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How did the Renaissance influence the Reformation

Did the Renaissance lead the Protestant Reformation? Without the Renaissance, it is difficult to imagine that the Protestant Reformation could have succeeded in Europe. The Renaissance placed human beings at the center of life and had shown that this world was not just a ‘vale of tears’ but could be meaningful, and it was possible for people to live without reference to the divine. [1] The Renaissance or ‘rebirth’ was influenced by the ideas of the ancient past and it drew from Roman and Greek civilization to provide a solution to current problems.

The Renaissance was a Pan-European phenomenon and changed the elites' mental worldview in Europe and the emerging middle class across the continent. The cultural movement was to have a profound impression on people’s worldview. The Renaissance produced the Humanists, who were educationalists and scholars; they sought truth and knowledge by re-examining classical texts and the bible. The Humanists' ideas, the growth in textual analysis, and the Northern Renaissance changed the intellectual landscape. They encouraged many Church reformers, such as Martin Luther, and they later broke with Rome and divided Europe into two confessional camps, Protestantism and Catholicism.

What was the Reformation

The Reformation is the schism that divided the Roman Catholic Church and ended the old unity of Christendom. The origins of the Reformation were in an attempt to reform the Church, there had been many attempts in the past to reform the Church, but they had all failed. By the early sixteenth century, there was a growing crescendo of calls for the Church's reform and an end to the clergy's immorality and corruption. [2]

The Reformation was not an attempt to divide the Roman Catholic Church, but it was an effort to reform it. The Catholic Church's failure to reform and its attempts to suppress the Reformers meant that it drove many to establish their own churches. The Reformation was an attempt to return to the original teachings and values of the early or ‘Apostolic’ Church. [3]

The Reformers claimed that only the Bible could teach and instruct men about the Word of God and had little regard for the received wisdom and authority. Essentially, the only text that mattered was the Bible, and anything that was not in the Bible should be rejected. The Reformation placed more emphasis on the individual, and in words, people could not be saved by good works or sacrament but by ‘faith alone.’ [4]

Ultimately, this interpretation meant that the reformers rejected much of the Church's traditional teachings and resulted in at first a theological dispute between the reformers and the Church, especially in Germany. This dispute led to a full-blown schism in the Catholic Church and the formation of separate Protestant Churches. The causes of the Reformation were manifold, but the Renaissance and the Humanist movement were crucial and indeed decisive. [5]

The Renaissance and Religion

The Renaissance is often seen as a secular and even pagan movement that was anti-Christian in many ways. This view was certainly true in Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance. The humanists were particularly worldly and had little interest in the Church. [6] Several early Italian humanists, such as Petrarch, sought to reform the Church, but his successors were largely secular in outlook and concerns. Many humanists were interested in reforming the Church, but in the main, the Church and religion was not a major preoccupation of the Italian humanists. However, there were many Renaissances, and the movement took different forms in other countries. [7] .

The ideas of the Italian Renaissance found their way to the North of Europe at a time when there was a receptive audience for them. The Renaissance ideas and the works of classical writers were transmitted throughout northern Europe by the new printing press and led to the Northern Renaissance. The Northern Renaissance is the term given to the cultural flowering north of the Alps, German-speaking countries, France, England, and elsewhere.

Although influenced by the Italian Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance was a unique event and was different in some crucial regards. [8] It was also interesting in the ancient past. It believed that it offered an alternative view of what life could be and could even provide practical guidance on how people should live and organize their societies. However, Northern Europe was much more religious in its concerns that the Italian Renaissance. [9]

The Northern Humanists made the reform of the Church their chief preoccupation. Many German, English, and other Northern Humanists saw no contradictions between Christianity and the study of ancient cultures and believed that they could be reconciled. [10] The religious character of the Renaissance north of the Alp was due in part to the continuing influence of the Church, unlike in Italy, where its, was in decline.

Despite the often deplorable state of the Church, the general population and even the elite remained very religious. The demand for the reform of the Church was prevalent and was a particular preoccupation of the elite. The desire for Church reform can be seen in the works of major Northern Renaissance figures such as Thomas More or Rabelais, who satirized the abuses in the monasteries, in particular. [11]

The Northern Humanists inspired many people to become more strident in their demands for reforms and the end of abuses such as simony and clerical immorality. The works of Erasmus were particularly crucial in this regard. In his much admired and widely read book ‘In Praise of Folly,’ he lampooned and ridiculed corrupt clerics and immoral monks. [12]

The Northern humanists' attacks on the Church did much to encourage others to see it in the new light. They became less deferential to the clergy, which led many of them to support the Reformers when they attempted to end the Church's corruption. [13] Previously, many people believed that the Church was not capable of reforming itself and accepted it. The humanists believed in reasons and the possibility of progress in all aspects of human life. They argued that what was happening at present was not fated to be and could be improved and changed, contrary to the medieval view of an unchanging and fixed order. This belief in the possibility of change inspired many people to seek real and meaningful changes in the church, and when they failed to secure these, they sought to create alternative churches. [14]

Humanism and the Church

The humanists were intellectuals who were mostly interested in scholarly pursuits. They sought to understand the ancient world, find answers and knowledge, and study ancient texts to achieve this. They wanted to go back to the original texts to understand the past and wanted to remove medieval corruptions and additions to texts. Their cry was ‘Ad Fontas’ in Latin, which is in English ‘to the sources.’ [15] They studied the ancient texts and developed textual strategies to understand the classical past's great works.

The Humanists were better able to understand the works of the past after developing ways to analyze texts. The development of textual criticism was not only of academic interest but was to change how people came to see the Church and were ultimate to undermine the authority of the Pope. The Church's power rested on the authority of the Pope and the prelates, which was ultimately based on tradition. [16]

The humanists employed their textual analysis and techniques to the bible and other works, and they made some astonishing discoveries. They provided evidence that undermined the claims of the Catholic Church. Ironically, a humanist employed by the Pope was one of the first to discredit the traditional authority of the Papacy in the Renaissance. The Pope was not just a spiritual leader, but he claimed to have real political power. The Pontiffs were masters of the Papal States in central Italy, and many even believed that Europe's monarchs were subject to their judgment. This was based on the Donation of Constantine, a document from the first Christian Emperor, which purported to show that he had bequeathed his authority to the Popes. [17]

This document was used to justify the Pope’s temporal power. An Italian humanist named Lorenzo Valla began to study this document historically. He found that it was written in a Latin style from the 8th century and long after Constantine's death. Valla showed that the document was a forgery. This information and other revelations helped to weaken the Pope's authority and emboldened reformers to challenge the Church. Erasmus did much to discredit the Church's traditional theology when he discovered that the words in the Catholic Bible about the Trinity (that God has three persons) were not in the earliest versions. [18]

Erasmus argued that the Catholic Church had added the words to support some statements agreed at a Church Council in the Roman era. Once again, by returning to the sources, medieval corruption was discovered, and old assumptions proved to be false, which weakened the Catholic Church's position. [19]

Papal Infallibility

The Humanists were not revolutionaries. They were often social conservatives and usually devout Catholics. This can be seen in the great Erasmus and his friend, the English statesman and writer Thomas More. However, in their interrogation and examination of texts and their desire to purge them of any medieval corruptions or additions, they changed how people viewed the Church. The work of Erasmus and other scholars did much to weaken the Papacy. [20] Their examination of key texts revealed that much of the authority of the Church was built on flimsy foundations. This led many to challenge the power of the Pope. As the Church leader, he was infallible, and his words on secular and religious issues were to be obeyed without question.

After the humanists’ revelations, many of the faithful began to wonder if the Pope. ‘as the heir of St Peter’ was infallible and should he be rendered unquestioned obedience. [21] The reformers under the influence of the Humanists began to examine the Bible, which they saw as the unquestioned Word of God, to find answers. They became less inclined to take the words of the Pope as law and argued that only the Bible was the source of authority. Like the Humanists, they decided to go back to the ‘sources,’ in this case, the Bible. They eventually came to see the Bible as the only source of authority. They increasingly began to view the Pope and the Catholic Church as having distorted the Gospels' message. [22] This belief soon gained widespread currency among many Reformers and those sympathetic to them in Germany and elsewhere.

The Renaissance was a cultural flourishing that promoted secular values over religious values. However, in Northern Europe, the ideas of the Renaissance were to take on a religious character. The ideas of the Italian humanists, such as textual analysis, the use of critical thinking, and rejecting authority that was not sourced on reliable evidence were taken up by Northern Humanists who applied them to the Church. [23]

The Northern Humanists sought to reform the Church and were generally pious men. However, the humanists perhaps unintentionally weakened the Papacy and its theoretical underpinnings. In their examination of key texts and especially the Bible, they exposed many key assumptions as false. This was to lead to a widespread challenge to the idea of Papal Infallibility and the Church's power structure. [24] The Renaissance also encouraged people to question received wisdom and offered the possibility of change, which was unthinkable in the middle ages. This encouraged the reformers to tackle abuses in the Church, which ultimately led to the schism and the end of Christendom's old idea.

Related DailyHistory.org Articles

• How did the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possible?
• Top 10 Books on the origins of the Italian Renaissance
• Why did the Reformation fail in Renaissance Italy?
• What were the causes of the Northern Renaissance?
• Why did the Italian Renaissance End?
• ↑ Giustiniani, Vito. "Ho, mo, Humanus, and the Meanings of Humanism," Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (vol. 2, April – June 1985), p 178
• ↑ Payton Jr. James R. Getting the Reformation Wrong: Correcting Some Misunderstandings (IVP Academic, 2010), p. 78
• ↑ Payton, p. 113
• ↑ Payton, p. 118
• ↑ Patrick, James. Renaissance and Reformation (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2007), p. 113
• ↑ Patrick, p 115
• ↑ Payton, p. 45
• ↑ Patrick, p. 123
• ↑ Chipps Smith, Jeffrey. The Northern Renaissance . (Phaidon Press, 2004), p. 167
• ↑ Chipps, p 119
• ↑ Patrick, p. 145
• ↑ O'Neill, J, ed. The Renaissance in the North . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987), p. 5
• ↑ Collinson, Patrick. The Reformation: A History (Longman, London, 2006), p.87
• ↑ Collinson, p. 56
• ↑ Payton, p. 57
• ↑ Patrick, p. 121
• ↑ Davies, Tony. Humanism (The New Critical Idiom) . (University of Stirling, UK. Routledge, 1997), p 34
• ↑ Davies, p 67
• ↑ Davies, p. 134
• ↑ Payton. P. 34
• ↑ Patrick, p 117
• ↑ Collinson, p. 115
• ↑ Chipps, p. 67
• ↑ Chipps, p. 17

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The Renaissance and Reformation

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Renaissance

By: History.com Editors

Updated: August 11, 2023 | Original: April 4, 2018

The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.

Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era, while global exploration opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce. The Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day civilization.

From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins

During the Middle Ages , a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made few advances in science and art.

Also known as the “Dark Ages,” the era is often branded as a time of war, ignorance, famine and pandemics such as the Black Death .

Some historians, however, believe that such grim depictions of the Middle Ages were greatly exaggerated, though many agree that there was relatively little regard for ancient Greek and Roman philosophies and learning at the time.

During the 14th century, a cultural movement called humanism began to gain momentum in Italy. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.

In 1450, the invention of the Gutenberg printing press allowed for improved communication throughout Europe and for ideas to spread more quickly.

As a result of this advance in communication, little-known texts from early humanist authors such as those by Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, which promoted the renewal of traditional Greek and Roman culture and values, were printed and distributed to the masses.

Additionally, many scholars believe advances in international finance and trade impacted culture in Europe and set the stage for the Renaissance.

Medici Family

The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy, a place with a rich cultural history where wealthy citizens could afford to support budding artists.

Members of the powerful Medici family , which ruled Florence for more than 60 years, were famous backers of the movement.

Great Italian writers, artists, politicians and others declared that they were participating in an intellectual and artistic revolution that would be much different from what they experienced during the Dark Ages.

The movement first expanded to other Italian city-states, such as Venice, Milan, Bologna, Ferrara and Rome. Then, during the 15th century, Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to France and then throughout western and northern Europe.

Although other European countries experienced their Renaissance later than Italy, the impacts were still revolutionary.

Renaissance Geniuses

Some of the most famous and groundbreaking Renaissance intellectuals, artists, scientists and writers include the likes of:

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): Italian painter, architect, inventor and “Renaissance man” responsible for painting “The Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper.
• Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536): Scholar from Holland who defined the humanist movement in Northern Europe. Translator of the New Testament into Greek. 
• Rene Descartes (1596–1650): French philosopher and mathematician regarded as the father of modern philosophy. Famous for stating, “I think; therefore I am.”
• Galileo (1564-1642): Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer whose pioneering work with telescopes enabled him to describes the moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn. Placed under house arrest for his views of a heliocentric universe.
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543): Mathematician and astronomer who made first modern scientific argument for the concept of a heliocentric solar system.
• Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): English philosopher and author of “Leviathan.”
• Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400): English poet and author of “The Canterbury Tales.”
• Giotto (1266-1337): Italian painter and architect whose more realistic depictions of human emotions influenced generations of artists. Best known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua.
• Dante (1265–1321): Italian philosopher, poet, writer and political thinker who authored “The Divine Comedy.”
• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527): Italian diplomat and philosopher famous for writing “The Prince” and “The Discourses on Livy.”
• Titian (1488–1576): Italian painter celebrated for his portraits of Pope Paul III and Charles I and his later religious and mythical paintings like “Venus and Adonis” and "Metamorphoses."
• William Tyndale (1494–1536): English biblical translator, humanist and scholar burned at the stake for translating the Bible into English.
• William Byrd (1539/40–1623): English composer known for his development of the English madrigal and his religious organ music.
• John Milton (1608–1674): English poet and historian who wrote the epic poem “Paradise Lost.”
• William Shakespeare (1564–1616): England’s “national poet” and the most famous playwright of all time, celebrated for his sonnets and plays like “Romeo and Juliet."
• Donatello (1386–1466): Italian sculptor celebrated for lifelike sculptures like “David,” commissioned by the Medici family.
• Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510): Italian painter of “Birth of Venus.”
• Raphael (1483–1520): Italian painter who learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo. Best known for his paintings of the Madonna and “The School of Athens.”
• Michelangelo (1475–1564): Italian sculptor, painter and architect who carved “David” and painted The Sistine Chapel in Rome.

Renaissance Impact on Art, Architecture and Science

Art, architecture and science were closely linked during the Renaissance. In fact, it was a unique time when these fields of study fused together seamlessly.

For instance, artists like da Vinci incorporated scientific principles, such as anatomy into their work, so they could recreate the human body with extraordinary precision.

Architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi studied mathematics to accurately engineer and design immense buildings with expansive domes.

Scientific discoveries led to major shifts in thinking: Galileo and Descartes presented a new view of astronomy and mathematics, while Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the solar system.

Renaissance art was characterized by realism and naturalism. Artists strived to depict people and objects in a true-to-life way.

They used techniques, such as perspective, shadows and light to add depth to their work. Emotion was another quality that artists tried to infuse into their pieces.

Some of the most famous artistic works that were produced during the Renaissance include:

• The Mona Lisa (Da Vinci)
• The Last Supper (Da Vinci)
• Statue of David (Michelangelo)
• The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)
• The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)

Renaissance Exploration

While many artists and thinkers used their talents to express new ideas, some Europeans took to the seas to learn more about the world around them. In a period known as the Age of Discovery, several important explorations were made.

Voyagers launched expeditions to travel the entire globe. They discovered new shipping routes to the Americas, India and the Far East and explorers trekked across areas that weren’t fully mapped.

Famous journeys were taken by Ferdinand Magellan , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci (after whom America is named), Marco Polo , Ponce de Leon , Vasco Núñez de Balboa , Hernando De Soto and other explorers.

Renaissance Religion

Humanism encouraged Europeans to question the role of the Roman Catholic church during the Renaissance.

As more people learned how to read, write and interpret ideas, they began to closely examine and critique religion as they knew it. Also, the printing press allowed for texts, including the Bible, to be easily reproduced and widely read by the people, themselves, for the first time.

In the 16th century, Martin Luther , a German monk, led the Protestant Reformation – a revolutionary movement that caused a split in the Catholic church. Luther questioned many of the practices of the church and whether they aligned with the teachings of the Bible.

As a result, a new form of Christianity , known as Protestantism, was created.

End of the Renaissance

Scholars believe the demise of the Renaissance was the result of several compounding factors.

By the end of the 15th century, numerous wars had plagued the Italian peninsula. Spanish, French and German invaders battling for Italian territories caused disruption and instability in the region.

Also, changing trade routes led to a period of economic decline and limited the amount of money that wealthy contributors could spend on the arts.

Later, in a movement known as the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic church censored artists and writers in response to the Protestant Reformation. Many Renaissance thinkers feared being too bold, which stifled creativity.

Furthermore, in 1545, the Council of Trent established the Roman Inquisition , which made humanism and any views that challenged the Catholic church an act of heresy punishable by death.

By the early 17th century, the Renaissance movement had died out, giving way to the Age of Enlightenment .

Debate Over the Renaissance

While many scholars view the Renaissance as a unique and exciting time in European history, others argue that the period wasn’t much different from the Middle Ages and that both eras overlapped more than traditional accounts suggest.

Also, some modern historians believe that the Middle Ages had a cultural identity that’s been downplayed throughout history and overshadowed by the Renaissance era.

While the exact timing and overall impact of the Renaissance is sometimes debated, there’s little dispute that the events of the period ultimately led to advances that changed the way people understood and interpreted the world around them.

HISTORY Vault: World History

Stream scores of videos about world history, from the Crusades to the Third Reich.

The Renaissance, History World International . The Renaissance – Why it Changed the World, The Telegraph . Facts About the Renaissance, Biography Online . Facts About the Renaissance Period, Interestingfacts.org . What is Humanism? International Humanist and Ethical Union . Why Did the Italian Renaissance End? Dailyhistory.org . The Myth of the Renaissance in Europe, BBC .

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Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation. Europe’s cultural rebirth, known as the Renaissance, began in Italy around 1300 and spread to northern Europe. This period emphasized artistic expression, the study of Greek and roman cultures, secular and individual development.

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Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation Europe’s cultural rebirth, known as the Renaissance, began in Italy around 1300 and spread to northern Europe. This period emphasized artistic expression, the study of Greek and roman cultures, secular and individual development

The Medici family of Florence organized a successful banking business and were ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe. Lorenzo “the magnificent” Medici was one of the leading Patrons—financial supporters of the arts.

At the heart of the Renaissance was a set of ideas known as HUMANISM—an intellectual movement based on the study of classical culture, and focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues Scholars focused on here and now vs. Medieval Scholars who focused on afterlife

HUMANITIES • Grammar • Rhetoric • Poetry • History

I A New Worldview A. Humanists (humanities) B. Perspective-to create illusion of depth -distant obj smaller 1. Tempera 2. Oil

II Three geniuses of Renaissance art A. Leonardo da Vinci 1. Painter 2. Sculptor 3. Architect 4. Engineer 5. Scientist Mona Lisa The Last Supper

B Michelangelo 1. Sculptor 2. Engineer 3. Painter 4. Architect 5. Poet Pieta –sorrow of Mary as she cradles Christ on her knees Statue of David Sistine Chapel in Rome Dome of St. Peters Cathedral..model for US Capital in D.C.

C. Raphael • Madonna, mother of Jesus • The School of Athens • Imaginary gathering of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates • Used pic of Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself in works

Niccolo Machiavelli • The Prince • Published 1513 • Advice to rulers how to gain and maintain power • Says end justifies means • It’s ok to not keep promises if it gets results • “Machiavellian” refers to deceit in politics • Others say he is a realist on how politics is

Renaissance Moves North • Dutch Priest Erasmus- spreads it north • Made new Greek edition of New Testament • & vernacular bible( everyday language) • Engraving- etched design on metal with acid • Metal then used to make prints • Northern Humanist – believed learning should bring religious and moral reforms • Thomas More – wrote Utopia (ideal society)

William Shakespeare -English • Richard III –power struggles of Engl. Kings • Romeo & Juliet • Created 1700 new words • Bedroom, lonely, groups, gloomy, hurry, sneak

Miguel de Cervantes -Spain • Don Quixote (Dahn kee hoh tay) • Mocks romantic medieval chivalry • Printing Revolution Johann Gutenberg –Germany • 1st complete edition of bible using printing press and ink • Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce than hand-copied • More people learn to read

Protestant Reformation • Church caught up in worldly affairs • Pope competed for political power • Kept a lavish lifestyle • Paid artist to beautify church that cost $ • To pay for it: increased fee for baptisms and marriages • Some sold “indulgence” –less time in purgatory for money

Martin Luther • German monk and professor of theology led riot • 95 Theses • Arguments against indulgences • Indulgence had no bible basis • Pope had not authority to release souls early • Christians only saved by faith • Printed and distributed across Europe

Luther cont. • Church ask Luther to recant (give up his views and write apology) • Instead he urged Christian to reject Rome authority • 1521 excommunicated • Holy Roman emperor Charles V ordered Luther to recant • Made him outlaw –illegal to give food or shelter

Luther Teachings (Lutheran Church • 1st rejected deeds necessary for salvation • Bible sole source for truth • Denied authority of pope or church priest • Rejected 5 of 7 sacraments b/c bible never mentioned them. • Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints • Emphasized the sermon • Permitted clergy to marry

Lutheran name change-Protestant • Wide support • Answer to church corruption • Way to overthrow rule of church and Holy Roman emperor • National loyalty – tired of German money going to Italy • Peasant Revolt- he denounced it, he liked social order. Killed thousands left more homeless.

John Calvin French Priest & Lawyer • Book on how to run Protestant Church • A lot like Luther but… • Predestination – God long ago decided who would receive salvation • Calvinist believed 2 type of people • Saints & Sinners • Only those who were saved could live truly Christian lives

Calvin’s Geneva • City in Switzerland Calvin led • Set of Theocracy • Govt run by church leaders • Hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty morality • Fines /punishment for dancing, fighting, swearing, • Like Luther believed in religious edu. For women, but should read bible in private.

Spread of Calvinism • Reformers all over Europe visit Geneva • As Calvinism spread sets off wars across Europe over religion • Germany – faced Catholics & Lutherans • France- (called Huguenots) vs Catholics • Scotland –John Knox led rebellion • Protestants overthrew Catholic queen • Set up Scottish Presbyterian Church

Radical Reformers • Anabaptist – no to infant baptism • Some wanted speed up coming of God by violent means • Took over city of Munster in Germany • Luther helped Catholics in regaining order • Most were peaceful, called for separation of church and state. • What are they today? • Baptist, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish

English Reformation • King Henry VIII • Awarded title “Defender of the Faith” by pope • Break with Catholic church • Wanted control over English Church • Wanted Annulment from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn to have a son. • Pope said no so not to offend Holly Roman Emperor Charles V (Catherine's nephew)

Break with Rome • Passed laws to take over Church of England. • Act of Supremacy – head of Eng. Church • Catholics refused to accept. Executed for Treason • Sir Thomas Moore, English humanist executed later Canonized (made a saint by cath church) • Closed convents and Monastery- seized land and wealth • Started Anglican Church (new church of England)

Henry VIII Dies • Edward VI (10 yrs old) king • Changes Eng. to protestant • Dies in teens • Mary Tudor (half sister) • “Bloody Mary” nickname • Returns Engl. to Catholic and burns protestants at the stake

Queen Elizabeth I • Slowly enforce reforms called • Elizabethan settlement • Church of Engl. Keeps Catholic ceremony and ritual, bishops and archbishops BUT Monarch was head of Anglican Church • Accepted moderate protestant doctrine • English replaces Latin in services • This helped Eng. Escape religious wars that tore apart France and other European states during 1500s

Catholic Reformation – Pope Paul III • Council of Trent – met off and on for 20 yrs • Reaffirmed salvation comes through faith and good works • Declared Bible major source of religious truth but not only source • Penalties for corrupt clergy • Established schools for clergy

Catholic Reformation cont. • Stronger Inquisition (Church court from middle ages) • Used secret testimony, torture, execution to get rid of heresy • Index of Forbidden Books – list no Catholic could read

Ignatius of Loyola • new religious order (Society of Jesus or Jesuits) • Was a Spanish Knight that led crusades • Setup schools to teach humanist and Catholic beliefs, enforce discipline, obedience to church

Catholic Reformation Work? • Rome far more devout • Europe piety and charity flourished • Slowed down Protestant growth • But Europe still was divided

Widespread Persecution • Witch Hunts – usually women, thousands died • Beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed for infant deaths, herbalist {potions from devil} • Scapegoats (someone to blame)

Jews Persecuted • Venice, Italy ordered to live in separate quarter of city known as “Ghetto” • Luther- tried to convert Jews but ended up expelling them from Christian lands, burned synagogues and books • Emperor Charles V- who supported toleration of Jews, banned from Spanish colonies in Americas

Scientific Revolution • Humanist read ancient classics • Religious reformers inspired by Bible and early Christian times • Science pointed ahead to future

Revolutionary Theory • Nicholas Copernicus • Heliocentric Theory – sun centered universe • Went against church teachings from Ptolemy • Galileo Galilee • Made telescope • Attacked by scholars b/c contradict ancient beliefs • Church condemned him. At Inquisition agreed to state publicly that Earth stood motionless at center of universe.

Scientific Method • Based on observation and experimentation • Hypothesis (possible explanation) • Complex math calculations used • Repeated work at least once to confirm

Isaac Newton • Theory of Gravity – explains planet rotation • Law of motion and mechanics • Developed Calculus

Other Scientific Advances • Chemistry –freed from magical notions of medieval alchemists • Robert Boyle –diff btw elements and compounds • Started modern Chemical analysis of matter • Medicine –Ambroise Pare developed ointment and stitches • William Harbey- describes blood circulation by heart

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