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Steps in Research

Research mindset, keyword & subject searching, limits or filters, evaluate information.

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Follow these steps.

Keep an open mind. You may need to refine your topic, ask new questions, and repeat steps as you go along.

Identify and define your topic. Put your research topic into a question such as, "What is the debate surrounding vaccination refusal?" Now you can identify the main concepts and keywords, including alternate terms, for your topic.

Background reading will deepen your understanding and vocabulary around the topic, which will help you identify search terms and develop an effective research question. Subject encyclopedias (in print or in Credo Reference)   are excellent resources. 

Use ArcherSearch or the library catalog to find books . 

Use ArcherSearch or individual databases to find articles from magazines, journals and newspapers . Choose appropriate databases for your topic.

Search for credible website resources. Try the librarian-recommended websites on this guide.

Always evaluate what you find. Consider timeliness, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose.

Cite your sources . Citing gives proper credit to the authors of materials you use and allows your professors to verify your conclusions. 

Develop a research mindset. Understand research as a process of asking questions and exploring. 

The quality of your research depends largely on the questions you ask. Practice asking a lot of them. Adopt the mindset of an explorer or investigator. What qualities and characteristics do successful explorers and investigators have?  Develop a plan; where will you start?  As you begin to explore, you will discover that research can be messy. Expect and welcome twists and turns, keep an open mind, and keep asking questions throughout the process. Use many different kinds of search tools and resources, and conduct many different kinds of searches. 

Research takes time and patience; it can also be fun and has value.

Developing your research skills will enable you to identify a problem, collect informational resources that can help address the problem, evaluate these resources for quality and relevance, and come up with an effective solution to a problem. Research skills develop critical thinking and equip you to write better research papers and craft better speeches. You will also improve problem solving skills required to tackle issues in your personal life and in the workplace. 

Keyword Searching

Keyword searching is used by internet search engines, databases, and the library catalog. Keep in mind that the search will find matches for specific words, not concepts. The default in the library catalog (and most databases) is find results that include every word in your search. Think of this as using AND between the words: 

• bacteria AND disease
• bacteria disease

The two searches above are the same, and will find all books in the library catalog that have both words in the description of the book. 

If you want to find a specific phrase, with the words next to each other in order, use double quotation marks around the phrase:

• "escherichia coli" 

You might want to broaden your search to include synonyms or other related words. To find either of two words or phrases, use OR between them:

• "escherichia coli" OR "e. coli"
• evolution (horse OR equine)

You can also use truncation to search for different forms of a word. The asterisk * is used in the library catalog and many databases for this. 

• evolution* OR evolv*
• (evolution* OR evolv*) and (horse* OR equine)

In the above searches, evolut*  will find the words evolution, evolutionary , etc. Evolv* will find evolve, evolves, evolving , etc. Horse* will find horse or horses .

When combining searches, use parentheses () around different parts of the search, as in the examples above. 

Subject Heading Searching

Think of subject headings as labels or tags that someone has used to identify the subject of a book or article. The subject headings are standardized so that only one term is used for a specific subject. You can search directly by subject, or click on a subject heading in the description of a book you find by keyword searching. Instead of a list of search results, you'll get a list of subject headings to choose from.  Here are a few examples:

• Animal Behavior
• Biodiversity
• Coral Reef Biology
• Developmental Biology
• Evolution (Biology)

Use the filters or limits to see just a subset of your search results. Depending on the tool you are using, search limits may show up in the left margin, at the top of the results, or below the search box. 

Date limits are especially useful to filter out older, outdated material. You can usually choose a preset limit such as "current 5 years," or set a custom range of publication dates. 

Scholarly/Peer-Reviewed Journals

This will limit to only journals that publish articles that have undergone a rigorous peer-review process. These are usually articles that report on a specific study, analysis, experiment, or other piece of the research. Some scholarly/peer-reviewed articles are systematic reviews  which survey a wide range of published peer-reviewed articles to give an overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic.

The Subject limit will help you narrow your results by subject terms. These are like tags or labels; they indicate that the book, article, or other source focuses on the subject of interest. Without this limit, you may find items that include your search words but are not about your topic. Keep in mind that different databases may use different subject terms.  

The Full-text limit is already applied for most searches. It is very useful to filter out articles where you only have access to a citation or a description of an article, not the full the full article. Unless you are required to find everything out there is published on a given subject, this limit should be applied every time you search. If you do find resources that are not full text but would be useful to you, STLCC Libraries may be able provide them. See the Borrowing from Other Libraries page for details and the form for requests. 

• Borrowing from Other Libraries

Evaluating the information you find, whether in print or digital format, is an essential aspect of doing research.

Learn to think critically about the source of information and the information within each source by using the Evaluate Your Sources guide. 

• Evaluate Your Sources STLCC Libraries
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Bio 1b research skills guides: all guides and tutorials, bio 1b library guides.

• Bio 1B Research Skills: Assignment Overview An overview of the Research Skills assignment, including information on drop-in sessions and links for help.
• Bio 1B Research Skills: Accessing the Assignment Instructions for accessing and completing the research skills assignment.
• Scientific publication types
• Primary research articles
• Literature reviews
• Peer review
• Using a database (BIOSIS Previews) to search for scientific journal articles by topic
• Finding literature reviews
• Finding primary research articles
• The elements of an article citation
• Examples of the citation style for the Bio 1B Library Assignment
• Article records in BIOSIS Previews
• Why citation is necessary: avoiding plagiarism
• Evaluating sources
• Answers to frequently asked questions about edX Edge and the Research Skills assignment.

For more help

• Last Updated: Feb 20, 2024 2:58 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/bio1bguides

Biology Research: Getting Started: Research Design/Methods

• Grant Proposals
• Research Design/Methods
• Finding Articles
• Writing & Citing
• Research Tips
• Background Information

Books on Research

• ISBN: 9781473907539

Experimental Design

Useful Resources

• Biological Procedures Online Biological Procedures Online, from BioMed Central, publishes articles that improve access to techniques and methods in the medical and biological sciences.
• Introduction to Designing Experiments A 7-part series from Films on Demand that includes how to design research, hypotheses, sampling, ethics and bias, and more.
• Exploring Qualitative Methods How to conduct research using qualitative data from Films on Demand.
• Organizing Quantitative Data Video from Films on Demand on using quantitative data.
• Statistics for Biologists This resource from Nature magazine offers guidance in using statistics in biology research

Health and Sciences Librarian

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• Last Updated: Feb 1, 2024 1:56 PM
• URL: https://libguides.jsu.edu/bioresearch

Empowering students to develop research skills

February 8, 2021

This post is republished from   Into Practice ,  a biweekly communication of Harvard’s  Office of the Vice Provost for Advances in Learning

Terence D. Capellini, Richard B Wolf Associate Professor of Human Evolutionary Biology, empowers students to grow as researchers in his Building the Human Body course through a comprehensive, course-long collaborative project that works to understand the changes in the genome that make the human skeleton unique. For instance, of the many types of projects, some focus on the genetic basis of why human beings walk on two legs. This integrative “Evo-Devo” project demands high levels of understanding of biology and genetics that students gain in the first half of class, which is then applied hands-on in the second half of class. Students work in teams of 2-3 to collect their own morphology data by measuring skeletons at the Harvard Museum of Natural History and leverage statistics to understand patterns in their data. They then collect and analyze DNA sequences from humans and other animals to identify the DNA changes that may encode morphology. Throughout this course, students go from sometimes having “limited experience in genetics and/or morphology” to conducting their own independent research. This project culminates in a team presentation and a final research paper.

The benefits: Students develop the methodological skills required to collect and analyze morphological data. Using the UCSC Genome browser  and other tools, students sharpen their analytical skills to visualize genomics data and pinpoint meaningful genetic changes. Conducting this work in teams means students develop collaborative skills that model academic biology labs outside class, and some student projects have contributed to published papers in the field. “Every year, I have one student, if not two, join my lab to work on projects developed from class to try to get them published.”

“The beauty of this class is that the students are asking a question that’s never been asked before and they’re actually collecting data to get at an answer.”

The challenges:  Capellini observes that the most common challenge faced by students in the course is when “they have a really terrific question they want to explore, but the necessary background information is simply lacking. It is simply amazing how little we do know about human development, despite its hundreds of years of study.” Sometimes, for instance, students want to learn about the evolution, development, and genetics of a certain body part, but it is still somewhat a mystery to the field. In these cases, the teaching team (including co-instructor Dr. Neil Roach) tries to find datasets that are maximally relevant to the questions the students want to explore. Capellini also notes that the work in his class is demanding and hard, just by the nature of the work, but students “always step up and perform” and the teaching team does their best to “make it fun” and ensure they nurture students’ curiosities and questions.

Takeaways and best practices

• Incorporate previous students’ work into the course. Capellini intentionally discusses findings from previous student groups in lectures. “They’re developing real findings and we share that when we explain the project for the next groups.” Capellini also invites students to share their own progress and findings as part of class discussion, which helps them participate as independent researchers and receive feedback from their peers.
• Assign groups intentionally.  Maintaining flexibility allows the teaching team to be more responsive to students’ various needs and interests. Capellini will often place graduate students by themselves to enhance their workload and give them training directly relevant to their future thesis work. Undergraduates are able to self-select into groups or can be assigned based on shared interests. “If two people are enthusiastic about examining the knee, for instance, we’ll match them together.”
• Consider using multiple types of assessments.  Capellini notes that exams and quizzes are administered in the first half of the course and scaffolded so that students can practice the skills they need to successfully apply course material in the final project. “Lots of the initial examples are hypothetical,” he explains, even grounded in fiction and pop culture references, “but [students] have to eventually apply the skills they learned in addressing the hypothetical example to their own real example and the data they generate” for the Evo-Devo project. This is coupled with a paper and a presentation treated like a conference talk.

Bottom line:  Capellini’s top advice for professors looking to help their own students grow as researchers is to ensure research projects are designed with intentionality and fully integrated into the syllabus. “You can’t simply tack it on at the end,” he underscores. “If you want this research project to be a substantive learning opportunity, it has to happen from Day 1.” That includes carving out time in class for students to work on it and make the connections they need to conduct research. “Listen to your students and learn about them personally” so you can tap into what they’re excited about. Have some fun in the course, and they’ll be motivated to do the work.

Biology: Research Skills

• Research Skills
• Branches of Biology
• Citing Sources This link opens in a new window

For more information or for help researching your topic, please make an appointment to meet with a librarian.  You can make an appointment here or by emailing [email protected] .  Research appointments can be conducted via Zoom or phone or in person. We are here to assist you with all your research needs, so please do not hesitate to ask. 

Choosing a Topic

• General Information

Moving from research assignment to thesis statement:

1. Area: Start with a general area of interest.  The assignment might dictate specific areas which can aid you in choosing your topic.

2. Subject: List subjects that fit within that area.

3. Topic: Select just one of the subjects to be the topic of your research.

4. Aspect: List different aspects of the topic.

5. Description: Choose the aspect of the topic that you want to explore further and formulate a description of your topic.

• Choosing a Topic For more information about how to choose a topic, check out this link to the Information Literacy Module - Choosing a Topic Tutorial.
• Video: How to Narrow Your Topic Do you have trouble selecting a topic for a research assignment? This video will outline the process to help you hone in on a compelling research topic with appropriate scope using strategies like strategic searching. You will also understand the importance of open mindedness and flexibility in the research process.

Search Strategies

• Search Techniques, Part 1 For more information check out this link to the Information Literacy Module Search Techniques, Part 1 Tutorial.
• Search Techniques Part 2 For more information check out this link to the Information Literacy Module Search Techniques, Part 2 Tutorial.

• Searching with Boolean Operators
• Basic Boolean Search Operators and Query Modifiers Explained

Identifying Keywords/Search Terms

• Choosing and Using Keywords For more information about choosing and using keywords, check out this link to the Information Literacy Module - Choosing and Using Keywords Tutorial.

• Top 10 Rules to Identify Keywords

Information Literacy @ Cairn

For more information on Research Skills, check out the Information Literacy Module.  Found on the Masland Library website or click on the link below. 

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MSU Libraries

Research guides.

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Health & Life Sciences Videos

• Health Sciences Videos
• Allied Health
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• Kinesiology
• Veterinary Medicine

Biology Research Skills Videos

Biology education and laboratory videos.

• Creating Stable Links to Health Sciences Videos

There are a number of laboratory procedure and skills videos available in  JoVE Science Education . These include general laboratory knowledge as well as subject specific information.

• General Laboratory Techniques This collection exhibits how to use standard pieces of laboratory equipment essential in many experiments.
• Lab Safety This collection provides safety guidelines to be followed when working with hazardous materials and equipment. It covers universal topics such as PPE, electrical safety, and general emergency guidelines, as well as some specific safety procedures for chemistry and biology laboratories.
• Lab Animal Research This collection is a comprehensive video guide for appropriate lab animal care and use. Since a majority of biomedical research is focused on studies involving rodents, it is critical that every scientist learns the essential procedures demonstrated in these videos.
• Basic Methods in Cellular and Molecular Biology This collection demonstrates how to execute basic techniques commonly used in cellular and molecular biology.
• Core: Biology Over 300 animated video lessons explaining key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos showing actual research experiments conducted in laboratories. Includes topics such as cellular processes, genetics, and more.
• Lab Manual: Biology Interactive, multimedia laboratory manual for introductory biology lab courses. Includes comprehensive videos on 32 major concepts in biology, along with instructor prep materials and student protocols.
• Basic Biology This collection includes videos demonstrating techniques for working with model organisms such as yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans, mouse, zebrafish, and chick.
• Advanced Biology Topics in this collection include neuroscience, developmental biology, genetics, cell biology, immunology, and microbiology.
• Biochemistry This collection presents commonly used purification methods, such as affinity chromatography, as well as analytical methods, like MALDI-TOF. In addition, the videos showcase methods for assessing biomolecule interaction and function, such as co-immunoprecipitation and metabolic labeling.
• Bioengineering This collection covers core bioengineering concepts, which include production of biomaterials, histotypic and whole organ tissue cultures, bioprocessing techniques, and the complex system-level fields of bioMEMs and biosensing.
• Biomedical Engineering This collection describes the central concepts in biomedical engineering with a focus on imaging techniques to visualize and detect medical conditions, methods to quantify biomechanical strain, and computational modeling to simulate blood flow.
• Environmental Microbiology This collection provides an introduction to microbial communities in the environment and their roles in ecosystems; and also explores common methods used to study environmental microbiology.
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Biology: Research Skills

Biology resources, research skills, google scholar.

• Gov't Sources
• Related Guides

• The Research Process
• Effective Search Skills
• Evaluating Sources

Google Scholar | Off-Campus Access

Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research.  It allows you to find articles, theses, abstracts, and court opinions. Articles for which we have paid access will have @ University of Lynchburg  linked in the margin.

When you are off-campus, Google Scholar will forget that we are your home library.  So, in order to keep finding University of Lynchburg resources, follow the steps below to set up your library links:

• Go to scholar.google.com
• Click the menu icon
• Select settings from the list
• Click on library links
• Search for Lynchburg
• Select the University of Lynchburg
• Writing Center
• Peer Academic Coaching
• Math Engagement Center

The Knight-Capron librarians offer one-on-one research appointments, both in-person and online, to help you with your research projects. Click the button below to schedule! 

Schedule Your Research Appointment

The Wilmer Writing Center assists student researchers with remedial to advanced levels of writing in all fields.  Remember that even professional athletes need coaches! 

Schedule Your Writing Center Appointment

PASS leaders conduct group tutoring sessions multiple times a week and provide drop-in hours to meet individually with any student who would like more assistance.

Check Out Pass Schedules

The Peer Academic Coaching (PAC) Program offers individual assistance to help you develop better organizational skills with course materials, study habits, and more. 

Schedule Your Peer Academic Coaching Appointment

The Math Engagement Center (MEC) offers tutoring, both in-person and online, for quantitative courses like Math and Statistics. 

Schedule Your MEC Appointment

Ask a Librarian

• Last Updated: Jan 4, 2024 11:15 AM
• URL: https://libraryguides.lynchburg.edu/biology

Top 12 Biologist Skills to Put on Your Resume

Crafting an impressive resume as a biologist requires showcasing a unique set of skills that highlight your expertise and adaptability in the field. This article outlines the top 12 skills you should include on your resume to stand out to potential employers and demonstrate your proficiency in both the scientific and practical aspects of biology.

Biologist Skills

• Bioinformatics
• Flow Cytometry
• Gel Electrophoresis
• R (Statistics)
• Python (Programming)
• NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)
• HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)
• Mass Spectrometry

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, enabling detailed analysis and study of genetic material.

Why It's Important

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is crucial in biology as it enables rapid, precise amplification of specific DNA sequences, facilitating genetic analysis, disease diagnosis, and research applications.

How to Improve PCR Skills

To enhance PCR performance, focus on the following strategies:

• Optimize Primer Design: Ensure primers are specific to your target sequence, have similar melting temperatures, and avoid secondary structures. Use tools like Primer3 for design.
• Adjust Magnesium Concentration: Magnesium ion concentration is crucial for Taq polymerase activity. Start with 1.5mM and adjust based on specificity and yield.
• Optimize Annealing Temperature: Use a gradient PCR to find the optimal annealing temperature for your primers. This step is critical for specificity.
• Template DNA Quality: Ensure the template DNA is pure and intact. Use quantification and quality assessment methods like UV spectrophotometry or gel electrophoresis.
• Hot-Start PCR: Use hot-start Taq polymerase to reduce non-specific amplification. This enzyme is activated only at higher temperatures.
• DMSO or Betaine: Add DMSO (1-10%) or Betaine (1M) to improve amplification of GC-rich regions or templates with secondary structures.
• Cycling Conditions: Tailor the number of cycles and extension times based on template amount and fragment size for optimal yield without over-amplification.

For more detailed guidance, refer to PCR optimization protocols from reliable sources such as NEB or Thermo Fisher Scientific.

How to Display PCR Skills on Your Resume

2. Microscopy

Microscopy is the technique used to visualize objects too small to be seen with the naked eye, employing microscopes to study the detailed structure of cells, tissues, and microorganisms, crucial for biological research and diagnostics.

Microscopy is crucial for biologists because it allows them to observe and analyze the structures, functions, and behaviors of cells, tissues, and microorganisms, which are fundamental for understanding life at a molecular and cellular level, leading to advancements in research, diagnostics, and treatments.

How to Improve Microscopy Skills

Improving microscopy for a biologist involves enhancing image resolution, contrast, and data processing capabilities. Here are concise strategies:

Enhancing Resolution: Utilize techniques like Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) or Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) to surpass the diffraction limit of light, allowing for finer detail visualization.

Improving Contrast: Implement methods such as Phase Contrast Microscopy or Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy to highlight features in transparent specimens without staining.

Advanced Fluorescence Techniques: Explore Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) for studying molecular interactions, or use Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy for examining cell surface interactions.

Automated Image Analysis: Leverage software like ImageJ for automated and quantitative analysis of microscopy data to increase accuracy and reduce manual workload.

Regular Maintenance and Calibration: Ensure microscopes are regularly maintained and calibrated for optimal performance, following manufacturer guidelines or consulting with specialists.

By integrating these strategies, biologists can significantly enhance the capabilities of their microscopy techniques, leading to more detailed and accurate observations.

How to Display Microscopy Skills on Your Resume

3. Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the application of computational tools and techniques to analyze and interpret biological data, such as DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, to understand biological processes and functions.

Bioinformatics is crucial for biologists as it enables the analysis, interpretation, and storage of vast amounts of biological data, such as DNA sequences and protein structures, facilitating breakthroughs in understanding biological processes, disease mechanisms, and in the development of new therapies.

How to Improve Bioinformatics Skills

Improving your bioinformatics skills involves a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Here's a concise guide:

Strengthen Foundational Knowledge : Understand the basics of molecular biology, genetics, and computational biology. NCBI Bookshelf is a valuable resource for foundational texts.

Learn Programming : Python and R are essential for data analysis in bioinformatics. Start with Python through Codecademy’s Python Course and R via DataCamp’s Introduction to R.

Master Bioinformatics Tools and Databases : Get familiar with tools like BLAST and databases such as GenBank. The NCBI Handbook provides a good start.

Practice on Real Datasets : Apply your skills on datasets from Kaggle and NCBI’s GEO .

Join a Community : Engage with the bioinformatics community through forums like BioStars and SEQanswers , to stay updated and seek help.

Continuous Learning : Bioinformatics is rapidly evolving. Keep learning through MOOCs like Coursera’s Bioinformatics Specialization .

Apply Knowledge in Projects : Implement what you've learned in small projects or contribute to open-source projects, which will also build your portfolio.

Focusing on these steps will enhance your bioinformatics skills effectively.

How to Display Bioinformatics Skills on Your Resume

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying soluble substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones. In this method, an antigen must first be immobilized on a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme. Detection is accomplished by measuring the activity of the enzyme via incubation with a substrate to produce a measurable product.

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is crucial for detecting and quantifying specific proteins, antibodies, or hormones in complex mixtures, enabling precise diagnostics, research into immune responses, and monitoring of disease progression and treatment efficacy.

How to Improve ELISA Skills

Improving ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) involves optimizing various factors for enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Here are concise steps:

Antigen/Antibody Coating : Use high-affinity antibodies/antigens. Coat plates at optimal concentrations determined by titration. Coating Protocols

Blocking : Choose an effective blocking agent to minimize non-specific binding. Common choices are BSA, casein, or serum. Optimize concentration and time. Blocking in ELISA

Sample Preparation : Ensure samples are prepared consistently and under optimal conditions to prevent degradation or modification of the target antigen. Sample Preparation Guide

Antibody Optimization : Titrate primary and secondary antibodies to find the best concentration for detection without increasing background noise. Antibody Titration

Washing Steps : Use sufficient washing steps to remove unbound substances. Optimizing the wash buffer and volume can significantly reduce background. Washing in ELISA

Detection and Substrate Choice : Select the most suitable substrate for your enzyme-conjugate, balancing between sensitivity and stability. ELISA Substrates

Data Analysis : Employ proper curve-fitting and statistical analysis methods to accurately interpret results. Data Analysis in ELISA

Automation and Equipment : Consider automation for repetitive tasks to increase consistency and throughput. Ensure all equipment is calibrated and functioning properly. ELISA Automation

Regularly reviewing and updating these aspects based on the latest research and product advancements can significantly improve ELISA performance.

How to Display ELISA Skills on Your Resume

5. Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a technology that allows for the rapid measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow in suspension through a laser beam. It enables the analysis of multiple parameters simultaneously on a cell-by-cell basis, facilitating the identification and characterization of specific cell populations within heterogeneous samples.

Flow cytometry is important because it allows biologists to rapidly analyze and sort cells based on their physical and chemical characteristics, enabling detailed study of cell populations, functions, and health.

How to Improve Flow Cytometry Skills

Improving Flow Cytometry involves optimizing sample preparation, staining protocols, instrument settings, and data analysis. Here's a concise guide:

Sample Preparation : Ensure cells are in single-cell suspension, use appropriate buffers, and filter samples to remove aggregates (source).

Staining Protocols : Choose specific fluorophores and antibodies based on your panel design, considering spectral overlap. Use proper controls, including unstained, single-stained, and fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls, for accurate compensation and interpretation (source).

Instrument Settings : Be familiar with your flow cytometer's capabilities. Optimize voltage settings for each fluorochrome to ensure they are on scale and adjust compensation to correct for spectral overlap. Regular maintenance and calibration are crucial (source).

Data Analysis : Utilize software like FlowJo, Cytobank, or FCS Express for data analysis. Gate populations carefully and consistently, starting with forward/side scatter to exclude debris and doublets, followed by gating on specific markers. Consider dimensionality reduction techniques and unsupervised clustering for complex datasets ( source ).

For a deeper understanding, refer to comprehensive resources like the Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories for foundational flow cytometry knowledge and advanced applications.

How to Display Flow Cytometry Skills on Your Resume

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a genome editing tool that allows for precise, targeted changes to the DNA of organisms, leveraging the natural defense mechanisms of bacteria against viruses.

CRISPR is a revolutionary genetic editing tool that allows for precise, efficient, and relatively easy modification of DNA in organisms, enabling unprecedented advances in biological research, medicine, and biotechnology.

How to Improve CRISPR Skills

Improving CRISPR technology involves enhancing its accuracy, efficiency, and minimizing off-target effects. Here are concise strategies for improvement:

Cas Variants : Utilize or engineer novel Cas proteins with higher specificity and diverse functionalities. Nature Reviews Microbiology provides insights into different Cas variants.

PAM Flexibility : Modify Protospacer Adjacent Motifs (PAM) sequences to expand CRISPR's targeting range. The Science journal discusses advancements in PAM flexibility.

Guide RNA Engineering : Optimize guide RNAs (gRNAs) for increased specificity and reduced off-target activity. Nature Biotechnology explores gRNA design improvements.

Delivery Methods : Enhance delivery mechanisms (e.g., viral vectors, nanoparticles) for more efficient and cell-specific CRISPR/Cas delivery. Nature Reviews Genetics reviews various delivery strategies.

Computational Tools : Use or develop bioinformatics tools for precise gRNA design and prediction of off-target effects. Nature Methods highlights CRISPR design tools.

Epigenetic Editing : Explore CRISPR-based epigenetic editing to control gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Nature Communications discusses epigenetic modifications using dCas9.

Implementing these strategies requires ongoing research and collaboration across disciplines to refine and expand CRISPR's capabilities for more accurate and ethical applications in biotechnology and medicine.

How to Display CRISPR Skills on Your Resume

7. Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and charge. By applying an electric field, molecules move through a gel matrix, allowing for their analysis and purification.

Gel electrophoresis is crucial for separating and analyzing DNA, RNA, or protein samples based on size and charge, enabling the identification, quantification, and purification of molecules for further biological studies and applications.

How to Improve Gel Electrophoresis Skills

To improve gel electrophoresis, focus on optimizing key variables and adopting best practices:

• Gel Concentration : Choose the appropriate acrylamide concentration for your protein or agarose for DNA/RNA size ( Gel Percentage Guide ).
• Buffer System : Use the right buffer (e.g., TAE or TBE for agarose gels, Tris-glycine or Tris-Tricine for PAGE) to ensure optimal resolution and minimal heating (Buffer Selection).
• Sample Preparation : Properly prepare and load your samples with an appropriate loading dye and concentration (Sample Preparation Tips).
• Voltage and Running Time : Adjust the voltage and electrophoresis time to balance between resolution and speed. Lower voltages yield better resolution (Optimizing Voltage).
• Gel Staining : Select a sensitive and appropriate stain for your target molecules, like Coomassie Brilliant Blue for proteins or ethidium bromide for nucleic acids, and consider more sensitive alternatives like SYBR Safe for DNA (Staining Techniques).

Implementing these practices will lead to clearer, more interpretable gel electrophoresis results.

How to Display Gel Electrophoresis Skills on Your Resume

8. R (Statistics)

R is a programming language and software environment specifically designed for statistical analysis, graphical representation, and reporting, widely used in biological research for data exploration, visualization, and complex statistical computations.

R is crucial for biologists because it provides powerful tools for statistical analysis, data visualization, and bioinformatics, enabling them to analyze complex biological data, identify patterns, and make informed decisions.

How to Improve R (Statistics) Skills

Improving your R skills, particularly for applications in biology, involves a mix of enhancing your coding abilities, understanding statistical methods relevant to your field, and engaging with the R community for continuous learning. Here’s a concise guide:

Master the Basics : Ensure you have a solid foundation in R syntax and basic programming concepts. The R for Data Science book is an excellent resource for both beginners and intermediate users, covering data visualization, transformation, and analysis.

Focus on Biological Data Analysis : Familiarize yourself with Bioconductor, a project aimed at the analysis and comprehension of high-throughput genomic data. Start exploring through the Bioconductor website .

Statistical Learning : Enhance your understanding of statistical methods used in biology. The book Statistics for Biology and Health can serve as a solid foundation.

Practice with Projects : Apply your skills to real-life biology projects. Websites like Kaggle offer datasets and challenges that can help improve your data handling and analysis skills.

Join the R Community : Engage with the R community through forums and social media. The RStudio Community and Stack Overflow are great places to ask questions, share knowledge, and learn from others’ experiences.

Continuous Learning : Keep up-to-date with the latest packages and techniques in R by following blogs and tutorials. R-bloggers is a good place to start.

Attend Workshops and Conferences : Participate in workshops and conferences for hands-on learning and networking. The useR! conference (check the official website) is specifically tailored for the R community.

Use Version Control : Learn to use version control systems like Git with RStudio for better project management. The Happy Git and GitHub for the useR book is a beginner-friendly guide.

By following these steps and regularly practicing your skills, you'll be able to significantly improve your proficiency in R for biological data analysis.

How to Display R (Statistics) Skills on Your Resume

9. Python (Programming)

Python is a versatile and user-friendly programming language widely used in biology for analyzing data, automating tasks, and modeling biological processes.

Python is vital for biologists as it offers powerful tools for data analysis, visualization, and simulation, enabling efficient handling of large datasets common in biological research, such as genomic sequences and ecological data, thereby facilitating insights and discoveries in the field.

How to Improve Python (Programming) Skills

Improving your Python programming skills, especially from a biologist's perspective, involves a combination of mastering fundamental concepts, exploring domain-specific applications, and continuous practice. Here’s a concise guide:

Master the Basics : Ensure a solid understanding of Python syntax, data structures, and basic algorithms. The Python official documentation is a great starting point.

Learn Scientific Libraries : Dive into libraries like NumPy for numerical data, Pandas for data analysis, Matplotlib and Seaborn for data visualization, and Biopython for biological computations. The SciPy website consolidates these resources well.

Practice with Projects : Apply what you learn in real-world projects or challenges. Websites like Rosalind offer bioinformatics problems that improve your coding skills in a biological context.

Join a Community : Engage with communities on platforms like Stack Overflow or GitHub to learn from projects, discussions, and collaboration opportunities.

Continuous Learning : Follow blogs, YouTube channels, or MOOCs (Coursera, edX) that focus on Python programming and its applications in biology. Channels like Corey Schafer on YouTube are highly recommended for their clear and concise tutorials.

By focusing on these areas, integrating your biological knowledge with Python programming will become significantly more accessible and fruitful.

How to Display Python (Programming) Skills on Your Resume

10. NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a high-throughput technology that enables rapid sequencing of large segments of DNA or RNA, allowing for comprehensive analysis of genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes at unprecedented scale and speed.

NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) is crucial for biologists as it enables rapid, high-throughput, and cost-effective sequencing of DNA and RNA. This facilitates a deeper understanding of genetics, disease mechanisms, and evolutionary biology, driving advances in research, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.

How to Improve NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) Skills

Improving Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) involves enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and data analysis. Here are key strategies:

Sample Preparation : Optimize DNA/RNA extraction and library preparation methods to ensure high-quality starting material. Illumina's guide offers detailed protocols.

Sequencing Technology : Choose the most suitable platform (e.g., Illumina, Oxford Nanopore) based on your project's needs for read length, throughput, and accuracy. Nature's comparison helps in decision making.

Error Reduction : Utilize software tools for error correction in sequencing reads. Tools like Pilon and Nanopolish can significantly improve data quality.

Data Analysis : Implement robust bioinformatics pipelines for data processing and analysis. Galaxy offers an accessible platform for executing complex analyses.

Training and Updates : Stay informed about new NGS technologies and bioinformatics tools through continuous education. Websites like Coursera and edX offer relevant courses.

Improving NGS involves a combination of selecting the right tools, optimizing protocols, and staying updated on technological advancements.

How to Display NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) Skills on Your Resume

11. HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)

HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) is a technique used in biology and chemistry to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture. It utilizes high-pressure pumps to pass a liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material. Different components of the mixture travel at different speeds, leading to their separation based on differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile phase (solvent) and the stationary phase (adsorbent). HPLC is widely used for analyzing biological samples, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and hormones, due to its high resolution, sensitivity, and versatility.

HPLC is crucial for biologists as it allows for the precise separation, identification, and quantification of compounds in complex biological samples, facilitating the analysis of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, critical for understanding biological processes and disease mechanisms.

How to Improve HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) Skills

Improving HPLC performance involves optimizing several parameters for enhanced resolution, speed, and sensitivity. Here are concise strategies:

Column Selection : Choose the appropriate column material, size, and particle size for your analyte. Agilent offers a guide on selecting the right column.

Mobile Phase Optimization : Adjust the composition and pH of the mobile phase to improve peak resolution. Waters Corporation provides insights into mobile phase optimization.

Gradient Elution : Utilize gradient elution for complex samples to achieve better separation in shorter times. Shimadzu discusses gradient elution techniques.

Temperature Control : Control column temperature to enhance reproducibility and separation efficiency. Thermo Fisher Scientific offers solutions for temperature-controlled HPLC.

Sample Preparation : Improve sample purity and concentration for better detection sensitivity. This Sigma-Aldrich guide covers sample preparation techniques.

Flow Rate Adjustment : Fine-tune the flow rate for optimal balance between analysis time and resolution. Analytical Training Solutions provides a course on HPLC fundamentals including flow rate impacts.

Detector Optimization : Choose the most appropriate detector and ensure it is properly calibrated for your analytes. PerkinElmer offers a range of detectors for different applications.

Maintenance and Troubleshooting : Regularly maintain your HPLC system and troubleshoot any issues promptly to avoid performance degradation. Agilent provides comprehensive maintenance and troubleshooting services.

By focusing on these areas, you can significantly improve your HPLC analyses, leading to more reliable, accurate, and efficient results.

How to Display HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) Skills on Your Resume

12. Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify molecules by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of their ions. It is essential in biology for studying the molecular composition of biological samples, including proteins, metabolites, and other biomolecules.

Mass spectrometry is crucial for biologists because it allows for the precise identification and quantification of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and metabolites, in biological samples, enabling detailed analysis of cellular processes, biomarker discovery, and disease mechanisms.

How to Improve Mass Spectrometry Skills

Improving mass spectrometry (MS) involves enhancing sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy, which are crucial for biological applications. Here are concise strategies:

Sample Preparation : Optimize sample preparation to increase the purity and concentration of analytes. Techniques like liquid chromatography can help separate components before MS analysis. Sample Preparation Techniques

Ionization Methods : Choose the appropriate ionization method (e.g., ESI, MALDI) based on the sample type to improve ionization efficiency and reduce fragmentation. Ionization Techniques Overview

Mass Analyzer Improvement : Use high-resolution mass analyzers (like Orbitrap or FT-ICR) to improve mass accuracy and resolution, essential for identifying and quantifying biomolecules. Mass Analyzers

Detector Sensitivity : Enhance detector sensitivity to detect lower concentrations of analytes, crucial for biological samples where some molecules are in low abundance. Understanding Mass Detection

Data Analysis Software : Utilize advanced data analysis software for better deconvolution of complex mass spectra and identification of compounds. This is especially important in proteomics and metabolomics. Data Analysis in Mass Spectrometry

Regular Maintenance : Regularly calibrate and maintain the MS equipment to ensure consistent performance and accuracy. Maintenance Guidelines

By focusing on these areas, a biologist can significantly improve the performance of mass spectrometry for research and diagnostic purposes.

How to Display Mass Spectrometry Skills on Your Resume

Related Career Skills

• Marine Biologist
• Molecular Biologist
• Research Biologist
• Wildlife Biologist

Career Paths and Skills

Biology is the study of life! What could be more fascinating? How is it that molecules assemble to become cells and cells become organisms? True understanding in biology requires knowledge of chemistry, mathematics and physics.

With this strong academic background, graduates with degrees in biology are well prepared to enter a broad spectrum of disciplines. Intellectual rigor and the ability to analyze and communicate complex issues allow the biology major to consider careers or advanced study in business, law, science, government, or medicine.

The Cawley Career Center is a good resource for students seeking information on internships and career paths in the sciences. 

With a BS degree (this list was compiled from information on Georgetown graduates and from national data).

• Pharmaceutical researcher and developer
• Medical Laboratory Assistant
• Pharmaceutical salesperson
• Government agency researcher or administrator

The following careers require advanced study or advanced degrees:  

• Medical Doctor, Dentist
• Biotechnologist
• Biomedical Engineer
• Forensic Scientist
• Veterinarian
• Secondary teacher
• Public Health Official 

The study of biology allows for the development of a core set of skills sought after by employers in a wide range of occupational settings. A sample of representative skills and abilities follows:

Critical Thinking Skills

• Read and evaluate technical information
• Synthesize themes from diverse sources
• Perceive patterns and structures

Communication Skills

• Logical presentation of information
• Ability to convey complex issues
• Technical writing skills

Research Skills

• Formulate hypothesis
• Research design and implementation
• Collection and presentation of data

• Student Life
• Campus Jobs

FROM STUDY TO SKILLS

All academic programs offered at the UM help students develop valuable transferable skills.  Biologists study life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.  Subfields range widely from biochemistry and molecular biology to physiology and ecology.

The various biology concentrations are intended to be part of the broad intellectual experience of a liberal arts education; at the same time they may prepare students for graduate and professional school. As a biology concentrator, you will develop project skills from research and investigation to analysis and communication.

Related fields include Program in the Environment, Chemistry, Psychology, Anthropology, Museum Studies, Pharmacy, Public Health, Medicine, and Statistics.

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

Investigative skills.

Identifying problems Assessing risks Defining expected / potential results Inspecting specimens Cataloging information

Research / Quantitative Skills

Defining problems Designing experiments Utilizing laboratory equipment Using computers for computation / simulation Conducting studies Recording observations Interpreting results Utilizing statistical tests to predict outcomes Preparing statistical reports

Analytical Skills

Examining components of problems / ideas Reasoning logically Categorizing data Making projections from data Organizing ideas / information Evaluating the effects of phenomena

Communication Skills

Writing research proposals Contributing to teams Summarizing research findings Explaining complex ideas for technical and nontechnical audiences Designing charts, graphs and other visual aides Reporting results and conclusions orally and in writing Presenting alternative explanations

BUILDING YOUR SKILLS OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM

Employers seek out individuals who can demonstrate excellent verbal and written communication skills, teamwork and interpersonal skills, initiative, and a strong work ethic. Student organizations and campus employment offer valuable opportunities to add to the skills you are developing in your classes. The Society of Biology Students is sponsored by MCB and EEB and presents seminars and sponsors other events, as initiated by the student membership. Other options include study abroad, off-campus employment or volunteering in the community. Finally, a summer internship may be the best way of all to test out a career field and develop marketable skills.

FROM SKILLS TO CAREER

Biology concentrators develop both general and technical skills applicable to a wide range of careers in the sciences, health care, business, government, and education. For example, the ability to conduct investigations and perform analyses may be equally useful whether working as a college administrator, director of biomedical communications, curator of a natural history museum, or teacher. Many concentrators go on to graduate or professional school. The list below is a sample of careers undertaken by Biology graduates.

Quantitative/Research Skills

For more career information, see O*Net at  http://online.onetcenter.org/

CONCENTRATION REQUIREMENTS

The undergraduate biology program offers seven different concentrations: Biology, Cellular and Molecular Biology (CMB), Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB), General Biology, Microbiology, Neuroscience, and Plant Biology. We also participate in interdepartmental concentrations in Anthropology-Zoology, Program in the Environment, Biochemistry, and Biophysics.  In addition, we offer minors in Biology, EEB, and Plant Biology, along with an Honors program.

For more information, visit www.lsa.umich.edu/biology/concentrations.asp

Biology Undergraduate Program 1111 Kraus Natural Science Building 734-764-2446 www.lsa.umich.edu/biology/

Newnan Advising Center 1255 Angell Hall 734-764-0332 www.lsa.umich.edu/advising

NEXT STEPS / RESOURCES

To begin connecting to professionals in fields that interest you, create your own LinkedIn account: www.careercenter.umich.edu/article/getting-started-linkedin

To identify internships or job opportunities, visit Handshake: https://careercenter.umich.edu/article/handshake

On campus jobs (work-study and non work-study jobs) are listed at: https://studentemployment.umich.edu/JobX_Home.aspx

Maize Pages list hundreds of organizations for students to get involved in: http://studentorgs.umich.edu/maize

The Career Center 3200 Student Activities Building 734-764-7460 www.careercenter.umich.edu www.facebook.com/careercenter.umich http://twitter.com/careercenter

The Career Guide series was developed by the University of Michigan Career Center, Division of Student Affairs, in cooperation with the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. ©2011 Regents of the University of Michigan

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Biologist skills for your resume and career

A biologist's hard skills are essential for a successful career. According to Meg Bentley , Director of STEM Partnerships and Innovation at American University, "The perfect job does not exist, especially as you are beginning your career. But lots of jobs exist where you can learn from mentors and peers, learn new skills, get exposed to new applications!" Some of these skills include data collection, GPS, renewable energy, cell culture, GIS, technical reports, lab equipment, molecular biology, natural resources, data analysis, environmental compliance, data entry, habitat assessments, research projects, ELISA, DNA, PowerPoint, RNA, GMP, and OSHA.

In addition to hard skills, soft skills are equally important for a biologist. Craig Magie Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biology at Quinnipiac University, advises, "Decide what sort of biology you enjoy the most, and pursue a career based on that. For example, some students enjoy laboratory science and would be a good fit for a job in the pharmaceutical industry. Others enjoy being outside in nature and would be better served by a career in the forest service or something similar." Being adaptable and having strong critical thinking skills are also crucial for a biologist to excel in their career.

15 biologist skills for your resume and career

1. data collection.

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring data. Biologists use data collection to conduct experiments and gather information. They use it to ensure data collection is within set perimeters and to analyze data for various studies. They also use it for data entry and to manage and plan experiment design. As Christopher Herren Ph.D. , Teaching Assistant Professor at Kansas State University's Biology Department, says, "Companies have and will always want people with core competencies like agreeability, problem-solving, adapting to new projects, data collection, and data analysis."

• Participated in numerous fisheries research projects including development, data collection and statistical analysis, and editing of final reports.
• Executed standard laboratory techniques for data collection in the Inhalation Toxicology division for various studies involving live animal subjects.

GPS stands for Global Positioning System, which is a way of determining a location on Earth. Biologists use GPS to locate and mark points of interest, such as experimental plots, vegetation communities, net sites, and bird nesting areas. They also use GPS to navigate and find their way to survey points. Biologists use GPS in combination with other tools, such as GIS and Access, to record and organize data.

• Established GPS coordinates for experimental plots previously located via aerial photographs.
• Work was typically performed independently in remote locations requiring GPS skills.

3. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural sources that won't run out, like sunlight, wind, and water. Biologists use renewable energy in their job by managing teams on renewable energy generation and transmission projects, as well as addressing potential impacts of renewable energy on fish and fisheries.

• Managed biological teams on renewable energy generation and transmission projects throughout the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and Desert Southwest.
• Developed outline for potential renewable energy (wind farm) impacts as well as addressing fish and fisheries-related impacts.

4. Cell Culture

Cell culture is a technique that involves growing cells outside of their natural environment. Biologists use cell culture to study cells and their behavior, develop new vaccines, and test the effectiveness of drugs. They perform aseptic techniques to maintain cell cultures, develop cell culture mediums, and utilize various cell culture techniques for research and development. Biologists also use cell culture to study diseases, such as cancer, and develop new treatments. As Kristen Willems Ph.D., Associate Professor at Regis College, puts it, "Being familiar with new technologies like CRISPR and skills in immunobiology will become more important in the next few years but the fundamental skills like cell culture, PCR and western blotting will continue to be used in every area of Biological research."

• Collaborated with supervisors of Bacteriology and Cell Biology departments to develop and implement quality control testing procedures for cell cultures.
• Lead robotic operator of an automated cell culture platform in a high-throughput drug discovery facility.

GIS, or Geographic Information Systems, is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data. Biologists use GIS to map and screen projects for permitting and completing with minimal environmental impacts. They also use GIS technology to map and analyze the habitats of different species, like the wood turtle. According to Dana Garrigan Ph.D. , Professor of Biology at Carthage College, "A key skill for a successful scientist is the ability to creatively use new tools. Understanding biotechnology, an ability to make sense of increasingly large data sets, and the potential use of AI to solve problems are going to be significant to all biologists moving forward."

• Provide support to senior biologist Preparing reports Database management GIS
• Characterized sites of military activity, quantifying area of disturbance and using Arc GIS 3.x and 8.x to summarize data.

6. Technical Reports

Technical reports are written documents that provide detailed information about a project's progress, results, or methods. Biologists use technical reports to analyze results and communicate their findings to stakeholders. They prepare technical reports to assess the impact of proposed construction projects on aquatic resources, and to discuss the benefits of adding carbon dioxide to greenhouses. They also use technical reports to document wetland delineation and habitat assessments, and to integrate data for monthly client reports.

• Performed as contributing author on several technical reports, including those submitted for regulatory review.
• Manage scientific database, compose technical reports and provide scientific council to stakeholders.

Choose from 10+ customizable biologist resume templates

7. lab equipment.

Lab equipment is specialized tools and machinery used in scientific research and experimentation. Biologists use lab equipment to perform various tasks such as studying cells, analyzing samples, and measuring data. They maintain and calibrate lab equipment regularly to ensure accurate results. Biologists also use lab equipment to sterilize supplies, purchase and repair equipment, and document their findings.

• Completed and documented weekly and monthly lab equipment audits and calibrations.
• Maintained lab equipment and reagent inventory.

8. Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is the study of the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. Biologists use molecular biology to study cellular processes and understand how genetic information is expressed and passed from one generation to the next. They use various techniques such as cloning, PCR, gene expression analysis, and sequencing to conduct research and troubleshoot assay systems. As Stacy Donovan Ph.D. , Associate Professor of Biology and Forensic Science at Maryville University, puts it, "molecular biology skills - cloning, PCR, gene expression (qPCR), sequencing analysis" are important hard skills for biologists.

• Developed quality assurance program, monitored lab data and provided molecular biology expertise to troubleshoot assay system.
• Research centered on Cellular Biology and Molecular Biology of Skin Disorders.

9. Natural Resources

Natural resources are the land, water, minerals, and other natural resources of an area that can be used for economic benefit. Biologists use natural resources by assessing impacts to natural resources during fish and wildlife mortality events and pollution events. They also coordinate with the Division of Natural Resources to assess impacted areas and plan conservation strategies.

• Provided remediation and mitigation measures to entities conducting projects with potential impacts to natural resources.
• Conducted field surveys and investigations to assess impacts to natural resources during fish and wildlife mortality events and pollution events.

10. Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of examining data sets to draw conclusions about the information they contain. Biologists use data analysis to study patterns and trends in areas such as population dynamics, gene expression, and environmental impact. They may use statistical applications to perform data analysis and present their findings in reports and visualizations. As Dr. Tatiana Tatum Ph.D., Professor at Saint Xavier University, puts it, "In the next 3-5 years, several skills are likely to become more important and prevalent in the field of biology. These include proficiency in data analysis and bioinformatics, as advancements in technology generate vast amounts of biological data that need to be interpreted and analyzed."

• Used various statistical applications to perform data analysis and reporting on virus activity and mosquito populations in the city including mapping.
• Identified and implemented system improvements to real-time data handling system that resulted in streamlined and faster data analysis.

11. Environmental Compliance

Environmental compliance refers to adherence to laws and regulations that protect the environment. Biologists use environmental compliance by monitoring and reporting on environmental impacts, ensuring that projects meet regulatory requirements, and providing oversight to prevent harmful practices. For example, one biologist drafted and submitted monthly reports to state and federal agencies, while another worked closely with grading crews to ensure compliance.

• Drafted and submitted monthly state and federal environmental compliance reports.
• Performed environmental compliance monitoring and daily reporting.

12. Data Entry

Data entry is the process of entering data into a computer database or spreadsheet. Biologists use data entry to input and organize data related to their research and fieldwork. They use it to keep track of samples, records, and data analysis for presentations and reports. They also use it to manage data in various databases, design spreadsheets, and conduct statistical analysis.

• Conducted data entry and statistical analysis of laboratory and field research data for use in division-wide and international academic conference presentations.
• Performed data entry and management in multiple databases, including reorganizing historical aerial stranding database for ease of use.

13. Habitat Assessments

Habitat assessments are evaluations of the suitability of a particular environment for certain species. Biologists use habitat assessments to determine the presence of native flora and fauna, identify potential impacts to sensitive plant and wildlife species, and evaluate the suitability of a particular environment for certain species. They conduct biological reconnaissance surveys, vegetation community classification and mapping, and sensitive plant and wildlife species habitat assessments. They also conduct threatened and endangered species surveys and prepare habitat assessments to assist clients with HCP compliance.

• Conducted biological reconnaissance surveys, vegetation community classification and mapping, and sensitive plant and wildlife species habitat assessments.
• Perform habitat assessments, including identification of native flora and fauna to determine suitability for beetle presence.

14. Research Projects

Research projects involve collecting, processing, and analyzing biological data. Biologists assist with these projects in various ways, such as participating in shorebird surveys or compiling research materials for publication. They may also lead or participate in the execution, monitoring, and control of research projects. Biologists use research projects to gain new insights and advance their field.

• Assisted with a variety of field research projects involving collecting, processing compiling and analyzing a variety of biological data
• Performed individual research projects and compiled research materials for publication in scientific journals.

ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a diagnostic tool that detects proteins and antigens. Biologists use ELISA to detect antibodies, antigens, and proteins in various samples like blood, cells, or tissues. They perform different techniques like sandwich ELISA, Western Blot, and IFA (immunofluorescence assay) to diagnose diseases, identify viruses, and detect specific proteins. Biologists also use automated ELISA systems to analyze large batches of samples quickly. For example, they help develop PCR, electropherotype, and ELISA assays for Rotavirus characterization.

• Managed QC of monoclonal antibodies against Dengue, West Nile, Influenza A virus strains employing ELISA and IFA.
• Project: Pathological diagnosis of diseases by using ELISA, Biochemical test and different diagnostic kit.

5 Biologist Resume Examples

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What skills help Biologists find jobs?

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What type of skills will young Biologists need?

Scott Cooper Ph.D.

Professor of Biology and Director of Undergraduate Research and Creativity, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

What soft skills should all Biologists possess?

Joseph Kezele

Associate Professor of Biology, Arizona Christian University

What hard/technical skills are most important for Biologists?

Srinivas Sonne Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Biology, Paine College

What skills stand out on Biologist resumes?

What biologist skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career.

Teaching Assistant Professor, Kansas State University

List of biologist skills to add to your resume

The most important skills for a biologist resume and required skills for a biologist to have include:

• Data Collection
• Renewable Energy
• Cell Culture
• Technical Reports
• Lab Equipment
• Molecular Biology
• Natural Resources
• Data Analysis
• Environmental Compliance
• Habitat Assessments
• Research Projects
• Species ACT
• Water Quality
• Flow Cytometry
• Data Management
• Aseptic Technique
• Biological Surveys
• Tissue Culture
• Biological Data
• Federal Agencies
• Animal Handling
• Wetland Delineations
• Environmental Policy
• Cell-Based Assays
• Statistical Analysis
• Government Agencies
• Species Surveys
• Test Results

Updated April 25, 2024

Editorial Staff

The Zippia Research Team has spent countless hours reviewing resumes, job postings, and government data to determine what goes into getting a job in each phase of life. Professional writers and data scientists comprise the Zippia Research Team.

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Top 11 Technical Skills in Biotechnology | Best Technical Skills to Get Jobs in Biotech & Biomedical Research

• July 25, 2017
• Career Guidance , Study Abroad

Biotechnology is a research-oriented field. You need to possess sound technical skills in biotechnology along with soft & transferable skills in order to get placed in a biotech or biopharmaceutical company. In the earlier post, we looked at  how to get jobs in the biotechnology sector in India . In this post, we will look at the Top 10 Technical Skills in Biotechnology for getting jobs in industry and academia.

Top 10 Technical Skills to Get Jobs in Biotech & Biomedical Research

1. tissue culture.

Tissue culture  is one of the most widely used techniques in any biological or biomedical research lab. If you are looking for a placement or job, tissue culture will be a very valuable biotechnology skill to have.

Tissue culture involves the growth of cells (separated from tissues or multicellular organisms) or tissues (separated from organisms) by using a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth media, such as broth or agar. Tissue culture typically refers to the growth of animal cells and tissues; whereas the term  plant tissue culture  is being used for the plants.

Tissue culture or cell culture is an in-vitro technique. It is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from multicellular organisms. It’s an ideal in vitro model of the tissue in a well-defined environment that can be easily manipulated and analyzed.

Cells are grown in a culture medium that contains proper proportions of the necessary nutrients (along with proper pH) for the cells to be cultured. Cultures are usually grown either as single layers of cells on a glass or plastic surface or as a suspension in a liquid or semisolid medium.

Tissue culture is performed under aseptic conditions under HEPA filtered air provided by a laminar flow cabinet. Sterile conditions are maintained to prevent contamination with microorganisms. Thereafter, the tissue is grown in sterile containers, such as Petri dishes or flasks in a growth room with controlled temperature and light intensity.

There are  two main types of tissue cultures : primary (mortal) cultures and cultures of established (immortal) cell lines. Primary cultures consist of normal cells, tissues, or organs that are excised directly from tissue collected by biopsy from a living organism. The advantages of the primary tissue culture are that the model mimics the natural characteristics and functions of the cell, tissue, or organ under investigation. But, the longer the samples are maintained in culture, the more mutations they accumulate, which can lead to changes in chromosome structure and cell function. With aging, the rate of multiplication also slows down for the cells.

Immortal or established cell lines can be maintained indefinitely. Such cell lines are usually derived from tumor biopsies from cancer patients, or from primary cells that have undergone mutations, hence can propagate indefinitely. Similar to cells in primary cultures, cells in established lines accumulate mutations over time that can change their character. Thus, in order for researchers from different laboratories to be able to compare results from experiments using the same cell lines, they must confirm the identity of the cells that they are working with.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)  is a technique used to make many copies of a specific DNA region in vitro. It’s also a widely used molecular biology technique that involves amplification of a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. PCR is applicable to numerous fields in modern biology, medicine, and related fields.

PCR  allows the isolation of DNA fragments from genomic DNA by selective amplification of a specific region of DNA. PCR, in turn, facilitates many other processes such as generating hybridization probes for Sothern or Northern hybridization and DNA cloning, which require larger amounts of DNA, representing a specific DNA region. PCR augments these techniques through the yield of high amounts of pure DNA, enabling analysis of DNA samples even from very small amounts of starting material.

PCR is also applied to a large number of medical, diagnostic and research procedures: genetic testing (DNA testing), tissue typing, genotyping, DNA sequencing, DNA cloning, genetic mapping, diagnosis of infectious diseases (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis etc.) and forensic studies.

There are two variants of PCR – Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) & quantitative (real-time) polymerase chain reaction. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression.  RT-PCR is used to qualitatively detect gene expression through the creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts from RNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), also known as a real-time polymerase chain reaction, is used to quantitatively measure the amplification of DNA using fluorescent dyes. qPCR monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR. Know more about the  differences between RT-PCR & qPCR .

3. Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis  is another widely used technique in molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and modern biotechnology. It is used for the separation of biological macromolecules (proteins or nucleic acids) according to their electrophoretic mobility. There are two types of popular gel electrophoresis – Native PAGE and SDS-PAGE. In native gel electrophoresis, molecules run in their native state, hence preserving the molecules’ higher-order structure. In SDS-PAGE, a chemical denaturant is added to remove the structure and turn the molecule into an unstructured molecule whose mobility depends on its length and mass-to-charge ratio.

4. Western Blot

Western blot, also known as protein immunoblot, is a popular molecular biology technique for the detection and analysis of proteins based on their ability to bind to specific antibodies. Western blot is used to prove different properties of proteins from a complex mixture of proteins extracted from cells, based on molecular weight. While SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins, the western blot is deployed to transfer the proteins from the SDS- PAGE gel to a solid supporting membrane. Similar to western blot, the southern blot is used for the investigation of DNA; whereas the northern blot is used for RNA studies. Know more about  Western Blot .

ELISA  (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a popular format of “wet-lab” type analytic biochemistry assay that uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a substance, usually an antigen ( peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones), in a liquid sample or wet sample.

ELISA involves the separation of specific and non-specific interactions (via serial binding to a solid surface, usually a polystyrene multi-well plate) and quantification through color change. The ELISA procedure results in a colored end product which correlates to the amount of analyte (substance under investigation) present in the original sample. Know more about  ELISA .

6. Molecular (Gene) Cloning

Molecular cloning  or simply gene cloning is a molecular biology technique that is used to assemble  recombinant DNA  molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The technique involves clipping the desired DNA segment out of the surrounding DNA and copying the segment millions of times.

The DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest. The DNA is then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules.

The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO).

Molecular cloning is similar to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that it permits the replication of the DNA sequence. The fundamental difference between the two methods is that molecular cloning involves replication of the DNA in a living microorganism, while PCR replicates DNA in an in vitro solution, free of living cells. Know more about the  7 main steps in molecular cloning .

7. Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry  is another popular technique to be used in biotechnology. Flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based technique used in cell counting,  cell sorting,  biomarker detection, and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus.

Flow cytometry allows the investigation of the expression of cell surface and intracellular molecules, characterizing and defining different cell types in a heterogeneous cell population. It thus helps in assessing the purity of isolated subpopulations and analyzing cell size and volume. It also allows simultaneous multi-parameter analysis of single cells. Flow cytometry is the current gold standard for identifying cell types within a mixed population.

The technology has been widely used in the diagnosis of health conditions, particularly diseases of the blood such as leukemia, although it is also commonly used in the various different fields of molecular biology, immunology, pathology, marine science, and plant biology. In medicine, flow cytometry is a vital laboratory process used in transplantation, oncology, hematology, genetics, and prenatal diagnosis. Know more about the  flow cytometry flow process .

8. Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry  (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry has become one of the essential analytical tools for biological and biomedical research.

Mass spectrometry provides a rapid and sensitive qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomolecules (proteins, peptides, oligosaccharides, lipids, DNA, and RNA), drugs & small molecule compounds, and metabolites. In combination with a variety of modern separation technologies, MS has been successfully applied to modern biology and biomedical research.

In combination with a variety of modern separation technologies, MS has been successfully applied to high-throughput proteome-wide analysis of proteins, protein-protein interactions, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) in cells, tissues, or organs. Besides, MS can also be used in the production of novel medicinal agents. Read more about the  working process of mass spectrometry .

9. Confocal Microscopy

Confocal microscopy  is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of adding a spatial pinhole placed at the confocal plane of the lens to eliminate out-of-focus light. The confocal method was used to overcome the limitations of traditional fluorescence microscopes. In a fluorescence microscope, the entire specimen is flooded evenly in light from a light source. All parts of the specimen in the optical path are excited at the same time and the resulting fluorescence is detected by the microscope’s photodetector or camera including a large unfocused background part.

In contrast, a confocal microscope uses point illumination and a pinhole in an optically conjugate plane in front of the detector to eliminate out-of-focus signal – the name “confocal” stems from this configuration. The confocal microscope can be used to study mechanisms of actions and cell signaling pathways.

All parts of the specimen in the optical path are excited at the same time and the resulting fluorescence is detected by the microscope’s photodetector or camera including a large unfocused background part. In contrast, a confocal microscope uses point illumination and a pinhole in an optically conjugate plane in front of the detector to eliminate out-of-focus signal – the name “confocal” stems from this configuration. The confocal microscope can be used to study mechanisms of actions and cell signaling pathways.

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10. Cell-Based Assays

Cell-based assays  are extremely useful for studying cellular mechanisms in a biological context. A variety of cell-based assays using fluorescence technologies is available to cover many applications including assessing cellular functions and processes in biological research and/or toxicity studies.

Cell-based assay or bioassays can range from cytotoxic assays including apoptosis to cell proliferation, kinase assays, protein assays, and other metabolic assays. Studies like mechanisms of action, drug potency, receptor binding, receptor activation, cell signaling, drug internalization, and subcellular localization can be done using cell-based assays.

11. Statistical Analysis

Here is a bonus one. Apart from the wet lab techniques, data analysis using proper statistical methods and software is very important in biotechnology, bioinformatics , and medical research; particularly in today’s digital age.

Some of the widely used statistical analyses are t and z tests, contingency tables, epidemiologic statistics, survival analysis, analysis of variance, multivariable statistics, elementary statistics, etc. Read Careers and Jobs in Statistics .

Machine learning and data mining  are also playing a big role in modern-day medicine and biotechnology. Some of the widely used software and statistical packages in biotechnology and medicine are MS-Excel, GraphPad Prism, SAS, SPSS, SigmaPlot, Igor, OriginLab, R , MATLAB, and Python .

Read more about  statistics in biomedical research  and  choosing statistical tests .

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Graduate Teaching Assistant Level 1 for Biology (beg Fall 2024)

Job posting for graduate teaching assistant level 1 for biology (beg fall 2024) at university of west georgia.

Since 1906, the University of West Georgia (UWG) has been home to those who seek a transformative college experience. UWG is a leading residential, doctoral comprehensive university that offers a broad undergraduate and graduate curriculum based on a liberal arts foundation. Nestled among the pines on a picturesque 645 acres is the University of West Georgia- a hidden gem approximately 40 miles west of Atlanta. Serving approximately 13,000 students, and offering more than 100 programs, UWG is committed to advancing innovative academic programs and a student-centered business model. Perennially ranked by U.S. News & World Report, the Princeton Review, and Colleges of Distinction as a top national university, West Georgia offers 86 fields of study, including business, computing, nursing, education, STEM, communication and digital media, social sciences, and the fine and performing arts. UWG generates a regional economic impact of more than $650 million annually and provides a safe, quality, and affordable university experience that connects students to post-graduate career and leadership opportunities. UWG has been recognized by the Carnegie Foundation for its institutional commitment to community engagement through teaching, research and creative activities, and public service. West Georgia is one of only 119 U.S. colleges and universities to receive the elective classification in 2020 and is among only 359 institutions nationally. Dedicated to creating a first-choice university for students, alumni, employees, and communities, UWG seeks employees who will advance and support the University's mission of fulfilling the talent needs of western Georgia and the Atlanta metropolitan area, while contributing to the social, cultural, and economic development of the region and state.

Living in Carrollton, "The City of Dreams," offers the advantages of city life with a small-town vibe. This progressive community with Southern flair offers plenty of shopping, restaurants, nightlife opportunities, and cultural events. Named a City of Excellence in Georgia and listed as one of the 50 Best Small Southern Towns, Carrollton is the cultural, educational, health care, and commercial center for the west Georgia region.

At the heart of Carrollton is its historic downtown and Adamson Square lined with shops, galleries, and restaurants. Each season offers unique local events and opportunities for year-round recreation. Outdoor activities abound through award-winning spaces, including an 18-mile paved walking and biking Greenbelt trail that encircles the city and passes through the UWG campus.

The city embraces the University's students, faculty, and staff, and welcomes the diversity UWG brings to the community.

Invested in education with highly rated city and county K-12 systems, both city and county public school graduation rates are 90% and above and rank among the top in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.

Job Summary

Each Graduate TA is assigned 3 lab sections in introductory core biology courses for majors and non-majors. Duties include:

• 60% - Assisting faculty in laboratory instruction, involving material preparation, experiment setup, student guidance during lab sessions, following safety protocols, and equipment maintenance.
• 30% - Grading assignments, quizzes, and exams and offering feedback for student improvement.
• 10% - Providing tutoring and office hours for students seeking clarification.

Course grades are posted by the faculty supervisor on BanWeb for all sections.

Required Qualifications

• Must be enrolled in a graduate program for at least 6 credits each semester.

Preferred Qualifications

• Enrolled in the Biology Master's Program.
• Bachelor's degree in biology or a closely related scientific field.

Knowledge, Skills, & Abilities

• Must be able to teach labs in person at the Carrollton campus.

Conditions of Employment

Offers of employment are contingent upon completion of a background investigation including a criminal background check demonstrating your eligibility for employment with the University of West Georgia as determined by the University of West Georgia in its sole discretion; confirmation of the credentials and employment history reflected in your application materials, reference checks; and, if applicable, a satisfactory credit check. Applicants may be subject to a pre-employment drug test. Offers are made expressly subject to the applicable federal and state laws, to the statutes, rules and regulations of this institution and to the Bylaws and Policies of the Board of Regents (BOR) of the University System of Georgia (USG), which are available for your inspection upon request.

Equal Employment Opportunity

The University of West Georgia is an equal employment, equal access, and equal educational opportunity, and affirmative action institution. It is the policy of the University of West Georgia to recruit, hire, train, promote, and educate persons without regard to race, color, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, gender, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, or veteran status as required by applicable state and federal laws (including Title VI, Title VII, Title IX, Sections 503, and 504, ADEA, ADA, E.O. 11246, and Rev. Proc. 75-50

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