problem solving skills in orienteering

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Research on problem solving skills of orienteering athletes in terms of some variables

Başak Eroğlu 1 a and Arif Kaan Eroğlu 2

1 Namık Kemal University College of Physical Education and Sports, 59000, Tekirdağ, Turkey 2 Yüzüncü Yıl University College of Physical Education and Sports, 65100, Van, Turkey

a Corresponding author: [email protected]

The aim of this study is to examine the problem solving skills of orienteering athletes in terms of different variables. 157 male and 43 female orienteering athletes, making a total of 200 athletes that joined the 3rd Level of Turkey Championship in 2015 have participated in this study which is in a survey model. The data collection tools were the Problem Solving Inventory and Personal Information Form that were formed by Heppner & Peterson (1982) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin, Şahin & Heppner (1993). In the data analysis, descriptive statics, anova, t test and Tukey test have been utilized. In the line with the findings, it has been determined that the difference between the total mean values (85.55+20.45) that the orienteering athletes got from the problem solving inventory and their age, marital status, sports age, the years of practice in orienteering sports, and the status of being national player is significant (p<0.05). It has been found that male orienteering athletes perform higher evaluating approach compared to the female athletes, and that as the age levels increase, the problem solving skill is affected more positively. Furthermore, it has been determined that the perceptions of the participants that have more experience and sports age in orienteering sports and that do orienteering sports at a national level are more positive in the matter of problem solving skills.

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2016

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15 Benefits Of Regular Orienteering For Navigation Skills And Fitness

Cassidy Perry

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Orienteering is a challenging outdoor activity that involves navigating through unknown terrain using only a map and compass. Regular participation in orienteering offers a wide range of benefits, both for navigation skills and overall fitness.

1. Improved Navigation Skills

Orienteering requires precise map reading skills and the ability to navigate through challenging landscapes. Regular practice helps improve spatial awareness, map interpretation, and compass navigation skills.

2. Enhanced Problem-Solving Abilities

Participants in orienteering must use critical thinking and decision-making skills to plan the best routes and overcome obstacles in the terrain. By strategically assessing the terrain and making quick decisions, participants enhance their problem-solving abilities in real-time situations.

3. Physical Fitness

Orienteering involves a mix of running, hiking, and navigating through varied terrain, offering a comprehensive full-body workout. This activity not only improves cardiovascular endurance but also enhances muscle strength and overall physical fitness levels.

4. Mental Stimulation

Constantly assessing the surroundings, interpreting maps, and making navigation decisions challenges the brain and helps improve cognitive abilities and mental agility. The mental stimulation provided by orienteering can enhance memory, concentration, and decision-making skills.

5. Stress Relief

Being outdoors and engaged in physical activity can help reduce stress levels and promote overall well-being. The tranquil environment of nature combined with the physical exertion involved in orienteering can act as a stress reliever and improve mental health.

6. Team Building

Orienteering events often involve teamwork and collaboration, promoting communication and camaraderie among participants. Working together to navigate the terrain fosters a sense of unity and cooperation, contributing to effective team building.

7. Goal Setting and Achievement

Setting and achieving navigation goals during orienteering courses can boost confidence and self-esteem, leading to a sense of accomplishment. The process of setting specific goals, planning strategies, and successfully completing a course instills a sense of achievement and personal satisfaction.

8. Increased Spatial Awareness

Navigating through challenging terrain helps develop spatial awareness and improves the ability to understand and interpret the surrounding environment. Orienteering enhances the participant’s spatial perception, aiding in better decision-making and orientation in unfamiliar surroundings.

9. Outdoor Appreciation

Exploring nature and navigating through forests, hills, and valleys can foster a deeper appreciation for the outdoors and the environment. Orienteering encourages a profound connection with nature, promoting environmental awareness and a sense of stewardship towards the natural world.

10. Problem-Solving Skills

Encountering obstacles and making navigation decisions in real-time helps sharpen problem-solving skills and adaptability. Participants learn to think on their feet, assess challenges, and devise effective solutions, enhancing their problem-solving abilities in dynamic situations.

11. Cardiovascular Health

The physical demands of orienteering provide a cardiovascular workout that can improve heart health and overall fitness levels. The combination of running, hiking, and navigating through diverse terrains contributes to enhanced cardiovascular endurance and a healthy heart.

12. Social Engagement

Participating in orienteering events allows for social interaction with like-minded individuals, fostering a sense of community and belonging. Engaging in orienteering activities creates opportunities for socializing, sharing experiences, and building meaningful connections with others who share a passion for outdoor navigation.

13. Time Management

Planning routes, managing time, and pacing during orienteering courses can improve time management skills and efficiency. Participants learn to strategize the most effective routes, optimize their time, and maintain a steady pace, enhancing their time management abilities both on and off the course.

14. Nature Connection

Orienteering activities promote a deeper connection with nature and encourage environmental stewardship and conservation. By immersing in natural surroundings and actively navigating through landscapes, participants develop a profound appreciation for the environment and are inspired to contribute to its preservation.

15. Longevity Benefits

The combination of physical activity, mental stimulation, and outdoor engagement offered by orienteering can contribute to overall health and longevity. Embracing the holistic benefits of orienteering, including physical fitness, mental well-being, and environmental consciousness, can lead to a fulfilling and sustainable lifestyle promoting long-term health and vitality.

A certified dietician specializing in diabetes care, Cassidy has over a decade of experience working with diverse patient backgrounds. She writes health-related articles for the Scientific Origin.

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• Orienteering: A Fun and Effective Way to Boost Brain Power and Fight Cognitive Decline

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A new study published in the journal PLOS ONE suggests that orienteering, a sport that combines running with map reading, may help boost brain power and fight cognitive decline . The study, conducted by researchers at McMaster University in Canada, found that people who participate in orienteering regularly have better spatial navigation and memory skills than those who do not.

The study's findings are significant because they suggest that orienteering could be a potential intervention or preventive measure for cognitive decline. Cognitive decline is a major problem among older adults, and it is estimated that more than 55 million people worldwide have dementia . There are currently no effective treatments for dementia, and the disease is often fatal.

The researchers surveyed 158 healthy adults ranging in age from 18 to 87 who had varying degrees of orienteering expertise (none, intermediate, advanced and elite). They used two survey tools—the Navigational Strategy Questionnaire and the Survey of Autobiographical Memory—to measure participants’ spatial processing, spatial memory and episodic memory. The researchers hypothesized that the physical and cognitive demands of orienteering, which integrates exercise with navigation, may stimulate parts of the brain that our ancient ancestors used for hunting and gathering. Over time, the brain evolved to adapt to harsh environments by creating new neural pathways.

Those same brain functions are not as necessary for survival today thanks to modern conveniences such as GPS apps and readily available food. Researchers suggest it is a case of “use it or lose it.”

Health Benefits of Orienteering

In addition to the cognitive benefits identified by this study, orienteering offers a wide range of health benefits, including:

• Increased cardiovascular health:  Orienteering is a great way to get the heart rate up and improve cardiovascular health. It is a form of cardiorespiratory exercise that involves running, jogging and climbing over varying terrain.
• Improved strength and endurance:  Orienteering requires the use of the whole body, including the legs, arms and core. This can help to improve overall strength and endurance, as well as reduce the risk of injury.
• Reduced stress and anxiety:  Orienteering is a great way to reduce stress and anxiety. Being in nature and navigating through unfamiliar terrain can be calming and grounding. It can also help to improve problem-solving skills, focus and spatial awareness.
• Increased self-esteem:  Orienteering is a challenging sport that requires a lot of mental and physical stamina, which can serve to boost self-esteem and confidence.
• Improved social skills:  Orienteering is a great way to meet new people and make friends. It is a social sport that is often done in groups, and it can be a great way to connect with people who share common interests.
• Fun and rewarding:  Orienteering is a fun and rewarding sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and fitness levels. It is a great way to get exercise, explore the outdoors and have fun.

“Modern life may lack the specific cognitive and physical challenges the brain needs to thrive,” explains Jennifer Heisz, Canada Research Chair in Brain Health and Aging at McMaster University, who supervised the research. “In the absence of active navigation, we risk losing that neural architecture.” Heisz points to Alzheimer’s disease, in which losing the ability to find one’s way is among the earliest symptoms, affecting half of all afflicted individuals, even in the mildest stage of the disease.

Participants who were “orienteering experts” reported better spatial navigation and memory than those who had no orienteering experience. Notably, the significant effects of orienteering on spatial cognition remained even after controlling for age, sex and physical activity, suggesting that adding elements of wayfinding into regular workouts could be beneficial over the span of a lifetime.

The Wide-ranging Benefits of Orienteering

“When it comes to brain training, the physical and cognitive demands of orienteering have the potential to give you more bang for your buck compared to exercising only,” says lead author Emma Waddington, a grad student in the Department of Kinesiology who designed the study and is a coach and member of the national orienteering team.

The goal of orienteering is to navigate by running as quickly as possible over unfamiliar territory, finding a series of checkpoints using only a map and compass. The most skillful athletes must efficiently switch between several mental tasks, making quick decisions while moving across the terrain at a rapid pace.

The sport is unique because it requires active navigation while making quick transitions between parts of the brain that process spatial information in different ways. For example, reading a map depends on a third-person perspective relative to the environment. Orienteers must quickly translate that information relative to their own positions within the environment, in real-time, as they run the course.

It is a skill that GPS systems have engineered out of modern life, say researchers. That may affect not only our ability to navigate but also affect our spatial processing and memory more generally because these cognitive functions rely on overlapping neural structures.

What the Research Means to Health and Exercise Professionals

“Orienteering is very much a sport for life. You can often see participants spanning the ages of 6 to 86 years old engaged in orienteering,” says Waddington. “My long-term involvement in this sport has allowed me to understand the process behind learning navigational skills and I have been inspired to research the uniqueness of orienteering and the scientific significance this sport may have on the aging population.”

The researchers believe that the cognitive benefits of orienteering are derived from the fact that it requires participants to use a variety of cognitive skills, including spatial reasoning, problem solving and decision making. In addition, orienteering is a physically demanding sport, which can also help to improve cognitive function.

The researchers believe that orienteering could be a valuable tool for preventing cognitive decline. They suggest that people who are at risk for cognitive decline, such as those with a family history of dementia, could benefit from participating in orienteering on a regular basis.

In addition to the cognitive benefits, orienteering has a number of other health benefits (see sidebar).

For those who may not be interested in participating in orienteering as a sport, the researchers offer two simple ways to incorporate more orienteering into daily life: Turn off the GPS and use a map to find your way when travelling and challenge yourself—spatially—by using a new route for your run, walk or bike ride.

However, if you or your clients are interested in getting started in orienteering , the sport doesn’t require too much to get started. There are orienteering clubs all over the world, and they can provide maps, compasses and instruction on how to use them. They also offer events that in a variety of settings, from forests to urban centers, that appeal to a wide range of skill levels, from beginning to expert.  

The next step is to learn how to read a map. Again, a local club will likely offer instruction on map reading, or you can search for online tutorials. Begin with simple courses and practice finding the controls , which are markers along the course. With practice, orienteering becomes easier and more challenging courses become more appealing.

If you or your clients are looking for a fun and healthy way to get exercise, orienteering is a great option. It is a challenging sport that can provide a variety of health benefits, so get out there and give it a try!

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Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons researchers believe that orienteering offers cognitive benefits?

It requires spatial reasoning.

It is physically demanding.

It includes a competitive component.

It utilizes problem-solving skills.

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What Is Orienteering: An Expert Guide

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the essence of orienteering, what orienteering is, its historical roots, and its essential techniques. We will also provide you with valuable insights to ignite your passion for this remarkable outdoor sport.

What is Orienteering?

Orienteering is a challenging outdoor activity that combines navigation, physical endurance, and mental agility. Participants navigate through unfamiliar terrain using only a map and compass, aiming to locate a series of checkpoints called controls, in the shortest amount of time possible. It is an immersive experience that pushes individuals to test their limits, both mentally and physically, while exploring the beauty of nature.

The History of Orienteering

What is orienteering? Well, to know more about this outdoor sport, it is essential that you know its brief history first. 

The origins of orienteering can be traced back to the late 19th century when it emerged as a military training exercise in Scandinavia . It quickly gained popularity and transformed into a recreational activity that captivated adventure enthusiasts worldwide. What began as a means to train soldiers in the art of land navigation soon evolved into a beloved sport that combined strategy, athleticism, and a deep connection with the natural environment.

Getting Started On Orienteering: Equipment and Gear

Before embarking on your orienteering journey, it's essential to have the right equipment and gear. These items will not only enhance your performance but also ensure your safety while navigating through unfamiliar terrain.

• Map: A detailed topographic map highlighting the terrain, controls, and other crucial information is the centerpiece of orienteering. It serves as your guide, providing valuable insights into the landscape you'll be exploring. Familiarize yourself with the map's symbols, legends, and contour lines to decipher the features of the terrain accurately.
• Compass: An essential tool for orienting the map and navigating accurately. A reliable compass helps you maintain a sense of direction, even in the most challenging environments. Learn how to take accurate bearings, determine your position, and navigate effectively using the compass alongside the map.
• Clothing: Opt for lightweight and breathable attire suitable for the terrain and weather conditions. Dress in layers to adapt to changing temperatures, and choose fabrics that wick away moisture to keep you comfortable during physical exertion.
• Footwear: Sturdy, comfortable shoes with good traction are essential to tackle various terrains. Look for trail running shoes or hiking boots that provide ankle support and grip, allowing you to navigate confidently through uneven surfaces and slippery slopes.
• Whistle : A safety device that should always be carried during orienteering. In case of an emergency or if you need assistance, the whistle can attract attention and help rescuers locate you more easily.

Essential Orienteering Techniques and Skills

To excel in orienteering, mastering a set of techniques and skills is crucial. These skills will enhance your efficiency, accuracy, and overall performance in the sport. Let's explore the key aspects:

Map Reading and Interpretation

Understanding and interpreting the map is fundamental in orienteering. Pay close attention to contour lines, symbols, and legends. Contour lines indicate changes in elevation, allowing you to visualize hills, valleys, and other landforms. Familiarize yourself with common map symbols, such as roads, trails, and bodies of water. The legend provides explanations for these symbols, ensuring you can navigate confidently through the map's intricacies.

• Read: How To Use A Topographic Maps

Compass Navigation

The compass is your trusted guide in orienteering. Learning how to use a compass effectively is paramount to your success. Practice taking accurate bearings, establishing your position, and maintaining a steady heading. By combining compass readings with map features, you can navigate accurately even when landmarks are not immediately visible.

• Read: How To Use A Compass

Route Planning and Decision-Making

Efficient route planning is a vital skill that can make a significant difference in your orienteering performance. Analyze the terrain, evaluate various route options, and make strategic decisions based on factors such as distance, elevation, vegetation, and your own abilities. Optimize your route to minimize time and energy expenditure while still ensuring efficient navigation between controls.

Pacing and Timing

Pacing and timing are essential techniques for orienteering. Pacing involves estimating the time it takes to travel a specific distance. By knowing your walking or running speed, you can gauge your progress during the course and adjust your pace accordingly. Timing is crucial for maintaining a steady rhythm, ensuring you meet time limits and manage your energy expenditure effectively.

Orienteering Events and Competitions

Orienteering offers a wide range of events and competitions for enthusiasts of all levels. From local club meets to regional and international championships, there's something for everyone. 

Participating in events not only allows you to challenge yourself but also provides opportunities to meet fellow orienteers, share experiences, and forge lasting connections within the orienteering community. Compete against others or simply enjoy the thrill of navigating through diverse terrains—each event promises a unique and memorable experience.

Orienteering Clubs and Training Opportunities

Joining an orienteering club can provide invaluable support and resources as you delve deeper into the sport. Clubs often organize regular training sessions, workshops, and social events where you can learn from experienced orienteers and share your passion with like-minded individuals. Engaging with a club can help you refine your skills, gain valuable insights, and stay updated on upcoming events and competitions.

Additionally, many clubs offer beginner-friendly courses and mentorship programs to help newcomers get started. These initiatives provide a supportive environment where you can learn at your own pace while receiving guidance from experienced orienteers.

Benefits of Orienteering

Engaging in orienteering provides numerous benefits beyond the physical aspects. Let's explore the remarkable advantages it offers:

• Mental Stimulation: Orienteering enhances cognitive abilities, including spatial awareness, decision-making, and problem-solving skills. As you navigate through challenging terrains and make split-second choices, your mind becomes sharper and more adaptable.
• Fitness and Endurance: The demanding nature of orienteering contributes to overall fitness and endurance development. As you navigate through rugged landscapes, your body gains strength, agility, and cardiovascular endurance. Regular orienteering training improves both physical fitness and stamina.
• Connection with Nature: Orienteering takes you into the heart of nature, allowing you to immerse yourself in stunning landscapes and appreciate the beauty of the natural world. Whether it's navigating through dense forests, crossing picturesque meadows, or conquering rocky hillsides, orienteering allows you to develop a profound connection with the environment.
• Social Interaction: Joining orienteering clubs and participating in events provides a platform for social interaction and fosters a sense of community. You'll meet fellow orienteers who share your passion for the sport, exchange tips and experiences, and form lasting friendships. The orienteering community is known for its inclusivity and camaraderie, making it a welcoming environment for newcomers.

Orienteering Safety Tips

While orienteering is a thrilling adventure, it's crucial to prioritize safety throughout your journey. Here are some essential safety tips to keep in mind:

• Be Prepared: Before heading out on an orienteering excursion, take the time to gather the necessary information about the area you'll be navigating. Familiarize yourself with the terrain, weather conditions, and potential hazards. Check the local weather forecast and be aware of any specific risks associated with the location, such as wildlife or challenging terrain. Carry essential safety equipment, including a whistle, a mobile phone for emergencies,a personal locator beacon , a small first aid kit , and extra supplies like water and snacks.
• Inform Others : Always let someone reliable know your intended route and estimated return time. This simple step ensures that someone is aware of your plans and can raise the alarm if necessary. Share details about the location you'll be orienteering in, including the starting point, intended route, and approximate duration of your activity.
• Stay Hydrated and Nourished: Hydration and proper nutrition are key to maintaining energy levels and preventing fatigue during orienteering. Carry an adequate supply of water and snacks to sustain you throughout your journey. Regularly hydrate yourself, even if you don't feel excessively thirsty, and consume nutritious snacks that provide a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats. Consider bringing portable water filters .
• Dress Appropriately: Dressing appropriately for orienteering is essential to ensure comfort, protection, and ease of movement. Consider the weather conditions and choose clothing that suits the temperature and potential precipitation. Opt for lightweight, breathable fabrics that wick away moisture, and dress in layers so you can adjust your clothing to regulate body temperature. Hiking pants and windbreakers are good here! Don't forget to wear a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen for sun protection. Additionally, wear comfortable and supportive footwear with good traction to navigate various terrains safely.
• Respect Nature: As an orienteer, it's crucial to respect and appreciate the natural environment you are exploring. Follow the principles of " Leave No Trace " to minimize your impact on the ecosystem. Stay on designated trails whenever possible, avoiding fragile vegetation and sensitive habitats. Properly dispose of any waste you generate during your orienteering activity, taking care to pack out everything you pack in. Respect wildlife by observing from a safe distance and refraining from feeding or disturbing animals.
• Know Your Limits: Recognize your own abilities and limitations when participating in orienteering activities. Start with courses suitable for your skill level and gradually progress as you gain experience and confidence. Be honest with yourself about your physical fitness, navigational skills, and comfort level with different terrains. Avoid taking unnecessary risks and make informed decisions based on your capabilities and the conditions at hand.
• Stay Oriented and Maintain Focus: Orienteering requires mental acuity and concentration. Continuously refer to your map and compass to ensure you're on the right track. Maintain awareness of your surroundings, noting landmarks and distinctive features as you progress through the course. Avoid distractions that may divert your attention from the navigation task at hand.
• Be Mindful of Time: Keep track of time during orienteering activities to ensure you can complete the course within a reasonable timeframe. Consider factors such as daylight hours, sunset time, and the duration of the chosen route. If participating in an organized event, familiarize yourself with the time limits and plan your progress accordingly to avoid rushing or being caught in darkness.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: can anyone participate in orienteering, or is it only for experienced athletes.

A: Orienteering is an inclusive sport suitable for individuals of all ages and fitness levels. While some participants may be highly competitive athletes, many people engage in orienteering purely for recreational purposes. There are various course difficulty levels to accommodate beginners, intermediate, and advanced orienteers.

Q: Do I need prior navigation experience to try orienteering?

A: No prior navigation experience is necessary to start orienteering. Basic map reading and compass skills can be learned through practice and guidance from experienced orienteers. Many clubs and events offer beginner-friendly courses and introductory workshops to help newcomers get acquainted with the sport.

Q: Is orienteering a dangerous activity?

A: Orienteering, like any outdoor activity, carries inherent risks. However, by following safety guidelines, being aware of your surroundings, and making informed decisions, you can minimize the risks associated with the sport. It's essential to prepare adequately, respect your limitations, and stay within your comfort zone while gradually challenging yourself.

Q: What if I get lost during an orienteering event?

A: If you find yourself disoriented or lost during an orienteering event, try to remain calm. Stop and reevaluate your surroundings, refer to your map and compass, and retrace your steps if necessary. If you're unable to find your way, use your whistle to signal for help or seek assistance from event officials or fellow participants.

Q How can I improve my orienteering skills?

A: Practice is key to improving your orienteering skills. Participate in local events, training sessions, and workshops offered by orienteering clubs. Take advantage of the resources available, such as map reading exercises, compass drills, and route planning simulations. Analyze your performance, learn from experienced orienteers, and continuously challenge yourself to refine your techniques.

Remember, orienteering is a dynamic and rewarding sport that allows you to explore the great outdoors while honing your navigational abilities. With practice, patience, and a sense of adventure, you'll discover new horizons and experience the thrill that orienteering offers.

Congratulations! You have embarked on a fascinating journey to discover the captivating world of orienteering. We've explored the fundamental aspects of orienteering, from its origins and techniques to the benefits it offers. Now, it's time for you to take the first step, grab your compass, and venture into the wilderness. Embrace the challenge, cherish the thrill, and let orienteering awaken the adventurer within you!

Remember, orienteering is a sport that rewards practice and perseverance. The more you immerse yourself in this exhilarating pursuit, the more you will unravel its intricacies and experience the true joy it brings.

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Shedding Light on the Effects of Orienteering Exercise on Spatial Memory Performance in College Students of Different Genders: An fNIRS Study

Shengbin bao.

1 School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; moc.621@2202nibgnehsoab

2 College of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

Associated Data

Data is contained within the article or Supplementary Materials . The data presented in this study are available in Supplementary Materials .

Objective: To investigate the intervention effect of orienteering exercises on the spatial memory ability of college students of different genders and its underlying mechanism. Methods: Forty-eight college students were randomly screened into experimental and control groups, 12 each of male and female, by SBSOD scale. The effects of 12 weeks of orienteering exercises on the behavioral performance and brain activation patterns during the spatial memory tasks of college students of different genders were explored by behavioral tests and the fNIRS technique. Results: After the orienteering exercise intervention in the experimental group, the male students had significantly greater correct rates and significantly lower reaction times than the female students; left and right dorsolateral prefrontal activation was significantly reduced in the experimental group, and the male students had a significantly greater reduction in the left dorsolateral prefrontal than the female students. The degree of activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontals of the male students and the right dorsolateral prefrontals of the female students correlated significantly with behavioral performance, and the functional coupling between the brain regions showed an enhanced performance. Discussion: Orienteering exercises improve the spatial memory ability of college students, more significantly in male students. The degree of activation of different brain regions correlated with behavioral performance and showed some gender differences.

1. Introduction

Spatial memory is closely related to way-finding ability and a range of higher cognitive brain activities such as spatial representation, navigation, and decision-making [ 1 ]. Since 1948, when Tolman [ 2 ] introduced the concept of cognitive maps, the study of memory in animals and humans has become a hot research issue. The formation of memory is the basis for consolidating various cognitive processing activities and plays an essential role in the process of individual survival and development. Spatial memory, as a form of memory, is an indispensable part of human survival, mainly in memory recognition of the environment. It is a memory capacity that is used to express the geographic location or direction of the external environment and mainly includes spatial working memory [ 3 ], short-term spatial memory [ 4 ] and long-term spatial memory [ 5 ]. Previous experimental paradigms for spatial memory have mostly used the Corsi block tapping test [ 6 ], the n -back task [ 7 ] and the spatial span test [ 8 ], and experimental materials have mostly used blocks, diamond-shaped pictures, circles and fruit elements. In this study, Google Maps, which is commonly used in daily life, was used as the experimental material to more objectively reflect human spatial-memory ability and explore the value of spatial memory ability in spatial navigation.

It has been shown that spatial memory abilities present gender differences, with males excelling at the behavioral level of spatial memory ability [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], as evidenced by shorter reaction times and higher accuracy [ 12 ]. Some researchers have found through a water-maze experimental-research paradigm that males are considered to be more gifted than females in spatial memory [ 13 , 14 ] and this may influence task performance [ 15 ]. However, it has also been shown that there are no differences between males and females in spatial memory abilities [ 16 , 17 ]. Brain cognitive differences in spatial memory between males and females and differences in the benefits of improvement in spatial memory ability through intervention need to be further explored.

A large body of existing research confirms that physical activity also benefits the development of students’ cognitive functions [ 18 , 19 ], including long-term memory [ 20 ] and short-term memory [ 21 ]. Studies addressing the benefits of interventions for different types of exercise programs have found that aerobic exercise significantly improves memory (immediate vs. delayed memory) [ 22 , 23 ]. Stroth found through an experimental study that aerobic endurance exercise is beneficial in enhancing the visual–spatial memory ability of practitioners [ 24 ]. The theory of cortical plasticity suggests that structural and functional improvements in different regions of the brain can be made by means of cognitive training. Aerobic exercise has been found to play a facilitative role in improving brain plasticity and cognitive function through neuroimaging monitoring [ 25 , 26 ], and aerobic exercise enhances spatial memory by improving brain activity and cognitive processing speed in the prefrontal cortex [ 27 , 28 ]. Aerobic exercise can also affect the activation patterns of the brain regions that are involved in higher cognitive functions and their functional connectivity, in addition to its effects on the structure of movement-related brain regions [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. In summary, it is evident that aerobic exercise and cognitive training can effectively improve the spatial memory capacity of practitioners and that such changes lie in the improvement of brain cognitive mechanisms.

Orienteering is the crossing of unknown terrain with the help of a map and a compass [ 32 ] and it is a high-cognitive aerobic exercise program. Orienteering has been described as a high-cognitive sport with the same unique cognitive value as running a marathon and playing chess at the same time. Compared with other sports, orienteers have certain cognitive advantages in spatial cognition [ 33 ]. Specific cognitive training in orienteering enables orienteering practitioners to master effective visual search strategies [ 34 ]. A study by Eccles found that those who were good at using attention and spatial memory during orienteering route-planning could complete the race effectively [ 35 ]. Eda conducted a study of 20 students with orienteering training before and post-training; the data showed that orienteering exercises had a significant effect on both students’ attention and memory levels [ 36 ]. During the orienteering exercise, the practitioner’s perception of orientation, route memory ability, and route decision-making ability were exercised. Therefore, orienteering exercises have some targeting value as a motor intervention to improve spatial memory.

In recent years, fNIRS has been increasingly used in the field of sports, with advances and breakthroughs in tai chi [ 37 ], table tennis [ 38 ], and aerobics [ 39 ]. The prefrontal lobe has been found to play an important role in cognitive processes through fNIRS techniques. It has been suggested that in memory, tasks are associated with structures such as the prefrontal lobe of the cerebral cortex [ 40 , 41 ]. The prefrontal lobe is the area that receives and processes external information from other functional areas of the brain and then integrates brain information such as memory and intention to immediately make a rational plan [ 42 ]. The dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (DLPFC) and the ventral lateral prefrontal lobe (VLPEC), as the main functional areas of the PFC, play an important role in brain functions that are related to motor cognition. In this study, the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal lobes and the left and right ventral lateral prefrontal lobes were selected as regions of interest to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of orienteering exercises on spatial memory ability in college students.

To further understand the behavioral performance and brain activation pattern performance of the effects of orienteering exercises on the spatial memory ability of college students of different genders, the following hypotheses were proposed: (1) In the behavioral experiment, there were differences in the correctness and response time in the cognitive task of spatial memory between the experimental and control groups of subjects of different genders before and after the intervention. (2) In the fNIRS functional brain-imaging test, the activation of Oxy-Hb in the prefrontal brain regions was differential between the experimental and control subjects of different genders, showing some neural efficacy, a correlation between the degree of Oxy-Hb activation in different brain regions, and some correlation with cognitive-behavioral performance.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. participants.

The Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD) questionnaire, proposed by Mary, was used [ 43 ]. The revised SBSOD scale, translated by Yuetong Zhao, has good reliability and is a valid tool for measuring individual sense of direction [ 44 ]; the scale was administered to first-year students at Shaanxi Normal University. The reliability test (R = 0.87) was also conducted in this study. The final 48 subjects were recruited and randomly divided into 24 subjects of each sex (age 18.16 ± 1.01 years) in the experimental group and 24 subjects of each sex (age 18.63 ± 0.68 years) in the control group using overall random grouping, with no significant difference in age between the experimental and control groups ( p > 0.05). The selection criteria: (1) a sense of direction assessment score < 3; (2) normal bare eye vision or corrected vision, all right-handed; (3) no traumatic brain injury, psychiatric history, cardiopulmonary disease, rhinitis, depression, etc.; (4) able to know the keyboard key positions well, none of them had participated in similar experiments; (5) no hearing or visual impairment. Subjects will be paid upon completion of the experiment. All 48 subjects recruited in the study signed the experimental informed agreement, and the study was approved by the ethics committee of Shaanxi Normal University.

2.2. Experimental Design

The study used a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: experimental group, control group) × 2 (time: pre-test, post-test) × 2 (gender: male, female) with independent variables, including group (2 levels of experimental group and control group); time (2 levels of pre-test and post-test); and gender (2 levels of male and female). The dependent variables were behavioral correctness, reaction time, and oxyhemoglobin in 4 brain regions of the prefrontal lobe of the brain concentration changes. The subjects were asked to fill out a self-administered basic information questionnaire before the experiment to record their basic information, such as gender and age.

2.3. Orienteering Intervention Program

The orienteering intervention program for the experimental group was developed after reviewing relevant materials and conducting interviews with relevant experts who engaged in orienteering teaching and training: the intervention lasted 12 weeks, with two interventions per week and 45 min per intervention ( Table 1 ). Heart rate monitoring was implemented in the classroom through the Firstbeat wearable monitoring system [ 45 ], and during exercise, the average intensity was controlled in the moderate-intensity heart rate range (120–140 beats per minute) [ 46 ]. Guided by deliberate training theory, the intervention consisted of three main modules: mapping exercises and memory punching (simple and complex) training components (The material is shown in Figure 1 ).

Spatial memory experimental material. ( a ) The purpose of the exercise is to make students proficient in basic information such as symbols, colors and checkpoint description tables in the map; ( b ) aim to improve students’ ability to memorize campus-map route memory; ( c ) aim to improve students’ ability to memorize campus-map route memory.

Program of orienteering intervention.

The control group was from badminton and table tennis non-orienteering classes. The experimental group and the control group were basically the same in terms of the number of teaching sessions, teaching time, and teaching intensity, except for the teaching content. To ensure the control of experimental variables, the classes were taught strictly according to the teaching plan.

2.4. Spatial Memory Task Test

2.4.1. experimental instruments.

The experimental instrument is Nirsport 2, a portable near-infrared spectral brain functional imaging system that is used to realize the acquisition of brain blood sample data. The acquired optical data were solved by the modified Lambert Beer law to obtain the blood-oxygen signal data of Oxy-Hb, Deoxy-Hb and Total-Hb [ 47 ]. A fNIRS device is more realistic and effective to reflect the neural activation level of the brain with the Oxy-Hb concentration [ 48 ]; therefore, in this study, the Oxy-Hb concentration was used to examine the level of brain changes in the subjects, and the sampling frequency was set at 7.8125 Hz.

2.4.2. Test Materials

With the increasing number of experimental studies on spatial memory, experiments using the change perception paradigm all have three phases: memory, interval, and monitoring [ 49 ]. However, the paradigm form of experimental design has multiple variations to study participants’ different choices of color, shape, and location between memory items and stimulus items, in order to determine participants’ spatial memory abilities [ 50 , 51 ]. The experiment was conducted on a Dell INS 3891 (Dell Inc, Austin, USA) running E-prime 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools Inc, Sharpsburg, USA). All stimuli were displayed on a Panasonic CF-53 monitor (resolution 1366 × 768, refresh rate 60 Hz, Panasonic Co., Ltd, Kamonichi, Japan), and the experimental material was derived from Google Maps (3D images), which consisted of 800 × 600 pixel images, each consisting of a varying number of buildings, trees, and paths ( Figure 2 ). The subjects were required to use the Dell KB216 keyboard to select which of the WAD options were consistent with the original image; the difference between the options and the original image could be a building, a tree or a path.

Spatial memory experimental material.

2.4.3. Testing Process

First, the subject’s instructions are presented on the screen, and when the subject is ready, they press the space bar to begin the exercise. During the practice phase, feedback in the form of “correct”, “incorrect” or “no response” is displayed in the center of the screen, depending on the subject’s response. Second, in the experimental task, the subject sees a prompt on the computer screen; after the preparation is correct, they must press the space bar to start the test and stare at the cross in the center of the screen for 30 s. As a baseline, a map first appears on the screen, and this must be quickly memorized (the allotted time is 6 s). After 1 s of white screen, 3 maps appear (the presentation time is 6 s). The subject must choose the option that matches the original image among the three options: W, A, D ( Figure 3 ). The test is divided into 3 blocks; one block has 10 trials, and the trial interval is 15 s. As an index of the reaction time and accuracy rate of spatial memory tasks, the absorption and scattering relationship of oxyhemoglobin was recorded with near-infrared when completing the spatial memory task, and the changes of oxyhemoglobin in subjects under the task state were investigated to reflect brain function and other indicators.

Experimental flow of spatial memory test.

2.5. Probe Arrangement

The fNIRS photopolar cap consists of 13 sources and 8 detectors, constituting 28 measurement channels. The inter-probe distance was set to 3 cm and, according to the international 10/20 system. According to the existing Anatomical Labeling Systems (LBPA40), to delineate the region of interest (ROI), a total of 4 ROIs were delineated (see Figure 4 ): left ventral lateral prefrontal (L-VLPFC): Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, Ch4, Ch5, and Ch7; left dorsolateral prefrontal (L-DLPFC): Ch6, Ch8, Ch9, Ch10, Ch11, Ch12, Ch13; right ventral lateral prefrontal (R-VLPFC): Ch23, Ch24, Ch25, Ch26, Ch27, Ch28; and right dorsolateral prefrontal (R-DLPFC): Ch16, Ch17, Ch18, Ch19, Ch20, Ch21, Ch22. The above four ROIs were evenly distributed in the prefrontal lobe using a multi-channel fNIRS data space alignment to MNI space.

Configuration of the measurement channels in the prefrontal cortex areas. The yellow numbers on the left represent the corresponding detection positions of the photopolar cap in the prefrontal cortical area; the red numbers on the right indicate the emitter (light source); the blue numbers indicate the detector (probe); and the black numbers indicate the established channels.

2.6. Data Analysis

2.6.1. behavioral data.

To ensure the accuracy of the experimental data, the extreme values with large disparities were removed, and data outside the range of mean ± 3 standard deviations were removed. With the help of SPSS 25.0 software (IBM Inc, Armonk, USA), the measured data were tested for normal distribution. The results of the Kolmogorov –Smirnov test showed that the data in this paper were all greater than the 0.05 threshold and obeyed a normal distribution. In order to illustrate the intervention effect of orienteering exercises on the values of the spatial memory task, a repeated-measures ANOVA of group and time was conducted; later, in order to illustrate the effect of orienteering exercises on students of different genders, the experimental group was subjected to a repeated-measures ANOVA for both time and gender. In case of interactions, a simple effects analysis was performed using Bonferroni’s method; the significance level was set at p < 0.05, and the degree of variation in the behavioral data was reported as standard errors.

2.6.2. fNIRS Data

The acquired data were exported directly to the computer for offline analysis after the experiments were completed. In this study, band-pass filtering was used (components greater than 0.1 Hz and less than 0.01 Hz were filtered out) to filter out the effects of heartbeat, respiration, and other factors on the fNIRS data, and a principal components analysis (PCA) was used to remove motion artifacts [ 47 ]. The Oxy-Hb values of all trials under the task condition were averaged to obtain the mean value of each channel of the subjects under the task condition, and the Oxy-Hb data of the 6–7 channels contained in the ROIs blood-oxygen signal of ROI [ 8 ]. Data were processed as for behavioral data. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to correlate the Oxy-Hb concentrations of each ROI with the correct rate results for college students of different genders before and after the orienteering intervention in the experimental group, and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

3.1. Behavioral Results

3.1.1. behavioral results of different groups before and after exercise intervention.

To explore the effects of orienteering exercises on the spatial memory ability of college students, a 2 (group: experimental group, control group) × 2 (time: pre-test, post-test) repeated-measures ANOVA was used to statistically analyze the correct rate and reaction time of spatial memory tasks before and after the exercise intervention ( Table 2 , Figure 5 ).

Changes in behavioral results of the experimental group and the control group before and after exercise intervention. ( a ) Changes in the correct rate of spatial memory test before and after the orienteering intervention in the experimental and control groups; ( b ) changes in the response time of spatial memory test before and after the orienteering intervention in the experimental and control groups; blue represents the experimental group, yellow represents the control group. * 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

Behavioral variance (ANOVA) analysis of the effect of orienteering exercises on the spatial memory ability of college students. (F in Table 2 represents the results of the ANOVA test, where the interaction between exercise intervention time and group repeated-measures ANOVA for correctness was significant, and the interaction between exercise intervention time and group repeated-measures ANOVA for response time was significant).

** p < 0.01; * 0.01 < p < 0.05.

The results of the repeated-measures variance of correctness showed: a non-significant time main effect [F(1,46) = 1.981, p = 0.166, η2 = 0.041]; a non-significant group main effect [F(1,46) = 1.198, p = 0.279, η2 = 0.025]; and a significant time and group interaction [F(1,46) = 10.619, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.188]. A simple effects test revealed that in the pretest phase, the difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of correctness was not significant [F(1,46) = 2.343, p = 0.133, η2 = 0.048]; in the post-test phase, the experimental group had a significantly greater correctness than the control group [F(1,46) = 18.564, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.288]; for the experimental group, the post-test correct rate was significantly greater than the pre-test correct rate [F(1,46) = 10.887, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.191]; for the control group, the difference between the correct rate of the post-test and the pre-test was not significant [F(1,46) = 1.713, p = 0.197, η2 = 0.036].

The results of the repeated-measures variance of the reaction time results showed: a significant time main effect [F(1,46) = 7.083, p = 0.011, η2 = 0.133], with a significantly shorter reaction time in the post-test than in the pre-test; a non-significant group main effect [F(1,46) = 1.802, p = 0.186, η2 = 0.038]; and a significant time and group interaction [F(1,46) = 8.661, p = 0.005, η2 = 0.158]. A simple effects test revealed that: in the pre-test phase, the difference in response time between the experimental and control groups was not significant [F(1,46)= 2.730, p = 0.105, η2 = 0.056]; in the post-test phase, the experimental group had a significantly shorter response time than the control group [F(1,46)= 5.660, p = 0.022, η2 = 0.110]; for the experimental group, the post-test reaction time was significantly shorter than that of the pre-test reaction time [F(1,46) = 15.704, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.255]; for the control group, the difference in reaction time between the post-test and pre-test was not significant [F(1,46) = 0.040, p = 0.843, η2 = 0.001].

3.1.2. Behavioral Results of Spatial Memory Ability of College Students of Different Genders in the Experimental Group before and after the Intervention

To explore the differences in the spatial memory ability of college students of different genders before and after the orienteering intervention, a repeated-measures ANOVA of 2 (gender: male, female) × 2 (time: pre-test, post-test) was used to statistically analyze the correct rate and reaction time of the spatial memory tasks of college students of different genders before and after the intervention in the experimental group ( Table 3 , Figure 6 ).

Changes in spatial memory behavior results of college students of different genders before and after orienteering intervention in the experimental group. ( a ) Changes in the correct rate of college students of different genders before and after the O&M intervention; ( b ) changes in the response time of college students of different genders before and after the O&M intervention; blue represents male college students, yellow represents female college students. * 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

Behavioral variance (ANOVA) analysis of the effect of orienteering exercises on spatial memory ability of college students of different genders. (F represents the results of the ANOVA test, where the correct rate of motor intervention time, and gender repeated-measures ANOVA interaction was significant; the gender at response, and motor intervention time repeated-measures ANOVA interaction was significant).

The results of the repeated-measures variance of correctness showed: a significant time main effect [F(1,22) = 13.907, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.387], with a significantly greater correctness in the post-test than in the pretest; a non-significant gender main effect [F(1,22) = 0.362, p = 0.553, η2 = 0.016]; and a significant time and gender interaction [F(1,22) = 4.288, p = 0.043, η2 = 0.230]. A simple effects test revealed that the difference in correctness between male students and female students was not significant at the pre-test stage [F(1,22) = 0.664, p = 0.424, η2 = 0.029]; at the post-test stage, the correctness of male students was significantly greater than that of female students [F(1,22) = 5.959, p = 0.023, η2 = 0.213]; for male students, the correctness of the post-test was significantly greater than the pre-test [F(1,22) = 15.359, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.411]; for female students, the difference between the correct rates of the post-test and pre-test was not significant [F(1,22) = 1.835, p = 0.189, η2 = 0.077] ( Table 3 ).

The results of the repeated-measures variance at response time showed: a significant time main effect [F(1,22) = 32.648, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.597] and significant gender main effect [F(1,22) = 4.932, p = 0.037, η2 = 0.183], with male students having a significantly shorter response time than female students; and a significant time × gender interaction effect [F(1,22) = 3.965, p = 0.046, η2 = 0.176]. A simple effects test revealed that in the pretest phase, male and female students did not differ significantly in response time [F(1,22) = 0.086, p = 0.772, η2 = 0.004]; in the post-test phase, male students had significantly shorter response times than female students [F(1,22) = 9.262, p = 0.006, η2 = 0.296]; for male students, post-test response times were significantly shorter than pre-test response times [F(1,22) = 28.282, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.562]; for female students, the post-test reaction time was significantly shorter than the pre-test reaction time [F(1,22) = 7.632, p = 0.011, η2 = 0.258] ( Table 3 ).

3.2. fNIRS Results

3.2.1. fnirs results of different groups before and after exercise intervention.

To explore the effect of orienteering exercises on college students’ spatial memory ability, a repeated-measures ANOVA of 2 (group: experimental group, control group) × 2 (time: pre-test, post-test) was used to statistically analyze the fNIRS data of college students’ spatial memory tasks before and after the exercise intervention ( Table 4 , Figure 7 , Figure 8 ).

Changes of fNIRS results before and after exercise intervention in experimental group and control group. (Changes in different brain regions before and after directed motor intervention ( a ) L-VLPFC; ( b ) R-VLPFC; ( c ) L-DLPFC; ( d ) R-DLPFC; blue represents the experimental group, yellow represents the control group. * 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).

Activation map of prefrontal lobe in experimental group and control group before and after exercise intervention. ( a ) Experimental group pre-test; ( b ) experimental group post-test; ( c ) control group pre-test; ( d ) control group post-test. The numbers represent the 28 channels of the prefrontal lobe and the colors represent the level of activation of the prefrontal lobe, with redder colors representing higher activation and bluer colors representing lower activation.

The fNIRS data variance (ANOVA) analysis of the effect of orienteering exercises on the spatial memory ability of college students.

The results of the left ventral lateral prefrontal (L-VLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a non-significant time main effect [F(1,46) = 1.074, p = 0.305, η2 = 0.023]; a non-significant group main effect [F(1,46) = 0.012, p = 0.915, η2 = 0.001]; and a non-significant time × group interaction [F(1,46) =0.001, p = 0.982, η2 = 0.001] ( Table 4 ).

The results of the right ventral lateral prefrontal (R-VLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a non-significant time main effect [F(1,46) = 0.847, p = 0.362, η2 = 0.018]; a non-significant group main effect [F(1,46) = 0.001, p = 0.991, η2 = 0.001]; and a non-significant time × group interaction [F(1,46) =0.056, p = 0.814, η2 = 0.001] ( Table 4 ).

The results of the left dorsolateral prefrontal (L-DLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a significant time main effect [F(1,46) = 11.410, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.199], with significantly lower activation in the post-test than in the pre-test; a significant group main effect [F(1,46) = 17.691, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.278], the time × group interaction was significant [F(1,46) = 12.247, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.210]. A simple effects test revealed the following: in the pre-test phase, the activation levels of the experimental and control groups were not significantly different [F(1,46) = 0.280, p = 0.599, η2 = 0.006]; in the post-test phase, the activation level of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group [F(1,46) = 32.635, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.415]; for the experimental group, the post-test activation was significantly lower than the pre-test [F(1,46) = 23.650, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.340]; for the control group, the difference between pre-test and post-test was not significant [F(1,46) = 0.007, p = 0.932, η2 = 0.001] ( Table 4 ).

The results of the right dorsolateral prefrontal (R-DLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a non-significant time main effect [F(1,46) = 2.661, p = 0.110, η2 = 0.055]; a significant group main effect [F(1,46) = 6.557, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.125], with significantly lower activation in the experimental group than in the control group; and a time × group interaction was significant [F(1,46) = 11.183, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.196]. A simple effects test revealed that: in the pre-test phase, the activation levels of the experimental and control groups were not significantly different [F(1,46) = 0.302, p = 0.585, η2 = 0.007]; in the post-test phase, the activation level of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group [F(1,46) = 20.643, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.310]; for the experimental group, the post-test activation was significantly lower than the pre-test [F(1,46) = 12.377, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.212]; for the control group, the difference between pre-test and post-test was not significant [F(1,46) = 1.467, p = 0.232, η2 = 0.031] ( Table 4 ).

3.2.2. Behavioral Results of Spatial Memory Ability of College Students of Different Genders in the Experimental Group before and after the Intervention

In order to explore the differences in the spatial memory abilities of college students of different genders before and after the orienteering intervention, a repeated-measures ANOVA of 2 (gender: male, female) × 2 (time: pre-test, post-test) was used to statistically analyze the fNIRS data of the spatial memory tasks of college students of different genders before and after the intervention in the experimental group ( Table 5 , Figure 9 and Figure 10 ).

Changes in the fNIRS results of spatial memory of college students of different genders before and after orienteering intervention in the experimental group. Before and after orienteering intervention in the experimental group. ( a ) L-VLPFC; ( b ) R-VLPFC; ( c ) L-DLPFC; ( d ) R-DLPFC) represent the changes of Oxy-Hb concentration in college students of different genders. * 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

Activation map of the prefrontal lobe of college students of different genders before and after orienteering intervention in the experimental group. ( a ) male pre-test; ( b ) male post-test; ( c ) female pre-test; ( d ) female post-test. The numbers represent the 28 channels of the prefrontal lobe and the colors represent the level of activation of the prefrontal lobe, with redder colors representing higher activation and bluer colors representing lower activation.

The fNIRS data variance (ANOVA) analysis of the effect of orienteering exercises on the spatial memory ability of college students of different genders.

The results of the left ventral lateral prefrontal (L-VLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a non-significant time main effect [F(1,22) = 0.431, p = 0.518, η2 = 0.019]; a non-significant gender main effect [F(1,22) = 0.028, p = 0.868, η2 = 0.001]; and a non-significant time × gender interaction [F(1,22) =0.049, p = 0.827, η2 = 0.002] ( Table 5 ).

The results of the right ventral lateral prefrontal (R-VLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a non-significant time main effect [F(1,22) = 0.239, p = 0.630, η2 = 0.011]; a non-significant sex main effect [F(1,22) = 0.030, p = 0.865, η2 = 0.001]; and a non-significant time × sex interaction [F(1,22) =0.973, p = 0.335, η2 = 0.042] ( Table 5 ).

The left dorsolateral prefrontal (L-DLPFC) repeated-measures variance results showed: a significant time main effect [F(1,22) = 22.563, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.507], with significantly lower post-test activation than pre-test activation; a non-significant gender main effect [F(1,22) = 0.009, p = 0.924, η2 = 0.001]; and a time × gender interaction effect was significant [F(1,22) = 4.331, p = 0.049, η2 = 0.164]. A simple effects test revealed that: in the pre-test phase, the activation levels of male students and female students were not significantly different [F(1,22) = 1.530, p = 0.229, η2 = 0.065]; in the post-test phase, male students had significantly lower activation than female students [F(1,22) = 4.321, p = 0.049, η2 = 0.163]; for male students, the post-test activation level was significantly lower than the pre-test level [F(1,22) = 23.348, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.515]; for female students, the difference between pretest and post-test activation was not significant [F(1,22) = 3.568, p = 0.072, η2 = 0.140] ( Table 5 ).

The results of the right dorsolateral prefrontal (R-DLPFC) repeated-measures variance showed: a significant time main effect [F(1,22) = 11.448, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.507], with significantly lower post-test activation than pre-test activation; a non-significant gender main effect [F(1,22) = 0.941, p = 0.343, η2 = 0.041], and a time × gender interaction effect was not significant [F(1,22) =0.128, p = 0.723, η2 = 0.006] ( Table 5 ).

3.3. Results of Correlation Analysis between Cerebral Blood Oxygen Activation and Correct Rate

A correlation analysis was performed between the Oxy-Hb concentration and behavior (correct rate) at each ROI of the spatial memory task at four levels of gender (male and female) and time (pre-test and post-test) in the experimental group, in order to explore the degree of correlation between activation and behavioral performance.

As seen in Table 6 , in the spatial memory task, the ROIs with significant correlations between the fNIRS data results and correct rates in the post-test phase for the male students in the experimental group were L-DLPFC (r = −0.602) and R-DLPFC (r = −0.651); for the female students, the ROIs with significant correlations between the fNIRS data results and correct rates in the post-test phase were R -DLPFC (r = −0.732), and no significant correlations existed between other regions of interest and correct rates ( Figure 11 ).

Scatter plot of correlation between fNIRS data and accuracy for the effect of orienteering on gender-specific university students. (Male ( a ): L-VLPFC; ( b ): R-VLPFC; ( c ): L-DLPFC; ( d ): R-DLPFC. Female ( e ): L-VLPFC; ( f ): R-VLPFC; ( g ): L-DLPFC; ( h ): R-DLPFC.)

Correlation results between fNIRS and behavioral (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r).

(* 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).

3.4. Analysis of Functional Connectivity Results between Brain Regions

The analysis of brain network connectivity between the four prefrontal regions of interest in the spatial memory task at four levels (group: experimental, control) and (time: pre-test, post-test), respectively, revealed that the L-VLPFC was significantly correlated with the R-VLPFC (r = 0.72) brain regions in the experimental group at the pre-test stage ( Figure 12 a); the L-VLPFC was significantly correlated with the L DLPFC (r = 0.69) brain regions, and the R-DLPFC correlated significantly with the L-VLPFC (r = 0.71) and L-DLPFC (r = 0.90) brain regions, respectively, in the experimental group at the post-test stage ( Figure 12 b); in the control group at the pre-test stage, the L-VLPFC correlated significantly with the R-VLPFC (r = 0.59) brain regions ( Figure 12 c). In the control group, the L-VLPFC correlated significantly with the R-VLPFC (r = 0.69) brain regions at the post-test stage ( Figure 12 d).

Correlation of brain network functional connectivity in different groups before and after exercise intervention. Brain network connectivity analysis between the four prefrontal regions of interest. ( a ) Pre-test phase in the experimental group; ( b ) post-test phase in the experimental group; ( c ) pre-test phase in the control group; ( d ) post-test phase in the control group. Brain area maps: red area represents dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (DLPFC); yellow represents ventral lateral prefrontal lobe (VLPFC). Correlations between brain areas are represented by connecting lines: red represents r ≥ 0.8; purple represents 0.6 ≤ r ≤ 0.8; blue represents 0.4 ≤ r ≤ 0.6; green represents r ≤ 0.4. Correlation hotspot: red represents positive prior correlation; blue represents negative correlation; and the darker the color, the greater the correlation. * represents p < 0.05.

To further investigate the functional connectivity of brain networks between male and female genders in the experimental group before and after the oriented movement intervention, the brain network connectivity between the four prefrontal areas of interest in the spatial memory task was analyzed at four levels (time: pre-test, post-test) and (gender: male, female), respectively, and it was found that the L-VLPFC and R-VLPFC (r = 0.64) brain areas were in the male students., The L-VLPFC correlated significantly with the L-DLPFC (r = 0.64) and the R-DLPFC correlated significantly with the L-VLPFC (r = 0.58) and L-DLPFC (r = 0.94) brain regions, respectively, during the post-test phase ( Figure 13 a). In the female students, the L-VLPFC correlated significantly with the R-VLPFC (r = 0.94) brain region during the pre-test phase ( Figure 13 b), and the L-VLPFC correlated significantly with the R-VLPFC (r = 0.64) brain region during the pretest phase ( Figure 13 b); as well as the VLPFC (r = 0.75) brain regions in the pre-test stage ( Figure 13 c). In girls, the L-VLPFC was significantly correlated with the L-DLPFC (r = 0.84) brain regions and the R-DLPFC was significantly correlated with the L-VLPFC (r = 0.83) and L-DLPFC (r = 0.65) brain regions, respectively, at the post-test stage ( Figure 13 d).

Correlation of functional connectivity of brain networks in different genders before and after directional exercise intervention in the experimental group. ( a ) male pre-test; ( b ) male post-test; ( c ) female pre-test; ( d ) female post-test.

4. Discussion

4.1. analysis and discussion of behavioral results.

From the behavioral results, it can be learned that college students’ spatial memory ability was improved after 12 weeks of orienteering practice, as evidenced by a significant increase in correctness and a decrease in reaction time and enhanced performance. This is consistent with the hypothesis of this study. In the process of orienteering training, initial information or relevant situational features (information such as landscape symbols, map colors, legend notes, etc.) need to be processed, encoded, and stored, and then the relevant responses in memory are extracted to make it into the working memory studio for efficient recognition memory. Effective spatial-memory capacity is key to succeed in orienteering competitions [ 52 ]. In sports situations with limited space and time constraints, the need to quickly search for valid information on the field to make appropriate sport decisions requires not only short-term memory processing and storage processes, but also the process of extracting long term memory in the athlete’s brain combined with short term memory to produce cognition [ 53 ]. Orienteering is a sport in which performance is measured in terms of time. During training, practitioners need to minimize the time that is spent looking at the map and observing information about the surroundings, which requires memorizing the map. The fewer times the map is looked at, the better the memory effect and the better the performance. In the process of developing training programs, under the guidance of deliberate training theory and through the development of targeted training programs [ 54 ], practitioners effectively exercise the spatial memory ability of college students through memory punch cards and memory drawing, and exercise the spatial memory cognitive ability of college students through training methods of different difficulties. The good spatial memory ability of orienteering athletes comes from long-term sports experience and expertise training [ 55 ].

This study found that male students were significantly more correct than female students after orienteering exercises, and they had significantly lower reaction times than the female students. Further, male students’ performance was higher than female students’ performance. In previous studies on spatial memory, it was found that males are more adept at using the “survey” strategy, which gives them an advantage in spatial orientation and spatial memory measures based on the map-like representation of landmarks and the spatial relationships between them [ 56 ]; on the contrary, females, prefer the “route” strategy, where the order in which landmarks appear is crucial [ 57 ]. The experimental material for this study was derived from Google Maps (3D images) and aimed to examine the improvement of the orienteering intervention on the practitioners’ way-finding ability, perception, and memory of maps; therefore, the gender difference in the benefits of the intervention may be because, through practice, male students had better mastered the strategy of the spatial memory of maps and were able to use it well. In addition, it has been found that whether or not gender differences are significant depends to some extent on the difficulty and type of task, and as the task difficulty increases, the working memory load explains these differential results well [ 58 ]. The Google Maps material involves more complex cognitive components (shape, color, location), and the present study also reconfirms that task difficulty and type contribute to differences in spatial memory between males and females.

4.2. Analysis and Discussion of fNIRS Results

On the spatial memory task, the cerebral blood-oxygen signal was significantly lower on the L-DLPFC and R-DLPFC after the targeted exercise intervention in the experimental group than on the pre-test, with significantly lower activation in the L-DLPFC in male students than in female students; no significant differences were found before and after exercise on both the R-VLPFC and L-VLPFC. In previous studies, conflicting results were found on the cognitive neural aspects of spatial memory training effects, with some studies finding an increase in activation in the corresponding brain regions after training [ 59 ]; others showed a decrease in activation in the corresponding brain regions [ 60 ]. The present study is consistent with the latter, where cognition enhances the intensity of prefrontal brain functional activity; when cognitive load increases, the better the performance of the area that is associated with the cognitive task, and the lower the activation of its cerebral cortex, showing a negative correlation [ 61 ]. This experimental design was limited to the area of interest (PFC) that was related to spatial memory, and the brain mechanisms of college students of different genders during spatial memory tests were investigated. It was found that after the training, a decrease in activation of the prefrontal cortex of the brain was induced, and the efficiency of the use of neural resources in the cerebral cortex was expressed as the neural efficiency of the brain, so the prefrontal cortex of college students may have been exercised in the process of orienteering, causing the activation degree after the orienteering intervention to show a decrease in the phenomenon of enhanced cognitive maps and memory.

It was found that blood oxygen signal concentrations in the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (DLPFC) were significantly lower in college students following orienteering exercises, and that activation was significantly lower in the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe in males than in females. The brain area that is activated by spatial memory appears to be variable, and it depends on the length of the memory interval. Shorter intervals will activate the left prefrontal lobe and longer intervals will activate the right prefrontal lobe [ 62 ]. The dorsolateral area is a key area for spatial attention, the maintenance of information (memory), and scene memory [ 63 ]. According to Cao, cognitive training induced deeper activation of the bilateral DLPFC compared to the group without cognitive training, and long-term higher intensity aerobic exercise interventions were able to enhance the function of the lateral DLPFC [ 64 ]. One study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise on brain spatial memory with the help of the fNIRS technique, and aerobic exercise intervention revealed an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the right ventral lateral prefrontal lobe [ 65 ]. The brain neural mechanisms of spatial memory have also been a hot issue of interest in cognitive neuroscience and neurobiology [ 66 ].

In the process of orienteering exercises, it is necessary to form representations in the brain through memory of information (such as symbols that are reflected on the map and spatial relationships between the symbols when understanding the map), and then process the representations through spatial imagination operations, finally transforming them into representations that can reflect the three-dimensional real geospatial environment, involving the transformation of two-dimensional maps to realistic three-dimensional maps. The recognition and memorization of route information, point information and symbolic information exercised the brain mechanisms of college students through memory punctuation and memory drawing exercises, which involved the cognitive component of memory in the process of brain cognition, and showed higher neural efficacy after 12 weeks of long-term practice, resulting in differences in brain activation characteristics of spatial memory tasks after the motor intervention.

In the spatial memory task, we analyzed the correlation between behavioral performance and cerebral blood oxygenation, and the male students showed significant correlations between the Oxy-Hb concentrations of the L-DLPFC and R-DLPFC in the prefrontal cortex and correct rates, indicating that after the orienteering motor intervention, their judgments of spatial memory were more associated with the left dorsolateral prefrontal and right dorsolateral prefrontal lobes. The Oxy-Hb concentration of R-DLPFC in the prefrontal cortex of female students was significantly correlated with the correct rate, indicating that after the orienteering intervention, their judgments of spatial memory were more related to the right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe. This correlates with brain areas corresponding to the processing of spatial memory task types, and it has been shown that the prefrontal cortex is an important neural structure involved in memory processing [ 67 ]. Functional brain imaging studies have found that the lateral prefrontal cortex is significantly activated when subjects perform spatial memory tasks [ 68 ], and that the dorsal region is a key area involved in cognitive dimensions (form, location, order, etc.) and is responsible for decision-making and cognitive control tasks [ 69 , 70 ]; the DLPFC is a functional area involved in multiple cognitive processes [ 71 ].

Some researchers have suggested that the decline in the cortical activation of brain areas should be combined with the evaluation of functional connectivity or coupling of brain areas to evaluate the neural efficiency of individual brains [ 72 ]. Therefore, this study further analyzed the functional connectivity of brain networks among brain regions and found that there was an extremely strong correlation between the degree of brain neural activation and the degree of change in the content of cerebral blood oxygen. One study found that the correlation of brain regions during the task was higher in table tennis than in non-athletes, and the performance of functional coupling among brain regions was enhanced [ 73 , 74 ]. The increased efficiency of brain network transmission in the brain is only an enhancement of local area and backbone-network node connectivity [ 75 , 76 ]. In this study, after 12 weeks of directed exercise practice, the functional brain connectivity between the prefrontal lobes of the brains of college students of different genders was significantly enhanced, probably because long-term aerobic exercise enhances cardiorespiratory function, influences the regulation of cardiac blood uptake activity and cerebral blood circulation, accelerates the exchange of metabolic substances between blood and tissues, and thus reduces the relative concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in the relevant brain regions, but requires the mobilization of more brain regions. The combined effect covers a wider area. The enhanced connectivity of different brain regions in the prefrontal lobe of the brain by 12 weeks of directed exercise verifies the feasibility of directed exercise intervention for improving the connectivity of brain functions in spatial memory. In conclusion, it can be seen that orienteering exercises have certain effects on the brain structure and function of college students, and long-term orienteering exercises training can improve behavioral performance and spatial memory ability, promote brain neural efficiency, and enhance functional coupling performance between brain regions, which is important to reveal the brain function mechanism of orienteering exercises to promote spatial memory ability and enhance special training performance.

5. Conclusions

Integrating behavioral and neuroimaging evidence, the present study found that orienteering exercises can effectively improve spatial memory performance in college students. Further, the prefrontal lobe of the brain showed neural efficacy after orienteering exercise intervention, was conditioned by the type of spatial memory task, showed different activation states in different regions of interest, showed significantly lower activation in the brain regions that were associated with spatial memory tasks, and the degree of activation was correlated with behavioral performance There is a certain correlation and enhanced functional connectivity between different brain regions, showing certain gender differences. This study provides new evidence for uncovering the relationship between motor interventions and spatial memory ability, provides a practical pathway for enhancing spatial memory ability in college students, and provides new evidence for gender differences in the benefits of spatial memory interventions for males and females.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the participants (including 24 male college students and 24 female college students from Shaanxi Normal University). In addition, we would like to thank the Cognitive Science Laboratory of the School of Psychology of Shaanxi Normal University for providing us with professional testing equipment. Additionally, we would like to thank the Shaanxi Provincial Education Science Planning Group for their support, as this study participated in the “Shaanxi Provincial Education Science ‘Thirteenth Five-Year’ Plan 2020 Project” (SGH20Y1061).

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/brainsci12070852/s1 , Table S1: Raw data.

Funding Statement

This research was funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Science “13th Five-Year Plan” 2020 Project (SGH20Y1061); Shaanxi Normal University Public Class Reform Project (21GGK-JG06).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.B. and J.L.; methodology, Y.L. and S.B.; software, S.B. and J.L.; validation, Y.L., S.B. and J.L.; investigation, Y.L. and S.B.; resources, Y.L.; data curation, S.B. and J.L.; writing—original draft preparation, S.B.; writing—review and editing, J.L.; visualization, S.B.; supervision, Y.L.; project administration, Y.L.; funding acquisition, Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of the Academic Committee on School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University (11 October 2019).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

AN INVESTIGATION OF STUDENTS’ ORIENTEERING PROCESS AS TO THE STEPS OF POLYA’S PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD

• Fatma Gül UZUNER Kafkas University, Dede Korkut Faculty of Education, Primary Education Department, Kars, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8483-6021
• Durmuş EKİZ Trabzon University, Fatih Faculty of Education, Primary Education Department, Trabzon, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-8144

Orienteering is an enjoyable sporting activity, which is believed to contribute to its participants’ problem-solving skills. People who are engaged in orienteering is expected to hold a map correctly, find their exact place on the map, read the map, make a plan and carry it out to reach the checkpoint, as well as checking the accuracy of the destination. Such steps to be followed during orienteering resemble those of Polya’s problem-solving method in education. From this standpoint, this study focused on Polya’s problem-solving steps in the field of mathematics, in relation to the outdoor sport of orienteering. On the whole, the present study aimed to examine fourth-grade students at primary school concerning their involvement in an orienteering process as to the steps of Polya’s problem-solving method. A case study method was employed from among qualitative research approaches, and a program implementation was adopted as one of the sub-types of the case study method. In this context, the study sample was selected with the convenience sampling technique, from among the purposive sampling techniques. Observations, semi-structured interviews, and head cameras were used as data collection tools. The results indicated that the steps of Polya’s problem-solving method can be used for problem-solving during the orienteering process. Based on the results, it is recommended that practical studies be conducted with similar or different research methods so as to contribute to the field.

Keywords: Orienteering, problem solving, primary school students, case study, mathematics.

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The best activity for everyone

Unleash Your Potential: Discover What Orienteering Teaches

Navigation skills, physical fitness and endurance, problem-solving and decision making, resilience and adaptability, appreciation for nature, teamwork and communication, self-confidence and independence.

Hello there, future adventurers! Today, we will embark on a journey into the world of orienteering. It’s a fun, challenging, and exciting sport combining physical and mental agility. But did you know that orienteering also teaches valuable life skills? Let’s dive in and discover what orienteering can teach you!

Orienteering, as a sport, has a rich history. It started as a training exercise in land navigation for military officers, then became a competitive sport in the 19th century. Today, it’s a worldwide activity that people of all ages enjoy.

But orienteering isn’t just about finding your way from point A to point B. It’s a learning journey that equips you with skills useful in everyday life. From problem-solving to physical fitness, orienteering is a treasure trove of lessons waiting to be discovered.

First up, orienteering teaches you essential navigation skills. Learning to navigate using a map and compass is a refreshing and valuable skill in a world where we rely heavily on GPS.

Understanding Map Symbols : Maps use symbols to represent real-world features. Learning these symbols helps you navigate in orienteering and enhances your spatial awareness and understanding of geographical features.

Compass Use and Bearings : Using a compass isn’t as simple as finding north. It involves taking and following bearings, skills crucial when finding your way without technological aids.

Orienteering is a physically demanding sport. It requires stamina, strength, and endurance, all of which are important for overall health and well-being.

The Role of Stamina in Orienteering : Orienteering often involves long distances over challenging terrain. This helps build stamina, which benefits other sports and physical activities.

Building Physical Strength : The varied and often rugged terrain in orienteering helps build physical strength. It’s a full-body workout that promotes cardiovascular health and muscle strength.

Orienteering is like a puzzle. It requires strategic thinking and quick decision-making, skills useful in many aspects of life.

Route Choice and Strategy : Choosing the best route in orienteering involves assessing the terrain, distance, and physical ability. It’s a strategic decision that teaches you to weigh options and make informed choices.

Quick Decision Making : In orienteering, you often make quick decisions under pressure. This helps improve your ability to think on your feet and make swift, effective decisions.

Orienteering teaches you to be resilient and adaptable. You’ll face challenges and unexpected situations, and learning to overcome these obstacles is a valuable lesson.

Overcoming Challenges : Orienteering is full of challenges, from rugged terrain to navigational errors. Overcoming these challenges teaches resilience and perseverance.

Adapting to Changing Conditions : Weather, terrain, and other factors can change rapidly during orienteering. This teaches you to be adaptable and flexible, valuable skills in an ever-changing world.

Orienteering gives you a deep appreciation for nature. It takes you off the beaten path and into the beauty of the natural world.

The Beauty of the Outdoors : Orienteering allows exploring beautiful and often untouched natural areas. This can foster a love for the outdoors and an appreciation for the beauty of nature.

Environmental Awareness : Orienteering also teaches ecological awareness. You learn to respect the environment and understand the importance of preserving natural spaces.

While orienteering can be an individual sport, it also offers opportunities for teamwork and communication.

The Role of Teamwork in Orienteering : You must work together to navigate the course in team orienteering events. This fosters teamwork and cooperation, valuable skills in many areas of life.

Effective Communication : Good communication is vital in team orienteering. You need to effectively share information and strategies, which helps improve your communication skills.

Finally, orienteering builds self-confidence and independence. Successfully navigating a course on your own is a powerful confidence booster.

Building Self-Confidence : As you improve your orienteering skills and navigate courses successfully, you’ll see a boost in your self-confidence. This can have a positive impact on many areas of your life.

Fostering Independence : Orienteering requires you to be independent and self-reliant. You must make your own decisions and rely on your skills, fostering a strong sense of independence.

Q: Is orienteering hard to learn? A: Like any new skill, it takes practice. But with patience and perseverance, anyone can learn to orienteer!

Q: Can I do orienteering anywhere? A: Yes! From city parks to dense forests, anywhere can be your orienteering playground.

Q: What equipment do I need for orienteering? A: The basics are a map, a compass, and suitable outdoor clothing. Some people also use a control description holder and an orienteering thumb compass.

And there you have it, folks! The many lessons that orienteering can teach you. Remember, it’s not just about finding your way – it’s about the journey and the skills you gain along the way. So, grab your map and compass, and let’s explore!

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Orienteering – The Benefits, Gear, and How to Get Started

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Some time ago I was intrigued with the ability to navigate in the woods, using just a compass. That interest evolved into orienteering, here is what I learned.

Orienteering is an outdoor sport which focuses on traversing areas of land, between set control points, using just a map and compass. It has many different types (trail, mountain bike, ski, urban, etc.), many local clubs and competitions, and equipment costs generally range from about $10 – $200.

This is a sport that can provide physical and intellectual growth and easily be enjoyable for a lifetime. Let’s explore the benefits, the gear needed, and how to get started.

What is Orienteering?

Orienteering is an outdoor sport where one navigates to defined control points on a map (a set sequence defined as an “orienteering course”), most often utilizing a compass and learned navigational skills. There are a variety of categories of orienteering, each with its own specialization and environmental and navigational uniquenesses (such as trail, ski, street, etc.).

The competitive element of orienteering comes into play where winners are those who complete the defined course in the fastest (least) amount of time. Courses during competitions are usually setup with several levels of difficulty, and entrants are able to compete within different age categories.

Orienteering is a really enjoyable outdoor activity. It can be practiced most anywhere on earth, and in most weather conditions. Socialization, exposure to nature, critical thinking, and personal development are each excellent benefits of the sport.

History of Orienteering

The practice of orienteering began in the late 1800’s at the Swedish Military Academy in Karlberg. The Academy, founded in 1792 as the Royal War Academy in Karlberg Palace, Solna (north of Stockholm), Sweden. It was established to train the military officers for Sweden’s defence forces.

The curriculum included courses on military history, strategy, and numerous tactics that could be utilized when needed, evolving as needed over the next 100 years. One such skill that was taught included land navigation. At the time, this was mainly done using maps and compasses.

Maps were still mostly specialized and relatively expensive tools, not as commonly owned by individuals as they are in the present day. The compasses were relatively large and delicate. The officers would conduct training exercises, using the compass to navigate to different points on the map, and across the terrain.

Over time, this led to military orienteering competitions being held the first was in 1893. As public awareness of these competitions grew, public interest in this skill began to grow as well. In 1897, one of the first documented public orienteering competitions was held in Oslo, about 325 miles west of Stockholm. Interest was growing!

The new “sport” continued to slowly grow, and was mainly a Scandinavian interest for some years. In the 1920’s advancements in compass technology made them much smaller, accurate, and less expensive. Additionally, mechanized printing made detailed maps more widely available, and less expensive. Orienteering was now available to far more people.

In different regions of the world, regional organizing bodies known as national federations would grow to help organize, practice, and promote orienteering. In the 1940s interest in Orienteering began to grow in the United States. It was now becoming a global sport. The national federations determined a global organizing body would be beneficial, and in Denmark in 1961, those federations would agree to establish the International Orienteering Federation (IOF).

Since then, orienteering has grown in popularity across the world. There have even been past efforts, and are continued efforts, to one day have orienteering become part of the Olympics. In a formal setting or casual one, it has become an exciting sport the world over.

Benefits of Orienteering

Orienteering is a sport that provides a large number of benefits, both physical and mental. It’s also a sport that can be performed at most ages, and in many areas of the world. Let’s explore some of the most enjoyable benefits of orienteering. Here is a helpful video that demonstrates some of the great elements of the sport:

Develops Critical Thinking

Orienteering involves analysis, comprehension, planning, reacting, and adjusting. Each of these aids in the development of thinking skills as one adapts to the terrain, weather conditions, natural factors (animals, people, structures, etc.), as well as operating as quickly and efficiently as possible to beat out competitors.

Builds Self-Confidence

As one gains proficiency in land navigation and being able to overcome challenges in the sport, self-confidence can increase in significant ways. This generally comes from being able to reach a goal, accomplish courses faster and faster, working through adversity, collaborating with teammates, and winning competitions.

One can learn to rely on their personal skills, capabilities, and intellectual and physical growth over time as they advance in the sport.

Refines Problem Solving Skills

There are many things that can come up during orienteering that can slow or inhibit navigational progress. Learning to understand these challenges, adapt, and overcome them helps develop practice in problem solving. Over time, as problem solving skills develop, it can help lead to increased self-confidence as well.

Develops Ability to Anticipate

When out in natural conditions and in competition, things can arise that are not planned for. With practice, a good orienteering competitor can begin to anticipate these issues and be better prepared to handle them.

This can make handling and responding much easier, allowing them to compete more efficiently and faster. Items to anticipate can include weather conditions, gear needed to traverse various landscapes, competitor performance, broken or malfunctioning gear, opportunities to take advantage of, and general approach to course success.

Improves Navigation Skills

Consistent practice in orienteering allows for significant improvements in personal  navigational skills. From general awareness to technical capabilities in reading maps and utilizing different compass types, these skills are applicable in so many areas outside of the sport as well.

Additionally, developing refined navigational skills helps with personal awareness in most any area of life, knowing where we are in relation to other things, and how to most effectively get from one place to another (even if it is to the grocery store or local park).

Develops Resiliency

With challenging sports comes the ability to fail, learn, and grow. With that, consistent exposure to running into adverse situations, or limits of personal knowledge, allows one to then focus on improving in those areas.

The sting of failure begins to fade, confidence increases, and the orienteerer can become more resilient. Mistakes become quick lessons, and the focus is on improving and growing and getting better. Over time, this can lead to better performance and more winning.

Fosters Trust

When orienteering with partners, groups, or even in competitions, camaraderie and relationships develop which help build trust. When trusting a teammate, or competition managers, or mentors in the field, these provide opportunities to develop deep, meaningful relationships.

Can Be Great Exercise

Orienteering is often performed outdoors, over large spaces and distances of land. If orienteering on foot, this provides an excellent opportunity to get exercise in fresh air and under the sun.

Events can last a long time, and courses be long in distance, offering great ways to walk, run, hike, and move all around. It can feel good and be great exercise.

Spend Time in Nature

One of the most special characteristics of orienteering is being able to spend time in nature. Courses can be in all sorts of environments from dry open land to dense forests and woods. Each offers an incredible opportunity to spend time outside, surrounded by plants, trees, stones, mountains, bodies of water, streams, animals, and the everyday joys of nature.

Build Valuable Social Relationships

Similar to other sports, orienteering provides an opportunity to form deep and lasting relationships. These can be with fellow orienteers, family, friends, competition managers, and even the communities in which orienteering is popular.

These relationships can grow over time, just as one develops their skills in orienteering. And similar to the sport, these can last a lifetime and be as special as the moments are on the course.

Types of Orienteering

For those just getting into orienteering, or who have been involved for years, there are many different variations of the sport that can mesh well with personal preferences, geographic locations, and varying terrain. Let’s explore some of the most popular types of orienteering.

Foot Orienteering (FootO)

Foot orienteering is one of the most popular orienteering types. It is performed solely on foot, on open land or in woods/forests, with each participant walking, jogging, and running between control points. Distance variations of the foot orienteering most commonly include:

• Long Distance (approximately 90 minutes in length)
• Middle Distance (approximately 30 minutes in length)
• Sprint Distance (approximately 15 minutes in length)

Mountain Bike Orienteering (MBTO)

Mountain bike orienteering is a variation of the sport where participants ride a mountain bike to traverse specified tracks, which are often mountain and woodsy trails, consisting of the control points. Navigation, compass, and map reading must be done while on the move, riding the bicycle. Distance variations of mountain bike orienteering most commonly include:

• Long Distance (approximately 105 minutes in length)
• Middle Distance (approximately 50 minutes in length)
• Sprint Distance (approximately 25 minutes in length)

Ski Orienteering (SkiO)

Ski orienteering is a variation of the sport where skiers utilize cross-country ski methods with dual poles, to traverse the course while also navigating and map reading while in motion. This is a physically and intellectually demanding type of orienteering, performed in colder weather. Distance variations of mountain bike orienteering most commonly include:

• Ultra Long Distance (approximately 150 minutes in length)
• Middle Distance (approximately 45 minutes in length)
• Sprint Distance (approximately 20 minutes in length)

Trail Orienteering (TrailO)

Trail orienteering is one of the unique variations in that it focuses primarily on accuracy of navigation, rather than speed. Competitors traverse terrain over usually-clear and well-defined trails. This type of orienteering is usually included in most international competitions, and the category variations often include:

• Precision Orienteering (PreO) – Competitors move from control point to control point as accurately as possible (highest accuracy of navigation is the goal)
• Times Orienteering (TempO) – Competitors move from control point to control point as quickly as possible (fastest navigation is the goal)
• Relay Orienteering (TrailO) – a combination event where Competitors complete a Precision Orienteering (PreO) course, then a Times Orienteering (TempO) course. Thus, highest accuracy of navigation is the goal in the first race, and fastest navigation is the goal of the second race.

Urban Orienteering / Street Orienteering (StreetO)

Urban orienteering is performed in the streets and around neighborhoods of urban areas. Whereas orienteering originated from rural land and forest navigation, popularity of the sport spread to cities where competitors traverse the more packed terrain of metropolitan areas.

• Long Distance (approximately 8 kilometers in length)
• Middle Distance (approximately 5 kilometers in length)
• Sprint Distance (approximately 3 kilometers in length)

Sprint Orienteering (SprintO)

Sprint orienteering is made up of intentionally short races that last approximately 15 minutes each. Due to their short nature, sprint orienteering has become a popular type done in cities and denser areas. Forest sprint orienteering is also practiced, usually in more rural and wooded areas.

Night Orienteering (NightO)

Night orienteering is a variation of the sport where competitors traverse terrain without the aid of natural sunlight. This adds interesting and challenging complexity since traveling in the dark can take longer and pose more factors to smooth navigation.

Competitors generally wear head-mounted lamps, allowing them to see short distances in front of them, while also providing light to read the map, utilize the compass, and see the specific control points marked on the course.

The Basic Skills of Orienteering – Orienteering Basics

Orienteering is an exciting and strategic sport, and most anyone can participate. With some practice, one can get better and faster. Here are the basic skills to practice to develop in orienteering:

Map Reading

Orienteering maps are generally enlarged topographical maps with relevant orienteering symbols printed on it, referenced by a legend. This provides the basic layout for the area, course, and the basis for route planning. Knowing how to read the map is critical to success in the sport.

Orienteering Symbol Reading

Orienteering maps often include unique (and internationally standardized) symbols to help guide competitors. These symbols can vary based on the type of orienteering being performed, for example Foot Orienteering or Ski Orienteering or other types. It is important to be familiar with the different symbols, as they are directly relevant to success on the courses.

Compass Orientation and Use

Compass orientation and use are other basic skills used very often in orienteering. They are essential to understanding positioning and plotting navigation paths for moving to and between control points.

Route Planning

Route planning is a necessary orienteering skill as it is the primary way competitors plan their movements on the course. Depending on the goal of the competition (fastest time or highest accuracy), there is significant strategy involved in route planning and execution.

Pace Setting

Pace setting is another key element to orienteering, as most events are timed based on fastest completion. Competitors will need to know how quickly, or slowly, to move over terrain types and based on their physical capabilities.

Knowing the right pace to travel on routes can be a key differentiator in orienteering success. An anecdotal example is the fable of the Tortoise and the Hare; faster doesn’t always win the race, sometimes consistency and accuracy result in getting there first.

Orienteering Techniques

Success in orienteering often involves having the right mindset, practicing, and developing refined techniques for navigation. Across different types of the sport, there are a few techniques that can come in handy at different levels of experience. Let’s explore them.

Using handrails is a helpful technique for those new to Orienteering. They are essentially guides that are created by utilizing fixed features on the landscape and terrain. Reading and interpreting compass bearings, then navigating to the precise location, can take practice to get proficient at.

Using “handrails” makes it easier while one learns those other skills. For example, holding a handrail on a staircase makes it easy to go up or down the stairs, it provides a fixed context to a relative location. Similarly, handrails for orienteering can include fixed features on the map, such as treelines, streams, rock wall formations, public or private roads, or defined trails or tow-paths. Following one of these features makes it much easier to stay on course.

Following handrails might not be the fastest path between control points, though they can certainly help as one becomes more familiar with the more advanced aspects of orienteering navigation.

Aiming off is a technique used to help minimize guessing (and time spent), when navigating to a control point. It involves purposely aiming one’s direction to the left or right of where one believes the control point is located, placing themself between the believed location of the control point and a fixed feature such as a handrail.

This helps, since if they go to far (say, to the handrail) and do not find the control point, it’s obvious that the control point will be in the opposite direction from the handrail. While this isn’t as precise as navigating right to the control point, it can significantly minimize confusion and time lost.

If a competitor does not aim off, they might not know where the navigation error occurred, and then have to choose from 4 directions to go in. If they aimed off towards a handrail, then they’ll know the 1 direction they need to go, opposite of the handrail.

Attack Points

Attack points are locations, away from handrails, that one has a high level of confidence that they can navigate to with significant accuracy. In orienteering, sometimes one needs to navigate without handrails available, or without fixed physical markers (such as a large, specific tree, or natural rock formation in the land) that make it easy to be sure one is where they believe they are on the larger map.

Also, in those situations, the more one travels away from a definitively-known point or location, the more room there is for interpretation error and to actually be in a different location than one believes. The room for error goes up the further away one travels, and this compounds the more points one travels to.

Thus, attack points are locations, that aren’t control points, that a competitor feels very confident they can navigate to with accuracy (this can be by experience, feel, practice, and refined expertise) . They can then use that location to choose the next position to move to.

If this attack point is accurate, it helps make it more possible to accurately navigate to the next location, or control point. This essentially makes the unknown distance of the field “shorter”, and lessens the variation in accessing the next point, which increases accuracy of overall navigation, and lowerting total time on the course.

Orienteering Exercises

In orienteering, like other sports, practicing is a big part in developing and refining skills. There are a few areas of orienteering exercises that are usually helpful to focus on that translate into better performance on the course. Let’s explore them.

Map Studies

Orienteering maps are specialized maps used for the sport. They can have legends that include unique symbols, both for the sport itself, and the unique type of orienteering being performed (trail, ski, night, etc.). Learning how to read these maps is essential, along with understanding the symbols and how they inform and  impact the dynamic of navigation.

Compass Practice

Compass use is another of the few elemental skills in orienteering. Finding bearings and reading compass guidance will be critical to establishing fast and accurate navigation patterns. Compass exercises can be done in most environments for practice, from a backyard, urban area, rural park, or forest hike.

Read While Walking

Orienteering maps are often read, in competition,  while on the move (walking, biking, skiing, etc.). Thus, practicing reading and interpreting while in motion can be a helpful exercise that pays benefits come competitions.

Confirm Distances with GPS

An important intangible skill to develop in orienteering is the ability to almost instinctively feel how far one is traveling or has traveled. This helps in setting attack points, as well as strategic planning of directional movement.

One can practice this by traversing distances by foot, estimating how far they have traveled. Then, they can compare this distance with GPS (from a watch, phone, or other GPS-enabled distance tracking/mapping device). From there, they will know the accurate GPS distance, compare that with their personal interpreted distance, and learn how close those are.

Over time, this exercise can lead to a better natural “feel” for distance traveled, which can hel make navigating during competitions easier and more reliable.

Walk Increasingly Longer Distances

Physical fitness is a helpful element to successful orienteering. As one aims to move more quickly, over different terrain, and over longer courses, being in good shape can help a lot.

Thus, one can practice this by getting physical exercise. This can include slowly increasing the distance walked, building up more strength and endurance. The fitness can also be increased in specific ways individual to unique types of orienteering, such as going on increasingly longer bike rides, or increasingly longer ski distances.

Orienteering Equipment

The sport of orienteering requires, compared to other sports, very little equipment. This is excellent, as the financial barrier to entry is often low, and offers opportunity for many folks to get into and enjoy this with others.

Orienteering Compass

Orienteering compasses vary in feature set and cost. In general, they range from about $10 for a very basic one, to about $75 for a quality one with very solid and helpful features, to about $800 for versions with exceptional build quality, advanced features, and increased accuracy. For most folks, one in the range between $10-$75 will be excellent and all that is needed. Here are a few of the important features to look for:

• Transparency – It’s important to be able to see the map underneath the compass, thus, having a compass with a transparent base is very helpful
• Liquid Filled – Having the compass needle set into liquid helps maintain its balance for easier and more accurate reading while on the move.
• Luminous Bezel Ring – A luminous bezel ring will generally “glow” in low or no light conditions, providing a way to make it easier to read and use the compass in darker conditions.
• Global Needle – A compass with a global needle can provide accurate readings, even while not being held flat on and level to the map. Generally, they can be tiled up to 20-degrees and still be able to provide accurate readings. This helps when taking readings hand-held, while on the move.
• Mirror Sight – A mirror sight helps with visually extending the compass reading out onto the terrain that is being traveled. While looking at a compass with a mirror sight, one can imagine the navigation lines extending beyond the compass, and visually help provide some guides as they interpret those into the actual terrain they’re seeing, beyond the limits of the mirror.

Orienteering Map

Orienteering maps are generally topographic maps, produced at a larger scale than common maps, and include a unique legend and marking symbols that are unique to orienteering, and the specific type of orienteering being performed.

Orienteering maps are generally available for free from competition organized for events that are signed-up for, downloaded free from local orienteering group websites, or cost a few dollars for printed versions.

Orienteering Symbols

Orienteering symbols on orienteering maps often include a lot of detailed and unique information that is helpful to the sport. Some of the most common include:

• Water Locations
• Marsh Locations
• Man-Made Features
• Vegetation and Tree Locations
• Control Point Locations
• Land Surface Appearance
• Rock Formations
• Special Features

Orienteering Courses

Orienteering courses are the organized points through which a competitors navigate through during a competition. These can be designed by local folks, orienteering groups, or competition organizers.

Courses can be in most any location, commonly including urban locations, forests, on trails, and in national parks. Orienteering course distances generally range in length, and are classified into these types:

• Ultra Long Distance
• Long Distance
• Middle Distance
• Sprint Distance

The specific distance for each type often varies based on orienteering type (trail, mountain bike, ski, etc.), gender class, and age class for the competition categories.

Orienteering Whistle

A whistle is used in orienteering as a tool for safety, allowing one to alert others to their location or need for assistance. Since orienteering events often take place in rural or wooded areas, it can be very helpful to have an effective means of communication to reach out and communicate with others in the area.

Orienteering Clothes and Shoes

Orienteering clothes and shoes can vary greatly based on the specific type of orienteering being done (country trail in the summer, mountain biking in the fall, ski orienteering in the winter, etc.). Thus, it’s important to be familiar with the type of weather conditions, and terrain, one will be encountering in the type of orienteering they will be engaging in.

In general, orienteering clothes should fit well, be comfortable, and provide adequate protection from the element. Orienteering shoes and footwear should fit comfortably and well, be in good condition, and be as light as possible to help support faster travel.

Orienteering Merit Badge

The orienteering merit badge is a symbolic, embroidered patch awarded by the Boy Scouts of America to member scouts who have proved proficiency in orienteering practices. It is a physical representation, a symbol, of their accomplished knowledge in the area of orienteering. The requirements generally involve:

• Demonstrating the ability to apply relevant first aid to injuries that might be sustained during orienteering
• Explain what orienteering is
• Explain, and demonstrate compass use and proficiency
• Explain, and demonstrate map use, map reading, and map interpretation proficiency
• Define a 100-meter course and be able to explain the importance of and impact of pace
• Participate in three orienteering events
• Set up an orienteering course that is at least 2,000 meters long
• Act as a competition Official during an orienteering event
• Teach orienteering to fellow Boy Scout members

Scottish Orienteering

Scottish Orienteering is the governing body in Scotland for orienteering. It is located at Glenmore Lodge in the Cairngorms National Park, and provides information about local Scottish orienteering clubs, orienteering news, and a list of orienteering events that take place across Scotland, throughout the year.

How to Start Orienteering

To start orienteering, it is as simple as getting a compass, a map, and practicing. The length of the practice can be as short or as long as one likes. With a map in hand and an orienteering compass, one can begin learning how to use the compass and move from one location on a map to another.

From there, one can try longer distances, moving between more points, and moving across more complex terrain. When starting orienteering, it can be very advantageous to reach out to a local orienteering club, as their members usually know the areas very well, can make helpful recommendations, and are usually very welcoming and excited to share the sport with others.

How to Practice Orienteering

Practicing orienteering can be done by getting a map of a desired location (city, park, trail, etc.), then navigating from one preferred location to another using a compass. It’s as simple as that! As one gains more experience, they can practice more advanced techniques such as using handrails, aiming off, and navigating to attack points.

In reality, practice is just about getting a map, compass, and going. Over time, it makes it very easy to develop and refine skills, plus it feels great to get outside and is a lot of fun.

The Goal of Orienteering

The purpose of orienteering is to develop functional skills where one can navigate over land to determined points. In more recent history, this was essential for the movement of people, military, and supplies over long distances.

In more recent times, with evolved infrastructures, mobile phones, digital maps, and GPS, orienteering is more of a sport to be practice where one can learn a new skill (which can be relied on if digital technologies are not available), spend time outside, develop their physical fitness, get in touch with nature, and grow relationships with other who enjoy the sport.

Orienteering is an exceptionally fun sport, based on navigational necessity that evolved into a social, physical, and intellectually enjoyable practice. With just a map, compass, and desire to move, the world is literally one’s playing field, with much to explore and many adventures to experience.

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What is Orienteering? Everything You Should Know

Orienteering is a thrilling outdoor activity that combines navigation, map reading, and endurance. At its core, orienteering is a sport that challenges participants to navigate through an unfamiliar terrain using a map and a compass. The objective is to find a series of control points, marked on the map, in the shortest time possible.

Orienteering is a sport with roots that trace back to the early 20th century. It started as a military exercise that aimed to train soldiers in the art of navigation. Over the years, orienteering has evolved into a competitive sport that is enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities around the world. It has been included in international competitions such as the World Orienteering Championships and has gained recognition as an official Olympic sport.

Participating in orienteering provides many benefits, both physically and mentally. It encourages individuals to explore and appreciate the outdoors while challenging themselves physically and mentally. It also provides opportunities for teamwork and competition, making it an exciting and fulfilling experience for all.

In this article, we will explore the basics of orienteering, the different types of orienteering events, the benefits of orienteering, and how to get started with this thrilling sport. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced athlete, orienteering is an activity that is sure to provide a rewarding experience.

Table of Contents

How Orienteering Works

Orienteering is a sport that involves navigating through an unfamiliar terrain using a map and a compass. The goal is to find a series of control points that are marked on the map in the shortest amount of time possible. Participants are given a map with control points marked on it, and they must navigate their way to each point in order.

Map and compass use

Map and compass are the two primary tools used in orienteering. A map is a visual representation of the terrain, including its features such as hills, forests, water bodies, and other landmarks. Maps used in orienteering are specially designed to provide information necessary for navigation, including terrain features, contour lines, and control points.

A compass is a tool used to determine direction. It consists of a magnetic needle that aligns itself with the earth’s magnetic field, indicating the direction of north. In orienteering, a compass is used to orient the map and determine the direction to follow.

Terrain features

Terrain features are physical characteristics of the land that can be seen on the map and used for navigation. These features include hills, valleys, depressions, cliffs, water features, and vegetation. Understanding and interpreting terrain features is crucial in orienteering, as they provide clues on the direction to follow and the location of control points.

Control points

Control points are marked on the map and are the specific locations that participants must find in the terrain. They are typically orange and white flags that are located at specific points on the ground. Control points are used to test the navigational skills of participants, and finding them is essential to completing the orienteering course.

Types of orienteering events

There are different types of orienteering events that participants can take part in.

Foot orienteering

Foot orienteering is the most common type of orienteering and involves participants navigating on foot through the terrain to find control points. Foot orienteering events vary in length and difficulty, with courses ranging from a few kilometers to more than 20 kilometers. Participants can choose to compete individually or in teams, and the events can be held in a variety of terrains, including forests, mountains, and urban areas.

Ski orienteering

Ski orienteering involves participants navigating on skis through the terrain to find control points. Ski orienteering events can be held in either cross-country or downhill skiing environments, and they require participants to have good skiing skills and a high level of fitness.

Mountain bike orienteering

Mountain bike orienteering involves participants navigating on a mountain bike through the terrain to find control points. The events can be held in a variety of terrains, including forests, mountains, and urban areas. Mountain bike orienteering requires participants to have good cycling skills, as well as the ability to navigate and make quick decisions while cycling.

In all types of orienteering events, participants are required to stay within designated boundaries and follow specific rules and guidelines to ensure safety and fairness. The events can be timed, and winners are determined based on the fastest times for completing the course.

The Benefits of Orienteering

Orienteering is a challenging and fun outdoor activity that provides many physical and mental benefits. Here are some of the benefits of orienteering:

1. Cardiovascular fitness

Orienteering is an excellent form of cardiovascular exercise, which helps to improve the health of the heart and lungs. Navigating through the terrain, whether on foot, skis, or a bike, requires participants to maintain a sustained level of activity, which raises their heart rate and promotes cardiovascular fitness.

2. Muscle strength and endurance

Orienteering requires the use of different muscle groups, including the legs, arms, and core. Walking, running, skiing, or cycling through challenging terrains requires a high level of physical endurance, which helps to build strength and endurance in the muscles.

3. Improved coordination and balance

Navigating through challenging terrains requires participants to maintain their balance and coordination, which helps to improve their overall physical coordination and balance.

Mental health benefits

1. problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Orienteering requires participants to make quick decisions and solve problems on the go, which helps to improve their problem-solving and decision-making skills. Participants must navigate through the terrain and make decisions on the direction to follow, the best route to take, and the location of control points.

2. Confidence and self-esteem

Orienteering provides a sense of accomplishment and achievement, which helps to boost self-confidence and self-esteem. Successfully navigating through the terrain and finding control points can be a challenging task, and the sense of accomplishment that comes with completing an orienteering course can be significant.

3. Stress relief and relaxation

Orienteering provides an opportunity to escape the stresses of everyday life and enjoy the great outdoors . Being out in nature, surrounded by trees, fresh air, and peaceful surroundings can be a relaxing and calming experience.

Overall, orienteering provides an excellent opportunity for physical and mental development, while also providing a fun and exciting outdoor experience.

Getting Started with Orienteering

Getting started with orienteering is an easy and exciting process. Here are some steps to follow:

Finding local orienteering clubs and events

The first step in getting started with orienteering is to find local orienteering clubs and events. There are many orienteering clubs across the world that provide training and opportunities for beginners and experienced orienteers alike.

You can search for orienteering clubs and events online or check with your local sports or community centers. Many clubs offer beginner-friendly events that are suitable for new orienteers and provide training and coaching to help participants develop their skills.

Equipment needed for orienteering

To get started with orienteering, you will need some basic equipment, including:

• Map and compass: The map and compass are essential tools for orienteering. Make sure to choose a compass that is designed for orienteering and a map that is suitable for the terrain you will be navigating.
• Appropriate clothing and footwear: Wear comfortable and suitable clothing that is suitable for the terrain and weather conditions. Comfortable and supportive footwear is also essential.
• Additional equipment options: Some orienteers may use additional equipment, such as GPS devices or heart rate monitors, to help with navigation and training.

Training and preparation for orienteering events

To prepare for orienteering events, you can follow these steps:

• Physical training suggestions: Engage in exercises that improve your cardiovascular fitness, endurance, and strength. Running, hiking, cycling, and swimming are excellent activities that can help you prepare for orienteering events.
• Mental training suggestions: Practice using the map and compass to develop your navigational skills. Learn how to read and interpret terrain features, and practice making quick decisions while navigating.
• Strategies for decision-making: Learn how to prioritize control points, select the best routes, and make quick decisions while navigating. Develop a mental map of the terrain and plan your route before setting out.

In summary, getting started with orienteering is an exciting and rewarding process. By finding local clubs and events, acquiring the necessary equipment, and training and preparing for events, you can enjoy the benefits of orienteering while having fun in the great outdoors.

What are the three basic orienteering skills?

The three basic orienteering skills are map reading, compass use, and terrain association.

• Map reading involves understanding and interpreting the information presented on an orienteering map. This includes identifying terrain features, such as hills, valleys, and water features, and understanding how they are represented on the map.
• Compass use involves using a compass to determine direction and maintain a course. This skill is essential in orienteering, as it helps orient the map and guide participants towards their destination.
• Terrain association involves using visual clues in the environment to navigate and maintain a course. This skill involves identifying terrain features, such as distinct trees or rock formations, and using them to stay on course even in the absence of a map or compass.

These three skills are fundamental in orienteering, and mastering them is crucial to becoming a successful orienteer.

What is the hardest part in orienteering?

The hardest part of orienteering can vary depending on the individual and the course they are navigating. However, some aspects of orienteering that can be challenging for many people include:

• Navigation in unfamiliar terrain: Orienteering requires participants to navigate through an unfamiliar terrain, which can be challenging and disorienting, particularly for beginners.
• Maintaining focus and concentration: Orienteering requires a high level of focus and concentration, as participants must continually analyze the terrain, map, and compass while making quick decisions.
• Making decisions under pressure: Orienteering can be a fast-paced and high-pressure activity, particularly in competitive events. Participants must be able to make quick decisions under pressure, while also managing their physical and mental fatigue.
• Coping with unexpected changes: The terrain and weather conditions can change quickly during orienteering events, which can present unexpected challenges. Participants must be able to adapt to these changes and make quick decisions.

Overall, orienteering can be a challenging activity, but it also provides many opportunities for personal growth and development. By mastering the basic orienteering skills, staying focused and alert, and developing a strong mental and physical endurance, participants can overcome the challenges and enjoy the rewards of orienteering.

What is the golden rule in orienteering?

The golden rule in orienteering is to keep the map oriented at all times. This means that the map should be aligned with the terrain, so that the features on the map correspond to the features in the environment.

To keep the map oriented, orienteers should use their compass to align the map with north, and then keep the map in the same position as they move through the terrain. This helps to ensure that participants are heading in the right direction, and that they can identify terrain features and control points accurately.

By following the golden rule of orienteering, orienteers can avoid getting lost, making wrong turns, or wasting time searching for control points. It is a fundamental principle of orienteering that every participant should follow, regardless of their skill level or experience.

Why do people enjoy orienteering?

People enjoy orienteering for a variety of reasons, including the following:

• Challenge: Orienteering is a challenging activity that requires participants to navigate through unfamiliar terrain using a map and compass. It provides a mental and physical challenge that many people find rewarding.
• Outdoor adventure: Orienteering takes place in beautiful outdoor settings, such as forests, mountains, and parks, which provide a sense of adventure and excitement.
• Sense of accomplishment: Successfully completing an orienteering course, finding all the control points, and finishing within the allotted time frame can provide a sense of accomplishment and pride.
• Competition: Orienteering can be a competitive sport, with participants competing against each other to complete the course in the shortest time or with the fewest errors.
• Teamwork: Orienteering events can also involve teamwork, with participants working together to navigate through the terrain and find the control points.
• Mental stimulation: Orienteering requires participants to use their problem-solving and decision-making skills, as well as their memory and attention to detail, which provides a mental workout that many people find stimulating and enjoyable.

Overall, orienteering provides a unique combination of physical and mental challenges, outdoor adventure, and a sense of accomplishment and competition, which make it a rewarding and enjoyable activity for many people.

Orienteering is a thrilling and rewarding outdoor activity that provides a range of physical and mental benefits. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced orienteer, there are many opportunities to develop your skills and explore new terrains.

In this article, we have explored the basics of orienteering, the different types of orienteering events, the benefits of orienteering, and how to get started with this exciting sport. We have discussed how orienteering improves cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength and endurance, coordination, balance, problem-solving and decision-making skills, confidence, self-esteem, and stress relief.

If you are looking for a fun and challenging activity that provides both physical and mental stimulation, orienteering is an excellent choice. By finding local clubs and events, acquiring the necessary equipment, and training and preparing for events, you can enjoy the benefits of orienteering while having fun in the great outdoors.

So, take the first step towards orienteering, and you will discover a whole new world of adventure and excitement.

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What is Orienteering? Definition & Ultimate Beginners Guide!

• by Christopher Lequia

Are you an outdoor enthusiast and asking “what is orienteering?”? We have the best beginner guide for you to learn about this awesome outdoor hobby and how to get started!

Orienteering’s a great hobby to try and a great way to spice up your hiking trips or other fun outdoor adventures!

Orienteering is a navigational sport where participants use a detailed map and a compass to find their way through a pre-defined course .

The goal is to locate a series of control points, marked on the map , in the fastest time possible.

The sport combines mental and physical challenges and something that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and fitness levels. It is often held in diverse environments, such as forests, urban areas, or even on snow using skis.

Article Content:

So, What is Orienteering?

The definition of Orienteering Per wikipedia – Orienteering is a group of sports that require navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain – while moving at the quickest speed.

Participants are given a topographical map, usually a specially prepared orienteering map, which they use to find control points. Source:  Wikipedia

Okay, but what is orienteering in simple words?

Essentially, it’s a navigational race! You use a compass, map, and other useful resources to complete a predefined course. 

There are several types of orienteering and each have their own unique flavor. Whether you want to go hiking, biking, or do a session at night – there’s a little bit of fun for everyone!

History of orienteering

The origins of orienteering can be traced back to the late 19th century in Sweden , where it was initially used as a military training exercise. The first civilian orienteering competition took place in 1897 in Norway.

The sport gained popularity in Europe during the 20th century and eventually spread worldwide.

The International Orienteering Federation (IOF) was established in 1961, and the first World Orienteering Championships took place in 1966.

References:

• International Orienteering Federation
• British Orienteering

Types of Orienteering

So now that we’ve explained what orienteering is, let’s go over the different types you can do – even as a beginner!

1. Foot Orienteering

Foot orienteering is the most common and traditional form of this fun hobby and a natural place to start for beginners.

Participants navigate on foot through a course, using a map and compass to locate control points.

The terrain varies, from dense forests to open fields, and the courses can be designed for beginners or advanced participants.

Pros of Foot orienteering:

• Accessible to people of all ages and fitness levels
• Good type for beginners
• Wide variety of terrain and course difficulty
• Builds physical endurance and navigational skills

Cons of Foot orienteering:

• Can be physically demanding, especially on rough terrain
• Weather conditions can affect the experience

2. Urban Orienteering

Urban orienteering, also known as Street or Sprint orienteering, takes place in urban environments such as city centers, parks , or residential areas.

Pros of Urban Orienteering:

• Quick decision-making and accurate navigation skills development
• Shorter courses and faster-paced races
• Accessible and exciting for beginners and experienced orienteers

Cons of Urban Orienteering:

• Limited variety of terrain
• May be less challenging for advanced orienteers

3. Mountain Bike Orienteering

Mountain bike orienteering (MTBO) combines navigational challenges with the excitement of off-road cycling.

Pros of Mountain Bike Orienteering:

• Tests both navigational skills and off-road cycling ability
• Appeals to experienced cyclists and orienteering enthusiasts
• Physically demanding and thrilling sport

Cons of Mountain Bike Orienteering:

• Requires a higher level of fitness and cycling skill
• Limited accessibility for those without a mountain bike

4. Ski Orienteering

Ski orienteering is a winter sport that takes place on snow-covered terrain using cross-country skis.

Pros of Ski Orienteering:

• Combines physical demands of cross-country skiing with mental challenges of map reading
• Popular in countries with cold climates and snowy winters
• Unique and enjoyable winter activity

Cons of Ski Orienteering:

• Requires skiing skills and equipment
• Limited to specific geographic locations and seasons

Yes, there are a few more variations of orienteering that cater to different interests and skill levels.

5. Rogaining

Rogaining is a long-distance form of orienteering, typically conducted in teams of two to five participants.

Events last anywhere from 2 to 24 hours, and the goal is to collect as many points as possible by visiting control points spread across a large area.

Pros of Rogaining :

• Encourages teamwork and strategic decision-making
• Provides a challenging, endurance-based experience
• Allows participants to explore vast and diverse landscapes

Cons of Rogaining :

• Requires a higher level of physical fitness and navigational skills
• Can be time-consuming and demanding, especially for longer events
• Limited availability of events due to the extensive organization required

6. Score Orienteering

Score orienteering is a format in which control points have varying point values, and participants must decide which ones to visit within a set time limit.

The goal is to maximize the total points collected while managing time constraints.

Pros of Score Orienteering :

• Emphasizes strategic decision-making and time management skills
• Can be tailored to different skill levels and abilities
• Encourages participants to think creatively and assess risks

Cons of Score Orienteering :

• May be more challenging for beginners due to increased decision-making complexity
• The competitive aspect can be less focused on navigation and more on strategy

7. Night Orienteering

Night orienteering is a variation of the sport that takes place after dark, adding an extra layer of challenge to the navigation process.

Participants use headlamps or flashlights to navigate their way through the course, relying on limited visibility and heightened senses.

Pros of Night Orienteering:

• Enhances the navigational challenge and difficulty level
• Appeals to experienced orienteers seeking new experiences
• Develops nighttime navigation skills and confidence
• Requires additional safety precautions and equipment
• Limited visibility can make it more difficult for beginners
• May be less accessible due to limited events and specific conditions required

8. Indoor Orienteering

Indoor orienteering takes place within large indoor venues such as sports halls, shopping centers, or other complex structures.

The focus is on navigating through a maze-like environment, with participants required to find their way through corridors, staircases, and rooms.

• Provides a unique and challenging environment for navigation
• Weather-independent, allowing for year-round participation
• Suitable for all ages and skill levels

Cons of Night Orienteering:

• Limited availability of suitable venues and events
• May lack the natural and outdoor elements of traditional orienteering
• Smaller-scale courses can be less challenging for experienced orienteers

These are some of the primary variations and types of orienteering and each type offers unique challenges and experiences, caters to different interests, skill levels, and preferences.

How to get started in orienteering

So, we’ve answered “What is Orienteering”, now let’s started! Here are some steps to guide you through the process:

Learn the basics

Familiarize yourself with the essential concepts, skills, and equipment needed for orienteering.

You can find resources online, such as articles, videos, or tutorials, or consider taking a course or workshop offered by a local orienteering club or outdoor education center.

Find a local club

Joining a local orienteering club is an excellent way to access resources, meet like-minded individuals, and participate in organized events.

Clubs often provide training, maps, and support for beginners. Search online or consult the website of your country’s orienteering federation to find a club near you.

Attend an event

Participate in an orienteering event or competition organized by a local club or organization. Beginner-friendly events are often available, and you can choose a course that matches your skill level.

These events are an excellent opportunity to practice your skills, meet other orienteers, and learn from experienced participants.

Practice and improve

Regularly practice your orienteering skills, such as map reading, compass use, and route planning, to become more proficient.

Participate in different types of orienteering events and continue to try new skills.

Get involved

Volunteering or contributing to your local orienteering community is a great way to give back, learn more about the sport, and connect with others.

You might assist with event organization, course setting, or coaching and mentoring new participants.

• Good hiking clothing and footwear

Try Orienteering

As mentioned earlier, orienteering is a navigational sport where participants use a detailed map and a compass to find their way through a pre-defined course.

The objective to orienteering is to locate a series of control points marked on the map in the fastest time possible.

It combines mental and physical challenges, making it an enjoyable sport for people of all ages and fitness levels.

So, let’s find what we need to get started!

orienteering equipment

To get started with orienteering, you’ll need the following basic equipment:

1. Orienteering Map

A detailed topographical map specifically designed for orienteering, showing control points, terrain features, and other essential information.

Maps are typically provided by event organizers or can be obtained from local orienteering clubs or online retailers.

2. Orienteering Compass

A reliable compass suitable for orienteering, such as a baseplate or thumb compass. Baseplate compasses have a transparent base with a rotating bezel, while thumb compasses are designed to be worn on the thumb for quick and easy use.

3. Comfortable clothing

Choose clothing that is suitable for the weather conditions and allows for ease of movement. Moisture-wicking materials are recommended to keep you dry and comfortable.

Dress in layers to adapt to changing temperatures and wear long sleeves and pants to protect against scratches and insect bites.

4. Footwear

Select appropriate footwear based on the terrain and weather conditions.

Trail running shoes offer a good balance between traction and lightweight design, while hiking boots provide more ankle support and protection on rough terrain.

Waterproof shoes or boots can be helpful in wet conditions.

Orienteering skills & techniques

To excel in this fun hobby, you’ll need to master a range of skills and techniques:

Map reading

Understand map symbols, colors, and contours to interpret the terrain accurately. Learn to quickly identify features such as trails, water bodies, and elevation changes.

Practice reading maps at home or during training sessions to improve your skills.

Compass use

Learn to use a compass for navigation, taking bearings, and measuring distances.

Become familiar with the different parts of a compass, such as the needle, rotating bezel, and baseplate. Practice aligning the compass with the map and following a bearing in the field.

Route planning

Develop the ability to choose the best route between control points, considering factors like terrain, distance, and your physical abilities.

Analyze the map and identify potential obstacles, such as steep slopes or dense vegetation. Learn to balance speed and safety while navigating the course.

Pace counting

Estimate the distance traveled by counting your steps or using a distance measuring device. This skill can help you gauge your progress and make better decisions about route choices.

Develop a consistent stride and practice counting steps over known distances to improve accuracy.

Time management

Balance speed and accuracy to complete the course in the shortest time possible. Learn to prioritize control points and make quick decisions about route choices. Develop a strategy for managing fatigue and maintaining focus throughout the event.

How to design an orienteering course

Designing an orienteering course can be a fun and engaging activity. Here are the basic steps to create a course:

Choose a suitable location

Select an area with varied terrain and interesting features, such as a park, forest, or urban setting. Consider factors like safety, accessibility, and permission from landowners or local authorities when choosing a location.

Obtain or create a map

Obtain an orienteering map of the area or create one using mapping software or online resources. Maps should be accurate, up-to-date, and clearly show terrain features, control points, and other essential information.

Plan the course

Determine the starting point, control points, and finish line. Ensure the course is suitable for the intended participants in terms of difficulty and distance. Consider creating multiple courses with varying levels of difficulty to accommodate different skill levels.

Mark the control points

Place control markers or flags at the designated control points, ensuring they are visible and match the map. The markers should include a unique identification code and a punch or electronic device to record participants’ visits.

Test the course

Walk or run through the course to ensure it is accurate, challenging, and enjoyable for participants. Make any necessary adjustments to the course layout, control points, or map based on your experience.

Orienteering benefits

Orienteering offers a range of physical, mental, and social benefits that make it a rewarding and enjoyable activity for people of all ages and skill levels.

Here are some of the top benefits of participating in orienteering:

1. It’s Good Exercise

Orienteering provides a full-body workout, engaging various muscle groups as you traverse different terrains.

It improves cardiovascular fitness, builds strength, and enhances flexibility, making it an excellent way to stay active and healthy.

2. It’s a Fun Mental Challenge

Orienteering is not only physically demanding but also mentally stimulating.

Navigating through a course requires concentration, decision-making, and problem-solving skills, leading to improved cognitive abilities and mental resilience.

3. It Connects You with Nature

As an outdoor sport, orienteering allows participants to explore and connect with nature. It encourages an appreciation for the environment and fosters a sense of responsibility towards preserving natural habitats.

4. It provides Stress Relief

Spending time outdoors and engaging in physical activity are proven ways to reduce stress and promote relaxation.

Orienteering provides an opportunity to disconnect from daily stresses and focus on the present moment, leading to improved mental well-being.

5. It provides Social Interaction s

Orienteering events bring together people with diverse backgrounds, ages, and skill levels. Participants can interact, share experiences, and develop lasting friendships, making orienteering an excellent way to forge new connections and strengthen social bonds.

6. It Improves Navigational Skills

Mastering map reading and compass use is a vital aspect of orienteering.

These skills can prove invaluable in everyday life and other outdoor activities, such as hiking, camping, or even navigating unfamiliar urban environments.

7. I can Build Confidence & Independence

Successfully completing an orienteering course can boost self-esteem and foster a sense of accomplishment.

As participants hone their navigation skills and overcome challenges, they develop confidence and independence that can carry over into other aspects of life.

These are just a few of the many benefits associated with orienteering, making it a versatile and enriching sport that caters to a wide range of interests and abilities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s) about Orienteering

What is orienteering all about?

Orienteering is a sport that involves navigating through a course using a map and compass to find a series of control points.

It can be practiced in various environments and formats, such as foot, urban, mountain bike, or ski orienteering. The sport combines physical fitness, mental challenges, and outdoor adventure.

What are the benefits of Orienteering?

Learning orienteering can improve your map reading, compass use, and navigation skills, which can be useful in various outdoor activities like hiking, backpacking, or adventure racing.

Additionally, orienteering promotes physical fitness, problem-solving, and a deeper appreciation for the natural environment.

What are Orienteering Aids?

Orienteering aids are tools or resources that assist in the practice of orienteering.

These may include electronic devices like GPS watches, smartphone apps, or online resources like tutorials and course planning software.

While these aids can be helpful, it is important to maintain core orienteering skills like map reading and compass use.

Is orienteering suitable for all ages & fitness levels?

Yes, orienteering is a versatile sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and fitness levels. Courses can be tailored to suit different skill levels, from beginner to advanced, and can be completed at a leisurely pace or as a competitive race.

Many orienteering clubs also offer family-friendly events and activities designed specifically for children and beginners.

Can I practice orienteering alone or with friends?

While participating in organized events is a great way to learn and enjoy orienteering, you can also practice the sport independently or with friends.

Design your course using a local map, set up control points, and take turns navigating the course.

This can be an enjoyable and educational activity for groups, families, or individuals looking for a unique outdoor challenge.

What are some safety tips for orienteering?

When participating in orienteering, keep the following safety tips in mind:

*Always carry a whistle to signal for help in case of an emergency.

*Inform someone of your intended route and estimated return time.

*Dress appropriately for the weather conditions and terrain.

*Carry a small first aid kit and know how to use it.

*Stay aware of your surroundings and potential hazards, such as wildlife, changing weather, or difficult terrain.

*If you become lost or disoriented, stop and retrace your steps to a known location or follow a linear feature like a trail or stream until you regain your bearings.

Orienteering Resources

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering
• Home | International Orienteering Federation
• Orienteering Basics: How to Get Started | REI Co-op

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