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Answer to Question #177187 in Python for S Bhuvanesh

Numbers in String - 2

Given a string, write a program to return the sum and average of the numbers that appear in the string, ignoring all other characters.Input

The input will be a single line containing a string.Output

The output should contain the sum and average of the numbers that appear in the string.

Note: Round the average value to two decimal places.Explanation

For example, if the given string is "I am 25 years and 10 months old", the numbers are 25, 10. Your code should print the sum of the numbers(35) and the average of the numbers(17.5) in the new line.

Sample Input 1

I am 25 years and 10 months old

Sample Output 1

Sample Input 2

Tech Foundation 35567

Sample Output 2

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Python Numerical Methods

This notebook contains an excerpt from the Python Programming and Numerical Methods - A Guide for Engineers and Scientists , the content is also available at Berkeley Python Numerical Methods .

The copyright of the book belongs to Elsevier. We also have this interactive book online for a better learning experience. The code is released under the MIT license . If you find this content useful, please consider supporting the work on Elsevier or Amazon !

< 2.0 Variables and Basic Data Structures | Contents | 2.2 Data Structure - Strings >

Variables and Assignment ¶

When programming, it is useful to be able to store information in variables. A variable is a string of characters and numbers associated with a piece of information. The assignment operator , denoted by the “=” symbol, is the operator that is used to assign values to variables in Python. The line x=1 takes the known value, 1, and assigns that value to the variable with name “x”. After executing this line, this number will be stored into this variable. Until the value is changed or the variable deleted, the character x behaves like the value 1.

TRY IT! Assign the value 2 to the variable y. Multiply y by 3 to show that it behaves like the value 2.

A variable is more like a container to store the data in the computer’s memory, the name of the variable tells the computer where to find this value in the memory. For now, it is sufficient to know that the notebook has its own memory space to store all the variables in the notebook. As a result of the previous example, you will see the variable “x” and “y” in the memory. You can view a list of all the variables in the notebook using the magic command %whos .

TRY IT! List all the variables in this notebook

Note that the equal sign in programming is not the same as a truth statement in mathematics. In math, the statement x = 2 declares the universal truth within the given framework, x is 2 . In programming, the statement x=2 means a known value is being associated with a variable name, store 2 in x. Although it is perfectly valid to say 1 = x in mathematics, assignments in Python always go left : meaning the value to the right of the equal sign is assigned to the variable on the left of the equal sign. Therefore, 1=x will generate an error in Python. The assignment operator is always last in the order of operations relative to mathematical, logical, and comparison operators.

TRY IT! The mathematical statement x=x+1 has no solution for any value of x . In programming, if we initialize the value of x to be 1, then the statement makes perfect sense. It means, “Add x and 1, which is 2, then assign that value to the variable x”. Note that this operation overwrites the previous value stored in x .

There are some restrictions on the names variables can take. Variables can only contain alphanumeric characters (letters and numbers) as well as underscores. However, the first character of a variable name must be a letter or underscores. Spaces within a variable name are not permitted, and the variable names are case-sensitive (e.g., x and X will be considered different variables).

TIP! Unlike in pure mathematics, variables in programming almost always represent something tangible. It may be the distance between two points in space or the number of rabbits in a population. Therefore, as your code becomes increasingly complicated, it is very important that your variables carry a name that can easily be associated with what they represent. For example, the distance between two points in space is better represented by the variable dist than x , and the number of rabbits in a population is better represented by nRabbits than y .

Note that when a variable is assigned, it has no memory of how it was assigned. That is, if the value of a variable, y , is constructed from other variables, like x , reassigning the value of x will not change the value of y .

EXAMPLE: What value will y have after the following lines of code are executed?

WARNING! You can overwrite variables or functions that have been stored in Python. For example, the command help = 2 will store the value 2 in the variable with name help . After this assignment help will behave like the value 2 instead of the function help . Therefore, you should always be careful not to give your variables the same name as built-in functions or values.

TIP! Now that you know how to assign variables, it is important that you learn to never leave unassigned commands. An unassigned command is an operation that has a result, but that result is not assigned to a variable. For example, you should never use 2+2 . You should instead assign it to some variable x=2+2 . This allows you to “hold on” to the results of previous commands and will make your interaction with Python must less confusing.

You can clear a variable from the notebook using the del function. Typing del x will clear the variable x from the workspace. If you want to remove all the variables in the notebook, you can use the magic command %reset .

In mathematics, variables are usually associated with unknown numbers; in programming, variables are associated with a value of a certain type. There are many data types that can be assigned to variables. A data type is a classification of the type of information that is being stored in a variable. The basic data types that you will utilize throughout this book are boolean, int, float, string, list, tuple, dictionary, set. A formal description of these data types is given in the following sections.

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Python | Extract numbers from string

Many times, while working with strings we come across this issue in which we need to get all the numeric occurrences. This type of problem generally occurs in competitive programming and also in web development. Let’s discuss certain ways in which this problem can be solved in Python . 

Extract Numbers from a String in Python

Below are the methods that we will cover in this article:

• Using List comprehension and isdigit() method
• Using re.findall() method
• Using isnumeric() method
• Using Filter() function
• Using a loop and isdigit() method
• Using str.translate() with str.maketrans() 
• Using numpy module

Extract numbers from string using list comprehension and isdigit() method

This problem can be solved by using the split function to convert string to list and then the list comprehension which can help us iterate through the list and isdigit function helps to get the digit out of a string. 

Time Complexity: O(n), where n is the number of elements in the input string. Auxiliary Space: O(n), where n is the number of numbers in the input string.

Extract Digit from string using re.findall() method

This particular problem can also be solved using Python regex, we can use the findall function to check for the numeric occurrences using a matching regex string. 

Extract Interger from string using isnumeric() method

In Python, we have isnumeric function which can tell the user whether a particular element is a number or not so by this method we can also extract the number from a string.

Time Complexity : O(N) Auxiliary Space : O(N)

Extract Digit from string using Filter() function

First, we define the input string then print the original string and split the input string into a list of words using the split() method. Use the filter() function to filter out non-numeric elements from the list by applying the lambda function x .isdigit() to each elementConvert the remaining elements in the filtered list to integers using a list comprehension

Print the resulting list of integers

Time complexity: O(n), where n is the length of the input string. The split() method takes O(n) time to split the input string into a list of words, and the filter() function takes O(n) time to iterate over each element in the list and apply the lambda function. The list comprehension takes O(k) time, where k is the number of elements in the filtered list that are digits, and this is typically much smaller than n. Therefore, the overall time complexity is O(n).

Auxiliary space complexity: O(n), as the split() method creates a list of words that has the same length as the input string, and the filter() function creates a filtered list that can be up to the same length as the input list. The list comprehension creates a new list of integers that is typically much smaller than the input list, but the space complexity is still O(n) in the worst case. Therefore, the overall auxiliary space complexity is O(n)

Extract Interger from string using a loop and isdigit() method

Use a loop to iterate over each character in the string and check if it is a digit using the isdigit() method. If it is a digit, append it to a list.

Time complexity: O(n), where n is the length of the string. Auxiliary space: O(k), where k is the number of digits in the string.

Extract Numbers from string using str.translate() with str.maketrans() 

Define the input string then Initialize a translation table to remove non-numeric characters using str. maketrans() . Use str. translate() with the translation table to remove non-numeric characters from the string and store the result in a new string called numeric_string . Use str. split() to split the numeric_string into a list of words and store the result in a new list called words. Initialize an empty list called numbers to store the resulting integers and then iterate over each word in the list of words. Check if the word is a numeric string using str. isdigit() .If the word is a numeric string, convert it to an integer using int() and append it to the list of numbers.

Print the resulting list of integers.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

Time complexity: O(n), where n is the length of the input string. The str.translate() method and str.split() method take O(n) time, and iterating over each word in the list of words takes O(k) time, where k is the number of words in the list that are numeric strings. Auxiliary Space: O(n), as we create a new string and a new list of words that each have the same length as the input string, and we create a new list of integers that has a maximum length of k, where k is the number of words in the list that are numeric strings.

Extract Numbers from string using numpy module

Initialize the string test_string then split the string into a list of words using the split method and create a numpy array x from the resulting list. Use np.char .isnumeric to create a boolean mask indicating which elements of x are numeric. Use this boolean mask to index x and extract only the numeric elements. Convert the resulting array of strings to an array of integers using astype.

Print the resulting array of integers.

Time complexity:  O(n), where n is the length of the original string test_string. This is because the split method takes O(n) time to split the string into a list of words, and the np.char.isnumeric method takes O(n) time to create the boolean mask. The remaining operations take constant time.

Auxiliary Space: O(n), where n is the length of the original string test_string. This is because we create a numpy array x to store the words of the string, which takes O(n) space. The space used by the resulting numpy array of integers is also O(n), since it contains all the numeric elements of the string.

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5 Best Ways to Convert a Number to a String in Python

💡 Problem Formulation: In Python programming, there are several scenarios where a developer needs to convert a number (be it an integer or a float) into a string data type. For instance, when concatenating a number with a string, or embedding numeric data into text output. This article will cover five methods to perform this task, taking the number 123 as a simple example and converting it to the string "123" .

Method 1: Using the str Function

The most straightforward method for converting a number to a string is by using Python’s built-in str() function. This function takes an object (in this case, a number) as its argument and returns a string version of that object.

Here’s an example:

This code snippet takes an integer 123 and uses the str() function to convert it into a string. The resulting string is then printed out, showing the conversion was successful.

Method 2: Using Concatenation with an Empty String

An alternative method involves concatenating a number with an empty string. When a number is concatenated with an empty string, Python implicitly converts the number into a string.

The integer 123 is converted to a string by concatenating it with an empty string. This forces Python to interpret the number as a string for the concatenation operation. The result is then printed out, showing the conversion.

Method 3: Using String Formatting

String formatting is a powerful tool in Python for creating formatted strings. To convert a number to a string, we can use string formatting methods like f-strings , format() , or the old-style % formatting.

A number is converted to a string by embedding it within an f-string that interprets everything within the curly braces {} as a Python expression, which is then formatted as a string.

Method 4: Using the repr Function

The repr() function is another way to convert an object to a string in Python. It returns a string that would yield an object with the same value when passed to eval() , so it’s slightly different from str() as it’s aimed at developers unlike str() which is aimed at end-users.

The code uses the repr() function to convert the integer 123 . Although typically used for generating representations of objects that are developer-friendly, repr() can be used for simple data types like integers for string conversion.

Bonus One-Liner Method 5: Using String Slices and Type Conversion

String slices can be used creatively for type conversion by exploiting Python’s dynamic typing. As a one-liner, it is less common but equally valid for converting a number to a string.

This quirky one-liner creates a one-element tuple with the number, immediately accesses the first item, and calls its __str__() method, which is essentially what the str() function does. The converted string is then printed.

Summary/Discussion

• Method 1: Using the str function. Simple and universally applicable. Cannot convert complex numbers with custom formatting.
• Method 2: Concatenation with Empty String. Simple but could be confusing for new programmers as to why it works. Not recommended for readability.
• Method 3: String Formatting. Extremely versatile and useful for including numbers in more complex strings. Requires knowledge of formatting syntax.
• Method 4: Using the repr function. Gives a developer-friendly string representation. Can be overkill for simple conversions and result might differ from str() for some objects.
• Method 5: Using String Slices and Type Conversion. A clever one-liner that can save space but potentially sacrifice readability and clarity for the sake of brevity.

Emily Rosemary Collins is a tech enthusiast with a strong background in computer science, always staying up-to-date with the latest trends and innovations. Apart from her love for technology, Emily enjoys exploring the great outdoors, participating in local community events, and dedicating her free time to painting and photography. Her interests and passion for personal growth make her an engaging conversationalist and a reliable source of knowledge in the ever-evolving world of technology.

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Validation in Python

Problem statement:.

We are given a string, we need to check whether the string is a valid username or not. To be a valid username, the string should satisfy the following conditions:

• The string should only contain letters, numbers, or underscore(s).
• It should not start with a number.
• It should not end with an underscore.
• Its length should be greater than equal to 4 and less than equal to 25.

Code for Validation in Python:

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