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What is a PhD?

• Types of Doctorates
• A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest globally recognized postgraduate degree that higher education institutions can award.
• PhDs are awarded to candidates who undertake original and extensive research in a particular field of study.
• Full time PhD programmes typically last three to four years, whilst part time PhD programmes typically last six to seven years.
• A PhD can lead to an academia teaching role or a career in research. A PhD can also equip you with skills suitable for a wide range of jobs unrelated to your research topic or academia.

Definition of a PhD – A Doctor of Philosophy (commonly abbreviated to PhD , Ph.D or a DPhil ) is a university research degree awarded from across a broad range of academic disciplines; in most countries, it is a terminal degree, i.e. the highest academic degree possible.

PhDs differ from undergraduate and master’s degrees in that PhDs are entirely research-based rather than involving taught modules (although doctoral training centres (DTCs) offer programmes that start with a year of lecture-based teaching to help develop your research skills prior to starting your project).

In most English-speaking countries, those that complete a PhD use the title “Doctor” (typically abbreviated to Dr) in front of their names and are referred to as such within academic and/or research settings. Those that work in fields outside of academia may decide not to use the formal doctor title but use post-nominal letters (e.g. John Smith PhD); it’s unusual though for someone to use both the Doctor title and post-nominal letters in their name.

PhD vs Doctorate

A PhD and a professional doctorate are both research-based terminal degrees.

However, where a PhD focuses on original research mostly around theoretical concepts, a professional doctorate focuses on examining existing knowledge to solve real-life, practical problems.

While there is much crossover between the two, a PhD is generally better suited for an individual to wants to advance the knowledge and understanding in their field, and a professional doctorate degree is better suited to a working professional who wants to better be able to apply knowledge and understanding to their field.

What Are the Entry Requirements for a PhD?

To be accepted on to a PhD programme, students usually need to hold at least a high ( 2:1 and above ) undergraduate degree that is related to the field of research that they want to pursue. A PhD candidate may also be expected to hold a Master’s degree , however, this does not mean you must have one, as it is still possible to enrol into a PhD without a Master’s .

Self-funded courses may sometimes be more relaxed in relation to entry requirements. It may be possible to be accepted onto a self-funded PhD programme with lower grades, though these students typically demonstrate their suitability for the role through professional work experience.

Whilst a distance learning project is possible , most PhD candidates will carry out their research over at least three years based at their university, with regular contact with two academic supervisors (primary and secondary). This is particularly the case for lab-based projects, however, some PhD projects require spending time on-site away from university (e.g. at a specialist research lab or at a collaborating institution abroad).

How Long Does a PhD Take?

Typically, full-time PhDs last 3-4 years and part-time PhDs last 6-7 years. However, at the discretion of the university, the thesis writing-up period can be extended by up to four years.

Although most doctoral programmes start in September or October, they are generally much more flexible than taught-courses and can start at any time of the year.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

Tuition fees for UK and EU students vary between £3,000 and £6,000 per year, with the average tuition fee of £4,712 per year for 2023/24 programmes.

Tuition fees increase considerably for international students, varying between £16,000 to £25,000 per year, with an average tuition fee of £19,600 per year .

Nonetheless, most students will secure PhD funding in the form of studentships, scholarships and bursaries to help pay for these fees. These funding opportunities can either be partial, which cover tuition fees only, or full, which cover both tuition fees and living expenses.

UK national students can also apply for Doctoral Loans from Student Finance England if they are unable to secure funding.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

What Does a PhD Involve?

To be awarded a PhD, a doctoral student is required to produce a substantial body of work that adds new knowledge to their chosen field.

A PhD programme will typically involve four key stages:

Stage 1: Literature Review

The first year of a PhD involves attending regular meetings with your supervisors and carrying out a search on previously published work in your subject area. This search will be used to produce a literature review which should set the context of the project by explaining the foundation of what is currently known within the field of research, what recent developments have occurred, and where the gaps in knowledge are. In most cases, this will be an extension of your research proposal should you have produced one as part of your application. The literature review should conclude by outlining the overarching aims and objectives of the research project. This stage of setting achievable goals which are original and contribute to the field of research is an essential first step in a successful PhD.

The supervisor is the main point of contact through the duration of a PhD – but remember: they are there to mentor, not to teach, or do it for you . It will be your responsibility to plan, execute and monitor your own work as well as to identify gaps in your own knowledge and address them.

Stage 2: Research

The second year (and prehapse some of your third year) is when you work on your research. Having identified novel research questions from your review of the literature, this is where you collect your data to help answer these questions. How you do this will depend on the nature of your doctoral research: for example, you may design and run experiments in a lab alongside other PhD students or visit excavation sites in remote regions of the world. You should check in regularly with your supervisors to update them and run any ideas or issues past them.

Have the structure and chapters of your thesis in mind as you develop and tackle your research questions. Working with a view of publishing your work will be very valuable later on.

Stage 3: Write up of Thesis

The next key stage of a PhD is writing a doctoral thesis , which typically takes from anywhere between three months to one year. A thesis is a substantial body of work that describes the work and outcomes of the research over the previous two to three years. It should tell a detailed story of the PhD project – focusing on:

• The motivations for the research questions identified from the literature review.
• The methodologies used, results obtained, and a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the findings.
• A detailed discussion of the key findings with an emphasis on the original contributions made to your field of research and how this has been impactful.

There is no universal rule for the length of a PhD thesis, but general guidelines set the word count between 80,000 to 100,000 words.

For your thesis to be successful, it needs to adequately defend your argument and provide a unique or increased insight into your field that was not previously available.

Stage 4: Attending the Viva

A viva voce , most commonly referred to as just a ‘ viva ‘, is an interview-style examination where the PhD student is required to engage in a critical appraisal of their work and defend their thesis against at least two examiners. The examiners will ask questions to check the PhD student has an in-depth understanding of the ideas and theories proposed in their thesis, and whether they have developed the research skills that would be expected of them.

The viva is one of the final steps in achieving a PhD, and typically lasts at least two hours, but this duration can vary depending on the examiners, the university and the PhD project itself.

Once you have done the viva – you’re on the home stretch. You will typically be asked to make some amendments to your thesis based on the examiner’s feedback. You are then ready to submit your final thesis for either:

• PhD – If you pass the requirements you will be awarded a PhD degree (most common outcome),
• MPhil – If you failed to meet requirements for a PhD, you may be downgraded to an MPhil degree (uncommon outcome),
• Fail – No award is given, typically for cases of plagiarism (extremely uncommon outcome).

What Is It Like to Undertake a PhD?

We’re often asked what it is like to undertake a PhD study. Unfortunately, this isn’t a simple answer to this question as every research project is different.

To help give insight into the life of a PhD student, we’ve interviewed PhD students at various stages of their programmes and put together a series of PhD Student Interviews . Check out the link to find out what a PhD is like and what advice they have to offer you.

What Are the Benefits of A PhD?

A PhD is the highest globally recognised postgraduate degree that higher education institutions can award. The degree, which is awarded to candidates who demonstrate original and independent research in a particular field of study, is not only invaluable in itself, but sets you up with invaluable skills and traits.

Career Opportunities

First, a PhD prepares you for a career in academia if you wish to continue in this area. This takes form as a career in the Higher Education sector, typically as a lecturer working their way to becoming a professor leading research on the subject you’ve studied and trained in.

Second, a PhD also enables the opportunity for landing a job in a research & development role outside of the academic environment. Examples of this include laboratory work for a private or third sector company, a governmental role and research for commercial and industrial applications.

Transferable Skills

Finally, in possessing a PhD degree, you can show to employers that you have vital skills that make you an asset to any company. Three examples of the transferable skills that you gain through a PhD are effective communication, time management, and report writing.

• Communication – presenting your work in written and oral forms using journal papers and podium presentations, shows your ability to share complex ideas effectively and to those with less background knowledge than you. Communication is key in the professional environment, regardless of the job.
• Time management – The ability to prioritise and organise tasks is a tremendous asset in the professional industry. A PhD holder can use their qualification to demonstrate that they are able to manage their time, arrange and follow a plan, and stick to deadlines.
• Report writing – Condensing three years of work into a thesis demonstrates your ability to filter through massive amounts of information, identify the key points, and get these points across to the reader. The ability to ‘cut out the waffle’ or ‘get to the point’ is a huge asset in the professional industry.

Aside from the above, you also get to refer to yourself as a Doctor and add fancy initials after your name!

What Can I Do After a PhD?

One of the most desirable postdoctoral fields is working within independent Research and Development (R&D) labs and new emerging companies. Both industries, especially R&D labs, have dedicated groups of PhD graduates who lead research activities, design new products and take part in crucial strategic meetings. Not only is this a stimulating line of work, but the average salaries in R&D labs and emerging start-ups are lucrative. In comparison, an undergraduate with five years of experience within their given field will, on average, likely earn less than a new PhD graduate taking on a R&D position.

It’s a common misunderstanding that PhDs only opens the door for an academic career such as university lecturers and training providers. Although obtaining a PhD opens these doors, the opportunities extend far beyond educational roles. In fact, recent data from the UK’s Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) indicates only 23% of PhD graduates take a position in educational roles . This low percentage is primarily because PhD graduates have a wide range of skills that make them suitable for a broad spectrum of roles. This is being seen first hand by the increasing number of PhD graduates who are entering alternative roles such as research, writing, law and investment banking.

How Do I Find a PhD?

We appreciate that finding a PhD programme to undertake can be a relatively daunting process. According to Higher Education Student Statistics , over 22,000 PhDs were awarded in 2016/17 within the United Kingdom alone. Clearly there are a huge number of PhD programmes available. This can sometimes be confusing for prospective doctorates, particularly when different programmes are advertised in different places. Often, it is difficult to know where to look or where to even start. We’ve put together a list of useful sources to find the latest PhD programmes:

• A great place to start is with our comprehensive and up-to-date database of available PhD positions .
• Assuming you are still at university, speak to an existing PhD supervisor within your department.
• Attend as many postgraduate open days as you can. Whilst there, speak to current PhD students and career advisors to get an awareness of what PhDs are on offer.
• Visit the postgraduate section of university websites and the PhD Research Council section of the UKRI website.

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What is a phd.

A PhD is the highest postgraduate qualification level that can be awarded in academic study. This is usually completed over three to four years of full-time study, and involves research into an original contribution in your chosen field. 

PhD is an acronym that stands for Doctor of Philosophy. The name for PhD comes from the Latin term “Philosophiae Doctor”, which roughly translates to “Lover of wisdom”.

Whether you’re finishing up from an undergraduate degree, on a masters course or even just looking to get back into education, you’ll have seen people talking about getting a PhD .

Most people know vaguely what a PhD is – it’s a university course that means you can call yourself ‘Doctor’ without having to do medicine, right? Whilst that is surprisingly close to the truth, we’re here to answer the oft-asked question of ‘what is a PhD?’.

This guide covers everything you need to know about a PhD.

What does a PhD involve?

A PhD will typically take three years to complete. If taken part time, then it will be separated into three different stages:

Year 1: This will involve you speaking with your advisor about your research ideas, finishing your research proposal and beginning to put deadlines in place for your research. You’ll also complete your literature review in this stage. During this, you’ll review the existing research done on the topic that you’re planning to research to help you determine the gaps in the research that you can target

Year 2: During this stage, you’ll begin to conduct your research to gather data. You’ll document this whole process for your thesis and begin to attend conferences where you will have the opportunity to present your current research to other professionals and researchers in the field. You can take this further and take steps to educate the public on the benefits of your research.

Year 3: The final stage of a PhD involves using the data you’ve collected and the documentation of your research to write your thesis. You may still be conducting research at this point, and that’s OK. Once you’ve finished your thesis, you’ll justify your research and decisions in a viva .

How long is a PhD?

A typical PhD will take three to four years to complete when studying full time. Studying part time can take up to six years. The good news is that the thesis can be extended by up to four years. This means that if you haven’t gotten anywhere near finishing your research by the end of the second year, you can apply to extend your thesis and continue your research for up to four more years. Many PhD students will complete their thesis in the 4th year.

How is a PhD different from other degrees?

To start with, describing a PhD as a university course can be a bit misleading. Whilst it is a course offered by a university, it’s incredibly different to most courses. Unlike the undergraduate level, you won’t be covering your subject broadly you’ll be focused on one very particular area. Whilst a masters degree, especially a research one, may be focused, it won’t be nearly as focused as a PhD.

That said – don’t expect this focused level of research to necessarily be groundbreaking! Though part of doing a PhD is the intent to produce original research, it’s also primarily there to train your research skills and to prove yourself as a capable researcher.

A PhD is research focused

One of the main differences between PhDs and other types of postgraduate degree is that PhDs are heavily research based. PhDs involve a lot of independent research time, where you'll study your topic in detail using academic resources – such as the university's online library and online materials. This format is different to taught postgraduate degrees, which involve a lot more taught aspects such as lectures and seminars.

Do you need a masters to study a PhD?

In order to study a PhD, you’ll need to have a masters degree and a bachelors degree with a 2:1 or higher. Though self-funded students and students with professional experience in the field may be admitted with lower grades

Some students may begin with a MPhil (Masters of philosophy) or a Mres ( Master of research) and upgrade to a PhD by the end of their studies.

Where can I study a PhD?

Most universities offer PhD programs across a variety of disciplines. It is possible to study a PhD at almost any university and in almost any subject. Since a PhD is an independent research-based program, there is a lot of flexibility in regard to what you’ll study. 

PhD students often choose their own study topics and carry out independent research into that topic. This makes it possible to study your intended PhD at almost any university. 

Although, it is important to check which specific subject areas the university specialises in. For instance, if a university specialises in linguistics, then it would be a good idea to complete a linguistics PhD at that university as opposed to one that specialises in another subject.

It can be difficult to find the perfect course at the right university. That’s why we’ve put together advice on how to find a PhD .

It’s important to remember that a PhD is different from a typical university course. Rather than going to lectures, you’ll be conducting independent research, and so the application process will be quite different. Learn how to apply for a PhD  with our expert guide.

A PhD means attending ‘optional’ lectures and conferences

PhDs do involve some aspects of taught study, including lectures and conferences, although these are often optional and take place less often than on lower level courses.

Now of course, the university doesn’t just accept you, your project and tell you to have fun. You’ll work with a supervisor, and there will be conferences, lectures, and other such things that you can attend. Unlike lower level courses, however, although you won’t necessarily be examined on these things that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t go! Conferences are a great way to meet people, get your name out and network . For any career, but especially one in academia, networking is well worth it.

A PhD is a high standard qualification

But what does having a PhD show, other than the fact you spent three to four years working on research and can now call yourself Dr [Your surname here]? 

A PhD is a globally recognised, high standard qualification. This means that if you choose to move elsewhere in the world, your PhD will be recognised as a credible postgraduate qualification.

In addition, a PhD can open up a whole world of new job opportunities! This includes academic roles , such as postdoctoral research posts, or even possibly fellowships. 

Regardless of which career path you choose to take, a PhD is regarded as the highest level postgraduate qualification – reflecting your impressive work ethic, knowledge, and workplace skills.

How to get a PhD

Getting a PhD is not easy by any means. But, if it’s something you truly want to do, it’s well worth it. So let’s take a look at just how to get a PhD!

Choose your research area

Before getting started with your PhD, you want to make sure you know what area you’d like to do it in. Don’t just pick something on a whim – this is something you’re going to be studying for the next four years of your life, and something that, once you finished your PhD, you’ll have your name attached to. So, for arts and humanities students, find an area of your subject that fascinates you enough that you’ll want to spend the next few years writing about it. For scientists, find an area you’d be happy to be working on in a team, and wouldn’t mind moving into as a career!

Find a good supervisor

Once you’ve selected your topic, it’s time to start looking for a supervisor . Depending on what you’re currently doing, asking tutors for contacts or recommendations can be well worthwhile, but if you can’t do this, check out what research your potential supervisor has done. 

In addition, try and arrange an in-person meeting – or at least, a phone conversation. Email can make communication difficult and given this is the person you’ll be working under for the foreseeable future, you want to ensure you get on.

Then, assuming you’re accepted and have appropriate funding, you’ll be considered a probationary PhD student . At the end of your first year, you’ll be expected to prove you’re capable of the full course, so you’ll be tested in the form of writing a report. Once you pass this, you’re good to go!

Your next few years will be spent attending conferences, working on the research and your thesis. Your thesis will talk about what you’ve spent your time doing, how you dealt with any difficulties that arose, and generally show what your contribution to your subject is! Once that’s out the way, you get the fun job of having a viva – that is, talking about your thesis to a bunch of academics.

Pass the viva? Then you’ve succeeded.

So that’s how to get a PhD!

UK Research Councils

There are a selection of UK Research Councils, each of whom are part of the  UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) organisation. Collectively, these UK research councils provide an average of £380 million in PhD studentship funding every year – acting as the largest PhD funding body in the UK. 

Here’s an overview of UK research councils:

• Science and Technology Facilities Council
• Arts and Humanities Research Council  
• Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
• Economic and Social Research Council
• Medical Research Council
• Natural Environment Research Council  

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abbreviation or noun

Definition of phd, examples of phd in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'PhD.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

New Latin philosophiae doctor

1839, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near PhD

Cite this entry.

“PhD.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD. Accessed 16 May. 2024.

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A Doctor of Philosophy or Doctorate

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More than 54,000 students earned doctoral degrees in 2016, the latest year for which figures are available, a 30 percent increase since 2000, according to the  National Science Foundation . A Ph.D., also called a doctorate, is a "Doctor of Philosophy" degree, which is a misleading moniker because most Ph.D. holders are not philosophers. The term for this increasingly popular degree derives from the original meaning of the word "philosophy," which comes from the ancient Greek word  philosophia , meaning "love of wisdom."

What Is a Ph.D.?

In that sense, the term "Ph.D." is accurate, because the degree has historically been a license to teach, but it also signifies that the holder is an "authority, in full command of (a given) subject right up to the boundaries of current knowledge, and able to extend them," says  FindAPhD , an online Ph.D. database. Earning a Ph.D. requires a hefty financial and time commitment— $35,000 to $60,000  and two to eight years—as well as research, creating a thesis or dissertation, and possibly some teaching duties.

Deciding to pursue a Ph.D. can represent a major life choice. Doctoral candidates require additional schooling after completing a master's program to earn their Ph.D.: They must complete additional coursework, pass comprehensive exams , and complete an independent dissertation in their field. Once completed, though, a doctoral degree—often called a "terminal degree"—can open doors for the Ph.D.holder, especially in academia but also in business.

Core Courses and Electives

To obtain a Ph.D., you need to take a group of core courses as well as electives, totaling about 60 to 62 "hours," which are roughly the equivalent of units at the bachelor's degree level. For example, Washington State University offers a  Ph.D. in crop science . Core courses, which make up about 18 hours, include such subjects as introduction to population genetics, plant transmission genetics, and plant breeding.

Additionally, the student must make up the remaining required hours through electives. The  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  offers a doctoral degree in Biological Sciences in Public Health. After core courses such as laboratory rotations, biological sciences seminars, and core principles of biostatistics and epidemiology, the Ph.D. candidate is required to take electives in related fields such as advanced respiratory physiology, advanced respiratory physiology, and ecological and epidemiological control of parasitic diseases. Degree-granting institutions across the board want to ensure that those who earn Ph.D.s have broad knowledge in their chosen field.

Thesis or Dissertation and Research

A Ph.D. also requires students to complete a large scholarly project known as a  dissertation , a research report—usually 60-plus pages—which signifies that they are able to make significant independent contributions to their chosen field of study. Students take on the project, also known as a  doctoral thesis , after completing the core and elective coursework and passing a  comprehensive examination . Through the dissertation, the student is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate her expertise.

According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, for example, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproved or supported by data collected through independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework, and research question as well as references to literature already published on the topic. Students must show that the  dissertation  is relevant, provides new insight into the chosen field, and is a topic that they can research independently.

Financial Aid and Teaching

There are several ways to pay for a doctoral degree: scholarships, grants, fellowships, and government loans, as well as teaching.  GoGrad , a graduate school information website, provides such examples as the:

• Science, Mathematics, and Research for Transformation (SMART) Scholarship for Service Program, which provides full tuition and an annual stipend of $25,000 to $38,000.
• National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, a three-year graduate fellowship that is designed to support doctoral students across 15 engineering disciplines
• National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, a three-year program that provides an annual stipend of $34,000 and a $12,000 cost-of-education allowance for tuition and fees

As it does for bachelor's and master's degrees, the federal government also offers several  loan programs  to help students finance their Ph.D. studies. You generally apply for these loans by filling out the free application for federal student aid ( FAFSA ). Students planning to go into teaching after obtaining their doctoral degrees often also supplement their income by teaching undergraduate classes at the schools where they are studying. The University of California, Riverside, for example, offers a "teaching award"—essentially a stipend applied toward tuition costs—for Ph.D. candidates in English who teach undergraduate, beginning-level, English courses

Jobs and Opportunities for Ph.D. Holders

Education accounts for a large percentage doctoral awards, with elementary education, curriculum and instruction, educational leadership and administration, special education, and counselor education/ school counseling topping the list. Most universities in the United States require a Ph.D. for candidates who seek teaching positions, regardless of the department.

Many Ph.D. candidates seek the degree, however, to boost their current salaries. For example, a health, sports, and fitness educator at a community college would realize a bump in annual pay for obtaining a Ph.D. The same holds for educational administrators. Most such positions require only a master's degree, but obtaining a Ph.D. generally leads to an annual stipend that school districts add to the annual salary. That same health and fitness instructor at a community college could also move on from a teaching position and become a dean at a community college—a position that requires a Ph.D.—boosting his pay to  $120,000 to $160,000  a year or more.

So, the opportunities for a doctoral degree holder are wide and varied, but the cost and commitment required are significant. Most experts say you should know your future career plans before you make the commitment. If you know what you want to get out of the degree, then the years of required study and sleepless nights may well be worth the investment.

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• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of PhD in English

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• associate's degree
• baccalaureate
• bachelor's degree
• first degree
• summa cum laude

Ph.D. | American Dictionary

Translations of phd.

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Word of the Day

to try to persuade a customer who is already buying something to buy more, or to buy something more expensive

Searching out and tracking down: talking about finding or discovering things

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Example sentences.

He also bragged about earning a PhD, a point Smerconish did not question.

Even his nametag played up his dweeby nature, labeling him “Mr. Gruber, PhD.”

Throughout her life, she faced public ridicule, legal persecution and, eventually, redemption through a PhD in clinical sexology.

“It is impossible by elections to choose normal people,” argues Yoram Gat, an Israeli software engineer with a PhD in statistics.

The son of Taiwanese immigrants, he grew up in California and earned his PhD in neuroscience at Stanford.

Damn few of them got it from me, I'm happy to say, and those that did, knew more about the subject than most PhD's.

It was a great diversion from the late nights working on my PhD.

Higher Education News , Tips for Online Students

Is a PhD Degree for Me? This is What it Means

Updated: August 7, 2023

Published: December 26, 2019

Wherever you are in your educational journey, you’ve likely heard of the graduate degree called a PhD degree. You may be wondering what is a PhD degree, what are PhD requirements, and what it means to earn a PhD. At this point, you may be questioning if getting a PhD is the right next step for you.

To receive a PhD, you will add the title “Dr.” to you name, but there is much more to it than that. Here, we will dive into what a PhD means, what it takes to earn one, the different kinds of PhD degrees that exist, and the reasons why you may choose to take the path to graduate with one.

What is a PhD?

First thing’s first, let’s define all the ins and outs of what a PhD means. PhD is an abbreviation for “Doctor of Philosophy.”

A PhD is the ultimate academic degree you can earn in a field of choice. To earn a PhD, you must complete original research and evaluate a theory. More often than not, this includes data analysis. This fact is true no matter where you are in the world.

Unlike undergraduate degrees, a PhD is heavily focused on research. As such, lectures are not all that common when working towards earning the degree, but they do still exist. Rather, students will focus particularly on an aspect of the subject choice to create a dissertation. Along with a written thesis, students must present their work orally (known as a “viva voce”) to a group of examiners.

A PhD is recognized around the world as the highest academic achievement. Therefore, no matter where you go, it bears with it an international standard of understanding and a level of respect. It allows for you to be a professor in academia and work in a highly specialized position within the field.

Requirements and Length of Time

While the payoffs of a PhD may seem enticing, the journey to earn your PhD is not an easy or short one.

More often than not, a PhD comes after a master degree. Yet, that’s not always true. Some institutions allow students to skip the master degree and move straight from a bachelor degree into a PhD program.

The time length of a PhD program can vary, but it generally takes three to four years to complete. If a student chooses to study part-time, it could take upwards of six or seven years to graduate.

In order to be accepted into a PhD program, there are a variety of PhD requirements. The most important requirement tends to be proof of high academic standing from your master degree. Some schools may also factor in your bachelor degree grades.

Grades also play a role in assessing the type of funding you may receive. If you have low grades, but still want to pursue a PhD, you’ll likely have to self-fund.

Along with grades, most institutions will also require the following:

1. Proof of language proficiency in the language you will pursue your PhD.

2. resume of work experience and transcript of academic courses., 3. a personal statement sharing your reasons why you want to pursue a phd in your respective field and perhaps why you are choosing the institution., 4. a phd research proposal, which includes:.

• Your proposed research topic
• Experience regarding the subject matter
• Gaps in current knowledge, your understanding of current findings
• Your research methodology
• How your research and its implications will affect the world

Photo by  Wadi Lissa  on  Unsplash

How to get a phd.

Getting a PhD requires planning, research, and commitment. Some schools vary in their requirements to apply, so it’s best practice to create your list of desired schools and research their needs.

You can choose to get a PhD at any age, but it’s best to start thinking proactively when you are moving along your graduate degree program.

Here are the main steps it takes to get a PhD:

1. Get a bachelor’s degree

2. complete the gre, 3. apply to graduate schools, 4. begin master’s or phd program, 5. if master’s, graduate and then apply again for a phd program, 6. complete phd coursework, 7. start research and write a dissertation, 8. share dissertation and get published, 9. graduate with a phd, types of phd.

There are different categories of PhD degrees. However, students only choose between professional and academic. Higher and honorary PhDs are awarded later in one’s career.

These include:

Granted in traditional subjects by performing academic research (PhD/Doctor of Philosophy/Th.D – Doctor of Theology)

Professional

These contribute directly to a specific vocational field (Doctor of Business Administration, Doctor of Engineering, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Social Science, Doctor of Architecture, etc.)

Higher/Honorary

To honor esteemed researchers and professionals, an honorary PhD may be rewarded (Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Science – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, Doctor of Science – Arts and Humanities)

Reasons to Get a PhD

Everyone has their own reasons for why they want to get their PhD. Here are some motivations behind why you may choose to pursue the degree:

1. Intellectual challenge:

As the final degree in academics, a PhD will challenge your intellectual abilities.

2. Career goals:

Your chosen career requires that you have the degree (i.e., becoming a professor).

3. Personal passion:

You enjoy the subject matter and want to be an expert in the field.

4. Research:

You have something to contribute or know how to fill a gap in the current information.

Photo by  Abby Chung  from  Pexels

The bottom line.

Earning a Doctor of Philosophy degree is not only for those who wish to become a professor . Whether your future career requires the degree or not, you may still want to pursue the academic challenge.

The most common trait of a PhD relies on research. As such, a government agency or organization may also want to fund you in performing research if you have something worthwhile to contribute to your field of study.

As the ultimate destination in terms of degrees, the title of PhD next to your name is well-respected and universally acknowledged. However, before enrolling in a program, make sure that you have the time, resources, and personal passion to fulfill all the necessary requirements.

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PhD: Full Form, Eligibility, Admission 2024, Fees, Syllabus, Entrance Exam, Scope

PhD or Doctor of Philosophy is the highest academic degree programme, mostly in every field of study. PhD curriculum covers extensive research and expertise, and research papers within a specific subject or even in an interdisciplinary subject. PhD or Doctor of Philosophy is requires at least a postgraduate degree programme, such as M.A , MSc , MTech or the students must have a great research paper with a recommendation. PhD course details vary depending on the discipline, university and guide. The guide in PhD plays a major role in suggestions and recommending the study material as well as helping them with new ideas.

Latest: Top Ph.d Colleges in India

Don't Miss: UGC NET Previous Year Question Papers

What is a Full Form of PhD?

Highlights - ph.d (doctor of philosophy), phd fees structure.

• Why Choose PhD?

PhD Eligibility Criteria

Skill required for phd degree, phd admission process, phd entrance exams, phd syllabus/subjects, phd specializations, what after phd, career opportunities after phd, salary after phd degree, top private phd colleges in india, top government phd colleges in india.

PhD course requires a high level of dedication, intellectual rigour, and perseverance. Graduates with a PhD or Doctor of Philosophy are recognised as experts in their preferred field, and it opens doors to multiple fields, such as academia, research institutions, and government-funded research programmes. Students who have completed PhD degree programmes are called “Doctors” and can use Dr. as a prefix before their name. In this article, we will discuss, PhD course details, such as PhD course duration, PhD course eligibility, PhD subjects, PhD course duration, PhD eligibility criteria, PhD admission process.

PhD full form is Doctor of Philosophy is a doctoral degree programme with a duration of three to six years. PhD degree can be pursued in almost any field such as English, Maths, Physics Linguistics, and Comparative Literature. Students can also pursue Ph.D. in interdisciplinary subjects, and they need to make a good research paper to apply directly to various universities.

PhD course fees differ from one university to another and generally depend on the institute, and specialisation. Before enrolling in any particular university, candidates should check the PhD admission process, PhD eligibility criteria and PhD course fees. Students who get the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) will not pay the fees whereas they will get the scholarship for pursuing PhD degree. JRF for the Humanities, Social Science and Science subjects is Rs. 25,000 for the initial two years and Rs. 28,000 for the remaining tenure which is SRF (Senior Research Fellowship).

Why Choose PhD ?

A PhD degree offers a wide range of career opportunities for strengthening knowledge and expertise. PhD degree provides knowledge in a chosen field of study. Ph.D allows students to become experts in their niche, by providing various skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills. PhD can open doors for various careers and employment options in multiple fields, such as academia, research, and government agencies, with good salary packages. Choosing a PhD can provide students with a lot of scope and also lifelong learning, intellectual growth, and a unique avenue for personal and professional growth.

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Students who want to pursue a PhD programme should have the required eligibility criteria. The detailed eligibility criteria for pursuing a PhD are given below.

• Students who have a master's degree are eligible for admission into the Ph.D. programmes.
• Students have to qualify for the national level examinations like National Eligibility Test for Lectureship (NET) conducted by NTA .
• Final admission is offered on the basis of the interview and research proposal.
• If candidates want to pursue PhD in the field of Engineering and Technology, he/she has to qualify for GATE, GATE, UGC-NET, and CSIR-UGC-NET with good marks. Also, for admission to Ph.D. Engineering, candidates should complete their degree in M.Tech/M.E in any branch of engineering .

PhD or Doctor of Philosophy degree in India requires students to develop a lot of skills to succeed academically. Skills might vary depending on the chosen specialisation. In the table below, we have mentioned some of the essential skills required for a Ph.D. degree.

Admissions in some universities are offered on the basis of students' merit in the entrance examination although few universities provide admission based on the research proposal and the interview process.

• PhD admission process is available both online and offline.
• If a candidate is applying to a university, he/she should download the application form online from the official website of the university.
• Applicants need to fill out the UGC NET or other entrance examination forms and appear for it.
• They should have a research proposal based on which universities can shortlist the candidates.
• After qualifying the examinations, candidates can appear for the interview round and pursue the PhD degree programme.

UGC NET: University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test or UGC NET is a national-level entrance test conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA). UGC NET is conducted by NTA, twice a year for admission in doctoral programmes.

CSIR UGC NET : CSIR UGC Test for JRF and Eligibility for Lectureship or CSIR UGC NET is a national-level entrance examination conducted by National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to Ph.D. degree programmes.

PhD subjects and syllabus can vary from one university to another along with the specialisation. PhD subjects will be different based on the area of the study, as it depends on the research proposal, the guide and the students. Based on the mentioned factors, further study will be done although the first two semesters will be similar for the main subject. In the table below, we have mentioned the PhD English syllabus of Presidency University.

In the table below, we have mentioned the syllabus for PhD Mathematics of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University.

There are various specialisations an individual can opt for PhD course programme. Some of the PhD specialisations are popular among those who are interested in entering higher education. Naming few of them are:

• PhD in Management
• PhD in Physics
• PhD in Computer Science
• PhD in Economics
• PhD in Mathematics
• PhD Microbiology

After completing a PhD degree programme students have a wide range of career options. Many graduates choose academia and become professors or research associates at universities and colleges. Professor teach, write research papers, and journals, and mentor students. Some graduates enter various industries such as technology, healthcare, or finance, contributing to innovation and problem-solving. Government agencies and non-profit organisations also seek PhD holders for policy analysis, consulting, and advocacy roles.

In this section, we have mentioned the careers that can be pursued after completing PhD degree programme.

University Professor/ Lecturer : After pursuing PhD, graduates can become university professors or lecturers. They teach and conduct research in their respective fields and are responsible for mentoring students, curriculum development, and publishing research papers.

Research Scientist : Research scientists are professionals who work in various sectors, including academia, technology, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and government research institutions. They research, write the thesis and publish the findings in the journals.

Consultant/Advisor: Consultants or advisors conduct market research and solve complex problems and provide solutions to clients. They provide expert advice to their clients and join major financial companies such as McKinsey, Boston Consulting Group, and Deloitte.

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PhD salary depends on various factors such as the specialisations and college reputation, work experience, experience in the particular field, location of work, and skill sets. Below, we have mentioned the PhD salary.

In India, there are a number of private colleges that offer PhD degrees. Private universities are significantly more expensive than public universities. Some of the top private PhD colleges and the PhD fees are mentioned in the table below:

Government-run college is less expensive than private college and are well known for their high academic standards throughout India. The following are some of the best government PhD colleges and also PhD fees:

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

Candidates should have a master’s degree in any discipline to get an admission to Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy).

Yes, candidates have to appear for the national level examination or the entrance examination conducted by the particular university/college.

Ph.D. holder has the opportunity to become researcher, scientist, professor, journalist, independent consultant, human services worker, editor, critic, lecturer etc. A Ph.D. holder can also apply for a job in the finance sector, public sector etc.

There is a chance for Ph.D. graduates to work in other countries. If you are a Ph.D. graduate, any company will take you as right now Ph.D.is the highest level of academic degree anyone can earn so for the companies, you are the expert in the subject.

The duration of Ph.D. is usually between 2 to 7 years depending on the field you are researching.

The prominent universities which offer a degree in Ph.D. are Amity University, Noida, Tata institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, KCG college of Technology, Chennai, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, Chennai Mathematical Institute, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI).

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Questions related to Ph.D

Hello aspirant

Universities offering phD in philosophy are

Jadavpur university

Jawaharlal Nehru university

IIT Gandhinagar

MIT school of Humanities

Aligarh muslim university, Nirf rank 9

Amrita vishwa vidyapeetham Coimbatore , Nirf rank 7

Andhra university , Visakhapatnam

Assa. University , Guwahati

Awadesh pratap singh university, Rewa , Madhya pradesh

BU bhopal , Madhya pradesh.

Binod Bihari Mahto university ,Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Career point university,  Kota

For details you may visit the site given below

https://university.careers360.com/colleges/list-of-phd-in-philosophy-universities-in-india

Sir what is the cutoff to get seat in cse specialisation course in mit manipal 2024

Hello Anvesha

Yes you can do integrated phD in IISC after bsc in life science .

IISC offers integrated phD to bsc students wh8 wosh to carry out research and pgD soon after their bachelor's course.

This mode is ideal and very competetive.

The admission process required to be qualified with a valid score in entrance exam then the selected candidates are called for personal interview

In the first two years of  integrated phD the students study the basic concepts , core and Elective topics in Biological science .

Students are given short term research projects in the first year

Hello Anurag

You may get single Room if you wish to maintain privacy.

See how much they charge depends upon your life style . Now a days all comfortable facilities are available in hostel rooms too , it is not like before when there were only non AC rooms

AC rooms charges are high , also if you do not want to share room with anyone , you will be charged double.

Tye charges ard separate for hostel and mess .

For AC rooms charges are 5000 to 6000 per month .

For food you have various options depending upon your taste and choice ,basically yoh will have to spendrs 150 to 200 per meal.

The public transport is also provided from hostel to university . Depending upon mode of transport, you will be charged around 2000 per month.

There are miscellaneous expenses depending upon jndividuals requirements.

With your background in zoology and your current Master's in nutrition, you have a strong foundation for a PhD in nutrition.

There are two main types of exams you might consider for PhD programs in India.

• UGC NET (National Eligibility Test): This exam is conducted by the UGC (University Grants Commission) for eligibility as a college or university Assistant Professor. While not strictly a requirement for PhD programs, qualifying UGC NET demonstrates your research potential and makes you eligible for fellowships.
• CSIR-UGC NET: Conducted by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), this exam is similar to UGC NET but focuses on science streams. Qualifying can make you eligible for research fellowships from CSIR labs.

https://competition.careers360.com/exams/ugc-net

I hope it helps!

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• General Knowledge /

What is the Full Form of PhD?

• Updated on  
• Feb 14, 2024

The full form of a PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy. It is an advanced academic degree that is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to their chosen field of study. The degree is recognised globally and is highly regarded in the academic community. PhD can also be called a DPhil or D. Phil. A person with this degree can add “Dr.” as a prefix to their name and is considered a doctor in that field. 

Also Read – What is the Full Form of B.Ed?

The History of Ph.D

The concept of a Doctor of Philosophy degree dates back to the Middle Ages in Europe. The term “ doctor ” comes from the Latin word “docere,” which means “to teach.” The word “ philosophy ” is derived from the ancient Greek word “philosophia” which means “love of wisdom”. Thus, a person who has the zeal to teach and has a love of wisdom about their field is awarded with PhD. 

Also Read – What is the MA Full Form?

Eligibility for PhD

The eligibility for pursuing PhD is –

• Have a Master’s or MPhil degree or a postgraduate degree from a recognized University or Institutions in a related field in which they intend to do PhD.
• In India, some universities require UGC NET / CSIR qualifications
• The upper limit for Junior Research Fellowship ( NET JRF ) is 31 years while there is no upper limit for taking National Eligibility Test (NET) .

Also Read – What is the MSC Full Form?

Objectives of the PhD Course

Initially, the Ph.D. degree was awarded only in the field of philosophy, but over time, it expanded to encompass other disciplines as well.

• A PhD program allows one to delve deep into a chosen field of study and become an expert in a specific area. 
• Having a Ph.D. demonstrates the expertise and research capabilities, making one an attractive candidate for academic positions, research roles and high-level positions in various industries.
• Pursuing a PhD offers intellectual stimulation and allows one to engage in critical thinking, problem-solving and independent research. 

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List of Subjects for a PhD Degree

Interested students can pursue their PhD degree in any of these popular subjects:

• Engineering
• Biochemistry
• Mathematics
• Health care

Popular Full Forms

We hope this blog has helped you understand the PhD full form and everything related to it. If you want to know more, find the general full form list on our blog. In the world of short forms, you can rely on the Leverage edu page to know about more important full forms like this! Connect with us study abroad experts to achieve your international dream today!

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The Full Form of PhD: Discovering Doctor of Philosophy

In the world of academia and research, The full form of PhD (prestigious and well-recognized abbreviation) stands for Doctor of Philosophy. It represents the highest level of academic achievement and expertise in a specific field of study. Pursuing a PhD is a journey that involves rigorous research, intellectual exploration, and the creation of new knowledge. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the details of a PhD, its significance, and the process of earning this esteemed degree.

What is a PhD?

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is an advanced academic degree that signifies expertise, original research, and contributions to a specific field of study. Contrary to its name, a PhD is not limited to philosophy but is awarded in a wide range of disciplines, including science, engineering, humanities, social sciences, and more. It is a terminal degree, marking the highest level of academic achievement.

Key Aspects of a PhD

Earning a PhD involves several key aspects and requirements:

Research: The core of a PhD program is original research. PhD candidates are expected to make a significant contribution to their field by conducting in-depth research, often leading to the creation of new knowledge.

Dissertation: The culmination of a PhD program is the completion and defense of a doctoral dissertation. This is a comprehensive research document that presents the candidate’s findings, analysis, and conclusions.

Coursework: In addition to research, PhD students typically complete coursework in their chosen field. These courses provide the foundational knowledge and skills required for research.

Advisor/Supervisor: PhD candidates work closely with a faculty advisor or supervisor who guides and mentors them throughout their research journey.

Comprehensive Examinations: Some programs require comprehensive exams to assess the candidate’s knowledge in their field before they can proceed to the research phase.

Publication: PhD candidates are encouraged to publish their research findings in peer-reviewed journals to contribute to the academic discourse.

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Significance of a PhD

A PhD holds immense significance for several reasons:

• Expertise: It signifies expertise and in-depth knowledge in a specific field, making the holder a subject matter authority.
• Research Contributions: PhD research often leads to advancements in knowledge and solutions to complex problems.
• Academic Careers: Many PhD holders pursue careers in academia as professors and researchers, shaping the future of their fields.
• Industry Leadership: In industry and business, PhDs are valued for their problem-solving skills, analytical thinking, and innovation.
• Policy and Government Roles: PhDs contribute to policy-making, research institutions, and government agencies.
• Global Recognition: A PhD is recognized internationally and opens doors to global research collaborations and opportunities.

Challenges and Timeframe

Earning a PhD is a challenging endeavor that requires dedication, perseverance, and several years of commitment. The duration of a PhD program varies but typically takes three to seven years to complete, depending on the field and the research undertaken.

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) represents the pinnacle of academic achievement and intellectual inquiry. It is a testament to a candidate’s ability to conduct original research, contribute to the advancement of knowledge, and excel in their chosen field.

PhD holders play pivotal roles in academia, research, industry, government, and various sectors, shaping the world through their expertise and contributions. As individuals continue to pursue PhDs and expand the boundaries of human knowledge, the significance of this esteemed degree remains unparalleled.

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PhD Full Form, All You Need to Know About Ph.D.

PhD Full Form

PhD stands for “Doctor of Philosophy”. It is an advanced academic degree that signifies the highest level of expertise and achievement in a particular field of study. While the title “Doctor of Philosophy” may sound philosophical, it is not limited to the study of philosophy but encompasses a wide range of academic disciplines. In this article, we will unveil the full form of a PhD and explore the significance of this advanced academic degree.

Ph.D. Full Form in Hindi

पीएचडी का मतलब “डॉक्टर ऑफ फिलॉसफी” है। यह एक उन्नत शैक्षणिक डिग्री है जो अध्ययन के किसी विशेष क्षेत्र में उच्चतम स्तर की विशेषज्ञता और उपलब्धि का प्रतीक है।

The Origin of the PhD

The term “Doctor of Philosophy” has its roots in the medieval universities of Europe, where it was used to refer to scholars who pursued a rigorous course of study and research. Over time, the concept of a PhD evolved, and it became associated with the highest level of academic attainment.

Key Characteristics of a PhD

• Research Focus : A PhD program is primarily research-oriented, requiring students to conduct original research in their chosen field of study. This research contributes to the body of knowledge in the discipline.
• Thesis or Dissertation : One of the central components of a PhD program is the completion of a doctoral thesis or dissertation. This is a substantial research project that demonstrates the candidate’s ability to make a significant contribution to their field.
• Expertise and Specialization : PhD candidates become experts in their chosen area of specialization, gaining in-depth knowledge and critical thinking skills.
• Duration : The duration of a PhD program varies by country and discipline but typically spans three to five years of full-time study.
• Academic Rigor : PhD programs are academically rigorous, requiring candidates to engage in critical analysis, literature reviews, and scholarly writing.

The PhD Journey

The journey to earning a PhD is challenging and demanding, involving several stages:

• Coursework : In the initial phase, students may complete coursework in their field to build a strong foundation of knowledge.
• Research Proposal : PhD candidates must develop a research proposal outlining their intended research project, including its significance and methodology.
• Research and Data Collection : The heart of a PhD program involves conducting research, collecting data, and analyzing findings. This phase may require fieldwork, laboratory experiments, surveys, or other research methods.
• Thesis Writing : Candidates write a doctoral thesis or dissertation based on their research findings. This document is a substantial, original contribution to the field and is subjected to peer review.
• Oral Defense : After completing the thesis, candidates defend their research in an oral examination, often called a viva voce or thesis defense. This involves presenting and defending their work before a panel of experts.
• Publication : Many PhD candidates seek to publish their research in academic journals, further contributing to the scholarly community.

Global Recognition and Career Impact

Earning a PhD is a significant achievement with global recognition. It opens doors to various career opportunities, including:

• Academic Roles : Many PhD holders become university professors or researchers, imparting knowledge and contributing to academic advancements.
• Research and Development : PhD graduates often find employment in research and development roles in industries, government agencies, and non-profit organizations.
• Consulting : Consulting firms value the expertise and problem-solving skills of PhD holders.
• Policy Analysis : PhD graduates can work as policy analysts, influencing and shaping public policy.
• Entrepreneurship : Some PhD holders launch their businesses or startups, leveraging their expertise and research.

Conclusion – PhD Full Form

In conclusion, PhD, which stands for “Doctor of Philosophy,” represents the pinnacle of academic achievement and expertise in a specific field of study. It is characterized by a rigorous research focus, the completion of a substantial thesis or dissertation, and a commitment to advancing knowledge in the chosen discipline. Earning a PhD is a challenging yet rewarding journey that opens doors to a wide range of career opportunities and allows individuals to make significant contributions to their fields. As the pursuit of knowledge continues to evolve, the PhD remains a symbol of intellectual rigor and a catalyst for innovation and discovery in the academic world.

PhD Full Form – FAQs

Ans. PhD stands for “Doctor of Philosophy.”

Ans. पीएचडी का मतलब “डॉक्टर ऑफ फिलॉसफी” है।

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PhD Full Form – What is a PhD?

The full form of Ph.D is Doctor of Philosophy and is an advanced degree that is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated a high level of expertise in a specific field of study. The full form of PhD is “Doctor of Philosophy,” which refers to the origins of the degree as a program of study in philosophy. However, today, PhD programs are offered in a wide range of fields, including sciences, humanities, social sciences, and professional disciplines such as business and law.

To obtain a PhD, individuals must complete a significant amount of coursework, pass comprehensive exams, and complete original research in the form of a dissertation or thesis. This research is typically conducted under the supervision of a faculty member and must make a substantial and original contribution to the field of study.

The meaning of the degree is that the individual is expected to have a thorough understanding of their field of study and to be able to conduct independent research. Individuals who hold a PhD degree are considered experts in their field and are able to contribute to the advancement of knowledge through research and teaching.

History of the PhD Degree

• The origins of the PhD degree can be traced back to the medieval universities of Europe, where the Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophiae Doctor, or PhD) was established as a higher degree in the field of philosophy.
• The first PhDs were awarded in the early 19th century in Germany, and the degree quickly spread to other European countries and the United States.
• Initially, the PhD was primarily awarded in the field of philosophy, but over time it expanded to include other disciplines, such as the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
• The development of research-based PhD programs in the 20th century established the degree as a requirement for a career in academia and research.
• The growth of PhD programs in the second half of the 20th century led to an increase in the number of PhD graduates and a diversification of career opportunities for PhD holders.
• Today, PhD programs are offered in a wide range of fields, and the degree is considered a terminal degree in many academic and professional disciplines.

Requirements for a Ph.D in India

• Hold a Master’s degree or equivalent in a related field from a recognized university.
• Clear a national-level entrance test such as UGC-NET or CSIR-NET or a university-level entrance test.
• Complete coursework, which typically includes core courses, electives, and seminars.
• Pass comprehensive exams, which test the candidate’s knowledge in the subject area and readiness for independent research.
• Conduct original research, typically under the supervision of a faculty member, which results in a dissertation or thesis.
• Defend the dissertation or thesis in front of a committee of faculty members.
• Meet any other program-specific requirements as set by the university or academic institution.

Different Fields and Types of PhD

Phds are offered in a wide range of fields, including:.

• Sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry, and computer science
• Humanities such as history, literature, and philosophy
• Social Sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology, and political science
• Professional fields such as business, law, education, and engineering 

Additionally, there are different types of Ph.D. programs, including:

• Traditional Ph.D.: This is the most common type of Ph.D. program. It typically involves completing coursework, passing comprehensive exams, and conducting original research that results in a dissertation or thesis.
• Professional Doctorate: This type of Ph.D. is more applied in nature and is often offered in professional fields such as business, law, and education. It typically involves coursework, a professional project, and a dissertation.
• Online Ph.D.: This type of Ph.D. is conducted entirely online and is becoming increasingly popular. It typically involves coursework, a dissertation, or a thesis and may involve some on-campus visits. 
• Interdisciplinary Ph.D.: This type of Ph.D. allows students to study across multiple disciplines and provides a broader perspective on a specific research area.

The Process of Earning a PhD

The process of earning a PhD can vary depending on the field and program, but generally, it involves the following steps:

• Application and Admissions: Applying to a PhD program typically involves submitting transcripts, letters of recommendation, a statement of purpose, and test scores such as GRE or TOEFL. After the application is reviewed, the applicant may be invited for an interview before being accepted into the program.
• Coursework: After being accepted into a program, students typically begin by completing coursework, which typically includes core courses, electives, and seminars. The coursework is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the field and to prepare them for independent research.
• Comprehensive Exams: After completing coursework, students typically take comprehensive exams, which test their knowledge in the subject area and readiness for independent research.
• Research Proposal: After passing comprehensive exams, students typically develop and present a research proposal, which outlines the topic, research questions, and methods for their dissertation or thesis.
• Research and Data Collection: After the proposal is approved, students begin conducting original research, typically under the supervision of a faculty member. This may involve collecting data, analyzing data, and writing up results.
• Writing and Defending the Dissertation/Thesis: After completing research, students write and defend their dissertation or thesis in front of a committee of faculty members. The dissertation or thesis is a detailed document that presents the research findings and conclusions.
• Graduation: After successfully defending the dissertation or thesis, students graduate with a PhD degree.

Career Opportunities with a PhD

• Academia: Many PhD graduates choose to pursue a career in academia, either as a professor at a college or university or as a researcher at a research institution. These positions typically involve teaching, conducting research, and publishing scholarly work.
• Research: PhD graduates can also find employment as researchers in government, private industry, or non-profit organizations. These positions may involve conducting basic or applied research in a specific field and may include laboratory work, data analysis, and report writing.
• Industry: Some PhD graduates choose to work in industry, typically in roles such as research and development, consulting, or management. These positions may involve applying research findings to solve real-world problems or working on product development.
• Entrepreneurship: A PhD degree can also open opportunities to start your own business or venture.
• Public service: PhD graduates can also pursue careers in public services, such as working in government agencies, non-profit organizations, or international organizations. These positions may involve policy analysis, program evaluation, or research.
• Science Communication: Many PhD graduates are also interested in science communication and may work in journalism, science policy, science education, or science outreach.

It’s important to note that the above career opportunities are general and may vary depending on the field and program. Additionally, some PhD graduates may choose to pursue multiple career paths over the course of their professional lives.

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Uc real estate professor tells wcpo complaint against city could lead to positive outcomes.

Efforts to build more affordable housing in Cincinnati have created concerns for residents as low-income housing has been concentrated in some of the city’s poorest neighborhoods, WCPO reported .

Gary Painter

In the West End, low-income housing tax credit units doubled to 1,750 between 2005 and 2021, according to a discrimination complaint against the city of Cincinnati that the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development accepted this month. Only 623 units exist in all city neighborhoods with a population that’s at least 75% white.

Residents and city leaders have said the high concentration of low-income housing has hurt property values in those areas and increased social ills.

Gary Painter , PhD, the academic director of the University of Cincinnati’s Carl H. Lindner College of Business real estate program and a professor of real estate, said cities want to help as many low-income residents as possible by building more subsidized housing. Land is less expensive in high poverty areas, making them desirable for developments, but that can lead to other problems.

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Ultimately, Painter thinks the complaint against the city could lead to positive outcomes.

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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 2024-57

Washington D.C., May 15, 2024 —

The staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission today published a new report of Investment Adviser Statistics, which is based on aggregated data filed by investment advisers on Form ADV. The new report, which will be updated on an annual basis, is designed to give the public a view into the investment advisory industry, with insights into areas such as business activities, client composition, and the types of funds advised. The report shows trends over time.

Investment Adviser Statistics contains more than 50 separate tables of aggregated data. The public may download the statistics in a structured format, which provides a historical statistical series of information dating back to the year 2000. The report shows that, as of the end of last December, there were more than 15,000 registered investment advisers that reported approximately $128 trillion in regulatory assets under management.

“Providing accessible, usable, aggregated data to the public is a critical part of the SEC’s role,” said SEC Chair Gary Gensler. “This new report will give the public a clearer view into the investment advisory industry. Such SEC-published data help the public better understand how our economy and securities markets function.”

“Form ADV data offers a uniquely comprehensive view of the asset management industry,” said Tim Husson, head of the Division of Investment Management’s Analytics Office. “The statistics in this report illustrate the phenomenal growth and changing nature of the advisory business and will help inform public policy in this space.”

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The Division of Investment Management has primary responsibility for administering the Investment Company Act of 1940 and Investment Advisers Act of 1940, including oversight of investment companies, such as mutual funds, money market funds, and ETFs, and for investment advisers. The Division’s Analytics Office provides the Division and the SEC with practical reviews and actionable analyses of the asset management industry.

The report is available on the SEC’s website here .

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When Form(s) Follows Function

Since 2009, the creators at Forms have been making unusual and sculptural pieces. The latest inspiration? A Japanese shakudo buckle.

By Jill Newman

Reporting from Hong Kong

Forms isn’t a household name, but the Hong Kong jewelry house is drawing attention for its unusual contemporary style.

A Japanese buckle from the late 19th century inspired the company’s co-founder Tzvika Janover’s latest obsession. The buckle was crafted in a Japanese gold and copper alloy called shakudo, its velvety brown patina unlike anything he’d seen before.

The recipe for shakudo is unknown; each Japanese metalsmith had his own secret recipe. Mr. Janover was determined to recreate it himself, a process that ended up requiring more than a year of experimenting with alloys to achieve what he said was the same rich patina and durability as the original material.

He used the striking yet subtle dark lustrous metal to create a sculpted ring, set with a rare 6.5-carat orange-brown diamond, along with a pair of shakudo earrings, each with an 8-carat green peridot drop and diamond details.

Forms, a jewelry house that sells through its salon in Hong Kong and an office in Geneva, introduced the new pieces at TEFAF, the European Fine Art Foundation fair, in Maastricht, the Netherlands, this past March.

Manon van den Beuken, director of TEFAF Maastricht, said that “TEFAF is all about celebrating craftsmanship and the work of the human hand through the ages, and Forms embodies this spirit perfectly.” She described the pieces as “true works of art.”

The jewelry house draws local and international collectors who come from Europe and the Middle East. With prices starting at $50,000, the jewelry attracts collectors with an appreciation for unique stones and technical prowess, Mr. Janover said.

He established Forms with Elad Assor in 2009, and the house creates no more than 100 pieces per year. Each jewel is different, centered around rare gems and unusual stone cuts, and forged with pioneering techniques and metals such as aluminum, titanium and steel.

The contemporary aesthetic is streamlined, often monochromatic, using complex techniques to set gems side by side without prongs. One such technique, which Mr. Janover calls a “fluid” channel setting, gives the illusion that the stones are floating.

A triangular bright pink ruby, for example, is set flush against a triangular white diamond so they appear as one stone in a purplish-pink aluminum setting. The ring featuring the stones was inspired by the Belgian artist Isabelle Menin’s colorful “Solstice” series of photographs.

A pair of earrings created with willowy lines of blue titanium set with hundreds of diamonds was inspired by the Japanese artist Hiroshi Senju’s waterfall paintings. In another pair of earrings, a couple of pear-shape 3.85-carat Paraiba tourmalines were set in tonal blue aluminum surrounded by marquise-cut diamonds without any visible metal setting to create a light and airy effect.

“Each piece requires lots of passion and patience to craft, which are the most essential qualities we look for in our collaborators in auctions,” said Karen Au Yeung, a senior specialist in Christie’s Asia jewelry department in Hong Kong. Over the past two years, she has offered a few Forms pieces at auction and all have exceeded their pre-sale estimates. In May 2023, a pair of diamond and Burmese ruby earrings resembling pinwheels sold for 1,638,000 Hong Kong dollars ($209,562) above a top estimate of 880,000 Hong Kong dollars.

Rather than create whole collections, Mr. Janover and his team design pieces that “don’t have a certain style,” he said. “We get bored easily, so we are always looking to discover new materials and techniques.”

He collaborates on designs with colleagues: Mr. Assor; Flora Wong, the company director who joined in 2021 from Sotheby’s jewelry department in Hong Kong; and their in-house team of craftspeople.

The heartbeat of the company is the atelier, situated in the company headquarters in the city’s Central district. It runs like a laboratory, where the team researches and tests new ideas. Nikita Travin, the design director and veteran craftsman who joined in 2015, leads a team of about 10 artisans who create pieces from start to finish, beginning with mixing metal alloys and carving stones, then moving on to sculpting pieces and setting gems.

The business partners grew up in families that were in the jewelry industry. Mr. Janover’s family has diamond cutting workshops in Belgium and South Africa and factories in Asia, he said. Mr. Assor was working in marketing and sales for a large diamond company in Asia when they met 20 years ago.

When they established Forms, they initially made lavish red-carpet jewelry for brands and private clients they prefer not to reveal. However, Mr. Janover said, “we didn’t feel connected to these big, massive pieces.”

After a few years, they turned to more experimental pieces.

Their Hong Kong showroom feels like a living room filled with natural light, comfy chairs and a couch.

“They have an intimate relationship with their clients, so we wanted the space to feel like a cozy living room,” explained Yacine Bensalem of In Situ & Partners, the architect who designed the space. He used natural wood contrasted with high-gloss lacquered walls in shades of ruby, emerald and jade. “It is consistent with their jewelry, which uses high polish stones with matte finished metal,” he said.

Perhaps oddly, there is no jewelry on permanent display. Before a client arrives at the by-appointment salon, the Forms team curates a selection for that client, and arranges it on a long dining table.

Mr. Janover gets excited when showing visitors his walk-in vault, which is lined from floor to ceiling with trays of his collection of thousands of stones and artifacts, including antique agate, Baltic amber, dinosaur bones, and Mesopotamian beads.

Since the house showed at TEFAF, Mr. Janover has noticed that more people are inquiring about their jewelry. However, he said, he doesn’t intend to expand production: “Each piece is starting from scratch and that’s the fun of the process.”