It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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The pages outlines examples of how to cite websites and media sources using the Harvard Referencing method .
An electronic source is any information source in digital format. The library subscribes to many electronic information resources in order to provide access for students. Electronic sources can include: full-text journals, newspapers, company information, e-books, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, economic data, digital images, industry profiles, market research, etc.
Referencing electronic or online sources can be confusing—it's difficult to know which information to include or where to find it. As a rule, provide as much information as possible concerning authorship, location and availability.
Electronic or online sources require much of the same information as print sources (author, year of publication, title, publisher). However, in some cases extra information may be required:
In-text citations
Cite the name of the author/ organisation responsible for the site and the date created or last revised (use the most recent date):
(Department of Social Services 2020)
According to the Department of Social Services (2020) ...
List of References
Include information in the following order:
Department of Social Services 2020, Department of social services website , Australian government, accessed 20 February 2020, <https: //www .dss.gov.au/>.
Information should include author/authoring body name(s) and the date created or last revised:
(Li 2004) or:
(World Health Organisation 2013)
One author:
Li, L 2014, Chinese scroll painting H533 , Australian Museum, accessed 20 February 2016, <https: // australianmuseum.net.au/chinese-scroll-painting-h533>.
Organisation as author:
World Health Organisation 2013, Financial crisis and global health , The United Nations, accessed 1 August 2013, <http: //www .who.int/topics/financial_crisis/en/>.
If the author's name is unknown, cite the website/page title and date:
( Land for sale on moon 2007)
Land for sale on moon 2007, accessed 19 June 2007, <http: // www . moonlandrealestate.com>.
If there is not date on the page, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date):
(ArtsNSW n.d.)
List if References
ArtsNSW n.d., New South Wales Premier’s Literary Awards , NSW Department of the Arts, Sport and Recreation, accessed 19 June 2007, <http: // www . arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/ LiteraryAwards/litawards.htm>.
Kim, M n.d., Chinese New Year pictures and propaganda posters , Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, accessed 12 April 2016, <https: // collection.maas.museum/set/6274>.
If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number:
( The Independent 2013, p. 36)
If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article:
(Donaghy 1994, p. 3)
Articles can also be mentioned in the running text:
University rankings were examined in a Sydney Morning Herald report by Williamson (1998, p. 21), where it was evident that ...
Williamson, S 1998, ‘UNSW gains top ranking from quality team’, Sydney Morning Herald , 30 February, p.21.
Donaghy, B 1994, ‘National meeting set to review tertiary admissions’, Campus News , 3-9 March, p. 3.
An unattributed newspaper article:
If there is no named author, list the article title first:
‘Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo’, The Independent , 9 August 2013, p. 36
A news article from an electronic database:
If the article has a named author:
(Pianin 2001)
Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, accessed March 2001 from Electric Library Australasia.
A news article without a named author:
No named author:
( New York Daily Times 1830)
The article can also be discussed in the body of the paragraph:
An account of the popularity of the baby tapir in The Independent (2013) stated that ...
If there is no named author, list the article title first.
'Amending the Constitution', New York Daily Times , 16 October 1851, p. 2, accessed 15 July 2007 from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.
'Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo', The Independent , 9 August 2013, Accessed 25 January 2014, <http: // www . independent.ie/world-news/and-finally/baby-tapir-wins-hearts-at-zoo-30495570.html>.
An online news article:
Cite the author name and year:
(Coorey 2007)
Coorey, P 2007, ‘Costello hints at green safety net’, Sydney Morning Herald , 10 May, accessed 14 May 2012, <http: // www . smh.com.au/news/business/costello-hints-at-green-safety-net/2007/05/09/1178390393875.html>.
While a URL for the article should be included, if it is very long (more than two lines) or unfixed (from a search engine), only include the publication URL:
Holmes, L 2017, 'The woman making a living out of pretending to be Kylie Minogue', The Daily Telegraph , 23 April, accessed 22 May 2017, <http: // www . dailytelegraph.com.au>.
Cite the author (the person responsible for the release) and date:
Prime Minister Howard (2007) announced plans for further welfare reform...
Office of the Prime Minister 2007, Welfare Payments Reform , media release, accessed 25 July 2007, <http: // www . pm.gov.au/media/Release/2007/Media_Release24432.cfm>.
How to cite broadcast materials and communications
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In this easy-to-follow guide, we're going to uncover the basics of the Harvard referencing style. You'll learn how to format in-text citations and create a complete reference list, just like the pros do. With our step-by-step examples, you'll quickly get the hang of including accurate Harvard citations in your work.
Find out how a Harvard citation generator can save you time and hassle. Learn how to nail the format of your citations and references every time. And see how building a Harvard bibliography isn't as scary as it seems.
Let's make Harvard citations easy!
Harvard format overview.
The Harvard Referencing Style , created by Harvard University, is an author-date citation style extensively adopted across numerous academic disciplines. This style, with its clear rules for crafting in-text citations and reference lists, ensures uniformity and coherence in scholarly writing. Following these guidelines amplifies the legibility of your work and simplifies the process for others to comprehend and reference your research.
In the Harvard Style, there are two primary elements of citations: in-text citations and the reference list.
In-text citations are concise references included within the main body of your paper, signifying the origin of your data. They typically consist of the author's surname and the year of publication, with page numbers included when a direct quote is used. For example: (Smith, 2022) or for direct quotes (Smith, 2022, p.15).
The reference list , appearing at the end of your work, provides complete details for all sources referenced in-text, arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author. It offers detailed bibliographic information, allowing readers to locate each source.
A sample reference list entry might be: Smith, J., 2022. The Art of Referencing. 1st ed. Cambridge: University Press.
This guide aims to simplify your understanding and creation of both in-text and reference list citations using the Harvard Referencing Style, helping you adhere to best practices in academic writing.
At Bibcitation.com, we understand the intricacies of Harvard referencing can be daunting. That's why we've created an intuitive Harvard citation generator. Simply input the necessary details, and we'll produce a perfectly formatted citation!
In the Harvard Referencing Style, in-text citations are brief references within the text of your paper, leading readers to the full citation in the reference list. These references usually include the author's last name and the year of publication.
The following examples illustrate in-text citations in the Harvard style:
Basic in-text citation: The most common in-text citation includes the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses, placed at the end of the sentence before the period. For example: (Smith, 2022) .
Multiple authors: If a source has two authors, include both last names in the citation, separated by 'and.' For example: (Smith and Johnson, 2022) . If a source has three or more authors, include the first author's last name followed by 'et al.' For example: (Smith et al., 2022) .
Multiple works by the same author: If citing multiple works by the same author in the same year, include a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) after the year to differentiate between the sources. For example: (Smith, 2022a) and (Smith, 2022b) .
No author: If the source has no author, use the title (in italics) or a shortened version and the year. For example: (Anonymized Title, 2022) .
Citing multiple sources in one sentence: If referencing multiple sources in one sentence, separate each citation with a semicolon. For example: (Smith, 2022; Johnson, 2023) .
Direct quotations: When quoting directly from a source, include the page number where the quote was found. For example: (Smith, 2022, p.15) .
Secondary citations (quotations within a source): If citing a source that is itself citing another source, use 'cited in' before the indirect source. For example: (cited in Smith, 2022, p.15) .
Online sources without page numbers: When citing online sources without page numbers, use the author's last name and the year only. For example: (Smith, 2022) .
Audiovisual sources: If citing a film, television show, or other audiovisual source, use the title (italicized) and the year instead of a page number. For example: (Citizen Kane, 1941) .
For extended quotations , the Harvard style recommends using an indented paragraph without quotation marks. The in-text citation should come after the closing punctuation.
Smith (2022, p. 30) highlights the significance of accurate referencing:
Correct referencing is crucial in maintaining academic integrity and steering clear of plagiarism. By giving due credit to the original authors, you acknowledge their contribution to your work and enable your readers to trace the sources you have utilized.
The reference list is a fundamental component of any academic paper or scholarly work using the Harvard citation style. It provides a detailed list of all the sources you've referred to in your paper, allowing your readers to locate and validate your research materials.
Here's how to format a reference list in the Harvard style:
We hope that these guidelines will help you craft a meticulously organized and easily navigable Harvard style reference list.
In Harvard style, when citing a book in the reference list, you generally need the following elements: author(s), year of publication, title, edition (if not the first), place of publication, and publisher.
For example:
For multiple authors, list the authors in the order they appear in the book, and separate the authors by a comma:
Remember, in the in-text citation, include the author(s) surname and year of publication. If directly quoting, include the page number as well.
Example: (Rowling, 1997, p.7) or (Martin and Garcia, 2014, p.85) .
Cite an edited book in Harvard: For an edited book, put the editor's name, followed by '(ed.)' after the title of the book.
Cite a book with multiple volumes: When citing from a multi-volume work, you need to include the volume number after the title.
Cite a translated book: For a translated book, list the translator(s) after the title. Use the abbreviation 'trans.' before the translator's name.
Cite a book edition: If the book is a different edition other than the first, you need to include that information in the citation.
Remember to always follow the general structure and adapt it according to these rules when such exceptions come into play while citing different types of books.
When citing a journal article in Harvard format, follow this template:
In your text, you would then cite the work as (Smith, 2020).
When creating a Harvard citation for a journal article without issue or volume number , you can omit this information from the citation.
If you accessed the journal online , you should add the URL or DOI at the end of the citation.
If the journal article you're citing has multiple authors , list them in the order they appear in the article and separate them with commas:
Always tailor the general structure according to these rules when special cases arise while citing different types of journal articles. With this guide in hand, you're well equipped to cite journal articles in Harvard style effectively and accurately!
Citing websites is essential in the digital age, so let's dive into the nuances of citing websites using the Harvard referencing style.
In your text, you would then cite the work as (OpenAI, 2021) .
To cite a website with no publication date , use n.d. ('no date') in place of the year:
When citing a website without a known author , you can use the organization or website name:
To create a Harvard citation where no publisher is identified , use [no publisher] in the reference:
Remember to follow the general structure and adapt it according to these rules when exceptions come into play. With this guide, citing websites in the Harvard style is no longer a perplexing task but an exciting journey into the world of digital academia!
When citing a chapter from a book in Harvard style, the required elements include: author(s) of the chapter, year of publication, title of chapter, in: editor(s) (Ed(s).), title of the book, edition (if not the first), publisher, and pages.
To create a Harvard in-text citation, you would then reference the work as (Johnson, 2017) .
This section aims to provide an overview on how to cite newspaper and magazine articles in Harvard style, featuring practical examples, as well as various exceptions you might come across.
Your in-text citation would look like: (Patterson, 2021) .
When citing a magazine or newspaper article available online , make sure to include the link to the source at the end of your Harvard citation:
If no page number or issue number is given , you can omit them from the citation:
We hope that our tips should give you the knowledge you need to confidently cite newspaper and magazine articles in the Harvard style, with a clear understanding of how to handle any exceptions that might arise.
To cite a conference paper, you'll need to put together several key elements in the following format:
Then, your in-text citation will simply be (Doe & Roe, 2023) .
To cite conference proceedings published in a book , you will have to follow a slightly different format:
When referencing a keynote speech in the Harvard style , include the term 'keynote speech' in the citation:
Citing conference papers in the Harvard style may feel like navigating an intricate labyrinth, but fear not! With the right guide, it can become a smooth and satisfying journey. We hope that with Bibcitation, you are fully equipped to venture forth and tackle any conference paper citation, confidently navigating the rich and varied landscape of Harvard style referencing.
Movies, documentaries, and TV series often serve as substantial resources in various academic disciplines, including film studies, cultural studies, or history. In Harvard style, when citing films or DVDs, you would use the following format:
The in-text citation would look like this: (The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014) .
To cite a specific scene in the movie , you can include a time stamp in your in-text citation: (The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014: 00:32:45) .
When referencing TV series in Harvard , the format alters slightly. You would need to include the episode title and season and episode number:
To cite movies available on Netflix, Amazon Prime , and other streaming platforms, include the platform name:
We hope that these guidelines and examples will help you cite films and other audio-visual material in your research.
Your in-text citation will be short and simple: (Radiohead, 1997) .
To cite a song accessed through an online music streaming service like Spotify or Apple Music, include the name of the platform in the citation:
When referencing podcasts in Harvard , the format slightly changes. Include the host, episode title, and the platform:
Similar to citing movies, if you need to reference a specific moment in the song, you can indicate the timestamp in your in-text citation: (Radiohead, 1997: 03:12) .
Social media has evolved to become an essential platform for communication, idea exchange, and knowledge sharing. From tweets to Facebook updates to Instagram posts, these forms of content often provide valuable insights for research, especially in areas like sociology, marketing, and digital humanities.
Here's how to correctly cite them in the Harvard referencing style, ensuring your research acknowledges these dynamic, virtual sources.
Your in-text citation will reference the account name: (NASA, 2022) .
To cite a Twitter post in Harvard , you would normally include the tweet itself as the title. The citation becomes:
For Facebook posts , the format remains mostly the same, but it is common to abbreviate Facebook to 'FB':
Remember, due to the ever-changing nature of social media, these citations might require adaptation based on the platform's current layout and available information.
Artworks, from paintings to sculptures, represent the pinnacle of human creativity and aesthetics, often used as primary sources in art history, cultural studies, and humanities research. Properly referencing these artistic expressions in the Harvard style not only respects the artists' intellectual property but also provides a clear path for your readers to admire the masterpieces you're discussing.
The basic structure for citing artwork in Harvard style is:
The in-text citation would look like this: (Van Gogh, 1889) .
If you viewed the artwork online , your citation will need to include the URL and the date you accessed the image:
To reference a painting where the artist is unknown , begin with the title. If the year of the artwork is unknown, use the abbreviation 'n.d.' (no date):
Remember, the goal is to ensure anyone can locate the artwork you're referencing. With these guidelines, you're ready to illustrate your research with art citations in Harvard style!
Theses and dissertations serve as a treasure trove of knowledge and original research. These academic works are often used as resources in many fields of study. Therefore, it's crucial to understand how to cite these works correctly in the Harvard style. Buckle up as we dive into the intricacies of this citation journey.
The general structure for citing a thesis or dissertation in Harvard style is:
The in-text citation would look like this: (Smith, 2020) .
If you are looking to cite a thesis or dissertation that you accessed online , include the URL and the date you accessed it:
If the thesis or dissertation was accessed through a specific database or archive , make sure to mention it in the citation:
We hope that by following these guidelines, you'll be well-equipped to cite theses and dissertations in the Harvard style, adding valuable breadth and depth to your research.
In today's data-driven world, databases and data sets serve as valuable reservoirs of information, providing the cornerstone for numerous academic and scientific research endeavors.
This guide is specifically designed to aid you in citing databases and data sets effectively in Harvard style.
Typically, the structure for citing databases and data sets includes the author, year, title, type of data, version (if applicable), place of publication, and publisher, followed by the web address and accessed date. Here's how you do it:
The in-text citation would look like this: (World Bank, 2020) .
If you are citing a specific data point within a larger data set , it's recommended to indicate the relevant information in your citation:
When you can't identify the author of the dataset , which is usually the case with such sources, you can begin your citation with the name of the organization that published the document:
By adhering to these guidelines, you can appropriately reference databases and data sets in Harvard style.
In academia, referencing course materials and lectures is a common practice. From lecture slides to course handouts, these resources offer a wealth of information that can be crucial for academic works. Citing them appropriately in the Harvard style is essential for giving due credit and allowing readers to track down the original resources if needed.
Below you will find the general structure for citing course materials:
The in-text citation would look like this: (Smith, 2023) .
To cite a lecture in the Harvard style , the citation could look like this:
For a printed course pack , the reference structure slightly changes:
Remember, when in doubt, the primary goal is to provide enough information for others to locate the same material you referenced. By following these guidelines, you can correctly reference course materials and lectures in the Harvard style, thereby strengthening the credibility of your academic work.
In the era of digital information, YouTube videos often become the source of information in academic and professional research. Whether it's a TED talk, a documentary snippet, or a lecture, the content on YouTube is rich and varied. But just like books, articles, and interviews, these resources also need to be cited correctly to acknowledge the creators and to maintain the credibility of your work.
The general structure for citing a YouTube video in Harvard style is as follows:
If you want to reference a specific point in the video, include a timestamp in your in-text citation, but not in the reference list entry: (Vsauce, 2021, 0:15) .
Dictionaries and encyclopedias are often the unsung heroes of academic research. These repositories of knowledge provide researchers with key definitions and detailed explanations that lay the foundation for more complex arguments. Yet, correctly citing such sources following the Harvard style is paramount to maintain the integrity of your work and give credit where it's due.
Here's the basic structure for citing an entry from a dictionary or an encyclopedia:
In many cases, dictionary entries do not have identifiable authors. In such situations, you begin the citation with the title of the entry:
To cite an online dictionary or encyclopedia , the citation will follow this format:
When citing dictionaries and encyclopedias, be attentive to these specific cases. The aim is to provide enough accurate information for readers to locate the same sources you have used, thus ensuring the integrity of your academic work.
When you're conducting research, not all information comes from books, articles, or websites. Sometimes, valuable insights are gained through personal communications - emails, interviews, conversations, or lectures that aren't recorded. The Harvard referencing style has a specific way to cite these sources to acknowledge these individual contributions.
Personal communications are cited slightly differently from most other sources. In Harvard style, they are cited within the text of your work, but do not appear in the reference list at the end, since they are untraceable and can't be accessed by others. The format is as follows:
(Author's initials. Author's surname, personal communication, Day Month Year)
If the communication is available in a recoverable format, such as emails that have been published, interviews available in an archive, or publicly accessible lecture notes, it should be cited according to the format of the source they are retrievable from.
For example, a published interview would be cited similarly to a book or an article, while accessible lecture notes would be cited as course materials.
It's important to get permission before citing personal communications to respect the privacy and rights of the individuals involved. Always make sure to cite accurately to maintain the integrity and reliability of your work.
In Harvard style, a secondary citation is indicated by citing both the original author and the source author in your text, but only including the source author in your reference list.
Here's the format for citing a secondary source within the text:
For instance, if you read about Einstein's work in a book written by Hawkins, the in-text citation would look like this:
Einstein's theory of relativity (Einstein, 1915, cited in Hawkins, 2001) revolutionized physics...
While secondary citations can be useful in some circumstances, they should be used sparingly. This is because secondary referencing can lead to the propagation of misinterpretations, as you are relying on one author's interpretation of another's work.
It is always best to find and cite the original source of information whenever possible.
Having studied the ins and outs of the Harvard referencing format, it's clear that citations are a meticulous but vital part of any scholarly work. They ensure transparency, respect original authors' contributions, and lend credibility to your academic endeavor. In this comprehensive guide, we've aimed to illuminate the intricacies of Harvard referencing, covering everything from books to YouTube videos, and even those elusive secondary citations.
Navigating the citation universe can seem daunting, but remember, you're not alone. The team at Bibcitation, your trusted citation generator, is committed to streamlining the referencing process for you. We hope this guide has demystified Harvard referencing, and we're always here to help you in your quest for citation mastery. Here's to impeccable research papers, dissertations, and essays.
Keep writing, keep citing, and keep shining!
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
⚙️ Styles | APA 6 & APA 7 |
---|---|
📚 Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
📥 Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
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Cite This For Me™ was launched in October 2010, we began with the mission of helping students quickly create citations. Since then, the Cite This For Me™ citation generator has assisted millions of students across the world including in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, and beyond. Our tools are designed to help you quickly prepare an entire bibliography or reference list. Even if you know very little about references, our forms and automatic citation features can help guide you through the process and tell you what information is needed. This means less guessing for you and an easier citation process! Nearly any style you can think of is supported by the Cite This For Me™ citation generator, including Harvard referencing, APA (American Psychological Association) style, MLA (Modern Language Association) style, Chicago style, Vancouver, and thousands of others.
Citing isn’t something you usually think about, but it’s important nonetheless. You already do it in your everyday life without realising it. Have you ever said, “I heard on XYZ News that . . . “, or “I read in XYZ that those two celebrities are dating”, or even “Mom said that you can’t do that”. By saying where you got your information, you are casually citing a source. We do this because it gives credibility to what we say, but also because it credits the originator of the information. It also allows others to follow up if they need more information. Formal citing done for papers and projects takes this a step further. In addition to the reasons mentioned above, citing sources in academia provides evidence of your research process and helps you avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is a word you never want to hear describing your work. You’ve probably seen headlines in the news and heard stories in school about the negative consequences of plagiarism. It’s not good but it is preventable. By creating references and citations with Cite This For Me™ tools you’re taking steps to help avoid this.
Click the button “Create citations” to begin. You’ll be prompted to choose a source type and guided through the rest of the citing process. For source types like websites, journal articles, and books, the Cite This For Me™ citation generator automatically tries to find your source’s information based on details you provide. That could be anything from the author’s name to the source’s URL to the article’s DOI number. This makes citing more efficient and helps you easily create references and citations for your paper in a timely manner.
Beyond simply creating references or citations, most citation styles have additional guidelines about paper formatting, in-text citations, and other details. Cite This For Me™ citation guides cover a lot of this additional information, so your paper is more properly prepped and less likely to get points taken off for these details. The guides cover several citation styles, but the most popular are Harvard referencing , APA format , MLA format , and Chicago style .
A good paper references several sources. Multiply that with the several papers most schools assign in a year, and you get dozens of sources that will need to be cited within your academic career. That’s a lot of references to create, sort through, and keep track of. That’s where Cite This For Me™ Premium comes in. With a premium account you can cite as many sources as you want, organize the sources into bibliographies, and save ALL of those bibliographies so you can easily refer back to your references. It’s a great way to manage your bibliographies and cite with confidence.
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Mla format: everything you need to know and more.
Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!
MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!
APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!
Chicago Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
Whether you’re a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar-related topics. Confused about reflexive verbs, demonstrative adjectives, or conjunctive adverbs? Look no further! Learn about these grammar topics and many, many more in our thorough and easy to understand reference guides!
Citing Sources Guide | Grammar Guide | Plagiarism Guide | Writing Tips
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Table of Contents
Accurate citations are crucial for ensuring academic integrity, but it’s not easy to get it right. Students and researchers often struggle with managing their references, formatting citations, and ensuring consistency between in-text citations and reference lists. Missing or incorrect citations raise the risk of plagiarism, resulting in academic penalties, retraction of published papers, loss of reputation, and even potential career setbacks. But what if there was a way to accurately cite sources without breaking your writing flow? Paperpal’s new online citation generator simplifies and enhances the citation process by allowing you to search, style, and cite sources as you write.
Research progresses with previously published literature as the foundation, which makes it important to accurately cite and acknowledge the original authors and sources. This allows readers to easily locate referenced works for further reading or verification, enhancing transparency and trust in your findings. Authors are also expected to adhere to specific stylistic guidelines for formatting citations (in-line citations and reference lists) depending on the university or journal. Sounds easy enough, but if you consider that a research paper can have anywhere from 20 to 100+ references, cited multiple times in a paper, while review articles can have over 200 references, ensuring correct citations can be a Herculean task.
Some of the most common problems academics face when adding citations to their writing include :
With Paperpal’s new citation generator, there is no need to juggle between multiple tools to search, save, or format your citations. The free citation generator is seamlessly integrated into Paperpal’s writing workflow, empowering you to find and cite sources accurately in 10,000+ styles with a click. Available on Paperpal for Word and Web under the “Research & Cite” feature, this powerful citation maker automates this tedious process so you can focus on what truly matters: your research and writing.
There are a number of citations tools in the market today, so what makes the Paperpal Citation Generator unique? Simply put, its comprehensive feature suite that allows you to research, write, cite, polish, and submit your work with confidence. Here’s a quick look at the benefits for academics:
Paperpal’s citation builder supports 10,000+ styles, all up-to-date versions, ensuring your writing is accurate, consistent, and professionally presented. Here’s a quick look at the top styles for citations in research papers it supports:
Spend less time formatting citations and more time on research with Paperpal’s citation generator, which allows you to research, write, and cite 2x faster. Here’s a quick step-by-step process to help you use this AI citation builder effectively.
1. Search for References: Login to Paperpal , open a document, click on the Research & Cite tab. Type your question to get factual answers from 250Mn+ research articles, with links to verified sources. You can also search for specific papers by looking up their title or DOI in the search bar.
2. Add Sources to Citation Library: Manage references better by saving them in Paperpal’s in-built citation library. You can retrieve and add papers you already know you want to cite or use the AI reference finder to look up and include new sources to strengthen your writing.
3. Style and Cite References: Once a paper is added to the library, select it and click on Cite. Pick from the 10,000+ citation styles Paperpal covers and the AI will generate the citation correctly.
4. Insert Into Your Document: Copy and paste the citations into your MS Word document or use the web-based editor to integrate them directly into your writing.
Paperpal Promotes the Responsible Use of AI
While Paperpal’s free citation generator streamlines the citation process, it does not allow users to simply select text and generate AI recommended citations for it. To maintain academic integrity, we encourage and enable academics to do the required research, literature reading, and cite sources after understanding them. Using an AI in-text citation generator or simply citing a reference based on the abstract alone could be misleading. Moreover, to ensure accurate citations, Paperpal does not support styling for any free-text citations that users may add within their text.
At Paperpal, we are dedicated to continuously improving and expanding our support for authors across the globe. The new citation generator is just one of the many tools we offer to make academic writing more accessible and efficient for academics. As we strive to enhance our platform, we remain committed to helping researchers and students achieve their best work. Ready to experience the ease of accurate, hassle-free citations? Explore Paperpal for Free Now!
Paperpal is a comprehensive AI writing toolkit that helps students and researchers achieve 2x the writing in half the time. It leverages 21+ years of STM experience and insights from millions of research articles to provide in-depth academic writing, language editing, and submission readiness support to help you write better, faster.
Get accurate academic translations, rewriting support, grammar checks, vocabulary suggestions, and generative AI assistance that delivers human precision at machine speed. Try for free or upgrade to Paperpal Prime starting at US$19 a month to access premium features, including consistency, plagiarism, and 30+ submission readiness checks to help you succeed.
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Accurate APA citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions.
Cite any page or article with a single click right from your browser. The extension does the hard work for you by automatically grabbing the title, author(s), publication date, and everything else needed to whip up the perfect APA citation.
Add to Chrome. It's free!
⚙️ Styles | APA 7 & APA 6 |
---|---|
📚 Source types | Websites, books, articles |
🔎 Autocite | Search by title, URL, DOI, or ISBN |
You don’t want points taken off for incorrect citations. That’s why our APA citation experts have invested countless hours perfecting our algorithms. As a result, we’re proud to be recommended by teachers worldwide.
Staying focused is already challenging enough. You don’t need video pop-ups and flickering banner ads slowing you down. At Scribbr, we keep distractions to a minimum while also keeping the APA Citation Generator free for everyone.
Search for your source by title, URL, DOI, ISBN, and more to retrieve the relevant information automatically.
Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both APA 6 and APA 7 (as well as MLA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we’ve got you covered!
Easily export in BibTeX format and continue working in your favorite LaTeX editor.
Reference list finished? Export to Word with perfect indentation and spacing set up for you.
Organize the reference list the way you want: from A to Z, new to old, or grouped by source type.
Stay organized by creating a separate reference list for each of your assignments.
Choose between Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, and more options to match your style.
The Scribbr Citation Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.
Create perfectly formatted annotated bibliographies with just a few clicks.
Explanatory tips help you get the details right to ensure accurate citations.
Getting to grips with citation is simple with the help of our highly rated APA citation guides and videos .
Your work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account.
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.
This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).
APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170) . See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list .
You should include in-text citations every time you’re quoting or paraphrasing someone else’s ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism .
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
Author type | Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation |
---|---|---|
One author | (Smith, 2020) | Smith (2020) |
Two authors | (Smith & Jones, 2020) | Smith and Jones (2020) |
Three or more authors | (Smith et al., 2020) | Smith et al. (2020) |
Organization | (Scribbr, 2020) | Scribbr (2020) |
When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.
Missing element | What to do | Parenthetical citation |
---|---|---|
Author | Use the source title.* | ( , 2020) |
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date.” | (Smith, n.d.) |
Page number | Either use an or omit the page number. | (Smith, 2020, Chapter 3) or (Smith, 2020) |
APA Citation Generator
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APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Missing element | What to do | Reference format |
---|---|---|
Author | Start the reference entry with the source title. | Title. (Date). Source. |
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date”. | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
Title | Describe the work in square brackets. | Author. (Date). [Description]. Source. |
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.
The World Health Organization is pleased to announce the call for expressions of interest for the second term of the WHO Youth Council, running from 2024 to 2026 and hereby invites organizations to submit their expression of interest. Please read all instructions carefully.
The WHO Youth Council aims to foster meaningful youth engagement within the WHO, leveraging the insights and expertise of diverse young people globally to shape health policies and strategies. The Council serves as a platform to amplify youth voices, promote public health, and support WHO’s efforts in strengthening youth contributions to health systems through advocacy and innovative initiatives. Please read more about the Council here .
To be eligible for membership, organizations must meet all eligibility criteria outlined in the revised Terms of Reference. Please read through the Terms of Reference carefully, to fully understand the Council’s activities. We invite expressions of interest from organizations active on the international level, that are youth-led, youth-focused or a youth chapter in a larger organization. We are looking to select a mix of primarily health and non-health organizations.
We are asking all WHO Youth Council members to be a part of the WHO Civil Society Commission. If your organization is not yet a member, please submit your application here in addition to submitting your expression of interest for the WHO Youth Council. Please note, that for your expression of interest for the Council to be considered, a submitted application for the WHO Civil Society Commission suffices.
Interested organizations are required to complete the online application form available at WHO Youth Council Application Form . Additionally, applicants must submit the Tobacco-Arms Disclosure Form , which can be found here. Applications will be reviewed based on adherence to the eligibility criteria, diversity considerations, and relevant motivation, plans and experience of the organization.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Citing a website in APA Style. An APA reference for a webpage lists the author's last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.. The in-text citation lists the author's last name and the year. If it's a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number ...
Revised on January 17, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ...
Revised on 7 November 2022. To reference a website in Harvard style, include the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the page, the URL, and the date on which you accessed the website. In-text citation example. (Google, 2020) Reference template. Author surname, initial.
Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides. When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document). Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc].
The most common citation styles in the UK are APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, MHRA, and Oscola. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations. Scribbr's free Reference Generator can generate perfect references and in-text citations in both APA and MLA styles. More citation styles will be available soon!
In-text citation: Referencing is an essential academic skill (Pears and Shields, 2019). Reference list entry: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th edn. London: MacMillan. To automatically generate accurate Harvard references, you can use Scribbr's free reference generator:
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style. It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
MyBib is a free bibliography and citation generator that makes accurate citations for you to copy straight into your academic assignments and papers. If you're a student, academic, or teacher, and you're tired of the other bibliography and citation tools out there, then you're going to love MyBib. MyBib creates accurate citations automatically ...
Citation Generator: Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr's APA Citation Generator, MLA Citation Generator, Harvard Referencing Generator, and Chicago Citation Generator. Plagiarism Checker: Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Turnitin-powered plagiarism software available to ...
the page, paragraph or section number—what you cite will depend on the information available as many electronic or online sources don't have pages. provide an accurate access date for online sources, that is, identify when a source was viewed or downloaded. provide the location of an online source, for example, a database or web address.
The Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator above will create your references in the Harvard - Cite Them Right (10th Edition) format as standard, but it can auto-generate references in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor has asked you to adopt APA referencing, or your discipline requires you to use OSCOLA referencing, Vancouver ...
To use the reference generator, simply: Select your style from Harvard, APA, OSCOLA and many more*. Choose the type of source you would like to cite (e.g. website, book, journal, video) Enter the URL, DOI, ISBN, title, or other unique source information to find your source. Click the 'Cite' button on the reference generator.
Browse the Reference Site Directory. About; Help; Feedback; Terms; English Español Arabic ... Academic search engine for students and researchers. Locates relevant academic search results from web pages, books, encyclopedias, and journals. Directory; Search; Web; Documents; Type 2 or more characters for results. Learn about: Charles Dickens ...
Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions.
Scribbr offers a variety of other tools and resources to help with referencing and other aspects of academic writing: Referencing generator: Scribbr's free referencing generator can also create flawless citations in other styles, such as APA and MLA. Free plagiarism checker: Detect and fix plagiarism issues with the most accurate plagiarism ...
Using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals. Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries.
Scribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required. Just input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format.
Harvard Format Overview. The Harvard Referencing Style, created by Harvard University, is an author-date citation style extensively adopted across numerous academic disciplines.This style, with its clear rules for crafting in-text citations and reference lists, ensures uniformity and coherence in scholarly writing.
More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). Also see the Reference Examples pages on the APA Style website. Journal Article (Section 10.1)
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official ...
Click the button "Create citations" to begin. You'll be prompted to choose a source type and guided through the rest of the citing process. For source types like websites, journal articles, and books, the Cite This For Me™ citation generator automatically tries to find your source's information based on details you provide.
Stay up to date! Get research tips and citation information or just enjoy some fun posts from our student blog. Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free.
Learn how Paperpal's new citation generator can help you search references, save them or auto-cite them directly into your document, without any manual effort. ... eliminating citation errors that can impact your academic writing quality. Consistency in In-Text and Full-Text References: Achieve uniformity between in-text citations and full ...
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).
To be eligible for membership, organizations must meet all eligibility criteria outlined in the revised Terms of Reference. Please read through the Terms of Reference carefully, to fully understand the Council's activities. We invite expressions of interest from organizations active on the international level, that are youth-led, youth ...