a level coursework examples history

History Coursework: how to Choose the Best Question

• Dr Janet Rose
• June 13, 2020

So, just when you thought your first A-level History year was over and you could relax before tackling next year, you have to think about your history coursework. This will be the non-exam assessment (NEA) or Historical Investigation.  It can cause a lot of angst amongst students but taking some time and thinking it through carefully before you start can make the world of difference.

1. Choose to study something interesting for your history coursework

If you have the chance to choose whichever topic you like for your history coursework and set your own question, or if you are given a list of different topics, choose one you are genuinely interested in. You will be working on this piece for months, so it makes sense to choose something that will hold your interest.

2. Make sure there are no clashes with your other topics

In practice, there are constraints set by the various exam boards to make sure that your topic does not overlap with the components you are already studying for your A level or Pre U. Your exam centre (school, college or independent centre) will need to have your question approved by the exam board and they will not approve a topic with an obvious overlap. For example, if you are already studying the Tudors for AQA, it is unlikely that you can  study a topic set in England between 1485 to 1603. Therefore, if you are setting your own question, ask yourself if it overlaps in date or topic with one of your components. If it does, you will need to find an alternative. Each exam board has slightly different rules, so check on their website to see what the rules are for your exam board.

3. Find your source material early

For your history coursework, you will need to find two types of source material – primary and secondary:

P rimary sources are those that were written at the time and you will also need to find a range of these to support your investigation. To achieve high marks you should look for a variety of primary sources, for example, a letter, a report, a painting, a speech etc.

Secondary sources are scholarly books or articles by historians, or what the a-level exam boards call ‘interpretations.’ this means that your investigation will only be viable if historians have written about the topic and, preferably, argued over it. you will need to understand the arguments that provide a framework for your chosen topic. historians call this the historiography..

Therefore, the question you set yourself will only be able to achieve high marks if you make sure there are both secondary sources (scholarly argument) and primary sources (original material) to support your investigation. If you cannot find these, you should re-think your question.

4. Remember you actually have to answer the question!

It sounds really obvious – but remember that you actually have to answer the question you set yourself!  You need to choose something that is achievable in the time frame and gives you a good chance of success. A good question will give you a framework within which to research and write – you are looking for something that is not too vague nor too wide.

You also need something that you can address in the historical time frame (e.g. around 100 years for AQA) and a topic that you can analyse and evaluate in approximately 3, 500 words (check the word limit for your own exam board). In practice, any question that is too wide, too vague or unlikely to be achievable should be vetoed either by your school/college/independent centre or the exam board. However, this will waste your valuable time and is not totally foolproof, so choose an achievable project to give yourself a fighting chance of achieving that elusive A grade.

5. Choose a good format for your history coursework question

The standard ‘for and against’ question format will always be a good choice and will give you a framework within which to set your investigation. There are various ways to word such a question e.g. ‘How far…’, To what extent…’ ‘Within the context of … how important was…’ which will give you a clear framework and a direction for your investigation. Keep it simple is good advice here. Remember, though, to define your framework by including the date range in your question. For example ‘Within the context of 1790 to 1890, how important was…?’

Done well, the NEA or Personal Investigation will teach you a huge amount about how historians work, how sources are used and how to construct an argument. This will help you enormously when you come to the final exams and it can be a very valuable contribution to your qualification. It can also be enjoyable as it is your first chance to ‘do’ some real historical research. Choose your question with care and you automatically give yourself a head start.

Exam Board History Coursework Guidance

AQA Guidance

Cambridge Pre U Guidance

OCR Guidance

Edexcel Guidance

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AS and A-level History

• Specification
• Planning resources
• Teaching resources
• Assessment resources

Introduction

• Specification at a glance
• 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
• 1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598 (A-level only)
• 1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
• 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
• 1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796 (A-level only)
• 1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885
• 1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
• 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
• 1J The British Empire, c1857–1967
• 1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975
• 1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991
• 2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
• 2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
• 2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 (A-level only)
• 2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
• 2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
• 2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715 (A-level only)
• 2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
• 2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815 (A-level only)
• 2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
• 2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941 (A-level only)
• 2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
• 2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
• 2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
• 2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
• 2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
• 2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980
• 2R The Cold War, c1945–1991
• 2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
• 2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000 (A-level only)

Component 3: Historical investigation (non-exam assessment) (A-level only)

• Scheme of assessment
• Non-exam assessment administration
• General administration

Purpose of the Historical investigation

The purpose of the Historical Investigation is to enable students to develop the skills, knowledge and historical understanding acquired through the study of the examined components of the specification.

Through undertaking the Historical Investigation students will develop an enhanced understanding of the nature and purpose of history as a discipline and how historians work.

• ask relevant and significant questions about the past and undertake research
• develop as independent learners and critical and reflective thinkers
• acquire an understanding of the nature of historical study
• organise and communicate their knowledge and understanding in a piece of sustained writing

Students will be required to submit a Historical Investigation based on a development or issue which has been subject to different historical interpretations. The Historical Investigation must:

• be independently researched and written by the student
• be presented in the form of a piece of extended writing of between 3500 and 4500 words in length, with a limit of 4500 words
• draw upon the student's investigation of sources (both primary and secondary) which relate to the development or issue chosen and the differing interpretations that have been placed on this
• place the issue to be investigated within a context of approximately 100 years
• be an issue which does not duplicate the content of Components 1 and 2.

The Historical Investigation must be supervised in accordance with the requirements of Section 5.1 of this specification.

The centre must complete a non-examined assessment (NEA) title approval form no later than 20 October in the year before the intended completion of the A-level course. The form must detail the title and date range of the proposed historical investigation for each student. The teacher must state which examined components will be studied. This form must be submitted to AQA for review. AQA will check that the proposed historical investigation title, when combined with the examined components, meets the following requirements:

• the proposed title is set in the context of approximately 100 years
• there is no overlap with the content of the options studied for the examined components
• all three components together cover a chronological range of at least 200 years

AQA will inform the centre if any historical investigation title does not meet the requirements and the focus for the non-examined assessment will need to be changed.

Failure to comply with these requirements will invalidate the student’s entry and no A-level result will be issued.

It is therefore vital that the teacher ensures that all requirements are met. If a student changes their historical investigation title, a new form should be completed.

On completion of the NEA, each student must also complete a Candidate Record Form (CRF) detailing the options studied for the examined components. The student must sign this form. The teacher must counter sign the CRF and this declaration will confirm that the historical investigation complies with the NEA title approval form and has adhered to all requirements.

The CRF must be sent to the moderator at the same time as marks for the NEA are submitted. The moderator will check that all course requirements have been met.

If the requirements have not been met, then the entry will be invalid and no result issued.

Copies of all the documentation, including the NEA proposal form and guidance on submission procedures are available from the AQA website at www.aqa.org.uk/history

Further guidance is available from the History subject team: [email protected]

Choice of issue and question to be studied

Students will be required to identify an issue or topic they wish to study and develop a question from this issue or topic as the focus of the Historical Investigation. The issue or topic to be studied and the question which stems from it must place the issue or topic in the context of approximately 100 years of history. The question could be based on British history or non-British history or could be a multi-country issue. However, it must not duplicate content studied in Components 1 and 2.

The Historical Investigation could identify an issue and a related question which traces a development over approximately 100 years. Alternatively, it could focus on a narrower issue, but place it the context of approximately 100 years.

• A broad issue and related question which analyses its development over approximately 100 years, for example: assessing how Puritanism changed during the Seventeenth Century; or assessing the extent to which the condition of the Russian peasant improved over the period 1850–1950
• A more specific issue in the context of approximately 100 years, for example: assessing the extent to which the Glorious Revolution successfully settled relations between Crown and Parliament in the context of the Stuart period; or assessing the extent to which Tsar Nicholas I changed the nature of Tsarist rule set against the period of Catherine the Great, Alexander and Nicholas I.

Issues which relate to international, national or local developments are appropriate, as are investigations which adopt specific historical perspectives such as cultural, social or technological.

However, in choosing the issue, students need to take the following into account:

• Is there a range of primary sources and primary material available to support individual investigation?
• Is the issue and related question one which has promoted debate and differences of interpretation amongst historians?

When framing the question to be answered, students must ensure that it enables them to demonstrate skills of historical analysis, evaluation and judgement, to appraise the views of historians and to evaluate primary sources.

Students are advised to use the type of question formulations seen in examinations such as the use of questions which begin ‘To what extent’ or a quotation in the form of a judgement followed by ‘Assess the validity of this view’.

The A-level subject content for history requires that students carry out a Historical Investigation that is independently researched. It is acceptable that students within a centre base their Historical Investigations around the same topic. However, the essential pre-requisite of non-exam assessment and the principal purpose of the Historical Investigation both require that the Historical Investigation is the work of individual students each developing a question to investigate and each evaluating individually, primary sources and historical interpretations. Where students in a centre are studying a similar topic or topics, there may be only a limited number of primary sources and, more so, a limited number of historical interpretations. However, the centre must ensure that students assess and evaluate sources individually, even where sources used are similar. It is not permitted for centres to direct students to the same sources as this fundamentally undermines the need for the Historical Investigation to be the work of an individual student.

Further guidance and exemplar material are available via the AQA website.

The skills and qualities to be demonstrated and assessed

The skills and qualities of all three Assessment Objectives must be demonstrated in the Historical Investigation. These are:

AO1: demonstrate, organise and communicate knowledge and understanding to analyse and evaluate the key features related to the periods studied, making substantiated judgements and exploring concepts, as relevant, of cause, consequence, change, continuity, similarity, difference and significance.

AO2: analyse and evaluate appropriate source material, primary and/or contemporary to the period, within the historical context.

AO3: analyse and evaluate, in relation to the historical context, different ways in which aspects of the past have been interpreted.

The task required of students in responding to AO3 will be different from that in the examined components in that students will be expected to:

• show an understanding of the limitations placed on historians
• show an understanding of the significance of the time and/or context in which an historian writes
• compare and evaluate differing historical interpretations.

Students must base their analysis and evaluation of historical interpretations on the work of academic historians. It is not acceptable that the analysis and evaluation is based on textbook historians or course books.

Students are expected to use short quotations, paraphrase and/or footnotes to show the source of their interpretations. Lengthy extracts are not required.

In developing their response to a chosen issue to investigate, students are expected to consult a range of resources, which may include textbooks, course books and work of academic historians. Within the Historical Investigation, however, there must be explicit analysis and evaluation of two differing interpretations by academic historians where students analyse and evaluate the differences between the interpretations, show an awareness of the time and/or context of the interpretations and demonstrate an understanding of the limitations placed on historians.

The Historical Investigation must be written with the qualities of all three objectives integrated within the body of the work. For example, students will analyse, evaluate and reach judgements about the question chosen (AO1) and within this analysis and evaluation, appraise the views of historians (AO3) and analyse and evaluate primary source material and the extent to which it is useful in supporting arguments or conclusions (AO2).

Completion of the Historical investigation

The Investigation should be completed in approximately 3500-4500 words, excluding bibliography, footnotes, and appendices, with a limit of 4500 words. Work that exceeds this word limit will incur a five mark penalty. This penalty will be applied by AQA, and should not be applied by the teacher. A word count must be included on the Candidate Record Form.

The Investigation must contain an evaluation of three primary sources. At least two different types of primary source should be evaluated. These may be different types of written primary sources, for example: official publications; reports; diaries; speeches; letters; chronicles; observations of elite or ‘ordinary’ people (from the inside or from the outside). Other appropriate sources may include artefacts, archaeological or visual sources.

The Investigation must also demonstrate an understanding of differing interpretations presented by two academic historians about the issue.

Students are advised to avoid extensive, verbatim copying from sources and to ensure that the Investigation is written in their own words. Extensive verbatim copying can lead to malpractice.

The use of footnotes is strongly advised in order to demonstrate the range of evidence consulted and validate the bibliography. Additionally, footnotes alleviate concerns about plagiarism, as the source of comments, views, detail or others' judgements is acknowledged. Skill in the use of footnotes is also highly valued by Higher Education. A bibliography should be provided, listing the sources that have been consulted.

The role of the teacher

Teachers have a number of significant roles:

• to explain the requirements of the Historical Investigation to students
• to ensure that students do not duplicate content already covered in Components 1 and 2 and to ensure that the NEA title which forms the focus of the Historical Investigation is placed in the context of approximately 100 years
• to provide appropriate supervision of students, offering general guidance about the issue and question chosen for investigation
• to monitor the progress of the Investigation
• to submit to AQA, by 20 October in the year before intended A-level certification, an NEA title approval form. This form will require that options from Components 1 and 2 are identified, along with the title of Component 3 and its chronological range for each student
• to sign a declaration that the Investigation is the work of the individual working independently
• to inform AQA where there are concerns about malpractice, such as plagiarism or the submission of work that is not that of the student

Assessment and moderation

The Historical Investigation will be marked by centres and moderated by AQA. It is most important that centres establish rigorous internal standardisation to ensure that the rank order of the students is fair, accurate and appropriate. This is particularly important in larger centres where more than one teacher has prepared and assessed students.

The work of students is to be assessed by a levels of response mark scheme which addresses each of the following assessment objectives, with the weighting as indicated:

Mark Scheme to be used when assessing the Historical investigation

AO1: 20 marks

Demonstrate, organise and communicate knowledge and understanding to analyse and evaluate the key features related to the periods studied, making substantiated judgements and exploring concepts, as relevant, of cause, consequence, change, continuity, similarity and significance.

NOTE: An Historical investigation which fails to show an understanding of change and continuity within the context of approximately 100 years cannot be placed above Level 2 in AO1 (maximum 8 marks)

Level 5: 17–20 The response demonstrates a very good understanding of change and continuity within the context of approximately 100 years and meets the full demands of the chosen question. It is very well organised and effectively delivered. The supporting information is well-selected, specific and precise. It shows a very good understanding of key features, issues and concepts. The answer is fully analytical with a balanced argument and well-substantiated judgement.

Level 4: 13–16 The response demonstrates a good understanding of change and continuity within the context of approximately 100 years and meets the demands of the chosen question. It is well-organised and effectively communicated. There is a range of clear and specific supporting information, showing a good understanding of key features and issues, together with some conceptual awareness. The response is predominantly analytical in style with a range of direct comment relating to the question. The response is well-balanced with some judgement, which may, however, be only partially substantiated.

Level 3: 9–12 The response demonstrates an understanding of change and continuity within the context of approximately 100 years and shows an understanding of the chosen question. It provides a range of largely accurate information which shows an awareness of some of the key issues. This information may, however, be unspecific or lack precision of detail in parts. The response is effectively organised and shows adequate communication skills. There is a good deal of comment in relation to the chosen question, although some of this may be generalised. The response demonstrates some analytical qualities and balance of argument.

Level 2: 5–8 The response demonstrates some understanding of change and continuity but may have limitations in its coverage of a context of approximately 100 years. The response may be either descriptive or partial, showing some awareness of the chosen question but a failure to grasp its full demands. There is some attempt to convey material in an organised way although communication skills may be limited. The response contains some appropriate information and shows an understanding of some aspects of the investigation, but there may be some inaccuracy and irrelevance. There is some comment in relation to the question but comments may be unsupported and generalised.

Level 1: 1–4 The response demonstrates limited understanding of change and continuity and makes little reference to a context of approximately 100 years. The chosen question has been imperfectly understood and the response shows limited organisational and communication skills. The information conveyed is extremely limited in scope and parts may be irrelevant. There may be some unsupported, vague or generalised comment.

AO2: 10 marks

Analyse and evaluate appropriate source material, primary and/or contemporary to the period, within the historical context.

Level 5: 9–10 Provides a range of relevant and well-supported comments on the value of three sources of two or more different types used in the investigation to provide a balanced and convincing judgement on their merits in relation to the topic under investigation.

Level 4: 7–8 Provides relevant and well-supported comments on the value of three sources of two or more different types used in the investigation, to produce a balanced assessment on their merits in relation to the topic under investigation. Judgements may, however, be partial or limited in substantiation.

Level 3: 5–6 Provides some relevant comment on the value of three sources of at least two different types used in the Investigation. Some of the commentary is, however, of limited scope, not fully convincing or has only limited direction to the topic under investigation.

Level 2: 3–4 Either: provides some comment on the value of more than one source used in the investigation but may not address three sources in equal measure or refers to sources of the same 'type'. Or: provides some comment on the value of three sources of at least two types used in the investigation but the comment is excessively generalised and not well directed to the topic of the investigation.

Level 1: 1–2 Provides some comment on the value of at least one source used in the Investigation but the response is very limited and may be partially inaccurate. Comments are likely to be unsupported, vague or generalised.

In commenting and making judgements on the value of the sources, students will be expected to apply their own contextual knowledge and perspectives of time and place in order to assess the value and limitations of their sources as evidence. They will be expected to comment on, as appropriate to the investigation and chosen sources:

• the differing perspectives of the sources chosen
• the social, political, intellectual, religious and/or economic contexts in which the sources were written
• the credibility, authority, authenticity, consistency and comprehensiveness of the sources
• the bias, distortion or propagandist elements found in the sources

AO3: 10 marks

Analyse and evaluate, in relation to the historical context, different ways in which aspects of the past have been interpreted.

Level 5: 9–10 Shows a very good understanding of the differing historical interpretations raised by the question. There is a strong, well-substantiated and convincing evaluation of two interpretations with reference to the time, context and/or limitations placed on the historians.

Level 4: 7–8 Shows a good understanding of the differing historical interpretations raised by the question. There is some good evaluation of the two interpretations with reference to the time, context and/or limitations placed on historians, although not all comments are substantiated or convincing.

Level 3: 5–6 Shows an understanding of differing historical interpretations raised by the question. There is some supported comment on two interpretations with reference to the time, context and/or limitations placed on historians, but the comments are limited in depth and/or substantiation.

Level 2: 3–4 Shows some understanding of the differing historical interpretations raised by the question. They may refer to the time, context and/or limitations placed on the historians in an unconvincing way.

Level 1: 1–2 Shows limited understanding of the differing historical interpretations raised by the question. Comment on historical interpretations is generalised and vague.

In showing an understanding of historical interpretations and evaluating historical interpretations, students will be expected to apply their own contextual knowledge.

They will be expected, as appropriate to the investigation:

• to show an understanding of the limitations placed on historians
• to show an understanding of the significance of the time and/or context in which an historian writes
• to compare and evaluate differing historical interpretations.

NOTE: The Investigation has a limit of 4500 words. Work that exceeds this word limit will incur a 5 mark penalty. This deduction will be applied by AQA, and should not be applied by the teacher.

Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge international as & a level history (9489).

• Syllabus overview

Cambridge International AS and A Level History is a flexible and wide-ranging syllabus covering modern history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The syllabus builds upon skills gained at Cambridge IGCSE or Cambridge O Level and develops lifelong skills including understanding issues and themes within a historical period.

The emphasis is again on both historical knowledge and on the skills required for historical research. Learners develop an understanding of cause and effect, continuity and change, similarity and difference, and use historical evidence as part of their studies. Both at AS and A Level learners can select from topics on European, American or International history.

Teachers choose which periods to focus on, allowing them to build a course that reflects their learners' interests and staff specialisms, or which is relevant to the local or regional context.

The syllabus year refers to the year in which the examination will be taken.

• -->2021 - 2023 Syllabus update (PDF, 114KB)
• -->2021 Legacy Notice (PDF, 102KB)
• -->2024 - 2025 Syllabus (PDF, 774KB)
• -->2026 - 2027 Syllabus (PDF, 880KB)

Syllabus support

• -->Support for History (PDF, 1MB)

Syllabus updates

We have reviewed Cambridge International AS & A Level History as part of our rolling review programme to make sure it reflects the latest trends in this subject and developments in education. We have made some changes to meet the needs of students, teachers and higher education institutions around the world. The following changes are for assessment in 2021, 2022 and 2023.

How has the syllabus changed?

• We have refreshed the content and reviewed the amount of optionality within question papers to make sure candidates continue to benefit from having a range of options to choose from.
• cause & consequence
• change & continuity
• similarity & difference
• significance
• interpretations.
• We have added a list of command words and their meanings to help learners know what’s expected of them in the exam.
• The syllabus code will change to 9489.

How has the assessment changed?

• Papers 1 and 2 will share the same content and learners will continue to study one of three options: European, American or International.
• Each option will consist of 4 topics, which will rotate year-on-year. The topic which is the focus of Paper 1 in June and November of any given year is not used to set the questions for Paper 2. There will be a table in the syllabus clarifying when each topic will be used for which papers.
• Paper 3 Topic 1 The Causes and Impact of British Imperialism will be replaced by The Origins of the First World War.
• Paper 4: Depth study 4: African History, 1945–91, and Depth study 5: Southeast Asian History, 1945–90s (available in November only) have been removed.

When do these changes take place?

The updated syllabus is for examination in June and November 2021, 2022 and 2023. Please see the 2021-2023 syllabus above for full details.

Coming soon

We are developing a wide range of support to help you plan and teach the 2021-2023 syllabus.

Look out for a range of support including a Scheme of work, Example candidate responses, Teacher and Learner guides. These materials will be available before first teaching from April 2019 onwards through our School Support Hub .

Endorsed resources

Increased depth of coverage and closely mapped to the new Cambridge syllabus, this series provides a wide range of source material and language support. Builds confidence in the skills of language, essay writing and evaluation.

Read more on the Cambridge University Press website

Develop knowledge and analytical skills with engaging and comprehensive coverage of the Cambridge International AS Level History syllabuses for examination from 2021.

Read more on the Hodder website

Important notices

We are withdrawing Cambridge International AS & A Level History (9489) from the March exam series. The last March series for this syllabus will be March 2025. 

From 2026, we will only offer this syllabus in the June and November exam series.

We communicated this change to schools in September 2022.

For some subjects, we publish grade descriptions to help understand the level of performance candidates’ grades represent.

We paused the publication of grade descriptions in response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the temporary changes to the awarding standard in 2020, 2021 and 2022.

As the awarding standard has now returned to the pre-pandemic standard, we are working to produce up-to-date grade descriptions for most of our general qualifications. These will be based on the awarding standards in place from June 2023 onwards.

School Support Hub

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• Past papers, examiner reports and specimen papers
• Published resources

A Level History Topics

• Post author By admin
• Post date October 9, 2021
• No Comments on A Level History Topics

The following list of A Level History topics will help you to understand exactly which topics you are studying and how your course is broken down in terms of assessment. This post covers all the three main exam boards of AQA, Edexcel and OCR.

No matter which exam board and modules you are studying in order to get your best result at A Level History you will need to learn and improve certain techniques.

Pass A Level History – is our sister site, which shows you step by step, how to most effectively answer any A Level History extract, source or essay question. Please click the following link to visit the site and get access to your free preview lesson. www.passalevelhistory.co.uk

AQA Assessment Breakdown

Historical Investigation (Coursework) – 20% of final grade

Breadth Study (Exam) – 40% of final grade

Depth Study (Exam) – 40% of final grade

AQA A Level History Topics

Component 1: Breadth study

1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204

1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598

1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603

1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702

1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796

1F Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885

1G Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964

1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964

1J The British Empire, c1857–1967

1K The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975

1L The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991

Component 2: Depth study

2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216

2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499

2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564

2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570

2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660

2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715

2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801

2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815

2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877

2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941

2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945

2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957

Edexcel Assessment Breakdown

Research Enquiry (Coursework) – 20% of grade

Breadth Study with Interpretations (Exam) – 30% of grade

Depth Study (Exam) – 20% of grade

Themes in Breadth + Aspects in Depth (Exam) 30% of grade

Ed Excel A Level History Topics

Breadth study with interpretations

1A: The crusades, c1095–1204

1B: England, 1509–1603: authority, nation and religion

1C: Britain, 1625–1701: conflict, revolution and settlement

1D: Britain, c1785–c1870: democracy, protest and reform

1E: Russia, 1917–91: from Lenin to Yeltsin

1F: In search of the American Dream: the USA, c1917–96

1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918–89

1H: Britain transformed, 1918–97

Depth study

2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106

2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154–89

2B.1: Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55

2B.2: The Dutch Revolt, c1563–1609

2C.1: France in revolution, 1774–99

2C.2: Russia in revolution, 1894–1924

2D.1: The unification of Italy, c1830–70

2D.2: The unification of Germany, c1840–71

2E.1: Mao’s China, 1949–76

2E.2: The German Democratic Republic, 1949–90

2F.1: India, c1914–48: the road to independence

2F.2: South Africa, 1948–94: from apartheid state to ‘rainbow nation’

2G.1: The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911–46

2G.2: Spain, 1930–78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy

2H.1: The USA, c1920–55: boom, bust and recovery

Themes in breadth with aspects in depth

30: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399–1509

31: Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors, 1485–1603

32: The Golden Age of Spain, 1474–1598

33: The witch craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750

34.1: Industrialisation and social change in Britain, 1759–1928: forging a new society

34.2: Poverty, public health and the state in Britain, c1780–1939

35.1: Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914

35.2: The British experience of warfare, c1790–1918

36.1: Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain, c1780–1928

36.2: Ireland and the Union, c1774–1923

37.1: The changing nature of warfare, 1859–1991: perception and reality

37.2: Germany, 1871–1990: united, divided and reunited

38.1: The making of modern Russia, 1855–1991

38.2: The making of modern China, 1860–1997

39.1: Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850–2009

39.2: Mass media and social change in Britain, 1882–2004

OCR Assessment Breakdown

Topic Based Essay (Coursework) – 20% of grade

British Period Study and Enquiry (Exam) – 25% of grade

Non-British Period Study (Exam) – 15% of grade

Thematic Study and Interpretations (Exam) – 40% of grade

OCR A Level History Topics

British Period Study and Enquiry

Alfred and the making of England 871—1016

Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 1035—1107

England 1199—1272

England 1377—1455

England 1445—1509: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII

England 1485—1558: the early Tudors

England 1547—1603: the late Tudors

The early Stuarts and the origins of the Civil War 1603—1660

The making of Georgian Britain 1678 — c. 1760

From Pitt to Peel: Britain 1783—1853

Liberals, Conservatives and the rise of Labour 1846—1918

Britain 1900—1951

Britain 1930—1997

Non-British Period Study

The rise of Islam c. 550 — 750

Charlemagne 768—814

The Crusades and the crusader states 1095—1192

Genghis Khan and the explosion from the Steppes c. 1167 — 1405

Exploration, Encounters and Empire 1445—1570

Spain 1469—1556

The German Reformation and the rule of Charles V 1500—1559

Philip II 1556—1598

African kingdoms c. 1400 — c. 1800: four case studies

Russia 1645—1741

The rise and decline of the Mughal Empire in India 1526—1739

The American Revolution 1740—1796

The French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon 1774—1815

France 1814—1870

Italy and unification 1789—1896

The USA in the 19th Century: Westward expansion and Civil War 1803 — c. 1890

Japan 1853—1937

International relations 1890—1941

Russia 1894—1941

Italy 1896—1943

Democracy and dictatorships in Germany 1919—1963

The Cold War in Asia 1945—1993

The Cold War in Europe 1941—1995

Apartheid and reconciliation: South African politics 1948—1999

Thematic Study and Historical Interpretations

The early Anglo-Saxons c. 400 — 800

The Viking age c. 790 — 1066

English government and the Church 1066—1216

The Church and medieval heresy c. 1100 — 1437

The Renaissance c. 1400 — c. 1600

Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors 1485—1603

Tudor foreign policy 1485—1603

The Catholic Reformation 1492—1610

The ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453—1606

The development of the nation state: France 1498—1610

The origins and growth of the British Empire 1558—1783

Popular culture and the witchcraze of the 16th and 17th centuries

The ascendancy of France 1610—1715

The challenge of German nationalism 1789—1919

The changing nature of warfare 1792—1945

Britain and Ireland 1791—1921

China and its rulers 1839—1989

Russia and its rulers 1855—1964

Civil Rights in the USA 1865—1992

From colonialism to independence: The British Empire 1857—1965

How To Improve at A Level History

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American Civil War for A level History

Overview of the american civil war.

The American Civil War was one of the defining periods of US history. Many students will cover the American Civil War for A level History, but it can seem a complex and difficult topic for new students. We’ve put together this guide to the American Civil War to help you. Below you’ll find an overview of the causes of conflict, the context for both sides, and a timeline of events. You can skip straight to timeline here if you’d prefer. This guide provides a narrative history of the war to help you improve your knowledge. In the exam you will need to use this knowledge to reach your own clear judgements. Make sure you practice plenty of exam style questions as well. Follow these links for past papers from AQA , OCR and Edexcel .

The War itself was a titanic struggle between the northern states, that supported the Union, and the southern states that seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America. The war took place between 1861 and 1865. The main cause of the war centred around slavery. As the war progressed it was clear the outcome would decide the economic, political and moral structure of North America.

It was the first major industrialised war. Both sides used railways, telegram communications and mass manufacturing to further their war effort. On paper the Union had all of the advantages. It had a much bigger economy, substantial manufacturing base, better infrastructure and much more manpower. The Confederates, however, had a number of skilled generals and a determined army. They surprised many in doing very well in the early years of the war. The Civil War was the most deadly conflict in US history. Casualties and deaths surpassed even the First and Second World Wars.

Causes of the American Civil War

The immediate cause of the American Civil War was the secession of southern slave states from the union. They were angered by the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, as his Republican Party opposed the expansion of slavery in new western territories. The northern states determined to maintain the union intact. A string of southern states declared their secession early in1861 and eventually opened fire on the federal military bases in their territory (beginning at Fort Sumter).

The long term causes of secession are more complex and reach back through the early history of the USA. The main cause, however, was the issue of slavery. Slavery had divided Americans since the Declaration of Independence. In the following decades the new nation developed into two blocks, with slave states in the south and free states in the north. North and south diverged politically and economically based around the issue of slavery.

As the USA expanded westwards in the first half of the nineteenth century, slavery became an increasingly divisive issue. North and south argued bitterly over whether the new territories should permit slavery or be free. Beyond the economic opportunities, this issue was crucial to the balance of power in the federal government. The southern slave states feared that a free west would further tip the balance of power against them in Congress. There had been many attempts at compromise between the two sides up to 1861, but nothing resolved the issue. Slavery, therefore was central to all other causes of division, including arguments over states rights, and the diverging southern society and economy.

Overview of the Two Sides

The northern and western states that remained within the union had all of the advantages on paper. They had a larger population, a more industrialised and larger economy, as well as political and financial institutions already established. They also had much more advanced infrastructure and controlled vital military assets including most of the US navy.

Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party was President of the USA. Indeed it was his election that had triggered the secession of the first southern states. Slave holding southern states hated that the Republicans’ aimed for the newly acquired western territories to be free. Over the course of the war Lincoln’s increasingly strong leadership was pivotal to winning the war and ensuring the abolition of slavery would eventually become a war aim. He also generally dealt well with challenges to his power and even won a second election in 1864 as war continued. His opponent in that election, George McClellan, would have sought to end the war with a negotiated peace.

Despite all of the apparent advantages, it took the Union three years to find and appoint its best generals to the right positions. Lincoln had to go through a succession of poor or average generals in the crucial eastern theatre of war, including George Mclellan (yes, the same one), Burnside and Hooker. Eventually he was able to appoint more able generals, including Grant and Sherman, who ensured final victory.

The initial aim for Lincoln was to defeat the rebel Confederates as quickly as possible and restore the Union. It wasn’t until September 1862 that ending slavery became a war aim, following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.

The Confederacy

The 11 Confederate states were immediately at a disadvantage. They had to establish a new country from scratch while preparing for war. They had to set up a government, a finance system and an army very quickly. The Confederates also had a smaller population; a smaller, more rural economy; and less infrastructure than the north.

The main political leader was President Jefferson Davis. He had to try to mould a new nation and deal with a group of states who had started the conflict partly to promote their individual state rights. This made it difficult for Davis to act with the central control with which Lincoln was able to. Armies in different Confederate states, for example, often operated independently of each other, making coordinated strategy difficult. Historians have also debated whether Davis’s personality weakened Confederate chances. He struggled to deal with strong state leaders and liked to control small details of policy. Certainly he was less effective than Lincoln.

The Confederacy did have one big advantage over the Union, especially in the early years of the war. They had some excellent military leaders. Robert E. Lee was the most influential and famous. He won a string of remarkable victories over much larger Union armies. He also commanded some very capable generals like Stonewall Jackson and James Longstreet. The Confederate armies were also determined to defend their home territory.

Davis’s initial aim was to hold as much of the territory of his 11 states as possible, gain recognition abroad and force a negotiated peace. The leadership expected European powers to formally recognise the Confederacy to secure the cotton trade in which the southern states dominated. With international recognition and successful defence of territory, they thought the Union would have to negotiate.

Theatres of War

Fighting took place across many of the states and territories of the USA. There were two main theatres of war in the East and West. 

The Western theatre of war usually refers to action west of the Appalachian Mountains up to and around the Mississippi River. Here the Union looked to gain control of the Mississippi River and, therefore, cut the Confederacy in two (which they achieved by 1863). 

The Eastern theatre was always going to be the decisive one. Here we are referring to the action east of the Appalachian mountains. Most of the fighting took place in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. The two capital cities, Washington DC and Richmond were geographically very close together and much of the fighting took place in northern Virginia between the two cities. The Union looked to capture Richmond and decapitate the Confederacy, while the Confederates invaded the north twice to put pressure on Washington and force a negotiated end to the war.   

There was also an important naval aspect to the war. The Union was able to develop by far the bigger navy. Both sides experimented with the first “ironclad” and steam powered ships that began to modernise naval warfare. The Union was able to gain control of the crucial rivers, take important Confederate ports like New Orleans, and blockade the Confederacy. These successes were very important in securing overall victory. 

Timeline of the American Civil War for A level History

A difficult start for the union, 1861.

Hostilities began at Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861. Confederate Forces shelled the small garrison of the federal fort until they inevitably surrendered. The attack galvanised support for the Union in the north and – with the subsequent call from Lincoln for volunteer soldiers from each state – prompted the secession of four more states, most notably Virginia. Both sides prepared for what they thought would be a short and decisive conflict. 

The first major battle of the war took place at Bull Run, Virginia in July 1861. Union troops marched south from Washington with the aim of taking Richmond and ending the war quickly. A confederate army blocked them in northern Virginia. The battle was fierce and bloody, with inexperienced troops on both sides. The Confederates managed to beat back the Union attack and ultimately force a chaotic Union retreat all the way to Washington. 

The battle ended the naïve views on both sides about the war ending quickly. Well off civilians from Washington had even travelled south to watch the battle (and the expected easy victory) from surrounding hills as a ‘day out’. They were shocked by the violence and couldn’t believe that the Union forces had been driven back. The war would drag on.

A high point for the Confederacy, 1862

The fighting started in earnest in 1862. Union forces began wide ranging attacks on the Confederacy, with General McClellan’s ‘Peninsular Campaign’ aiming to capture Richmond; Union troops marching into the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, and movements to control the major waterways in the west. The navy also looked to gain control of Confederate coastal waters to tighten their blockade. 

The Peninsular Campaign

The campaigns of 1862 demonstrated the weaknesses of the Union generals in the East. George McClellan was the most notable for his failings. After successfully retraining and disciplining the Army of the Potomac over the winter, McClellan was reluctant to attack and Lincoln had to force him onto the offensive. McClellan devised an elaborate strategy to attack Richmond via an amphibious landing on the peninsula between the James and York rivers. As the campaign got underway – and despite overwhelming Union superiority of numbers – McClellan dithered. A much smaller Confederate force was able to hold McClellan up for weeks as he continually demanded more men and resources from Lincoln.  One Confederate General, with a theatrical background before the war, even delayed McClellan by marching his small army around firing at intervals to give the impression of a much larger force. McClellan completely fell for the deception.

McClellan was eventually stopped in his tracks outside Richmond. At this point Robert E Lee was given his first field command of the war as he took over Confederate forces around Richmond. Lee convincingly defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles in June 1862. McClellan was forced to retreat. Further southern victories came in the Shenandoah Valley and at the Second Battle of Bill Run. 

Robert E Lee Dominates Proceedings

Following the successes in Virginia, Lee determined to invade the north in the Maryland Campaign to try to force an end to the war. Lee was, however, forced to retreat himself after the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, which was the bloodiest single day in US military history. Following Antietam, Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation and made ending slavery a war aim at last. 

McClellan – cautious to the last – failed to follow up success at Antietam by pursuing and destroying Lee’s army. Lee was able to escape to Virginia with the remains of his army. Lincoln removed McClellan from command and so began a succession of unsuccessful Union generals. 

Ambrose Burnside was first, and quickly removed after the disastrous battle of Fredericksburg in December. General Joseph Hooker replaced him, but he too proved equally incapable of defeating Lee – losing badly to Lee at Chancellorsville in May 1863. 

Turning Points, 1863

1863 saw several crucial moments in the American Civil War, which most historians agree were the main turning points. In the West, Union forces under Ulysses S Grant took the strategically important town of Vicksburg on the Mississippi, cutting the Confederacy in two. In the East, Robert E Lee was decisively defeated at Gettysburg and would never again have the strength to invade the north. After Vicksburg and Gettysburg the Confederates were hanging on for survival. 

Controlling the Mississippi

The Union strategy in the West had always been to control the major rivers and drive down the Mississippi River from Kentucky, and up from New Orleans. By 1863 only one Confederate stronghold on the river held out at Vicksburg. Ulysses S Grant cemented his reputation as the most able Union general by defeating multiple southern armies and taking Vicksburg after a prolonged siege in July 1863. With that victory the Union had cut the Confederacy in two and arguably it was the beginning of the end for the Confederate States. 

The bloodiest battle

While Vicksburg was under siege in the west, the Confederate government considered sending some of Lee’s troops from Virginia to try to relieve Vicksburg. Lee disagreed and – buoyed by his astonishing victory at Chancellorsville – proposed a bold plan to invade the north for a second time, pushing into Pennsylvania and threatening Washington DC. Lee’s aim was to draw pressure away from the beleaguered defenders at Vicksburg and to potentially force the north to the negotiating table. 

The decisive battle took place in July at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Over three days the bloodiest battle of the war raged and ultimately Lee was defeated by the Union general Meade. Lee retreated south quickly. Both sides lost around 30,000 soldiers, but the Confederates were not able to replace these soldiers. Their main army was fundamentally weakened and Robert E Lee’s aura of invincibility was broken. 

At around the same time, Vicksburg fell to Grant. The two victories ensured the Union was in a strong position going into 1864. The war, however, was far from over. 

Total War, 1864

Following his successes in the Western theatre of war, Grant was appointed as commander of all Union armies. Grant put his close ally Sherman in charge of most of the western armies. Grant developed a broad strategy to defeat the Confederacy. He would lead an invasion of Virginia to destroy Lee’s army and capture Richmond. Sherman was tasked with capturing Atlanta in Georgia and then “marching to the sea”. Another union army would march into the agricultural area of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Grant condoned a strategy of total war, ordering Sherman and other generals to destroy infrastructure and resources that enabled the Confederacy to continue fighting. 

A series of bloody battles ensued in northern Virginia as Grant pursued Lee. The Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor all saw horrendous casualties on both sides. Eventually Grant laid siege to Lee at Petersburg for 9 months as Lee tried desperately to protect Richmond. 

1864 also saw a remarkable presidential election in the midst of the Civil War. Lincoln looked for re-election against the Democratic candidate George McClellan (yes the ineffectual general from earlier in the war). McClellan ran on a platform of ending the war through negotiation. The election could have offered the Confederacy a final way out of the war if the Democrats had won. 

Lincoln, however, won a landslide victory and could focus on winning the war in 1865. 

End Game, 1865

1865 saw the final disintegration of the Confederacy. Sherman continued destroying infrastructure and defeating Confederates in Georgia and the Carolinas. In April Lee withdrew from Petersburg and tried to make a break west with the remnants of his army. Grant pursued him closely and caught up with him at Appomattox Courthouse, where Lee surrendered. Richmond also fell to Union forces and the Confederacy fell apart. The war ended on 9 May 1865 with the final surrender. 

President Lincoln, however, was assassinated shortly after Lee’s surrender. 

With the end of the war the difficult period of “reconstruction” in the south began. Slavery was abolished, but many African Americans in southern states faced few improved opportunities in the decades to come.  

Further Work

The information in this guide should give you an excellent grounding in the American Civil War for A level history. Now read in further depth on each of the areas we’ve introduced. Then have a go at plenty of practice exam questions to take your revision to the next level. You can check out more A level history resources, and book a lesson with one of our expert tutors, on our A level History page .

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EDEXCEL A Level History Coursework guidebook

Subject: History

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

24 August 2019

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