have performed. This method allows traders to evaluate and refine their strategies before applying them in real market conditions. By backtesting a strategy, one can get insights into its potential profitability, risk, and other performance metrics, without risking actual capital.

The concept is based on the assumption that historical market behavior can provide insights into future market movements. While not foolproof, backtesting offers a way to statistically analyze the likelihood of a strategy’s success based on past performance.

The mean reversion strategy: a case study in backtesting

The specific trading strategy we will backtest in this article is based on the principle of mean reversion. This financial theory suggests that asset prices and returns eventually revert back to their long-term mean or average level. Our strategy involves:

• Identifying the 10 biggest losers : At the close of each trading day, we identify the 10 stocks within the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) that have declined the most in percentage terms from the previous day.
• Executing trades : We then purchase an equal dollar value of each of these 10 stocks and hold them until the close of the following trading day, at which point we sell all positions. Immediately afterward, we repeat the process by purchasing the 10 biggest losers of that day.
• Performance evaluation : To assess the viability of this strategy, we compare its performance to that of the DJIA itself, providing an “apples-to-apples” comparison to see if our mean reversion strategy would have outperformed the broader stock market over time.

The DJIA, a stock market index that tracks 30 large, publicly-owned companies trading on the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq, serves as our testing ground. By applying our strategy to the constituents of the DJIA, we aim to explore the potential of mean reversion in a real-world scenario.

To objectively evaluate this strategy, we’ll use 10 years of daily price data for all current DJIA constituents. Given the complexity of accurately modeling changes in the index’s composition over time, we’ll assume that the DJIA’s constituents have remained unchanged over the past 10 years. In our evaluation, we’ll calculate common performance metrics, including:

• Annualized return
• Annualized volatility
• Sharpe ratio
• Maximum drawdown

In the sections that follow, we’ll dive deeper into the process of implementing this strategy, from retrieving historical price data to calculating performance metrics, all with the help of Python and the Datalore AI assistant.

Retrieving historical Dow Jones stock prices 

Here’s a concise prompt you could provide to the Datalore AI to retrieve the constituents of the DJIA and their historical returns:

The following code was produced by the AI using this prompt to effectively complete the task:

Implementing the mean reversion strategy

Now that we have the historical price data for the DJIA constituents, we can proceed with implementing the mean reversion strategy. The steps involved are as follows:

• Calculate the daily returns for each stock.
• Identify the 10 stocks with the lowest returns (biggest losers) for each trading day.
• Simulate buying an equal amount of each of these 10 stocks at the close of the trading day.
• Simulate selling all 10 positions at the close of the following trading day.
• Repeat this process for the entire 10-year period.

Step 1: Calculate daily returns

To begin implementing the mean reversion strategy, we first need to calculate the daily returns for each stock in our data_filled DataFrame.

We can use the following prompt to generate the code for this step:

The AI generates the following code:

Step 2: Identify biggest losers

Next, we will identify the 10 stocks with the lowest returns (biggest losers) for each trading day.

Step 3: Simulate trades

Now, we will simulate buying an equal amount of each of the 10 biggest losers at the close of each trading day and selling all positions at the close of the following trading day. We’ll assume an initial capital of $100,000.

Step 4: Calculate performance metrics

Finally, we will calculate the strategy’s annualized return, annualized volatility, Sharpe ratio (assuming a risk-free rate of 0), and maximum drawdown.

Step 5: Compare with the Dow Jones index

To determine if our mean reversion strategy outperformed the market, we’ll compare its Sharpe ratio with that of the DJIA. We’ll use the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Trust (DIA) as a proxy for the Dow Jones. The point here is to find out if betting on the losers of the Dow Jones, rather than the Dow Jones itself, is a more profitable strategy in hindsight.

Step 6: Compare our mean reversion strategy’s performance to that of the Dow Jones ETF

To better understand the performance of our mean reversion strategy compared to investing in the Dow Jones, we will visualize the annual returns, standard deviations, and Sharpe ratios of both strategies. Let’s break down these metrics and why they are relevant to this analysis:

• Annualized return: The average annual return of an investment. It allows for easy comparison of returns across different time frames and investments. We compare the annualized returns of our strategy and the Dow Jones ETF to see which generated higher returns on average.
• Annualized volatility: A measure of the dispersion of returns around the average return. Higher volatility indicates greater risk. Comparing the annualized volatility of our strategy and the Dow Jones ETF shows which had more stable returns.
• Sharpe ratio: A risk-adjusted performance measure comparing excess return to volatility. It reveals whether returns are due to smart decisions or excessive risk. A higher Sharpe ratio indicates better risk-adjusted returns. We compare the Sharpe ratios to determine which offered better returns relative to risk.

Examining these metrics side by side provides insights into the risk-return characteristics of our strategy and the Dow Jones ETF, allowing us to assess whether our strategy can outperform the market on a risk-adjusted basis.

Backtesting results:

The results of our analysis show that the mean reversion strategy outperformed the Dow Jones ETF in terms of both annualized returns and risk-adjusted returns. The mean reversion strategy generated higher annual returns while also achieving a higher Sharpe ratio, indicating that it provided better returns relative to the risk taken compared to the Dow Jones ETF.

Step 7: Visualize portfolio growth

To better understand the performance of our mean reversion strategy compared to investing in the Dow Jones, let’s visualize the growth of a hypothetical $100,000 portfolio over time for both strategies.

When we run the code, we get the following output:

The visualization of the portfolio growth over time provides a clear and compelling illustration of the superior performance of our mean reversion strategy compared to investing in the Dow Jones ETF. Starting with an initial investment of $100,000, the mean reversion strategy’s portfolio value grew to over $350,000 by the end of the 10-year period, demonstrating a significant return on investment.

In contrast, the portfolio value of the Dow Jones ETF, represented by the DIA, only reached a level below $300,000 over the same time frame. This stark difference in portfolio growth highlights the potential of the mean reversion strategy to outperform the broader market, as represented by the DJIA.

The divergence in portfolio values between the two strategies is particularly evident in the later years of the analysis, where the mean reversion strategy’s portfolio continues to climb at a faster rate compared to the Dow Jones ETF. This observation underscores the mean reversion strategy’s ability to capitalize on short-term overreactions in the market and generate superior returns over the long run.

However, it is essential to note that past performance does not guarantee future results. While historical analysis suggests that the mean reversion strategy has outperformed the Dow Jones ETF, it is crucial for investors to consider their own risk tolerance, financial objectives, and conduct thorough research before making any investment decisions.

Fine-tuning and optimization

While our mean reversion strategy has demonstrated impressive performance compared to the Dow Jones ETF, there are several areas where the analysis could be further refined and optimized:

• Lookback period: In this analysis, we identified the 10 biggest losers based on a single day’s returns. Experimenting with different lookback periods, such as using the average returns over the past 3, 5, or 10 days, could potentially improve the strategy’s performance by filtering out noise and focusing on more significant trends.
• Portfolio rebalancing: Our current strategy equally distributes capital among the 10 biggest losers. Exploring different portfolio weighting schemes , such as weighting stocks based on the magnitude of their losses or their market capitalization, could potentially enhance the strategy’s returns and risk management.
• Risk management: Implementing risk management techniques, such as setting stop-loss orders or dynamically adjusting position sizes based on market volatility, could help mitigate potential drawdowns and improve the strategy’s risk-adjusted returns.
• Transaction costs: Our analysis assumes no transaction costs. Incorporating realistic transaction costs, such as commissions and slippage, would provide a more accurate picture of the strategy’s net performance and help identify potential areas for optimization.
• Utilizing a Python backtesting library: While we implemented the mean reversion strategy from scratch, utilizing a Python backtesting library could streamline the process and provide additional features. Popular python backtesting libraries include Backtrader , which offers a simple and intuitive interface, and Zipline , which provides a comprehensive set of tools for complex strategies. These libraries differ in terms of performance, ease of use, and community support, so it’s essential to evaluate them based on the specific requirements of the backtesting project.
• Data cleaning with Datalore’s interactive tables: Instead of relying on AI to write the correct error handling code, we could leverage Datalore’s interactive tables for data cleaning tasks, such as dropping duplicates and columns. Datalore’s interactive tables make data cleaning easy and intuitive, allowing users to quickly identify and remove duplicates or unnecessary columns with just a few clicks. This feature streamlines the data preparation process and ensures that the data used for backtesting is clean and reliable.

By exploring these areas for fine-tuning and optimization, investors and analysts can further refine the mean reversion strategy and potentially unlock even greater performance potential. However, it’s essential to approach these optimizations with caution and thoroughly backtest any modifications to ensure they are robust and effective across different market conditions.

In conclusion, our exploration of a simple mean reversion strategy using the Dow Jones Industrial Average constituents has yielded compelling results. By leveraging the power of Python and the AI-assisted capabilities of Datalore notebooks, we were able to efficiently backtest the strategy and compare its performance with the broader market.

The results of our analysis demonstrate that the mean reversion strategy, which involves buying the 10 biggest losers in the Dow Jones Index each day and selling them at the close of the following trading day, outperformed the Dow Jones ETF in terms of both annualized returns and risk-adjusted returns. The visualization of the hypothetical portfolio’s growth over time further reinforces the potential of this strategy to generate superior returns compared to simply investing in the market index. 

However, it is crucial to emphasize that past performance does not guarantee future results, and investors should always consider their individual risk tolerance and financial goals before implementing any investment strategy. Nonetheless, this exercise serves as a powerful demonstration of how Python, coupled with AI-assisted tools like Datalore, can empower investors and analysts to test and refine trading strategies, ultimately leading to more informed and data-driven investment decisions.

If you would like to see an executive summary of the report in Datalore, you can visit this link .

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