linear model of communication essay

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1.3: The Communication Process and Models

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Learning Objectives

• Identify and define the components of the communication process
• Identify and define the components of the linear, interactional and transactional models of communication.
• Compare and contrast the three models of communication.
• Use the transactional model of communication to analyze a recent communication encounter.

The Communication Process

Human communication is essentially a process of sending and receiving information. Every verbal and non-verbal interaction that we have goes through this process. Essentially, the process is transactional, in which each of the components overlaps simultaneously. The components of the communication process are as follows:

• Source : Sender of the message
• Receiver : Recipient of the message
• Encoding: The process of turning thoughts into communication
• Decoding:  The process of turning communication into thoughts
• Feedback : Reply or response (verbal or non-verbal) to the message
• Message : Content of communication
• Channel: Vehicle through which communication travels
• Noise : Interference in communication

Any interference in the communication process is considered noise. Noise hampers the source from sending out a clear message and the receiver from taking in the message as it was intended. Noise is ever present in each of the three models of communication.

The following types of noise can negatively impact the communication process:

• Environmental noise: Noise present in the physical environment, like loud music or the noise of traffic can impact communication.
• Semantic noise: This refers to the differences in the understanding of meaning by the sender and the receiver. For example, the meaning of the word ‘fat’ (phat) can have different connotations for different groups of people.
• Syntactical noise: Grammatical mistakes in formation of sentences can hamper the correct understanding of messages. A common example is the incorrect use of tense.
• Organizational noise: If the message is not appropriately structured and ordered, it can lead to miscommunication. An example is when someone receives unclear instructions to complete a task.
• Cultural noise: Differences in cultural norms, such as ethnic, religious, or gender differences, can lead to misinterpretation of a message. For example, eye contact in some contexts can be seen as disrespectful and rude, while in others it is a sign that you are paying attention and being respectful.
• Psychological noise: Internal feelings, like being hungry, upset, elated, angry, or discouraged, can affect communication.

Communication Models

Three models are used to explain the communication process. These are discussed here.

The linear model of communication describes communication going in only one direction. The sender encodes a message and channels it to the receiver. The components at work include sending and receiving, and encoding and decoding a message, but there is no feedback loop.  

For example: Receiving a letter in the mail or an email.

The interactional model reflects more of a back-and-forth conversation, in which a person waits for the feedback loop to be completed before responding. Conversation is interactive when the source sends a message to the receiver, it is encoded, and a message is sent back, creating a two-way conversation. There is no time lag in communication. 

The interactional model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process.

For example: A question-and-answer session, in which a question is asked and a response given, is an example of an interactional model of communication.  Feedback and context help make the interactive model a more useful illustration of the communication process.  Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process.  Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought.

All our natural day-to-day conversation takes the form of the transactional model . In this model, there is a simultaneous flow of communication between the sender and receiver of information. There is an overlap in the encoding and decoding of information. While the sender is completing a sentence the receiver is already thinking of what to say next. Short of cutting one another off during conversation, intrapersonal communication and feedback is also occurring with this process. The key phrase here is ‘at the same time’.

As the study of communication progressed, models expanded to account for more of the communication process. Many scholars view communication as more than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. We don’t send messages like computers, and we don’t neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds.  

To review, each model incorporates a different understanding of what communication is and what communication does. The linear model views communication as a thing, like an information packet, that is sent from one place to another. From this view, communication is defined as sending and receiving messages. The interactional model views communication as an interaction in which a message is sent and then followed by a reaction (feedback), which is then followed by another reaction, and so on.  The transactional model views communication as integrated into our social realities and displays the all components of the communication process.

Key Takeaways

• The Communication Process outlines the many facets that take place during communication.
• The linear model of communication describes communication as a one-way, linear process in which a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it. 
• The interactional model of communication describes communication as a two-way process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending and receiving feedback. 
• The transactional model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators are simultaneously senders and receivers.
• Understanding how noise is always present in communication.
• Getting integrated: How might knowing the various components of the communication process help you in your day-to-day life?
• What communication situations does the linear model best represent? The interactional model? The transactional model?
• Use the transactional model of communication to analyze a recent communication encounter you had. Sketch out the communication encounter and make sure to label each part of the model (communicators; message; channel; feedback; and physical, psychological, social, relational, and cultural contexts).

Schramm, W., The Beginnings of Communication Study in America (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997).

Wood, J.T., Communication in Our Lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA (Thomson-Wadsworth, 2009).

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Part 3: Planning messages

3.2 Communication models

Communication is a complex process, and it is difficult to determine where or with whom a communication encounter starts and ends. It can sometimes be helpful to consider different communication models. Below are some questions to help guide you through this chapter.

Questions for reflection

• Why do models (of anything) matter in the real world?
• What value do communication models have?
• What communication models do you know about already?
• How can learning about communication models be helpful to you?

Models of communication simplify the process by providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a communication encounter. Some models explain communication in more detail than others, but even the most complex model still doesn’t recreate what we experience in even a moment of a communication encounter. Models still serve a valuable purpose for students of communication because they allow us to see specific concepts and steps within the process of communication, define communication, and apply communication concepts. When you become aware of how communication functions, you can think more deliberately through your communication encounters, which can help you better prepare for future communication and learn from your previous communication. The three models of communication we will discuss are the transmission, interaction, and transaction models.

Although these models of communication differ, they contain some common elements. The first two models we will discuss, the transmission model and the interaction model, include the following parts: participants, messages, encoding, decoding, and channels. In communication models, the participants are the senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter. The message is the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver. For example, when you say “Hello!” to your friend, you are sending a message of greeting that will be received by your friend.

The internal cognitive process that allows participants to send, receive, and understand messages is the encoding and decoding process. Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. As we will learn later, the level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages varies. Decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts. For example, you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza tonight?” As your roommate receives the message, they decode your communication and turn it back into thoughts in order to make meaning out of it. Of course, we don’t just communicate verbally—we have various options, or channels for communication. Encoded messages are sent through a channel, or a sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding. While communication can be sent and received using any sensory route (sight, smell, touch, taste, or sound), most communication occurs through visual (sight) and/or auditory (sound) channels. If your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game, you may need to get their attention by waving your hands before you can ask them about dinner.

Linear model of communication

The linear or transmission model of communication, as shown in Figure 2.2.1, describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing process. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not. The scholars who designed this model extended on a linear model proposed by Aristotle centuries before that included a speaker, message, and hearer. They were also influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio, and you can probably see these technical influences within the model (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your car. The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver’s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. The radio announcer doesn’t really know if you receive their message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received.

Figure 2.2.1 The linear model of communication

Although the transmission model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today, the creation of this model allowed scholars to examine the communication process in new ways, which eventually led to more complex models and theories of communication.

Interactive model of communication

The interactive or interaction model of communication, as shown in Figure 2.2.2, describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages. For example, your instructor may respond to a point you raise during class discussion or you may point to the sofa when your roommate asks you where the remote control is. The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than having one sender, one message, and one receiver, this model has two sender-receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going. Although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought.

The interactive model is also less message focused and more interaction focused. While the linear model focused on how a message was transmitted and whether or not it was received, the interactive model is more concerned with the communication process itself. In fact, this model acknowledges that there are so many messages being sent at one time that many of them may not even be received. Some messages are also unintentionally sent. Therefore, communication isn’t judged effective or ineffective in this model based on whether or not a single message was successfully transmitted and received.

Figure 2.2.2 The interactive model of communication

The interactive model takes physical and psychological context into account. Physical context includes the environmental factors in a communication encounter. The size, layout, temperature, and lighting of a space influence our communication. Imagine the different physical contexts in which job interviews take place and how that may affect your communication. I have had job interviews over the phone, crowded around a table with eight interviewers, and sitting with few people around an extra large conference table. I’ve also been walked around an office to unexpectedly interview one-on-one, in succession, with multiple members of a search committee over a period of three hours. Whether it’s the size of the room or other environmental factors, it’s important to consider the role that physical context plays in our communication. Psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter. Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some examples of psychological influences that can affect our communication. Seemingly positive psychological states, like experiencing the emotion of love, can also affect communication. Feedback and context help make the interaction model a more useful illustration of the communication process, but the transaction model views communication as a powerful tool that shapes our realities beyond individual communication encounters.

Transaction model of communication

As the study of communication progressed, models expanded to account for more of the communication process. Many scholars view communication as more than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. We don’t send messages like computers, and we don’t neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds. We also can’t consciously decide to stop communicating because communication is more than sending and receiving messages. The transaction model differs from the transmission and interaction models in significant ways, including the conceptualization of communication, the role of sender and receiver, and the role of context (Barnlund, 1970).

The transaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. In this model, which is shown in Figure 2.2.3, we don’t just communicate to exchange messages; we communicate to create relationships, form intercultural alliances, shape our self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create communities.

The roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of communication differ significantly from the other models. Instead of labeling participants as senders and receivers, the people in a communication encounter are referred to as communicators. Unlike the interactive model, which suggests that participants alternate positions as sender and receiver, the transaction model suggests that we are simultaneously senders and receivers. This is an important addition to the model because it allows us to understand how we are able to adapt our communication—for example, a verbal message—in the middle of sending it based on the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our communication partner.

Figure 2.2.3 The transaction model of communication

The transaction model also includes a more complex understanding of context. The interaction model portrays context as physical and psychological influences that enhance or impede communication. While these contexts are important, they focus on message transmission and reception. Since the transaction model of communication views communication as a force that shapes our realities before and after specific interactions occur, it must account for contextual influences outside of a single interaction. To do this, the transaction model considers how social, relational, and cultural contexts frame and influence our communication encounters.

Social context refers to the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication. Norms are social conventions that we pick up on through observation, practice, and trial and error. We may not even know we are breaking a social norm until we notice people looking at us strangely or someone corrects or teases us. Relational context includes the previous interpersonal history and type of relationship we have with a person. We communicate differently with someone we just met versus someone we’ve known for a long time. Initial interactions with people tend to be more highly scripted and governed by established norms and rules, but when we have an established relational context, we may be able to bend or break social norms and rules more easily. Cultural context includes various aspects of identities such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class, and ability. We all have multiple cultural identities that influence our communication. Some people, especially those with identities that have been historically marginalized, are regularly aware of how their cultural identities influence their communication and influence how others communicate with them. Conversely, people with identities that are dominant or in the majority may rarely, if ever, think about the role their cultural identities play in their communication. Cultural context is influenced by numerous aspects of our identities and is not limited to race or ethnicity.

Barnlund, D. C. (1970). A transactional model of communication in  K.K. Sereno and C.D. Mortenson (Eds.),  Foundations of communication theory (pp. 83-92). New York, NY: Harper and Row.

Ellis, R. and McClintock, A. (1990).  You take my meaning: Theory into practice in human communication . London: Edward Arnold.

Schramm, W. (1997).  The beginnings of communication study in America . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Shannon, C. and Weaver, W. (1949).  The mathematical theory of communication . Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Attribution

This chapter contains material taken from Chapter 1.2 “The communication process” in  Communication in the real world: An introduction to communication studies  and is used under a  CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 International  license.

Introduction to Professional Communications Copyright © 2018 by Melissa Ashman is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• What is a linear model of...

What is a linear model of communication? Definition and examples

9 min read · Updated on December 20, 2023

A new way of looking at workplace communications

There are many communication styles, but did you know there is more to communicating than written , verbal, and non-verbal communication skills ? 

Enter communication models: the theoretical frameworks that depict and explain the processes and elements involved in communication. These models help researchers, practitioners and, more recently, business owners and staff, to understand communication dynamics. 

In this article, we zoom in on the linear model of communication, unpicking what linear communication is, the components of this model, and examples of linear communication in the workplace.

What is the linear model of communication?

Linear communication is a one-way type of communication where someone sends a message without getting any feedback from the receiver of the message. 

Linear communication is a simple communication model that's often used in sales and marketing activities, when sending engaging messages to customers, and in large-scale organisations, when sending communications to a group of people. 

This one-way communication style is particularly useful when communicating a message to a wide range of people simultaneously. 

The 7 components of linear communication

We've already mentioned the “sender” and “receiver” that are involved in linear communication. In total, there are seven components of the linear communication model. They include: 

The sender is the initiator of the message. They are the person who creates the message sent by linear communication. In sales, the sender could be a salesperson who creates a promotional email to send to potential clients.

Unsurprisingly, the receiver is the person on the receiving end of the message. The receiver is the audience. In the workplace, the receiver could be an employee who receives an email from a supervisor with instructions for a new project.

The message is the core information or content being conveyed from the sender to the receiver. In marketing, a message could be a slogan in an advertisement promoting a product's unique selling proposition.

The channel is how the message is sent; that is, the medium or method used for transmission. For example, in the workplace, a team leader might use a staff meeting as the channel to communicate important project updates to the team. 

Encoding is the process of converting a message into a suitable form of transmission. Before sending a message it has to be encoded, turning potentially complex information into something easily understood. For example, a salesperson might encode a complex technical specification into more straightforward language for a client presentation.

When a receiver gets a message, they must decode it. Decoding is the process of interpreting and making sense of what was received. Often consumers decode an advertisement's message to understand the benefits and features of a product.

Noise refers to any type of interference or disruption that affects the accuracy of the transmission or reception of a message. We can break noise into three sub-categories:

Physical noise: This refers to external, tangible interferences that can disrupt the transmission of a message, like static on a phone line. 

Semantic noise: This refers to issues related to language and meaning, like when a sender and receiver have different interpretations of words, symbols, or language, resulting in miscommunication.

Psychological noise: This refers to internal, mental, or emotional factors affecting communication. For example, a sender or receiver may have stress levels which interfere with the ability to comprehend or convey a message.

What are other models of communication?

There are two other models of communication in addition to the linear model of communication. They are:

Interactive

Interactive communication is a two-way process. It occurs between two or more people and occurs when everyone in the conversation is a sender and a receiver. It often involves immediate feedback and response too, which allows for real-time adjustments to messaging. 

The interactive communication model has three main characteristics: the ability for all parties to respond to each other's messages, the exchange of messages in real-time, and collaboration and mutual participation.

An example of interactive communication could be a face-to-face conversation between two colleagues discussing a project. They can ask questions, seek clarification, and provide immediate feedback, creating a dynamic exchange of information.

Transactional

Transactional communication builds on the interactive model, recognising that participants simultaneously give and receive information. It views communication as a continuous, evolving process where roles are interchangeable.

The transactional communication model has three main characteristics: understanding that the roles of sender and receiver aren't fixed and that they influence each other, that communication is an ongoing and evolving process, and that communication is about a shared meaning and understanding between communicators. 

An example of transactional communication is when a team works collaboratively on a project through an online platform. It requires team members to share information, respond to each other's ideas, and collectively shape the project's direction. 

Different models of linear communication

The linear communication model shows communication as a one-way, linear process between sender and receiver. There are several sub-models which illustrate this concept. They share common elements, but each model highlights certain aspects of the communication process. 

Examples of different models of linear communication include:

Aristotle model

Although not strictly linear, Aristotle's communication model is considered a precursor to later communication models. This model focuses on key elements that contribute to effective messaging, including the sender's credibility (ethos), emotional appeal (pathos), and logical structure (logos). 

From a linear model of communication perspective, Aristotle's model underscores the importance of not only noting what is said (message) but also who says it (sender) and how it is conveyed (channel). 

Shannon-Weaver's linear model

The Shannon-Weaver model was the first major model of linear communication developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949. The model comprises a sender, message, receiver, channel, and noise. It portrays communication as a linear sequence where the sender writes a message, sends it via a channel, and the receiver understands it. Noise can interfere with any part of the communication process.

Berlo's SMCR model

David Berlo's 1960 SMCR model expands upon the Shannon-Weaver linear communication model by introducing additional components that emphasise the complexity of the communication process. The model is named after its main elements: source, message, channel, and receiver. 

Berlo's SMCR model introduces the concepts of encoding and decoding a message, emphasises the importance of psychological aspects of communication, and recognises verbal and non-verbal forms of communication.  

Lasswell's model

Lasswell's model is a communication model introduced by Harold Lasswell in 1948 in his publication The Structure and Function of Communication in Society . His concise communication model focuses on answering fundamental questions about the communication process, including:

Who: who is the communicator or source of the communication?

Says what: what is the content or message being communicated?

In which channel: through which medium or channel is the message transmitted?

To whom: who is the intended audience or receiver of the message?

With what effect: what impact or effect does the communication have on the audience?

Lasswell's model simplifies communication into these essential components, emphasising the role of the communicator, the message, the medium, the audience, and the impact.

Benefits of linear communication

There are several advantages of using linear communication in a workplace setting, including:

• Clarity: Linear communication has a clear and straightforward structure which ultimately minimises confusion. In a workplace, this ensures that essential information is conveyed without ambiguity, reducing the risk of misinterpretation. 
• Efficient top-down communication: In a hierarchical functional organisational structure , linear communication aligns with the traditional top-down flow of information. This structure is often efficient for disseminating important announcements from management to employees.
• Message control: Similarly, linear communication allows organisations to maintain a high degree of control over their messages. This means leaders can carefully craft official communications so that the intended message aligns with goals and values.

Less noise interference: Linear communication has fewer steps and fewer opportunities for noise. In the workplace, this means that important messages are less likely to be misinterpreted or diluted, leading to a more accurate and reliable transfer of information.

Speed: Linear communication has a quick and direct flow of information. This is advantageous in the workplace when time-sensitive updates or critical information needs to be transmitted promptly.

Examples of the linear model of communication

Here are two examples of linear communication relevant to the workplace, sales, and marketing: 

Example 1: workplace communication

In a corporate setting, a CEO sends out a company-wide email detailing changes in organisational structure and strategic goals. 

As the sender, the CEO encodes the message to communicate important updates. The email serves as the channel through which the information is transmitted to all employees, who act as receivers.

In this scenario, the linear communication model is evident as employees can absorb the information, but may not have an immediate platform to respond, representing a classic top-down flow of communication within the workplace.

Example 2: sales and marketing communication

A product launch event illustrates linear communication in the sales and marketing realm. A company organises a live stream on social media platforms to introduce a new product. 

The company, acting as the sender, encodes the details about the product into the live stream. The social media platform serves as the channel, delivering the message to the audience (potential customers), who act as the receivers. 

While viewers can witness the product features, the linear nature of the communication means that immediate interaction or feedback is limited during the live stream.

Communication spans beyond the written, verbal, and non-verbal. If you want to check you've exemplified your communication skills on your next job application, submit your CV for a free review . 

Recommended reading

The complete guide to top management: what it means and why it matters

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Linear Model of Communication

Dive into the essence of the Linear Model of Communication with vivid examples that illustrate its practicality. This model, pivotal in Communication Skills and Effective Communication , simplifies complex interactions into a direct sender-receiver framework. Understanding its fundamentals enhances Interpersonal Communication and Professional Communication , providing clarity in diverse scenarios, from Business Communication to Educational Settings . Discover how this model operates in real-world situations, offering a straightforward approach to Oral and Written Communication .

What is the Linear Model of Communication? – Definition

The Linear Model of Communication is a fundamental theory that describes communication as a one-way process. In this model, a sender transmits a message through a channel to a receiver, without any feedback or interaction. It simplifies the complex nature of human communication into a straightforward path, highlighting the importance of clear messaging. This model is crucial in fields like Mass Communication , Digital Communication , and Visual Communication , where direct and unidirectional messages are common.

What is the Best Example of Linear Model of Communication?

A classic example of the Linear Model of Communication is a television broadcast. In this scenario, the TV station (sender) transmits a program (message) through the airwaves (channel) to the audience (receivers). The viewers receive the information without providing direct feedback to the broadcaster, exemplifying a one-way communication flow. This example showcases key aspects like Nonverbal Communication and Passive Communication , common in mass media platforms, where the sender controls the message and its dissemination.

100 Linear Model of Communication Examples

Explore 100 unique and distinct examples of the Linear Model of Communication, each accompanied by a concise explanation and example sentences. These examples span various contexts, from Effective Communication in the workplace to Visual Communication in advertising. They illustrate the model’s application in Digital Communication , Interpersonal Communication , and beyond, enhancing understanding of Communication Skills and Professional Communication . Each example demonstrates how messages are conveyed in a one-way flow, pivotal for clarity in Business Communication and Educational Settings .

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• “Search for books by title, author, or genre.”
• “Our online catalogue is updated regularly.”
• “Explore our chef’s special dishes.”
• “Vegetarian and gluten-free options are available.”
• “Apply now for a rewarding career in marketing.”
• “We’re looking for skilled software developers.”
• “Follow these steps to cast your vote.”
• “Ensure your vote is counted by following the guidelines.”
• “Please note the investment risks involved.”
• “This product is intended for adult use only.”
• “Join our keynote speech at 10 AM.”
• “Workshop sessions are detailed in the schedule.”
• “Expect sunny skies throughout the week.”
• “A cold front is approaching with possible rain showers.”
• “Please review our terms and conditions.”
• “By using this site, you agree to our policies.”
• “Learn how to build your own bookshelf.”
• “This tutorial will guide you through knitting a scarf.”
• “This is an emergency broadcast for a severe weather alert.”
• “Follow evacuation instructions carefully.”
• “Please sanitize equipment after use.”
• “Gym attire must be worn at all times.”
• “Enjoy the latest bestseller in a format.”
• “Our collection includes classic literature abooks.”
• “This film is rated PG-13 for thematic elements.”
• “Rated R for strong language and violence.”
• “Follow this simple recipe for a delicious cake.”
• “This video shows you how to make homemade pasta.”
• “Find your route on our city-wide transit map.”
• “This map shows all subway lines and stops.”
• “A lost phone has been found in the cafeteria.”
• “Please claim your items at the lost and found office.”
• “Find solutions to common issues in our FAQ section.”
• “Our FAQs cover product usage and troubleshooting.”
• “Join our photography workshop next weekend.”
• “Learn digital marketing strategies in our seminar.”
• “Tonight’s program features renowned jazz musicians.”
• “The brochure lists all the compositions being performed.”
• “Watch our unboxing of the latest smartphone.”
• “This video includes a first look at the new gaming console.”
• “Our guidebook includes the best spots in Paris.”
• “Find hidden gems in the city with our travel guide.”
• “Enjoy our in-room dining experience.”
• “Our menu includes a variety of international cuisines.”
• “Follow the prescribed dosage instructions.”
• “Read the label for potential side effects.”
• “Parking is free for the first two hours.”
• “No parking in reserved spots without a permit.”
• “Please shower before entering the pool.”
• “Children must be supervised at all times.”
• “Just Do It – inspiring action in sports.”
• “Think Different – embracing creativity and innovation.”
• “Help us make a difference in children’s education.”
• “Join our mission to preserve the environment.”
• “Follow these steps to complete your ballot.”
• “Ensure your vote counts by following these instructions.”
• “My project explores renewable energy sources.”
• “Learn about the effects of pollution on marine life.”
• “This product comes with a one-year warranty.”
• “Refer to the warranty document for service claims.”
• “Share your experience with our product.”
• “Your feedback helps us improve our services.”
• “Follow the exit signs in case of an emergency.”
• “Emergency exits are located at the end of the hallway.”
• “Learn healthy recipes on our cooking show.”
• “This episode focuses on balanced diets and nutrition.”
• “Review our privacy policy for information handling practices.”
• “Your privacy is important; please read our policy.”
• “Catch up on lectures with our online recordings.”
• “Review complex topics with these video resources.”
• “Regular cleaning ensures your appliance’s longevity.”
• “Follow these steps for safe and effective use.”
• “Understand land use regulations in your area.”
• “This zoning map outlines residential and commercial areas.”
• “Assemble your new desk with ease using this guide.”
• “Follow these instructions for quick setup.”
• “This video will show you how to change a tire.”
• “Learn makeup techniques with our beauty tutorials.”
• “Find your favorite stores on our directory map.”
• “Restrooms and food courts are indicated on the board.”
• “Learn Spanish at your own pace with our course.”
• “Our modules cover basic to advanced language skills.”
• “Follow these steps for a proper workout routine.”
• “Adjust the equipment to your comfort level.”
• “Read the safety section before operating this tool.”
• “Adhere to these procedures for a safe work environment.”
• “Inquire within for this charming home for sale.”
• “Contact us for more details about this property.”
• “Refer to the manual for device features.”
• “Troubleshooting tips are available in the last section.”
• “Your ticket includes the event time and seat number.”
• “Keep your ticket handy for entry to the event.”
• “This month’s column discusses heart-healthy diets.”
• “Read about managing diabetes through diet.”
• “Join the movement for a smoke-free life.”
• “This campaign encourages daily physical activity.”
• “Resolve Wi-Fi issues with our step-by-step guide.”
• “Our troubleshooting section helps fix common software glitches.”
• “Check out the latest showtimes for new releases.”
• “Our listings include special late-night movie screenings.”
• “Aisle 3: Baking goods and spices.”
• “Find fresh produce in aisle 1.”
• “Follow these guidelines for your research paper format.”
• “Refer to the citation instructions for academic integrity.”
• “Our park map shows all the thrill rides.”
• “Locate restrooms and dining areas on the map.”
• “Explore our 7-day tour itinerary for Europe.”
• “This brochure outlines your travel plan and activities.”
• “Learn about our new savings account features.”
• “This leaflet explains our loan application process.”
• Automated Weather Updates via Apps: Apps provide regular weather forecasts to users. – “Receive daily weather updates on your phone.” – “Our app alerts you about severe weather conditions.”

Linear Model of Communication Sentence Examples

Discover the essence of the Linear Model of Communication through 10 distinct sentence examples. These examples demonstrate the one-way flow of information, crucial in Professional Communication and Interpersonal Communication . They highlight how messages are crafted and transmitted in various contexts, from Digital Communication to Educational Settings . Each example offers a clear illustration of how this model functions in everyday language, enhancing Communication Skills and understanding of Effective Communication techniques.

• A straightforward email announcement demonstrates one-way communication from a company to its employees.
• This sentence, typically heard on the radio, represents a one-way communication from the broadcaster to the listeners.
• A supermarket announcement directs customers to specific products without expecting a response.
• An a guide in a museum narrates information to visitors, exemplifying a one-directional flow of information.
• Displayed at bus stops, this informs passengers of bus schedules in a non-interactive manner.
• A closing announcement in a library is a typical example of a one-way communication to visitors.
• An automated message from a fitness app to the user, congratulating them on their achievement.
• News headlines deliver information to the public in a concise, one-directional format.
• Hotels often communicate check-out times to guests through reminders.
• Safety Warning Sign: “Caution: Wet Floor.”
• Signs like these convey safety messages to the public without interaction.

Linear Model of Communication Example in Psychology

Explore 10 unique and insightful examples of the Linear Model of Communication within the context of psychology. These examples emphasize the significance of one-way communication in understanding human behavior, cognitive processes, and emotional responses. Each scenario illustrates how this model applies to psychological concepts, making it relevant for Interpersonal Communication , Therapeutic Communication , and Assertive Communication in Healthcare and Educational Settings .

• A pamphlet provides patients with information about anxiety, without expecting an immediate response.
• University lectures on psychology topics represent a one-way transfer of knowledge from the lecturer to the students.
• Research findings are often communicated to the public or academic community in a linear fashion.
• Posters like these convey important messages about mental health to the public.
• Instructions for completing psychological assessments demonstrate one-way communication from the psychologist to the client.
• Videos that provide educational content on psychological topics are examples of linear communication.
• Books on psychology provide readers with information on specific topics, without direct interaction.
• Guidelines offer therapists standardized practices and approaches in a one-directional format.
• Syllabi in educational courses outline the curriculum in a linear communication method.
• Campaigns aimed at raising awareness about mental health issues are communicated to a broad audience without immediate interaction.

Linear Model of Communication Example in Real Life

Discover the impact of the Linear Model of Communication in everyday life through 10 unique examples. These real-world scenarios illustrate how Effective Communication and Interpersonal Communication are simplified in a one-directional flow. Each example shows the practicality of this model in various settings, enhancing Oral Communication and Professional Communication . Ideal for understanding Communication Skills in Business Communication , Digital Communication , and daily interactions.

• Explanation: This example shows how crucial information is delivered effectively in one-way communication.
• Explanation: The linear flow of information from display to customer streamlines the checkout process.
• Explanation: Menu boards effectively communicate food choices, showcasing the simplicity of the Linear Model.
• Explanation: These instructions offer clear, one-way communication for safe elevator use.
• Explanation: Users receive direct instructions, exemplifying efficient one-way communication.
• Explanation: Passengers get essential travel information in a straightforward, non-interactive format.
• Explanation: This is a classic example of providing vital information in a linear, unidirectional manner.
• Explanation: They offer relevant information to patients without direct interaction.
• Explanation: This ensures a smooth, efficient library experience through one-way communication.
• Explanation: Visitors receive essential park information, highlighting the model’s effectiveness in public spaces.

Brainly Linear Model of Communication Example

Explore 10 unique examples of the Linear Model of Communication as utilized in educational contexts like Brainly. These examples emphasize the importance of Effective Communication in learning environments, demonstrating how messages are conveyed clearly and directly. Perfect for understanding the application of Visual Communication , Digital Communication , and Interpersonal Communication in educational settings, these instances highlight the model’s relevance in Communication Skills and Professional Communication .

• Explanation: This method allows students to receive information linearly at their own pace.
• Explanation: They provide a one-way flow of educational content, ideal for auditory learners.
• Explanation: Direct, one-way communication ensures that all students receive the same information.
• Explanation: These guides are a quintessential example of non-interactive educational communication.
• Explanation: This format allows for efficient assessment in a linear communication flow.
• Explanation: Infographics deliver complex data in a simple, one-directional manner.
• Explanation: Users independently navigate and extract information, embodying linear communication.
• Explanation: Documentaries present historical facts in a straightforward, narrative format.
• Explanation: They offer clear, linear guidance on complex mathematical concepts.
• Explanation: These apps exemplify linear communication in language acquisition, providing lessons without real-time interaction.

Aristotle Linear Model of Communication Example

Delve into the Aristotle Linear Model of Communication, a classical concept emphasizing clear, one-directional message delivery. This model, rooted in Effective Communication and Persuasive Communication principles, showcases Aristotle’s emphasis on speaker, speech, and audience. Explore examples that illustrate this model’s application in various fields like Public Speaking , Educational Communication , and Professional Communication , highlighting its timeless relevance in conveying messages effectively and influentially.

• Explanation: The politician crafts a speech to influence public opinion, embodying Aristotle’s model of sender-message-receiver.
• Explanation: The lecture format represents the model with the professor as the sender and students as receivers.
• Explanation: Advertisements align with Aristotle’s model, focusing on the effectiveness of the message to persuade the audience.
• Explanation: TED Talks exemplify the model through a structured presentation of ideas from speaker to audience.
• Explanation: The linear delivery of arguments follows the model, focusing on persuading the decision-makers.
• Explanation: Sermons reflect this model by communicating spiritual messages from a leader to the followers.
• Explanation: These workshops embody Aristotle’s model by focusing on the impact of the speaker’s message.
• Explanation: The linear flow of information from the presenter to the audience mirrors Aristotle’s communication concept.
• Explanation: Such announcements represent the model, with a focus on clear, direct messaging.
• Explanation: The narration in documentaries follows Aristotle’s model, delivering information in a linear fashion.

Linear Model of Communication Example in Movies

Explore the Linear Model of Communication through its application in the movie industry. This model is evident in Film Narratives , Character Development , and Visual Storytelling , where messages are conveyed from the filmmaker to the audience. Understanding its use in movies enhances comprehension of Visual Communication , Storytelling Techniques , and Cinematic Expressions . These examples illustrate how films utilize this model to deliver stories and themes effectively, impacting viewers’ understanding and emotions.

• Explanation: The narration provides background information directly to the viewers, aligning with the Linear Model.
• Explanation: Documentaries follow the Linear Model by directly conveying information from the filmmaker to the viewer.
• Explanation: Monologues in films are a one-way communication from the character to the audience.
• Explanation: Title sequences communicate essential information directly to the viewers, following the Linear Model.
• Explanation: This technique directly communicates narrative elements to the audience.
• Explanation: Trailers communicate the essence of the film in a linear manner to the audience.
• Explanation: These messages are delivered directly from the film to the audience, exemplifying the Linear Model.
• Explanation: The cards provide a direct form of communication from the filmmakers to the audience.
• Explanation: Montages communicate a condensed story linearly to viewers.
• Explanation: Ending credits offer a one-way communication of acknowledgments and details to the audience.

Linear Model of Communication Example at Home

Discover how the Linear Model of Communication seamlessly integrates into home environments. This selection of 10 examples demonstrates the model’s applicability in family settings, emphasizing Effective Communication , Interpersonal Communication , and Nonverbal Communication . These instances highlight the importance of clear, one-way messaging in maintaining harmony and understanding within the home. From parental instructions to smart home device alerts, each example underscores the practicality of this communication model in everyday domestic life.

• Explanation: A parent tells their child, “It’s time for bed,” establishing a clear, one-way communication.
• Explanation: The chef’s instructions are received passively by viewers at home, following the linear model.
• Explanation: The alarm communicates a clear, direct message about safety without requiring feedback.
• Explanation: This directive is communicated clearly to family members, following a one-way model.
• Explanation: The list communicates needs to family members who read it, without immediate interaction.
• Explanation: These notes are a one-way form of communication, providing clear instructions.
• Explanation: The device delivers information in a linear way, without engaging in two-way dialogue.
• Explanation: The broadcast presents information in a one-directional flow to the viewers at home.
• Explanation: They provide step-by-step instructions in a clear, linear communication format.
• Explanation: These signs offer passive communication, presenting messages in a one-way manner.

Linear Model of Communication Example in Real Life Situation

Explore 10 real-life examples of the Linear Model of Communication, illustrating its presence in everyday scenarios. These instances encompass Oral Communication , Visual Communication , and Professional Communication , showcasing how one-way communication shapes our daily interactions. From street signage to public speaking events, each example highlights the role of linear communication in conveying clear, concise messages in various real-life contexts, emphasizing the efficiency and clarity of this communication model.

• Explanation: The lecturer communicates knowledge in a one-way fashion to the attendees.
• Explanation: These signs provide clear instructions in a non-interactive, linear manner.
• Explanation: The speaker delivers their message directly, with the audience receiving passively.
• Explanation: These labels communicate important information in a straightforward, one-way format.
• Explanation: The instructor provides instructions without real-time feedback from viewers.
• Explanation: The board serves as a one-way communication tool for community updates.
• Explanation: They offer guidance in a linear communication style without direct interaction.
• Explanation: These announcements are a form of one-way communication to shoppers.
• Explanation: They provide patients with important information in a direct, linear way.
• Explanation: These boards present options to customers in a straightforward, non-interactive manner.

Linear Model of Communication Example in Nursing

Delve into the realm of healthcare with examples of the Linear Model of Communication in nursing. These instances highlight the crucial role of Effective Communication and Professional Communication in patient care. Nurses often rely on this model to convey vital information to patients and colleagues, ensuring clarity and efficiency in Healthcare Communication . Understanding these examples is essential for anyone in the nursing field, emphasizing the importance of Therapeutic Communication and Patient Education .

• Nurses ensure patients understand their medication schedules and dosages.
• This ensures patients are informed and prepared for what to expect.
• Nurses use these to educate patients about managing chronic diseases.
• This keeps patients informed about the operational flow in emergencies.
• Nurses provide vital information on feeding, sleeping, and bathing newborns.
• Essential for ensuring patient recovery and preventing complications.
• Nurses educate patients on diets suitable for their specific health needs.
• Helps patients make informed decisions about vaccinations.
• Crucial for infection control and patient health.
• Ensures continuity of care and patient understanding of post-hospital care.

Linear Model of Communication Example in an Organization

Explore how the Linear Model of Communication functions within an organizational setting. These examples showcase its role in Internal Communication , Business Communication , and Corporate Messaging . Understanding these scenarios is vital for professionals aiming to enhance Communication Skills in a corporate environment. It illustrates how information flows from management to employees, playing a critical role in Effective Communication in the Workplace and Organizational Development .

• Ensures everyone is informed of the new rules and procedures.
• Provides consistent training across the organization.
• Keeps employees informed about the organization’s financial health.
• Essential for maintaining a safe working environment.
• A tool for orienting new employees to the organization.
• Directs employees’ efforts towards new company objectives.
• Encourages participation and informs about corporate activities.
• Ensures all staff are compliant with necessary regulations.
• Motivates employees and provides a clear direction for the coming year.
• Helps employees understand their roles and the broader company hierarchy.

What are the Components of Linear Model of Communication Example?

The Linear Model of Communication, a cornerstone concept in communication theory, consists of distinct components that streamline the process of sending and receiving messages. This guide delves into each component, offering clarity on their roles and functions.

• Sender: The initiator of the communication process, who conveys the message. In a business context, this could be a manager sending out a company-wide email.
• Message: The content or information that the sender wishes to communicate. This could be a new policy update in an organization.
• Encoding: The process of converting the message into a form suitable for transmission. For example, a teacher transforming a lesson plan into a lecture.
• Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted. This could range from digital platforms like email to traditional methods like postal mail.
• Receiver: The individual or group that the message is intended for. In a nursing setting, this would be patients receiving care instructions.
• Decoding: The process by which the receiver interprets or makes sense of the message. This involves understanding the instructions in a user manual, for instance.
• Noise: Any interference that distorts or hampers the message. This could be literal noise in a busy office or figurative noise like a distracting website design.

Understanding these components is crucial for optimizing the effectiveness of the Linear Model of Communication , especially in fields requiring precise and unidirectional information flow, such as Healthcare Communication or Corporate Messaging .

What are the Proponents of Linear Model of Communication Example?

The development and propagation of the Linear Model of Communication can be attributed to several key proponents, whose contributions have shaped its understanding and application.

• Harold Lasswell (1948): Lasswell’s model, often summarized as “Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?”, laid the groundwork for understanding communication as a linear process. His emphasis was on the effect of communication in propaganda.
• Shannon and Weaver (1949): Their model introduced the concepts of ‘sender’, ‘message’, and ‘receiver’, focusing on the technical aspects of communication. It was particularly influential in telecommunication and information theory.
• David Berlo (1960): Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s model by adding ‘encoding’ and ‘decoding’ processes, emphasizing the skills, attitudes, and knowledge of the sender and receiver.
• Wilbur Schramm (1954): Although Schramm’s model began to introduce feedback, making it less linear, his earlier work contributed significantly to the linear conception of communication, particularly in mass media.
• Aristotle: Often considered one of the earliest proponents, Aristotle’s rhetoric can be seen as a form of linear communication, focusing on the speaker, speech, and audience, without interactive feedback.

What are the Elements of Linear Model of Communication Example?

The Linear Model of Communication, foundational in the field of communication studies, comprises several key elements. Each element plays a pivotal role in ensuring the message is conveyed effectively from the sender to the receiver. Understanding these elements is crucial for anyone looking to improve their Communication Skills , particularly in Professional Communication and Educational Settings .

The sender initiates the communication process. They are responsible for formulating and encoding the message in a clear, concise manner. In a business context, this could be a manager issuing instructions to their team.

The message is the content or information that the sender wishes to communicate. It should be crafted in a way that is easily understandable by the receiver. An example is a teacher delivering a lecture to students.

Encoding involves translating thoughts or ideas into a language or symbols that can convey the intended message. This might involve using specific terminology in a corporate presentation.

The channel is the medium through which the message is transmitted. This could be oral, written, visual, or digital. For example, a radio broadcast uses the airwaves to transmit its content.

The receiver is the target audience of the message. They decode the message to understand it. In the context of advertising, the receiver would be the consumer who interprets the message of a commercial.

Decoding is the process by which the receiver interprets and makes sense of the message. Effective decoding depends on the receiver’s ability to understand the language and symbols used by the sender.

Noise refers to any external interference that can distort or obstruct the message during transmission. This could be literal noise, like a loud environment, or figurative, like a cultural misunderstanding in Intercultural Communication .

By analyzing these elements, we can better understand the strengths and limitations of the Linear Model of Communication, particularly in its application to various fields like Mass Communication , Digital Communication , and Visual Communication .

What is an Example of a Linear Model?

An example of the Linear Model of Communication can be seen in a television news broadcast. In this scenario, the news station (sender) creates and encodes a news report (message), which is then transmitted through a television channel (channel). The audience (receiver) watches the news and decodes the information. The process is linear and one-directional, with no immediate feedback loop from the audience to the news station.

This example demonstrates the model’s application in a real-world context, emphasizing its relevance in Mass Communication and Digital Media . The Linear Model is particularly effective in situations where direct, clear communication is required, such as in Emergency Broadcasting or Public Service Announcements . It also plays a significant role in Advertising and Corporate Communications , where messages need to be delivered efficiently to a wide audience. Understanding this model helps in enhancing Communication Skills and is essential for professionals in fields like Marketing , Public Relations , and Educational Broadcasting .

What are the 3 Types of Linear Model?

Exploring the “Linear Model of Communication,” it’s essential to understand its three primary types, each serving distinct functions in the realm of Effective Communication . These types play a pivotal role in fields ranging from Mass Communication to Digital Communication , emphasizing the versatility of the linear communication approach.

• Unidirectional Model: The most basic form, where communication flows in one direction only, from the sender to the receiver. This type is exemplified in scenarios like television broadcasts or public announcements, where the audience receives information passively.
• Interactive Model: This model incorporates a feedback element but maintains a primarily linear flow. It’s seen in situations like email communication or social media posts, where the receiver can respond, but the original message flow remains primarily one-way.
• Transactional Model: A more dynamic form, where sender and receiver roles are interchangeable. While not purely linear, this model is included due to its foundational reliance on linear principles. It’s evident in digital platforms like chat forums, where messages are exchanged in a linear sequence, but roles shift continuously.

Understanding these types enhances comprehension of the Linear Model of Communication , crucial for professionals in Communication Technology , Business Communication , and Educational Settings .

What are the Advantages of Linear Model of Communication Example?

The Linear Model of Communication holds several advantages, making it a fundamental concept in Communication Skills and Professional Communication . Its benefits are particularly evident in settings where clear, concise information transfer is essential, such as in Healthcare Communication or Corporate Messaging .

• Simplicity and Clarity: The linear model’s straightforward nature allows for easy understanding and interpretation of the message. This is vital in situations like emergency broadcasts or public service announcements, where clarity is paramount.
• Efficiency in Information Dissemination: It enables the rapid and wide distribution of information. In contexts like Mass Communication or Digital Advertising , this model ensures that messages reach a large audience quickly.
• Control over Message Content: The sender has full control over the message content, structure, and timing. This aspect is particularly beneficial in Marketing Communication and Brand Messaging , where crafting a specific public image is crucial.
• Suitability for Various Media: The model is adaptable across different media platforms, from traditional media like newspapers and radio to digital platforms like emails and social media.
• Useful in Educational and Training Settings: In environments like classrooms or online learning platforms, the linear model facilitates structured and focused content delivery, enhancing the learning experience.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Especially in mass media, conveying information via a linear model can be more economical, as it often requires fewer resources than interactive models.
• Ease of Planning and Execution: The sender can meticulously plan the message, timing, and medium, making the communication process more manageable and predictable.

What are the Problems We Face in Linear Model of Communication Example?

When discussing the Linear Model of Communication, it’s crucial to recognize the potential challenges inherent in this model. Although popular for its simplicity, this model often faces criticism for its limitations in certain contexts, particularly in today’s dynamic communication environments.

• Lack of Feedback Mechanism: The most significant limitation is the absence of a feedback loop. In real-world communication, feedback is crucial for ensuring the message is understood as intended. Without it, misunderstandings and misinterpretations can occur.
• One-Way Communication: The Linear Model depicts communication as a one-way process, which is often unrealistic in interactive settings like conversations, meetings, or online platforms where two-way communication is essential.
• Noise and Distortion: External and internal noise can distort the message, leading to a gap between what is sent and what is received. In the absence of feedback, such distortions can go unrecognized.
• Cultural and Language Barriers: This model doesn’t account for cultural differences or language barriers that can significantly impact the interpretation of a message.
• Over-Simplification of the Process: The model oversimplifies communication, ignoring the complexities and nuances, such as non-verbal cues, emotional context, and relational dynamics.
• Technological Limitations: In the digital age, where communication technologies play a significant role, the Linear Model does not address the potential for technology to alter or affect the message.

What are the Types of Linear Model of Communication?

Exploring the types of the Linear Model of Communication reveals its diverse applications in various fields. This model, central to Effective Communication , Business Communication , and Educational Communication , presents different forms, each suited to specific contexts. Understanding these types helps professionals and students alike to implement Communication Strategies effectively. Each type emphasizes a unidirectional flow of information, crucial in settings like Mass Communication , Digital Communication , and Professional Communication .

• Unidirectional Business Communication: Used in corporate settings where directives flow from top management to employees without feedback. This is essential in ensuring clear and direct instructions in Organizational Communication .
• Educational Broadcasting: In educational contexts, such as online courses or public lectures, where information is disseminated from the educator to the learners. It’s vital in Distance Learning and Instructional Communication .
• Mass Media Broadcasting: This type includes television, radio, and online news, where the media house communicates to a wide audience. Central in Media Studies and Journalism , it’s a cornerstone of Public Communication .
• Public Advertising Communication: Utilized in marketing and advertising, where messages about products or services are conveyed to potential customers. It plays a key role in Marketing Communication and Brand Messaging .
• Healthcare Patient Education: In healthcare, this model is used to provide patients with information about their health, treatments, and medications. It’s a critical aspect of Patient Care and Medical Informatics .
• Government Public Information: Government agencies employ this model to disseminate information to the public about policies, health advisories, and legal regulations. This is crucial in Public Service Communication and Civic Engagement .
• Crisis Communication: Used during emergencies to provide the public with instructions and information swiftly. This type is integral in Emergency Response and Risk Communication .
• Cultural Broadcasting: In cultural contexts, such as museums or art galleries, where information about art and history is shared with visitors. It enhances the visitor experience in Cultural Studies and Museum Education .

Different Models of Linear Model of Communication

The Linear Model of Communication, while straightforward in its approach, has several variations that cater to different communication needs. These models are foundational in fields like Interpersonal Communication , Mass Media , and Corporate Training . Each model, while maintaining the linear structure, offers unique perspectives and applications, making them adaptable to various scenarios in Professional Communication , Academic Settings , and Public Relations .

• Shannon-Weaver Model: This model, developed in the context of telecommunications, focuses on how messages are sent and received over communication channels. It’s instrumental in understanding Digital Communication and Telecommunication .
• Berlo’s SMCR Model: This variation emphasizes the Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. It’s particularly relevant in Marketing Communication and Media Studies , highlighting the importance of the message’s creation and delivery.
• Aristotle’s Model of Communication: One of the earliest forms, focusing on speaker, speech, and audience. It’s fundamental in Rhetoric and Public Speaking , underscoring the orator’s role in effective communication.
• Lasswell’s Model: This model asks, “Who says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect?” It’s applied in Political Communication and Media Analysis , examining the impact of the message.
• Newcomb’s Model: Though primarily interactive, it can be adapted into a linear form, focusing on how media messages influence public opinion. It’s significant in Social Media Analysis and Public Opinion Research .
• Osgood-Schramm Model: While typically circular, its linear adaptation is used in simpler communication scenarios. This model is important in Educational Technology and Instructional Design .
• Gerber’s Model: Specific to visual communication, focusing on how visual messages, like advertisements and signage, are transmitted to an audience. It’s crucial in Graphic Design and Advertising .
• Westley and MacLean’s Model: Originally interactive, but its linear version applies to journalism and news broadcasting. It aids in understanding News Reporting and Media Ethics .
• Braddock’s Model: This model is specific to written communication, particularly in professional and academic settings. It’s vital in Technical Writing and Academic Research .
• Frank Dance’s Helical Model: Offers a linear perspective on how communication evolves over time, useful in long-term campaigns or developmental communication strategies. It’s key in Strategic Communication and Campaign Management .

What are the Benefits of Linear Model of Communication?

The Linear Model of Communication, known for its simplicity and clarity, offers several benefits especially in fields like Mass Communication , Digital Marketing , and Corporate Communications . Here’s a detailed look at its advantages:

• Clarity and Simplicity: The Linear Model is straightforward, making it easy to understand and use. In settings like Business Communication and Public Speaking , this model helps in delivering clear messages without complexities.
• Efficiency in Information Dissemination: In environments where information needs to be conveyed quickly and efficiently, such as in Emergency Broadcasting or News Reporting , the Linear Model is highly effective.
• Cost-Effective: This model is cost-effective, particularly in Advertising and Marketing Campaigns , as it does not require interactive components, which can be resource-intensive.
• Useful in One-Way Communication Scenarios: It’s ideal for situations where two-way communication isn’t necessary or possible, like in Automated Announcements or Public Service Messages .
• Effective in Controlled Messaging: For controlling the narrative or message, such as in Political Campaigns or Corporate Branding , the Linear Model allows for unidirectional flow of information, minimizing the risk of message distortion.
• Broad Reach: It enables messages to reach a broad audience quickly, as seen in Television Broadcasting and Radio Communication , making it invaluable in mass outreach efforts.

Pros And Cons Of The Linear Model Of Communication

Is watching tv an example of linear communication.

Watching TV is indeed an example of linear communication. In linear communication, the process flows in one direction: from the sender to the receiver, without direct feedback. When watching TV, the audience receives the message broadcasted by the television network, but there is no immediate way for the viewer to respond or interact with the content being presented. This one-way communication channel is a hallmark of linear communication models.

Key Characteristics of Linear Communication in TV Watching:

• One-Way Communication: The TV network broadcasts content, and viewers receive it without providing direct feedback.
• Sender-Receiver Model: The TV network acts as the sender, and the audience serves as the receiver.
• Lack of Interaction: Viewers cannot directly interact with or influence the content they are watching.
• Fixed Message: The content delivered via television is pre-produced and fixed, allowing no modification based on viewer responses.

Which is an Example of a Linear Communication Quizlet?

Quiz Scenario: Identifying Linear Communication

Question: Which of the following is an example of linear communication?

• A conversation between two friends via text messages.
• A teacher delivering a lecture to a class.
• A group discussion in a corporate meeting.
• An interactive online gaming session.

Answer: 2. A teacher delivering a lecture to a class.

Explanation:

• In this scenario, the teacher is the sender of information, and the students are the receivers. The flow of communication is predominantly one-directional, from the teacher to the students, resembling the linear communication model. While there may be some feedback, it is generally limited, and the primary communication path remains from the sender to the receiver without a dynamic, interactive exchange.

What is the Scenario of Linear Model of Communication?

The linear model of communication is best understood through a straightforward scenario. Imagine a news broadcast on television. Here’s how the scenario unfolds:

• Sender (News Anchor): The news anchor serves as the sender or the source of the message. They have information that needs to be communicated to the public.
• Message (News Report): The content of the communication is the news report, which includes various news items, stories, and updates.
• Encoding (Scripting and Presentation): The news is scripted and presented in a format understandable to the audience. This includes the verbal language, tone, and visual aids used by the news anchor.
• Channel (Television Broadcast): The medium through which the message is sent is the television broadcast. This is the platform that carries the message from the sender to the receiver.
• Receiver (Audience): The audience of the television broadcast acts as the receiver. They are the ones for whom the message is intended.
• Decoding (Understanding): The audience decodes the message by interpreting what they see and hear on the news broadcast.
• Noise (Distractions and Distortions): Any form of interference that affects the clarity of the message, such as poor signal, mispronunciations, or distractions at the viewer’s end, falls under ‘noise’.

What is the Process of Linear Model of Communication?

• Initiation: The process begins with the sender deciding to convey a message.
• Creation of the Message: The sender formulates the message, often based on the intended audience and the message’s purpose.
• Encoding: The sender encodes the message into a format suitable for transmission. This can involve language, symbols, or other forms of representation.
• Transmission: The encoded message is then transmitted via a chosen communication channel, such as television, radio, or print.
• Reception: The receiver gets the message through the selected channel.
• Decoding: The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on their understanding and context.
• End of Process: In the linear model, the process typically ends after the message is received and decoded. There is no feedback loop from the receiver to the sender.

What are the Characteristics of Linear Model of Communication Example?

The linear model of communication, characterized by its one-way flow of information, can be exemplified through a traditional radio broadcast. Here’s how the characteristics of this model are reflected in such a scenario:

• In a radio broadcast, the communication flows in a single direction – from the radio presenter (sender) to the listeners (receivers).
• Example: A radio DJ announces the weather forecast, and listeners receive this information without interacting with the DJ.
• The sender controls the message and its delivery.
• Example: The radio station decides the content, timing, and manner of the broadcast.
• Unlike interactive communication models, there is no immediate feedback from the receivers.
• Example: Listeners cannot instantly respond to the radio broadcast; any feedback (like calling in or emailing the station) occurs after the fact.
• The sender encodes the message into a suitable format for transmission.
• Example: The DJ chooses specific words, tone, and music to convey the weather information engagingly.
• The message is transmitted through a specific medium.
• Example: The radio waves serve as the channel carrying the broadcast from the station to the listeners’ radios.
• Any external interference that distorts the message or hinders its delivery is considered ‘noise’.
• Example: Poor signal reception can disrupt the clarity of the broadcast, affecting the listeners’ understanding.
• Messages are often pre-planned and fixed, not modified based on real-time interactions.
• Example: The radio schedule, including news, weather, and music, is usually predetermined.
• The sender often has a specific audience in mind.
• Example: A radio station targeting young adults might choose contemporary music and a casual speaking style.

How to Prepare for Linear Model of Communication

Preparing effectively for linear communication models involves understanding the one-way flow of information and optimizing the message for the intended audience. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you prepare for linear communication, focusing on clarity, effectiveness, and audience engagement.

Understand the Linear Communication Model

First and foremost, gain a solid understanding of what linear communication entails. This model is characterized by its one-directional flow, where the sender transmits the message to the receiver without immediate feedback. Common examples include television and radio broadcasts, public announcements, and online articles.

Identify Your Audience

Knowing your audience is crucial. Determine who your receivers are and what their interests, needs, and levels of understanding might be. Tailoring your message to the audience ensures that it will be more effectively received and understood.

Craft a Clear and Concise Message

In linear communication, the clarity of your message is paramount. Since there is no immediate feedback, your message must be clear and concise from the start. Avoid jargon and use language that is easily understandable by your intended audience.

Choose the Right Channel

Selecting an appropriate channel for your message is critical. Each channel, be it digital media, print, or broadcast, has its own nuances and audience. Choose a channel that is most likely to reach your intended audience effectively.

Plan and Organize Your Content

Organize your content logically and coherently. A well-structured message is easier to understand and retain. Use headings, subheadings, bullet points, and other formatting tools to make your content more readable and engaging.

Use Effective Encoding Strategies

Encoding your message effectively means transforming your ideas into a format that your audience can understand. This can include the use of visuals, a, and language. Ensure that your encoding strategies align with the preferences and understanding of your audience.

Minimize Noise and Distractions

In the linear model, external noise can significantly affect the effectiveness of your communication. Try to minimize potential distractions and interferences that could distort your message or hinder its delivery.

Test and Revise Your Message

Before finalizing your message, test it with a small segment of your target audience, if possible. This can provide insights into how well your message is understood and whether any adjustments are needed.

Prepare for Delayed Feedback

While immediate feedback is not a feature of linear communication, it’s important to be prepared for delayed feedback. This can come in the form of emails, social media comments, or audience ratings, and can provide valuable insights for future communications.

Evaluate and Adapt

Finally, evaluate the effectiveness of your communication after it has been delivered. Consider audience reactions and feedback, if available, and use this information to refine and improve future communications.

Tips for Improving Linear Model of Communication

Enhancing the effectiveness of linear communication involves refining the way messages are crafted and delivered. This guide provides actionable tips for optimizing linear communication models, focusing on clarity, engagement, and audience understanding.

Understand the Essentials of Linear Communication

Before diving into improvements, it’s crucial to grasp the fundamentals of linear communication. This model is a straightforward, one-way process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver without direct feedback. Common examples include news broadcasts, print advertisements, and online content.

Tailor Your Message for Your Audience

Customizing your message to suit your audience is key. Understand the demographics, interests, and preferences of your target audience. This ensures your message resonates and is relevant, increasing the likelihood of it being received positively.

Enhance Message Clarity and Conciseness

Clarity is paramount in linear communication. Since there is no immediate opportunity for the audience to seek clarifications, your message needs to be clear and concise from the outset. Use simple language, avoid technical jargon, and get straight to the point.

Select the Appropriate Communication Channel

Choosing the right channel to disseminate your message is critical. Different channels have varying reach and effectiveness, depending on the audience. Whether it’s digital media, print, or broadcast, select the channel that best aligns with your audience’s habits.

Organize Your Content Effectively

A well-structured message facilitates better understanding. Organize your information logically, using headings, bullet points, and visual aids where appropriate. This makes your content more digestible and engaging for the audience.

Utilize Effective Encoding Techniques

Encoding involves converting your message into a format that your audience can easily comprehend. Use visuals, storytelling, or examples to make complex information more relatable. Ensure your encoding methods are in line with your audience’s preferences and understanding level.

Minimize Potential Noise

In linear communication, external ‘noise’ can distort your message. This could be literal noise, like poor a quality in a broadcast, or metaphorical noise, like a cluttered visual layout in a print ad. Strive to minimize these distractions to ensure clear message delivery.

Prepare for Indirect Feedback

While linear communication doesn’t involve immediate feedback, indirect feedback can be a valuable tool. Pay attention to audience responses received through emails, social media, or ratings. Use this feedback to refine your communication strategies.

Embrace Technology and Innovation

In today’s digital age, leveraging technology can enhance linear communication. Use digital platforms to expand your reach and consider incorporating multimedia elements to make your message more engaging.

Continuously Evaluate and Adapt

Finally, continuously evaluate the effectiveness of your communication. Gather data on audience engagement and adjust your strategies accordingly. Stay updated with communication trends and be willing to adapt to changing audience preferences.

AI Generator

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

Understanding Linear Models of Communication Explained

In the age of digital interactions and social media, understanding how we communicate is more valuable than ever. Have you ever wondered how messages are conveyed through different channels and what factors shape the effectiveness of communication?

This blog post will dive into linear communication models, which offer a simplified but robust framework for understanding one-way communication processes.

These models have been applied across various fields, including marketing, advertising, public relations, and mass media, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of sending and receiving messages.

As we explore the critical components of linear communication models explained and compare them with interactive and transactional models, we will gain a deeper understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

By the end of this blog post, you’ll be equipped with a fresh perspective on communication dynamics and how these models can be applied to real-life situations.

Key Takeaways

• Linear communication models are characterized by simplicity and efficiency but lack feedback or noise interference.
• Key types of linear models include Aristotle’s Model, Lasswell’s Model, Shannon-Weaver Model and Berlo’s S-M-C-R model.
• Real-life applications for the linear communication model include marketing & advertising, public relations, and mass media.

Breaking Down the Linear Communication Model

The linear communication model simplifies the understanding of one-way communication processes by breaking them down into four main components:

• Sender: The person or entity who initiates the communication by creating and sending the message.
• Message: The information or content being transmitted from the sender to the receiver.
• Channel: The medium or method through which the message is transmitted, such as speech, writing, or electronic communication.
• Receiver: The person or entity who receives and interprets the message.

This model, also known as the action or transmission model, is a basic representation of human communication skills and processes.

It defines communication as a one-way process where the sender is the sole entity transmitting the message, and the receiver does not provide any feedback or response.

Despite its simplicity, the linear communication model offers valuable insights into the dynamics of transmitting information. It highlights the importance of the following components in the communication process and how each can influence the effectiveness of communication:

However, it’s worth noting that this model has limitations, such as the absence of feedback and the lack of consideration for noise interference that may compromise the clarity of communication.

The sender, or originator, initiates the communication process by constructing and encoding a message. In this role, the sender creates a message to which the receiver, or target audience, will respond favorably.

To achieve this, the sender must consider potential noise sources that could impede the transmission of information.

Take for instance, an advertising agency strategizing a new campaign for a sports brand. Acting as the sender, the agency devises a message that emphasizes the brand’s innovative products and resonates with its target audience.

With careful selection of language, visuals, and tone, the sender ensures the message successfully grabs the audience’s attention and shapes their image of the brand.

The message is the information or content being transmitted from the sender to the receiver. It can include any form of communication, such as:

• audio clips

Linear communication aims to transmit this information effectively and accurately from the sender to the receiver.

For instance, consider a public health campaign encouraging people to vaccinate against a new virus. The sender creates a message that communicates the benefits of vaccination, addresses common concerns, and dispels misinformation.

By carefully crafting the message, the sender aims to persuade the target audience to take action and protect themselves against the virus.

The channel refers to the means of transmission of the message, which can include print, radio, or digital platforms.

Examples of channels in the linear communication model include newspapers, radio broadcasts, television broadcasts, and digital platforms such as Twitter and Instagram.

Utilizing multiple channels can assist in achieving a broader audience and enhance the potency of the message.

However, one must acknowledge that the choice of channel can introduce noise, potentially disrupting the transmission and comprehension of the message.

Noise could range from a sluggish internet connection to a distracting advertisement that steals the audience’s attention. The success of the communication process depends on carefully selecting the right channel and reducing noise.

The receiver is the person or entity that decodes and interprets the message sent by the sender. The role of the receiver is to translate the sender’s information into a comprehensible message.

The receiver’s interpretation of the message may be influenced by their beliefs, experiences, and context, which can shape their response to the communication.

For example, a company sends an email promoting a sale of its products.

The receiver (the customer) interprets the information and decides whether to take advantage of the sale based on their needs, preferences, and past experiences with the company. The receiver’s response will ultimately determine the effectiveness of the communication.

Key Types of Linear Models of Communication

Historically, several linear communication models have been developed to enhance our understanding of one-way communication processes. Notable models include:

Aristotle’s Model

Lasswell’s model, shannon-weaver model, berlo’s s-m-c-r model.

Each model presents a unique perspective on one-way communication , offering insightful knowledge on the dynamics of message transmission and reception through complex models.

By exploring these different models, we can gain a deeper understanding of the various factors that influence the effectiveness of communication, such as the sender’s and receiver’s background, the choice of channel, and the presence of noise.

This knowledge can help us develop more effective communication strategies and improve our ability to convey messages in real-life situations.

Aristotle’s Model of Communication is a linear communication model that focuses on the sender, message, and receiver. This model emphasizes the importance of persuasion in communication and consists of five broad elements:

• The speaker
• The occasion
• The audience

However, one primary disadvantage of Aristotle’s Model is that it disregards the feedback in communication as the audience is passive.

For example, think about a politician giving a speech to rally support for their campaign. The speaker (the politician) crafts a persuasive message that appeals to the audience’s emotions, needs, and values.

The occasion (the rally) allows the speaker to share their message; the effect is the audience’s response to the speech.

The linear nature of this model means that the politician is solely focused on delivering their message without considering the audience’s feedback or reactions.

Lasswell’s Model of mass communication is another linear communication model that breaks down communication into five components:

This model was designed to evaluate the influence of media communication on society. It also focused on the role of propaganda in mass media.

For instance, consider a news organization reporting on a natural disaster. The sender (the news organization) creates a message that conveys the severity of the disaster and its impact on the affected communities.

The channel (television, radio, or online platforms) is used to disseminate the message and to inform the public about the situation. The effect of the message will depend on how the audience perceives the information and responds to it, either by offering help or raising awareness about the disaster.

The Shannon-Weaver Model is a linear communication model considering environmental and cultural factors. This model introduces the concept of noise, which can interfere with message transmission and reception. The five components of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication are:

For example, imagine an online marketing campaign that targets a global audience.

The sender (the marketing team) creates a message that promotes their product, and the channel (social media platforms) is used to reach potential customers worldwide.

However, the presence of noise (such as language barriers, cultural differences, or slow internet connections) can hinder the effectiveness of the message, making it difficult for some audience members to understand and engage with the campaign fully.

Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model is a linear communication model that focuses on the following components:

This model emphasizes the importance of these components and the factors that influence each one. In Berlo’s Model, the sender’s and receiver’s fields of experience play a significant role in shaping the communication process.

For example, a company creates a marketing campaign to promote its new product. When crafting the message, the sender (the marketing team) carefully considers the target audience’s preferences and needs.

The channel (such as television, radio, or social media) is selected based on the audience’s media consumption habits, and the receiver (the potential customers) interprets the message based on their background, experiences, and context.

By considering the various factors that influence each component, the S-M-C-R Model helps us better understand the dynamics of communication.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Linear Communication Models

It’s necessary to understand the strengths and weaknesses of linear communication models to gauge their relevance and limitations in diverse communication scenarios.

An in-depth exploration of these models’ pros and cons allows for a balanced appreciation of their utility in one-way communication processes and recognition of their limitations in more complex communication contexts.

For example, linear communication models are well-suited for broadcasting information to a large audience

One of the primary strengths of linear communication models is their simplicity. By breaking down the communication process into key components (sender, message, channel, and receiver), these models provide a clear and straightforward framework for understanding one-way communication.

This can be particularly beneficial in marketing and advertising, where the goal is often to reach a designated audience with a distinct and deliberate message.

Additionally, linear communication models, which are a linear model, are efficient in enabling a straightforward transmission of information from the sender to the receiver without any obstruction.

This makes them particularly useful when the primary objective is to convey a message quickly and unambiguously, such as in public relations or mass media contexts.

Despite their simplicity and efficiency, linear communication models have several drawbacks. One of the most significant weaknesses is the lack of feedback in these models.

Without feedback, it can be challenging to assess the effectiveness of the message and identify potential misunderstandings or miscommunications.

This limitation can be particularly problematic in situations where the success of the communication depends on the accurate reception and interpretation of the message, such as in public relations or mass media contexts.

Another weakness of linear communication models is their inability to account for noise, which can interfere with the transmission and reception of the message.

Noise can be anything from external distractions, such as noisy environments, to internal factors, like cognitive biases or cultural differences between the sender and the receiver.

This limitation makes linear communication models less effective in complex communication situations, where multiple messages are being exchanged, and various factors can influence the transmission and reception of information.

Comparing Linear Models with Interactive and Transactional Models

For a comprehensive understanding of communication dynamics, it’s insightful to compare linear communication models with other types such as interactive and transactional models.

A comparative analysis of these models enriches our understanding of communication processes and underscores the role of feedback and context in shaping communication effectiveness.

Both interactive and transactional models emphasize two-way communication and incorporate feedback as a critical component.

Interactive models focus on delayed feedback and consider the influence of the sender’s and receiver’s fields of experience. In contrast, the transactional model views communication as a dynamic, cooperative process where communicators co-create meaning and relationships, taking into account social, relational, and cultural contexts.

Interactive Models

Interactive communication models emphasize the importance of two-way communication with delayed feedback as a key component.

These models consider the effect of the sender’s and receiver’s backgrounds of experience on the interpretation of the message and the response that is elicited.

By incorporating feedback into the communication process, interactive models provide a more accurate representation of real-life communication situations, where feedback plays a crucial role in shaping the effectiveness of the message.

For example, consider an online discussion forum where participants can post comments and reply to others’ comments. The sender (the person posting a comment) crafts a message, and the receiver (other forum participants) interprets the message based on their background and experiences. The receiver can then provide feedback by responding to the comment, allowing the sender to refine their message or clarify any misunderstandings.

Transactional Models

Transactional communication models view communication as a dynamic, cooperative process where communicators co-create meaning and relationships, taking into account social, relational, and cultural contexts.

These models emphasize the importance of feedback in shaping the communication process and recognize that both the sender and receiver contribute to creating meaning and understanding.

For example, in a face-to-face conversation between two people, both individuals act as senders and receivers, exchanging messages and providing immediate feedback through verbal and non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions and body language.

This dynamic, collaborative process allows communicators to co-create meaning and build interpersonal relationships, taking into account the social, relational, and cultural contexts that shape their interpersonal communication.

In this context, communication refers to exchanging messages and feedback between individuals.

Linear Communication Model in Real-Life Applications

Linear communication models, also known as linear communication models, find frequent use in real-life scenarios such as marketing and advertising, public relations, and mass media, where the focus is often one-way communication.

With their straightforward structure for understanding message transmission and reception, these models provide invaluable insights into communication dynamics in these real-world situations.

While linear communication models may have their limitations, such as the lack of feedback and the inability to account for noise, they remain a useful tool for understanding one-way communication processes and their applicability in various real-life situations.

Marketing and Advertising

In marketing and advertising, linear communication models are commonly used to reach a designated audience with a distinct and deliberate message.

The sender (the marketing team) creates a message that appeals to the target audience, and the channel (such as television, radio, or online platforms) is used to disseminate the message.

By utilizing a linear communication model, marketers can control the message and ensure it reaches the intended audience effectively and accurately.

For example, a company launches a new product and creates an advertising campaign to promote its features and benefits. The sender (the company) carefully crafts a message that highlights the product’s unique selling points and appeals to the target audience.

The channel (such as print, radio, or online platforms) is selected based on the audience’s media consumption habits, and the receiver (the potential customers) interprets the message and decides whether to purchase the product based on the information provided.

Public Relations

Public relations professionals often utilize linear communication models to convey an unambiguous message to their target audience.

The sender (the PR team) creates a message that communicates the desired information, and the channel (such as press releases, media interviews, or social media) is used to disseminate the message to the relevant audience.

By employing a linear communication model, PR professionals can ensure that their message is effectively communicated and accurately received by the intended audience.

For example, a non-profit organization launches a fundraising campaign to support a specific cause. The sender (the organization) creates a message highlighting the urgent need for support and the impact donations will have on the cause.

The channel (such as print, radio, or online platforms) is selected based on the target audience’s media consumption habits, and the receiver (the potential donors) interprets the message and decides whether to contribute based on the information provided.

Linear communication models are frequently used in mass media, such as newspapers, radio, and television, where one-way communication is the primary objective.

In these contexts, the sender (the media outlet) creates a message that conveys the desired information, and the channel (such as print, radio, or television) is used to disseminate the message to a broad audience.

Using a linear communication model, mass media outlets can ensure that their message is effectively communicated and accurately received by their audience.

For example, a news organization reports on a significant political event. The sender (the news organization) creates a message that provides an unbiased account of the event and its implications.

The channel (such as print, radio, or television) is selected based on the audience’s media consumption habits, and the receiver (the public) interprets the message and forms their understanding of the event based on the information provided.

Throughout this blog post, we have explored the key components of linear communication models, their strengths and weaknesses, and their applicability in real-life situations.

We have also compared linear models with interactive and transactional models, highlighting the differences in communication processes and the importance of feedback and context.

As we continue to navigate the complex world of communication, it is essential to recognize the value of different communication models and their ability to help us understand and improve our communication skills.

By appreciating the strengths and limitations of each model, we can better adapt our communication strategies to suit various contexts and effectively convey our messages to others.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the four linear model of communication.

The four main linear communication models are Aristotle’s Model, Lasswell’s Model, Shannon-Weaver Model, and Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model, all of which provide a framework to analyze how messages are sent and received.

The Shannon and Weaver model is best known for its ability to explain how messages can be mixed up and misinterpreted in the process.

What is an example of a linear model?

A linear model example is a verbal scenario that can be modeled using a linear equation or vice versa. For instance, a linear model of the cost of a pizza could be represented by y=10x+5, where y represents the total cost and x represents the number of pizzas.

This equation can calculate the cost of any number of pizzas. For example, if you wanted to buy two pizzas, the equation would tell you that the total cost would

What are the key components of linear communication models?

Linear communication models consist of a sender, a message, a channel, and a receiver, making up the key components of the model.

How do interactive communication models differ from linear communication models?

Interactive communication models differ from linear communication models by emphasizing two-way communication with delayed feedback, taking into account both the sender’s and receiver’s fields of experience.

What is the primary weakness of linear communication models?

The primary weakness of linear communication models is the lack of feedback, limiting its ability to ensure clarity and accuracy.

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Linear Model of Communication Essay

• Category: Interaction
• Words: 1074
• Published: 12.12.19

This can be a one way version to get in touch with others. This consists of the sender development a message and channeling that to the recipient in the occurrence of sound.

Draw backs – the linear model takes on that there is a definite cut beginning and end to connection. It also displays no opinions from the device. • Such as; a notice, email, text message, lecture. You will discover two key linear unit which are used to explain the human connection process. They can be … … … • Shannon and Weaver Unit (1949) The initial model was created to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technology. Their first model consisted of three main parts: tv-sender, channel, and receiver.

The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could notice the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that there is static that interferes with one playing a telephone conversation, which they deemed noises. The noise could also mean the lack of signal. • Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) In 1960, David Berlo expanded in Shannon and Weaver’s thready model of communication and created the SMCR Type of Communication.

The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication segregated the version into crystal clear parts and has been broadened upon by other students. Shannon – Weaver Model Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916- February twenty four, 2001) was an American mathematician, electronic industrial engineer and cryptographer. He is referred to as “the daddy of information theory”. He was a student of Michigan University. He was a graduate in both engineering and arithmetic.

He proved helpful in Bells laboratories, Ma Institute of Technology, Company for Advanced Studies. This individual got IEEE Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize, Harvey Prize accolades. [pic] Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894- Nov 24, 1978) was an American Man of science, Mathematician and Science manager. He is more popular as one of the innovators of equipment translator and as important estimate creating support for science in ALL OF US. He was a student of College or university of Wisconsin- Madison.

Intro: Shannon- Weaver model is mother coming from all model in communication. The idea based on how an idea goes to a place from another. It is also referred to as mathematical theory of communication. Shannon posted “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” document in two parts inside the July and October amounts of the “Bell System Technical Journal” in 1949.

The book co-authored with Weaver “The Statistical Theory of Communication” reprints Shannon’s article. Later Weaver explained the model and popularized it. Formula: This model is engineered to develop the effective conversation between fernsehsender and receiver. Also that they find factors which affecting the connection process called “Noise”.

At first the model was developed to boost the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication. Communication model: The Shannon- Weaver model can be as below … … … [pic]Some tips of this model are given below … … … • Information source chooses desired message amongst a set of possible messages that can be mixture of any form of crafted or used, image or perhaps sound. • Transmitter alterations the communication into the sign, also known as regler. • Meaning is the point which is dispatched and received and all communication is about. • Channel may be the path that message goes through in the transmitter to the receiver. • Receiver may be the reverse transmission device which adjustments the sign back into the message, often known as decoder. • Destination is a target place of the transmitted message. • Noise is definitely any unnecessary additions to the transmitted sign which cause bias or mistake in transmitting. [pic] Shannon Weaver model of communication Mister.

Khan built call to his associate “come here I want to observe you”. During his call up, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received “I want” only. Again Associate asked Thomson (feedback) “what do you want Mister. Khan? “. Sender: Mr.

Khan • One of the easiest model and its general utilized in various conversation theories. • The version which appeals to both scholars of Human being communication and Information theorist to potential clients their further more research in communication. • It’s more beneficial in person-to-person communication than group or perhaps mass market. • The model depending on “Sender and Receiver”. In this article sender performs the primary position and recipient plays the secondary position (receive the information or passive). • Interaction is not really a one way procedure. If it’s behaved that way, it will drop its durability.

For example: Market or device who tuning in a radio, reading the books or perhaps watching television is a one way interaction because absence of feedback. • Understanding Noise will really helps to solve the different problems in communication. Conclusion: Basically Shannon made this style not for the human communication. Rather he conceived the mediated communication, being explicit the particular phony dialogue. Later individual communication college students began to use it to explain the unmediated man communication, since it is very simple rather than far away.

Doctor David E. Berlo (1929- 1996) was an American interaction experts. He’s called while “the dad of modern mass communication”. Doctor Berlo discussed his unit as an expansion of Shannon- Weaver model in 1960 in the book “The Process of Communication”.

He was a professor of department of communication, Michigan State University (MSU). Introduction: The model of David Berlo is known as “Berlo’s SMCR model”. The meaning of SMCR is … … … Every one of the five sensory faculties are the channels which help individuals to exchange their views.

R – Receiver When the message extends to the device, he attempts to understand what the listener truly wants to convey and then responds accordingly. Also this is called as decoding. The receiver must be on the same program as the speaker intended for smooth circulation of information and better knowledge of the communication.

He will need to possess great communication skills to understand the actual speaker is attempting to convey. He should have the ideal attitude to understand the communication in a confident way. His knowledge should also be at par while using listener and must know regarding the subject. He should also be from the same social and cultural qualifications just like the audio.

Conclusion: Even though there is no reviews but Berlo’s SMCR version has a in development interaction.

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This is “Rethinking Communication”, section 4.2 from the book An Introduction to Organizational Communication (v. 0.0). For details on it (including licensing), click here .

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4.2 Rethinking Communication

Learning objectives.

• Differentiate among the three models for how communication functions—linear, interactional, and transactional—and the limitations of each model.
• Differentiate among the seven traditions of communication theory and understand how each approaches the nature of communication and how meaning is exchanged.

You were introduced in Chapter 1 "Introduction to Organizational Communication" to the “SMCR” model of communication. For two good reasons, numerous textbooks in communication begin with this longstanding model. First, its components—source, message, channel, receiver—are easy to grasp. In our modern world of phones, computers, networks and mass media, we encounter the basic idea of the SMCR model on a daily basis. And so, second, the model is effective in getting students to think—often for the first time—about “communication” as more than just a reflex action, more than something that just “happens.”

In this section we will consider the two questions: how communication works and what communication is . The SMCR model, for example, suggests communication works by traveling in a straight line from source to receiver. But scholars have largely moved beyond this simple linear A model of communication which holds that a message travels in a straight line from its source, through a channel, and to its receiver. model and have described communication as an interactional A model of communication which holds that communication travels in a circle as a sender transmits a message and then the receiver responds with feedback; thus both parties become sender/receivers. or, more recently, a transactional A model of communication which holds that sending and receiving of messages/feedback occurs simultaneously. process. Below, we will review these three models below of how communication works . Yet an even more basic question concerns what communication is . The SMCR model belongs to a body of theories that conceive of communication as information processing, an approach that is called (as we will explain below) a “cybernetic” concept of communication. Yet the cybernetic concept is not the only body of communication theories. As Robert Craig described, seven distinct traditions of communication theory have emerged. Craig, R. T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Communication Theory, 9 , 118-160. Since modern theories of organizational communication are often built on a different concept of communication than a cybernetic one, then later in this section we will review the seven approaches to answering the question: What is communication?

How Communication Works: Three Models

At the most basic level, the three models of how communication works—linear, interactional, and transactional—can be represented by the three graphics in Figure 4.6 "Three Concepts of Communication" below. The linear model originated in the 1940s, the interactional in the 1950s, and the

Figure 4.6 Three Concepts of Communication

transactional in the 1970s. That the original linear model of communication remains influential is attested by its inclusion in so many introductory textbooks—including this one. But theorists have long noted its limitations: the assumptions that listeners are passive, that only one message is transmitted at a time, that communication has a beginning and an end. In fact, a source could transmit a confusing or nonsensical message, rather than a meaningful one, and the linear model would work just as well; there is no provision for gauging whether a message has been understood by its receivers. Neither is the context of a communication situation taken into account. Nevertheless, the linear model introduces helpful concepts and terms that are the basis for understanding, as we will see later, the interactional and transactional models of communication.

Linear Model

Inspired by postwar research at Bell Laboratories on telephone transmissions, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver developed the “mathematical model” of human communication shown in Figure 4.7 "Linear Model of Communication: Shannon & Weaver" below. Shannon, C., & Weaver, W. (1949) The mathematical theory of communication . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949. In their model, successful sending and receiving of a message is a function of the channel’s capacity to handle signal degradation caused by static noise on the line. When applied in general to human communication, “noise” can be physical (background noises that make the message harder to hear), physiological (impairments such as hardness of hearing), semantic (difficulties in understanding choices of words), and psychological (predispositions and prejudices that affect how the message is interpreted). As you can see in Figure 4.7 "Linear Model of Communication: Shannon & Weaver" , communication travels in a straight line.

Figure 4.7 Linear Model of Communication: Shannon & Weaver

A decade after Shannon and Weaver, David Berlo adapted their concepts into the now-familiar SMCR (source, message, channel, receiver) model. Berlo, D. (1960). The process of communication . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. This is the model we introduced in Chapter 1 "Introduction to Organizational Communication" and have reproduced in Figure 4.8 "Linear Model of Communication: Berlo" below. Berlo’s adaptation was “tremendously influential” in offering a more flexible and “humanized conception of Claude Shannon’s model” that facilitated its application to oral, written, and electronic communication. Rogers, E. M. (2001). The department of communication at Michigan State University as a seed institution for communication study. Communication Studies, 52 , 234-248; pg. 234. Moreover, the notion of feedback provided a means for gauging reception and understanding of the message. Yet as we will see below in the descriptions of the interactional and transactional models, subsequent theorists have attempted to show how communication is better understood as circular rather than linear, how listeners are also active participants in communication, how multiple messages may be sent simultaneously, and how context and culture impact understanding.

Figure 4.8 Linear Model of Communication: Berlo

Interactional Model

Only a few years after Shannon and Weaver published their one-way linear model, Wilbur Schramm proposed an alternate model that portrayed communication as a two-way interaction. Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Writing several years before Berlo, he was the first to incorporate feedback—verbal and nonverbal—into a model of communication. The other important innovations in Schramm’s interactive model, which we have adapted in Figure 4.9 "Interactional Model of Communication" below, were the additions of the communication context (the specific setting that may affect meaning) and of “fields of experience” (the frames of reference and the cultures that each participant brings to the communication).

Figure 4.9 Interactional Model of Communication

With Schramm’s model, communication moves from a linear to a circular process in which participants are both senders and receivers of messages. Yet the model portrays communication like a tennis match: one participant serves up a message and the other participants then makes a return. Each waits, in turn, passively for the other. Thus, communication goes back and forth as one person (on the left of Figure 4.7 "Linear Model of Communication: Shannon & Weaver" ) initiates a message and waits until the other (on the right) responds. But if you think about times when you have engaged in conversation, you will recognize how the other person is simultaneously sending messages—often nonverbally—while you are talking. Unlike a tennis match, you do not wait passively until the “ball is in your court” before acting communicatively. To demonstrate the simultaneity of communication, we move next to a transactional model.

Transactional Model

Perhaps the first model to portray communication as a simultaneous transaction is attributed to Dean Barnlund. Barnlund, D. (1970). A transactional model of communication. In K. K. Sereno & C. D. Mortensen (Eds.), Foundations of communication theory (pp. 83-102). New York: Harper. Later theorists have developed this idea of simultaneity, which is illustrated in Figure 4.10 "Transactional Model for Communication" below. As you can see, messages and feedback are being exchanged at the same time between communicators. And because they are engaged together in the transaction, their fields of experience overlap. Useful concepts such as noise and context can likewise be added to the model.

Figure 4.10 Transactional Model for Communication

An expanded view of how communication functions can help us to better understand how individuals within organizations communicate. But for a firmer grip on modern theories of organizational communication we will now go beyond the message -centered, functional models described above and take a meaning -centered approach.

What Communication Is: Seven Traditions

You have probably heard the proverbial question: If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around to hear, does it make a sound? Similarly, we might ask: If you send a message that the receiver does not understand, has communication taken place? This question introduces the idea of meaning into the equation. Let us borrow from the SMCR model one more time to explore the place of meaning in communication.

Some theorists believe (as you probably do) that the meaning of a message lies in the sender. You think up a message and transmit it, and then the receiver must decode what you mean. But other theorists believe the meaning of a message is something that the sender and receiver construct together as they interact through their communication. Still other theorists believe that meaning resides in the channel—perhaps in the signs and symbols that, over time, humans invest with implied meanings, or perhaps in the larger structures of history and culture that condition how we perceive the world. As noted at the start of this section, Craig has identified seven traditions—which are summarized in Table 4.5 "Seven Traditions of Communication Theory" below—in communication theory. Craig, op. cit. Each wrestles with the question of how people derive meaning from a communication. And if we grant that communication only takes place when meaning is exchanged, then the issue of how people derive meaning is another way of putting the question: What is communication?

A helpful way of grasping the seven theoretical traditions is to pose a single communication scenario and then consider it from each of the seven approaches. For our purposes, we will pick a common scenario from organizational life—namely, the annual employee recognition luncheon in which awards are given to those who reach five or ten or fifteeen years of service, and so on, up until retirement. During this festive event a catered lunch is served in a large room, speeches are made by key executives, long-serving employees come forward as their names are called and receive a certificate or plaque, and the luncheon concludes on a light note as employees organize a mock ceremony to give out humorous awards. For our overview of the seven traditions, let us begin with the tradition to which you have already been introduced—the cybernetic tradtion—and see how it might explain our communication scenario.

Table 4.5 Seven Traditions of Communication Theory

Cybernetic Tradition

Theorists in the cybernetic A scholarly tradition that theorizes communication as information processing. tradition start with the assumption that an organization is a system comprised of many interdependent parts. The annual employee recognition luncheon is a particularly good occasion to see all those parts in action:

• The top executives who make speeches and set policies for giving awards;
• The managers who implement the policies;
• The human resources department that generated the list of employees eligible for awards and organized the luncheon;
• The corporate communications department that will send out a press release after the event;
• The accounting department that processed purchase orders and payments to the caterer;
• The information technology department that set up the audiovisual equipment for the awards ceremony;
• The maintenance department that prepared the room and will clean up afterward; and finally,
• The employees who attended the luncheon, received awards, and put on the humorous entertainment.

All of these parts depend on each other—and must communicate together—to make the annual employee recognition luncheon happen. In the cybernetic tradition, then, communication is theorized as information processing . But cybernetic theorists do not stop at charting information pathways. They are also interested in how a system continually makes adjustments needed to sustain itself. Indeed, the word “cybernetics” was coined from the Greek word for “steersman” by MIT scientist Norbert Wiener. Wiener, N. (1954). The human use of human beings: Cybernetics in society Boston: Houghton Mifflin. In devising a new antiaircraft firing system during World War II, he addressed a major problem: though existing systems could feed back information on firing trajectories, targets would pass by before human operators could make adjustments. He saw that the new system must regulate itself by acting on its own feedback, a principle Wiener then extended to human societies. Communication theorists picked up on this idea by casting the communication process as a self-regulating system in which people act on feedback, adjust their messages, gradually eliminate distortions, and arrive at intended meanings.

Adjustments are made via feedback loops which connect the various parts of the system into networks . Our example of the employee awards luncheon illustrates several of these networks in play. Top executives, who want to annually honor loyal employees, must get feedback from the human resources department for a list of who is eligible. To organize the event, the human resources department must get feedback from the maintenance department on the room setup, the IT department on audiovisual equipment, and the accounting department on the budget for the caterer. To publicize the event, the corporate communication department must get feedback from top executives on the desired tone or theme of the press release. Moreover, the system cannot survive just by feeding on itself. Inputs and resources are gathered from the surrounding environment—for example, by soliciting proposals from local caterers, and by talking to local media about possible news and feature story angles. Through all these avenues of organizational communication, the system processes the information it needs to keep on going.

Phenomenological Tradition

Imagine yourself as a new employee who is attending the annual recognition luncheon for the first time. As you watch the first group of honorees go forward and accept their five-year service certificates, you picture yourself in their shoes and ponder, “Is this company a place I want to be in five years? Or is it a stepping stone?” Then you see the ten-year honorees and think, “Wow, ten years! If I’m still here in ten years, that means I’m committed long-term.” Also, you notice that ten-year employees tend to be people who have better job titles and higher pay, so that longevity has its rewards. Finally, you see plaques handed out to retirees and say to yourself, “I can’t even relate! What will my career have been like when I look back on it, someday? What do I want to be known for?” In the days after the luncheon, you run into some five- and ten-year honorees you know, tactfully engage them in conversation, and try to feel out their answers to the question, “Is it worth it to stay long enough to earn a service award?”

According to the phenomenological A scholarly tradition that theorizes communication as dialogue and the experience of otherness. tradition of communication theory, you derive meaning by directly experiencing a particular phenomenon. At the luncheon you are confronted with the phenomenon of employee loyalty and longevity, and based on this experience you weigh your perceptions. Thus, you come to know your organizational world by directly and consciously engaging in it, pondering its meaning for you, interpreting that meaning through language to define and express it, and then continually reconstructing the interpretation in light of new experiences. Dialogue is another important concept in the phenomenological tradition. The annual luncheon was a type of dialogue as you listened to the various speeches and presentations. Then after the event, you dialogued one-on-one with coworkers who had been honored for their long service. Through these dialogues you open yourself to the experiences of others and can integrate this into your own experience.

Sociopsychological Tradition

In Chapter 1 "Introduction to Organizational Communication" you were introduced to a definition of human communication as a “process whereby one individual (or group of individuals) attempts to stimulate meaning in the mind of another individual (or group of individuals) through intentional use of verbal, nonverbal, and/or mediated messages.” We offered this definition in the opening chapter because it is a good place start. For one, the definition is held by many communication theorists. For another, it accords with what most laypeople (probably including you) believe about communication and about personhood. You likely see yourself as a distinct individual; your mind is your own. This is the basic assumption of sociopsychological A scholarly tradition that theorizes communicaiton as expression as expression, interaction, and influence rooted in human psychological processes. theories about communication, that people control their own intentions. Thus, as noted above, communication may seen as one person’s intention to impact another person’s intention . Such a notion is problematic, however, for many communication theorists. Where sociopsychological theorists see individuality as an objective fact, postmodern theorists hold that people’s intentions are subjectively conditioned by their histories and societies. And where sociopsychological theorists believe that the meaning of a communication resides in the individual , sociocultural theorists (as will review below) believe that meaning arises from the interaction .

But for now, let us follow the sociopsychological tradition and see how it might explain the annual employee recognition luncheon. First, consider the speeches given by top executives to celebrate company values and, by implication, the loyalty these values merit from employees. One theory suggests that, psychologically, you are more likely to be persuaded if sufficiently motivated to carefully consider the arguments, and less likely if the speakers utter cliches you’ve heard before. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change . New York: Springer-Verlag. Another theory claims that opinions are best understood not as a single point on a line, but as a continuum between acceptable and unacceptable; the more that the execs pitch their arguments on company loyalty toward the edge of this continuum, the more likely they can push the boundaries of what you will accept. Sherif, M., Sherif, C., & Nebergall, R. (1965). Attitude and attitude change: The socialjudgement-involvement approach . Philadelphia: Saunders. Still another leading theory proposes that if the speakers can make you feel an inner conflict between self-interest and group loyalties, you will be psychologically driven to resolve the conflict rather than feel torn. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Then there are the conversations you had with longer-tenured coworkers. One theory of interpersonal communication holds that people’s personalities are structured like the layers of an onion; to elicit your coworkers’ inner feelings about staying long-term with the company, you had to go beyond mere chit-chat about sports and the weather, and instead penetrate into their goals, convictions, fears, fantasies and, at the deepest level, their self-concepts. Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Another theory claims that people experience an ongoing psychological tension between their need for being connected and need for feeling unique, and between their need for being open and need for keeping some things to themselves. Baxter, L. A., & Montgomery, B. M. (1998). A guide to dialectical approaches to studying personal relationships. In B. M. Montgomery & L. A. Baxter (Eds.), Dialectical approaches to studying personal relationships (pp. 1–15). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. In order to elicit coworkers’ true feelings about their service with the company—and to expose your own concerns—you must both navigate these tensions.

The main lesson here is that a sociopsychological view locates the meaning of communication within the mind of each individual. The company executives acted with the intention of promoting employee loyalty in the hope of influencing your intention . And when you acted on your intention to elicit information from long-serving coworkers, they were prompted by their own intention to be more, or to be less, open toward your questions. Human communicative behaviors, then, are seen as seen as rooted in human psychologies. So, if communication is defined as a process whereby one person intends to stimulate meaning in the mind of another, then the task of the researcher is to discover what stimuli elicit what responses.

Sociocultural Tradition

For the sociopsychological theorist, the meaning of a communication resides in each individual. But for the sociocultural A scholarly tradition that theorizes communication as the production and reproduction of a social order, such as an organizational culture. theorist, the meaning of a communication arises from interaction as people engage in discourse and socially construct what they jointly perceive to be real. George Herbert Mead, a founder of the sociocultural tradition, noted more than a century ago that—in contrast to the prevailing view that each individual is autonomous—people only develop a sense of self by being around other people. Further, since speech is the means by which people interact, then people develop their sense of self through communication. Indeed, without language—which arose because humans exist in society—there would be no thought. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Another theorist in the sociocultural tradition, Erving Goffman, likened social interaction to a drama. Imagine yourself in an ordinary conversation and (being honest) think how you take a role (anything from clown to peacemaker) and “play to the audience” by communicating in ways that (you believe) will make you socially acceptable. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life . Garden City, NY: Doubleday; Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in public . New York: Basic. W. Barnett Pearce and Vernon Cronen have described conversational interaction as a “coordinated management of meaning” in which people not only co-construct a social world but are, in turn, shaped by that world. Pearce, W. B., & Cronen, V. (1980). Communication, action, and meaning . New York: Praeger.

Given these assumptions, theorists in the sociocultural tradition look at the ways communication is used by people in interactions to produce—and then reproduce—stable patterns of social order. Sociocultural theorists of organizational communication, then, are interested in how organizational cultures arise as their members communicate with one another. And they would take a keen interest in the annual employee awards luncheon. First, there is the ritual aspect of the event as people on the platform speak structured sequences of words (an employee’s name is called, he or she comes forward, and the certificate is given with praise, smiles, and handshakes) that ultimately pay homage to the sacred object of the company. Second, the awards ceremony constitutes a story which fosters a “loyalty myth.” As the myth is enacted, the audience learns how they too are expected to fit into the story. Then, third, the awards ceremony is a “social drama” in which awardees gain honor by their perseverance, thus showing the audience how they can likewise win approval and continue to belong.

Organizational cultures are maintained not only through public events but also in natural conversation as employees spontaneously use “insider” talk. Such talk begins to form patterns that reproduce the values and assumptions of an organization culture. Philipsen, G. (1997). A theory of speech codes. In G. Philipsen and T. L. Albrecht (Eds.), Developing communication theories (pp. 119–156). Albany: State University of New York Press. Over time, the patterns seem so natural that employees use the talk without thinking and take the underlying cultural assumptions for granted. For example, if people address each other with formal titles—or, alternately, if they use first names—this talk reproduces assumptions about how organization members should relate to one another. Sociocultural researchers often look for words and phrases that keep recurring in significant ways. So perhaps the employee awards luncheon featured talk about the company as a “family” (a metaphor), or praised award recipients for being “customer-oriented” (a stock phrase), or continually referred to “aggressive” growth, “aggressive” marketing, an “aggressive” strategy, and so forth (a buzzword). Chances are that, when you later spoke one-on-one with award recipients, their use of such insider language in spontaneous conversation reflected their integration into the organizational culture.

Semiotic Tradition

The old saying, “Where there’s smoke, there’s fire,” captures the essence of the semiotic A scholarly tradition that theorizes communication as intersubjective mediation by signs, or the ways a sign (including a word) or symbol of a thing mediates the different thoughts that people have about the thing and thus permit meaning to be shared. tradition in communication theory. Semiotics is the stidy of signs —and a classic example, of course, is how the presence smoke is the sign of a fire. Charles Saunders Peirce, a founding theorist of semiotics, would have called smoke an index or a trace that points to another object. Peirce, C. S. (1958). Charles S. Peirce: Selected writings (P. P. Weiner, Ed.). New York: Dover. Thus, thunder is the sign of an approaching storm, a bullet hole the sign of a shooting, a footprint the sign of a prey. Other signs are icons or abstract representations of another object—for example, the stylized image of a pedestrian on a traffic crossing light. Yet other signs are symbols that have a purely arbitary relationship to another object. Again, to use traffic signs as an example, think of how a red octagon means “stop” and a yellow inverted triangle means “yield.”

The most common symbols of all, of course, are words. Consider: the word “dog” has no inherent relation to the actual animal. Instead, as C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards famously pointed out, the word “dog” may connote a friendly pet to one person and a dangerous beast to another. To explain how words work, they proposed a triangle of meaning . Ogden, C. K., & Richards, I. A. (1923). The meaning of meaning . London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner. They theorized that meaning emerges from the interplay between a referent (in our example, a dog), a symbol (the word “dog”), and the reference (what a person thinks when he or she hears the word). As such, the meaning of “dog,” whether a cute pet or dangerous animal, resides not in the word but, rather, in the mind of the person. In this way, as Robert Craig observed, semiotic theorists regard communication as a process of “intersubjective mediation by signs.” Craig, op. cit. In other words, the meaning of a thing is subjective for each person. Thus, as we communicate about that thing, there is an encounter between the different meanings we each carry. The encounter is mediated by a sign—whether the sign is a word or an image—and that sign makes it possible for some meaning, at least, to be shared between communicators.

The annual employee recognition luncheon is replete with signs and symbols. In addition to the many words that are used, shared meaning is created by the symbol of the award certificates and plaques, by the printed program with elegant cursive script, by the cake and the balloons with congratulatory messages, by the round tables that were set up rather than the room’s usual conference seating, by the festive centerpieces on the tables, by the company posters and slogans posted on the walls, by the formal business attire of the executives who presented the awards, and by the large company logo that is hung on the podium and printed on items ranging from table napkins to tee shirts. All of these symbols enable important meanings—about company values, about employee loyalty, about labor-management relations—to be communicated and shared by dozens of people, even though each brings his or her own subjective thoughts to the event.

Finally, the company itself becomes a symbol as it takes on a distinctive corporate image. Roland Barthes equated this kind of “second-order” symbol to mythmaking and gave the French national flag as an example. Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies (A. Lavers, Trans.). New York: Hill and Wang. In the same way, Apple Corporation has come to symbolize high-tech innovation, a corporate image that instills its employees with a strong sense of organizational identity. By contrast, government agencies are often seen as bureaucratic and wasteful so that administrators must work hard to imbue their employees with a countervailing image of public service. The same semiotic process is at work as the college or university you attend strives to symbolize learning (if teaching is emphasized), or discovery (if research is emphasized), or opportunity (if career training is emphasized), or advancement (if nontraditional student are emphasized).

Critical Tradition

After witnessing or hearing about the employee awards luncheon, a critical A scholarly tradition that theorizes communication as discursive reflection, or reflection on the ways that discourses create dominant and marginalized voices. theorist would likely ask who decided that employee loyalty would be the only value recognized and the only value which deserved a special annual celebration. The decision, of course, was made by the dominant interests who hold power in the organization. The luncheon reifies their interests (by establishing loyalty to the company as a taken-for-granted part of organizational life) and universalizes their interests (by equating management interests with “company interests” so that other interpretations seem irrational). Even though employees are expected to be loyal in order to gain approval, the company has no corresponding obligation of loyalty to the employees and may lay them off as needed. Not only is this proposition tacitly accepted—but to suggest that a second luncheon be held, to make a public accounting of the company’s loyalty to its workers, would seem irrational. So would the suggestion that workers, rather than the human resources director, should plan the annual luncheon and decide what values should be recognized and what awards given. Yes, the employees are permitted by the leadership to plan a humorous “awards” segment—but that is only a parody, a way to control workers by giving them a sense of participation without any real substance.

Then, too, a critical theorist would point out how the awards luncheon, by celebrating only those employees who have served long term, actually silences the voices of traditionally marginalized workers. Historically underrepresented groups—women, persons of color, persons with disabilities, the working poor—have often lacked the access to acquire skills which would make them promotable in the corporate world. Because they are disproportionately placed in low-wage jobs, they are the first to be laid off or shunted into temporary work. Yet they do work that the company needs. Why is there no event to celebrate their contributions? Instead, the emphasis on longevity only marginalizes them further.

This all happens because the system follows an ideology that, in ways made to seem natural and inevitable, structures power relations to favor some at the expense of others. Stanley Deetz has described “managerialism” as an ideology that systematically distorts communication to produce a “discursive closure” that renders alternative views difficult to express or even think. Deetz, 1992, op. cit. The task of critical scholars is to “denaturalize” unjust ideologies and structures that are taken for granted, exposing them to resistance and discussion, and thereby reopening choices and possibilities the system had foreclosed. Thus, critical scholarship infuses research with action.

For the last of the seven traditions in communication theory, we come to the oldest. More than 2,300 years ago Aristotle wrote The Rhetoric and gave us, as many believe, the world’s first systematic treatment of human psychology. For example, Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). San Francisco: Harper and Row; pg. 178. He lived in Athens, one of the democratic city-states of ancient Greece where citizens publicly stated their cases in the assemblies and courts. Alarmed that some used oratory for personal gain rather than public good, Aristotle examined how speakers persuaded audiences and devised a theory and method of reasoned public address. Aristotle (2006). On rhetoric: A theory of civic discourse (2nd ed.) (G. A. Kennedy, Trans.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Today the phrase, “That’s just rhetoric,” connotes hollow or self-serving words. Aristotle had the same concern about public oratory. Thus rhetorical A scholarly tradition that theorizes communication as the practical art of discourse and how persuasion is accomplished. theory, from classical times to the present, has concerned itself with the problem of how things get done. In other words, rhetorical theorists—including those who study organizational rhetoric—examine the processes by which speaker (or rhetor ) and listeners move toward each other and find common grounds to go forward.

Studies of organizational rhetoric distinguish between external rhetoric aimed at stakeholders outside the organization and internal rhetoric aimed at employees. Mary Hoffman and Debra Ford classified four types of external rhetoric: to create and maintain an organization’s public identity, to manage issues, to manage risks, and to manage crises. Internal rhetoric, on the other hand, aims to align employees with organizational values and imperatives so they are motivated to do their jobs. Hoffman, M. F., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Organization rhetoric: Situations and strategies . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Thus, the rhetoric of the annual employee recognition luncheon is internal, an attempt by management to find common ground with employees and persuade them to adopt company values. After the luncheon, the company will engage in external rhetoric as the corporate communications office issues a press release that, when carried by local media, will hopefully reinforce the company’s image as a great workplace that inspires employee loyalty.

Rhetorical theory offers many avenues for analyzing the speeches heard at the awards luncheon. The classical theory of Aristotle, for example, holds that speakers must invent a persuasive argument, effectively arrange its points, word it an appropriate style , and deliver it in a suitable manner, while drawing on a memory of phrases, stories, and ideas to extemporaneously flesh out the argument for a given occasion or audience. Today we call this method the five canons of rhetoric. Yet to be compelling, arguments must be grounded in the shared topoi or mental topology of rhetor and audience. Thus, if everyone agrees that profit is good for both management and labor, then speeches at the awards luncheon can extol honorees for their contributions to the bottom line. But if the organization is nonprofit—like the college or university you attend—then arguments based on profitmaking would fall flat. Aristotle also theorized that artful rhetors can employ three types of proofs: logic ( logos ), emotion ( pathos ), and speaker credibility ( ethos ). Executives who spoke at the luncheon likely tried all three by stating how loyal employees are rewarded (logic), how such employees’ dedication is admirable (emotion), and how management can be trusted and believed (speaker credibility).

In recent decades, scholarly interest in rhetorical theory has grown and proposals for a “new rhetoric” have gained wide acceptance. Kenneth Burke held that persuasion cannot occur without identification ; the task of the rhetor is “consubstantiation,” or a sharing of substances, with the audience. Burke, K. (1950). A rhetoric of motives . New York: Prentice-Hall. (Thus, company leaders could persuade employees to be loyal only if the audience felt that executives could understand and sympathize with their concerns.) Chaim Perelman contended that persuasion cannot occur without presence ; the rhetor must highlight “elements on which the speaker wishes to center attention in order that they may occupy the foreground of the hearer’s consciousness . . . against the undifferentiated mass of available elements of agreement.” Perelman, C., & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969). The new rhetoric: A treatise on argumentation . South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press; pg. 142. (Thus, management hopes its appeal for loyalty is enhanced by staging a special yearly event.) Walter Fisher contrasted a rational-world paradigm of persuasion through logic with a narrative paradigm in which audiences are persuaded by stories that ring true with their lived experiences and the “good reasons” validated by their communities. Fisher, W. (1987). Human communication as narration: Toward a philosophy of reason, value, and action . Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. (Thus, the awards luncheon will foster loyalty only if executives can tell a story that resonates with the lives of employees.) And contemporary rhetorical scholars are recognizing the materiality of rhetoric as it “not only helps to produce judgments about specific issues, it also helps to produce or constitute a social world.” Jasinksi, J. (2001). Sourcebook on rhetoric: Key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001; pg. 192. (Thus, the rhetoric of the awards luncheon aims not only to persuade but, leaders hope, produce an organizational culture whose logics favor employee loyalty.)

Key Takeaways

• Three models for how communication functions have been proposed: linear, interactional, and transactional. The linear model holds that a message travels in a straight line from its source, through a channel, and to its receiver. The interactional model holds that communication travels in a circle as a sender transmits a message and then the receiver responds with feedback; thus both parties become sender/receivers. The transactional model holds that sending and receiving occur simultaneously.
• Seven traditions in communication theory have been identified by Robert Craig. The cybernetic tradition theorizes communication as information processing. The phenomenological tradition theorizes communication as dialogue and the experience of otherness. The sociopsychological tradition theorizes communication as expression, interaction, and influence rooted in human psychological processes. The sociocultural tradition theorizes communication as the production and reproduction of a social order, such as an organizational culture. The semiotic tradition theorizes communication as intersubjective mediation by signs, or the ways that a sign (including a word) or symbol of a thing mediates the different thoughts that people have about the thing and thus permit meaning to be shared. The critical tradition theorizes communication as discursive reflection, or reflection on the ways that discourses create dominant and marginalized voices. The rhetorical tradition theorizes communication as the practical art of discourse and how persuasion is accomplished.
• Your class in Organizational Communication is itself a type of organization. Think about the communication that takes place in your class, whether the class is face-to-face or online. Would you say that communication between the students and the instructor is best explained as a linear, interactional, or transactional process? Explain your answer.
• In the subsection above entitled “What Communication Is: Seven Traditions,” we imagined how the annual employee awards luncheon could be explained, in turn, by each of the seven traditions. Now on your own, think of another communication scenario that occurs in organizations (perhaps in your college or university, such freshman orientation or the annual commencement ceremony) and then explain your scenario by each of the seven traditions.

Home / Essay Samples / Sociology / Effective Communication / How Communication Takes Place: Communication Models

How Communication Takes Place: Communication Models

• Category: Sociology
• Topic: Communication in Relationships , Effective Communication , Interpersonal Communication

Pages: 2 (976 words)

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Linear Models 

Transactional model, interactive communication model , other theories.

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