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How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

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The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

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Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper

• 9. The Conclusion
• Purpose of Guide
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The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points derived from the findings of your study and, if applicable, where you recommend new areas for future research. For most college-level research papers, two or three well-developed paragraphs is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, more paragraphs may be required in describing the key findings and their significance.

Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Importance of a Good Conclusion

A well-written conclusion provides you with important opportunities to demonstrate to the reader your understanding of the research problem. These include:

• Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper . Just as the introduction gives a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression. Do this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis that advance new understanding about the research problem, that are unusual or unexpected, or that have important implications applied to practice.
• Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger significance of your study . The conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly re-emphasize  your answer to the "So What?" question by placing the study within the context of how your research advances past research about the topic.
• Identifying how a gap in the literature has been addressed . The conclusion can be where you describe how a previously identified gap in the literature [first identified in your literature review section] has been addressed by your research and why this contribution is significant.
• Demonstrating the importance of your ideas . Don't be shy. The conclusion offers an opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your findings. This is particularly important if your study approached examining the research problem from an unusual or innovative perspective.
• Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem . This does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your study.

Bunton, David. “The Structure of PhD Conclusion Chapters.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 4 (July 2005): 207–224; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  General Rules

The general function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument . It reminds the reader of the strengths of your main argument(s) and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those argument(s). Do this by clearly summarizing the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem you investigated in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found in the literature. However, make sure that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings. This reduces the impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your paper.

When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:

• Present your conclusions in clear, concise language. Re-state the purpose of your study, then describe how your findings differ or support those of other studies and why [i.e., what were the unique, new, or crucial contributions your study made to the overall research about your topic?].
• Do not simply reiterate your findings or the discussion of your results. Provide a synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem and the overall objectives of your study.
• Indicate opportunities for future research if you haven't already done so in the discussion section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides the reader with evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem but that further investigations should take place beyond the scope of your investigation.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is presented well:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader.
• If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the data [this is opposite of the introduction, which begins with general discussion of the context and ends with a detailed description of the research problem]. 

The conclusion also provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate the research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic . Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain your reflections on the evidence presented. However, the nature of being introspective about the research you have conducted will depend on the topic and whether your professor wants you to express your observations in this way. If asked to think introspectively about the topics, do not delve into idle speculation. Being introspective means looking within yourself as an author to try and understand an issue more deeply, not to guess at possible outcomes or make up scenarios not supported by the evidence.

II.  Developing a Compelling Conclusion

Although an effective conclusion needs to be clear and succinct, it does not need to be written passively or lack a compelling narrative. Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your research paper may include any of the following:

• If your essay deals with a critical, contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem proactively.
• Recommend a specific course or courses of action that, if adopted, could address a specific problem in practice or in the development of new knowledge leading to positive change.
• Cite a relevant quotation or expert opinion already noted in your paper in order to lend authority and support to the conclusion(s) you have reached [a good source would be from your literature review].
• Explain the consequences of your research in a way that elicits action or demonstrates urgency in seeking change.
• Restate a key statistic, fact, or visual image to emphasize the most important finding of your paper.
• If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point by drawing from your own life experiences.
• Return to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you presented in your introduction, but add further insight derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation of results from your study to recast it in new or important ways.
• Provide a "take-home" message in the form of a succinct, declarative statement that you want the reader to remember about your study.

III. Problems to Avoid

Failure to be concise Your conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too lengthy often have unnecessary information in them. The conclusion is not the place for details about your methodology or results. Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, and other forms of analysis that you make. Strategies for writing concisely can be found here .

Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues In the introduction, your task was to move from the general [the field of study] to the specific [the research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move from a specific discussion [your research problem] back to a general discussion framed around the implications and significance of your findings [i.e., how your research contributes new understanding or fills an important gap in the literature]. In short, the conclusion is where you should place your research within a larger context [visualize your paper as an hourglass--start with a broad introduction and review of the literature, move to the specific analysis and discussion, conclude with a broad summary of the study's implications and significance].

Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative aspects of the research process should never be ignored. These are problems, deficiencies, or challenges encountered during your study. They should be summarized as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. If you encountered negative or unintended results [i.e., findings that are validated outside the research context in which they were generated], you must report them in the results section and discuss their implications in the discussion section of your paper. In the conclusion, use negative results as an opportunity to explain their possible significance and/or how they may form the basis for future research.

Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned In order to be able to discuss how your research fits within your field of study [and possibly the world at large], you need to summarize briefly and succinctly how it contributes to new knowledge or a new understanding about the research problem. This element of your conclusion may be only a few sentences long.

Failure to match the objectives of your research Often research objectives in the social and behavioral sciences change while the research is being carried out. This is not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine the original objectives in your introduction. As these changes emerge they must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research [not what you thought you might accomplish when you began].

Resist the urge to apologize If you've immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you presumably should know a good deal about it [perhaps even more than your professor!]. Nevertheless, by the time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you have produced. Repress those doubts! Don't undermine your authority as a researcher by saying something like, "This is just one approach to examining this problem; there may be other, much better approaches that...." The overall tone of your conclusion should convey confidence to the reader about the study's validity and realiability.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8; Concluding Paragraphs. College Writing Center at Meramec. St. Louis Community College; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Freedman, Leora  and Jerry Plotnick. Introductions and Conclusions. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Leibensperger, Summer. Draft Your Conclusion. Academic Center, the University of Houston-Victoria, 2003; Make Your Last Words Count. The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin Madison; Miquel, Fuster-Marquez and Carmen Gregori-Signes. “Chapter Six: ‘Last but Not Least:’ Writing the Conclusion of Your Paper.” In Writing an Applied Linguistics Thesis or Dissertation: A Guide to Presenting Empirical Research . John Bitchener, editor. (Basingstoke,UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 93-105; Tips for Writing a Good Conclusion. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Writing Conclusions. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Writing: Considering Structure and Organization. Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College.

Writing Tip

Don't Belabor the Obvious!

Avoid phrases like "in conclusion...," "in summary...," or "in closing...." These phrases can be useful, even welcome, in oral presentations. But readers can see by the tell-tale section heading and number of pages remaining that they are reaching the end of your paper. You'll irritate your readers if you belabor the obvious.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8.

Another Writing Tip

New Insight, Not New Information!

Don't surprise the reader with new information in your conclusion that was never referenced anywhere else in the paper. This why the conclusion rarely has citations to sources. If you have new information to present, add it to the discussion or other appropriate section of the paper. Note that, although no new information is introduced, the conclusion, along with the discussion section, is where you offer your most "original" contributions in the paper; the conclusion is where you describe the value of your research, demonstrate that you understand the material that you’ve presented, and position your findings within the larger context of scholarship on the topic, including describing how your research contributes new insights to that scholarship.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina.

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In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Highlight the “so what”  

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Leave your readers with the “now what”  

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

• What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?  
• What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?  
• Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?  
• What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?  
• What larger context might my argument be a part of?  

What to avoid in your conclusion  

• a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.  
• a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.  
• an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.  
• fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
• picture_as_pdf Conclusions

Conclusions

What this handout is about.

This handout will explain the functions of conclusions, offer strategies for writing effective ones, help you evaluate conclusions you’ve drafted, and suggest approaches to avoid.

About conclusions

Introductions and conclusions can be difficult to write, but they’re worth investing time in. They can have a significant influence on a reader’s experience of your paper.

Just as your introduction acts as a bridge that transports your readers from their own lives into the “place” of your analysis, your conclusion can provide a bridge to help your readers make the transition back to their daily lives. Such a conclusion will help them see why all your analysis and information should matter to them after they put the paper down.

Your conclusion is your chance to have the last word on the subject. The conclusion allows you to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper, to synthesize your thoughts, to demonstrate the importance of your ideas, and to propel your reader to a new view of the subject. It is also your opportunity to make a good final impression and to end on a positive note.

Your conclusion can go beyond the confines of the assignment. The conclusion pushes beyond the boundaries of the prompt and allows you to consider broader issues, make new connections, and elaborate on the significance of your findings.

Your conclusion should make your readers glad they read your paper. Your conclusion gives your reader something to take away that will help them see things differently or appreciate your topic in personally relevant ways. It can suggest broader implications that will not only interest your reader, but also enrich your reader’s life in some way. It is your gift to the reader.

Strategies for writing an effective conclusion

One or more of the following strategies may help you write an effective conclusion:

• Play the “So What” Game. If you’re stuck and feel like your conclusion isn’t saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, “So what?” or “Why should anybody care?” Then ponder that question and answer it. Here’s how it might go: You: Basically, I’m just saying that education was important to Douglass. Friend: So what? You: Well, it was important because it was a key to him feeling like a free and equal citizen. Friend: Why should anybody care? You: That’s important because plantation owners tried to keep slaves from being educated so that they could maintain control. When Douglass obtained an education, he undermined that control personally. You can also use this strategy on your own, asking yourself “So What?” as you develop your ideas or your draft.
• Return to the theme or themes in the introduction. This strategy brings the reader full circle. For example, if you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay is helpful in creating a new understanding. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction.
• Synthesize, don’t summarize. Include a brief summary of the paper’s main points, but don’t simply repeat things that were in your paper. Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. Pull it all together.
• Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research or reading you did for your paper.
• Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader’s thought process and help them to apply your info and ideas to their own life or to see the broader implications.
• Point to broader implications. For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.

Strategies to avoid

• Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as “in conclusion,” “in summary,” or “in closing.” Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.
• Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
• Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
• Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
• Making sentimental, emotional appeals that are out of character with the rest of an analytical paper.
• Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

Four kinds of ineffective conclusions

• The “That’s My Story and I’m Sticking to It” Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can’t think of anything else to say. Example: In conclusion, Frederick Douglass was, as we have seen, a pioneer in American education, proving that education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.
• The “Sherlock Holmes” Conclusion. Sometimes writers will state the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion. You might be tempted to use this strategy if you don’t want to give everything away too early in your paper. You may think it would be more dramatic to keep the reader in the dark until the end and then “wow” them with your main idea, as in a Sherlock Holmes mystery. The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front. Example: (After a paper that lists numerous incidents from the book but never says what these incidents reveal about Douglass and his views on education): So, as the evidence above demonstrates, Douglass saw education as a way to undermine the slaveholders’ power and also an important step toward freedom.
• The “America the Beautiful”/”I Am Woman”/”We Shall Overcome” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. A more sophisticated commentary, rather than emotional praise, would be a more fitting tribute to the topic. Example: Because of the efforts of fine Americans like Frederick Douglass, countless others have seen the shining beacon of light that is education. His example was a torch that lit the way for others. Frederick Douglass was truly an American hero.
• The “Grab Bag” Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn’t integrate into the main paper. You may find it hard to leave out details that you discovered after hours of research and thought, but adding random facts and bits of evidence at the end of an otherwise-well-organized essay can just create confusion. Example: In addition to being an educational pioneer, Frederick Douglass provides an interesting case study for masculinity in the American South. He also offers historians an interesting glimpse into slave resistance when he confronts Covey, the overseer. His relationships with female relatives reveal the importance of family in the slave community.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Douglass, Frederick. 1995. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. New York: Dover.

Hamilton College. n.d. “Conclusions.” Writing Center. Accessed June 14, 2019. https://www.hamilton.edu//academics/centers/writing/writing-resources/conclusions .

Holewa, Randa. 2004. “Strategies for Writing a Conclusion.” LEO: Literacy Education Online. Last updated February 19, 2004. https://leo.stcloudstate.edu/acadwrite/conclude.html.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Research Paper Conclusion – Writing Guide and Examples

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Research Paper Conclusion

Definition:

A research paper conclusion is the final section of a research paper that summarizes the key findings, significance, and implications of the research. It is the writer’s opportunity to synthesize the information presented in the paper, draw conclusions, and make recommendations for future research or actions.

The conclusion should provide a clear and concise summary of the research paper, reiterating the research question or problem, the main results, and the significance of the findings. It should also discuss the limitations of the study and suggest areas for further research.

Parts of Research Paper Conclusion

The parts of a research paper conclusion typically include:

Restatement of the Thesis

The conclusion should begin by restating the thesis statement from the introduction in a different way. This helps to remind the reader of the main argument or purpose of the research.

Summary of Key Findings

The conclusion should summarize the main findings of the research, highlighting the most important results and conclusions. This section should be brief and to the point.

Implications and Significance

In this section, the researcher should explain the implications and significance of the research findings. This may include discussing the potential impact on the field or industry, highlighting new insights or knowledge gained, or pointing out areas for future research.

Limitations and Recommendations

It is important to acknowledge any limitations or weaknesses of the research and to make recommendations for how these could be addressed in future studies. This shows that the researcher is aware of the potential limitations of their work and is committed to improving the quality of research in their field.

Concluding Statement

The conclusion should end with a strong concluding statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. This could be a call to action, a recommendation for further research, or a final thought on the topic.

How to Write Research Paper Conclusion

Here are some steps you can follow to write an effective research paper conclusion:

• Restate the research problem or question: Begin by restating the research problem or question that you aimed to answer in your research. This will remind the reader of the purpose of your study.
• Summarize the main points: Summarize the key findings and results of your research. This can be done by highlighting the most important aspects of your research and the evidence that supports them.
• Discuss the implications: Discuss the implications of your findings for the research area and any potential applications of your research. You should also mention any limitations of your research that may affect the interpretation of your findings.
• Provide a conclusion : Provide a concise conclusion that summarizes the main points of your paper and emphasizes the significance of your research. This should be a strong and clear statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
• Offer suggestions for future research: Lastly, offer suggestions for future research that could build on your findings and contribute to further advancements in the field.

Remember that the conclusion should be brief and to the point, while still effectively summarizing the key findings and implications of your research.

Example of Research Paper Conclusion

Here’s an example of a research paper conclusion:

Conclusion :

In conclusion, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between social media use and mental health among college students. Our findings suggest that there is a significant association between social media use and increased levels of anxiety and depression among college students. This highlights the need for increased awareness and education about the potential negative effects of social media use on mental health, particularly among college students.

Despite the limitations of our study, such as the small sample size and self-reported data, our findings have important implications for future research and practice. Future studies should aim to replicate our findings in larger, more diverse samples, and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the association between social media use and mental health. In addition, interventions should be developed to promote healthy social media use among college students, such as mindfulness-based approaches and social media detox programs.

Overall, our study contributes to the growing body of research on the impact of social media on mental health, and highlights the importance of addressing this issue in the context of higher education. By raising awareness and promoting healthy social media use among college students, we can help to reduce the negative impact of social media on mental health and improve the well-being of young adults.

Purpose of Research Paper Conclusion

The purpose of a research paper conclusion is to provide a summary and synthesis of the key findings, significance, and implications of the research presented in the paper. The conclusion serves as the final opportunity for the writer to convey their message and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

The conclusion should restate the research problem or question, summarize the main results of the research, and explain their significance. It should also acknowledge the limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research or action.

Overall, the purpose of the conclusion is to provide a sense of closure to the research paper and to emphasize the importance of the research and its potential impact. It should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the main findings and why they matter. The conclusion serves as the writer’s opportunity to showcase their contribution to the field and to inspire further research and action.

When to Write Research Paper Conclusion

The conclusion of a research paper should be written after the body of the paper has been completed. It should not be written until the writer has thoroughly analyzed and interpreted their findings and has written a complete and cohesive discussion of the research.

Before writing the conclusion, the writer should review their research paper and consider the key points that they want to convey to the reader. They should also review the research question, hypotheses, and methodology to ensure that they have addressed all of the necessary components of the research.

Once the writer has a clear understanding of the main findings and their significance, they can begin writing the conclusion. The conclusion should be written in a clear and concise manner, and should reiterate the main points of the research while also providing insights and recommendations for future research or action.

Characteristics of Research Paper Conclusion

The characteristics of a research paper conclusion include:

• Clear and concise: The conclusion should be written in a clear and concise manner, summarizing the key findings and their significance.
• Comprehensive: The conclusion should address all of the main points of the research paper, including the research question or problem, the methodology, the main results, and their implications.
• Future-oriented : The conclusion should provide insights and recommendations for future research or action, based on the findings of the research.
• Impressive : The conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader, emphasizing the importance of the research and its potential impact.
• Objective : The conclusion should be based on the evidence presented in the research paper, and should avoid personal biases or opinions.
• Unique : The conclusion should be unique to the research paper and should not simply repeat information from the introduction or body of the paper.

Advantages of Research Paper Conclusion

The advantages of a research paper conclusion include:

• Summarizing the key findings : The conclusion provides a summary of the main findings of the research, making it easier for the reader to understand the key points of the study.
• Emphasizing the significance of the research: The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the research and its potential impact, making it more likely that readers will take the research seriously and consider its implications.
• Providing recommendations for future research or action : The conclusion suggests practical recommendations for future research or action, based on the findings of the study.
• Providing closure to the research paper : The conclusion provides a sense of closure to the research paper, tying together the different sections of the paper and leaving a lasting impression on the reader.
• Demonstrating the writer’s contribution to the field : The conclusion provides the writer with an opportunity to showcase their contribution to the field and to inspire further research and action.

Limitations of Research Paper Conclusion

While the conclusion of a research paper has many advantages, it also has some limitations that should be considered, including:

• I nability to address all aspects of the research: Due to the limited space available in the conclusion, it may not be possible to address all aspects of the research in detail.
• Subjectivity : While the conclusion should be objective, it may be influenced by the writer’s personal biases or opinions.
• Lack of new information: The conclusion should not introduce new information that has not been discussed in the body of the research paper.
• Lack of generalizability: The conclusions drawn from the research may not be applicable to other contexts or populations, limiting the generalizability of the study.
• Misinterpretation by the reader: The reader may misinterpret the conclusions drawn from the research, leading to a misunderstanding of the findings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

3-minute read

• 29th August 2023

If you’re writing a research paper, the conclusion is your opportunity to summarize your findings and leave a lasting impression on your readers. In this post, we’ll take you through how to write an effective conclusion for a research paper and how you can:

·   Reword your thesis statement

·   Highlight the significance of your research

·   Discuss limitations

·   Connect to the introduction

·   End with a thought-provoking statement

Rewording Your Thesis Statement

Begin your conclusion by restating your thesis statement in a way that is slightly different from the wording used in the introduction. Avoid presenting new information or evidence in your conclusion. Just summarize the main points and arguments of your essay and keep this part as concise as possible. Remember that you’ve already covered the in-depth analyses and investigations in the main body paragraphs of your essay, so it’s not necessary to restate these details in the conclusion.

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Highlighting the Significance of Your Research

The conclusion is a good place to emphasize the implications of your research . Avoid ambiguous or vague language such as “I think” or “maybe,” which could weaken your position. Clearly explain why your research is significant and how it contributes to the broader field of study.

Here’s an example from a (fictional) study on the impact of social media on mental health:

Discussing Limitations

Although it’s important to emphasize the significance of your study, you can also use the conclusion to briefly address any limitations you discovered while conducting your research, such as time constraints or a shortage of resources. Doing this demonstrates a balanced and honest approach to your research.

Connecting to the Introduction

In your conclusion, you can circle back to your introduction , perhaps by referring to a quote or anecdote you discussed earlier. If you end your paper on a similar note to how you began it, you will create a sense of cohesion for the reader and remind them of the meaning and significance of your research.

Ending With a Thought-Provoking Statement

Consider ending your paper with a thought-provoking and memorable statement that relates to the impact of your research questions or hypothesis. This statement can be a call to action, a philosophical question, or a prediction for the future (positive or negative). Here’s an example that uses the same topic as above (social media and mental health):

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How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

Last Updated: May 8, 2024 Approved

This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD . Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. This article received 42 testimonials and 83% of readers who voted found it helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 2,260,499 times.

The conclusion of a research paper needs to summarize the content and purpose of the paper without seeming too wooden or dry. Every basic conclusion must share several key elements, but there are also several tactics you can play around with to craft a more effective conclusion and several you should avoid to prevent yourself from weakening your paper's conclusion. Here are some writing tips to keep in mind when creating a conclusion for your next research paper.

Sample Conclusions

Writing a basic conclusion.

• Do not spend a great amount of time or space restating your topic.
• A good research paper will make the importance of your topic apparent, so you do not need to write an elaborate defense of your topic in the conclusion.
• Usually a single sentence is all you need to restate your topic.
• An example would be if you were writing a paper on the epidemiology of infectious disease, you might say something like "Tuberculosis is a widespread infectious disease that affects millions of people worldwide every year."
• Yet another example from the humanities would be a paper about the Italian Renaissance: "The Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art and ideas centered around artists, writers, and thinkers in Florence."

• A thesis is a narrowed, focused view on the topic at hand.
• This statement should be rephrased from the thesis you included in your introduction. It should not be identical or too similar to the sentence you originally used.
• Try re-wording your thesis statement in a way that complements your summary of the topic of your paper in your first sentence of your conclusion.
• An example of a good thesis statement, going back to the paper on tuberculosis, would be "Tuberculosis is a widespread disease that affects millions of people worldwide every year. Due to the alarming rate of the spread of tuberculosis, particularly in poor countries, medical professionals are implementing new strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and containment of this disease ."

• A good way to go about this is to re-read the topic sentence of each major paragraph or section in the body of your paper.
• Find a way to briefly restate each point mentioned in each topic sentence in your conclusion. Do not repeat any of the supporting details used within your body paragraphs.
• Under most circumstances, you should avoid writing new information in your conclusion. This is especially true if the information is vital to the argument or research presented in your paper.
• For example, in the TB paper you could summarize the information. "Tuberculosis is a widespread disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Due to the alarming rate of the spread of tuberculosis, particularly in poor countries, medical professionals are implementing new strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and containment of this disease. In developing countries, such as those in Africa and Southeast Asia, the rate of TB infections is soaring. Crowded conditions, poor sanitation, and lack of access to medical care are all compounding factors in the spread of the disease. Medical experts, such as those from the World Health Organization are now starting campaigns to go into communities in developing countries and provide diagnostic testing and treatments. However, the treatments for TB are very harsh and have many side effects. This leads to patient non-compliance and spread of multi-drug resistant strains of the disease."

• Note that this is not needed for all research papers.
• If you already fully explained what the points in your paper mean or why they are significant, you do not need to go into them in much detail in your conclusion. Simply restating your thesis or the significance of your topic should suffice.
• It is always best practice to address important issues and fully explain your points in the body of your paper. The point of a conclusion to a research paper is to summarize your argument for the reader and, perhaps, to call the reader to action if needed.

• Note that a call for action is not essential to all conclusions. A research paper on literary criticism, for instance, is less likely to need a call for action than a paper on the effect that television has on toddlers and young children.
• A paper that is more likely to call readers to action is one that addresses a public or scientific need. Let's go back to our example of tuberculosis. This is a very serious disease that is spreading quickly and with antibiotic-resistant forms.
• A call to action in this research paper would be a follow-up statement that might be along the lines of "Despite new efforts to diagnose and contain the disease, more research is needed to develop new antibiotics that will treat the most resistant strains of tuberculosis and ease the side effects of current treatments."

• For example, if you are writing a history paper, then you might discuss how the historical topic you discussed matters today. If you are writing about a foreign country, then you might use the conclusion to discuss how the information you shared may help readers understand their own country.

Making Your Conclusion as Effective as Possible

• Since this sort of conclusion is so basic, you must aim to synthesize the information rather than merely summarizing it.
• Instead of merely repeating things you already said, rephrase your thesis and supporting points in a way that ties them all together.
• By doing so, you make your research paper seem like a "complete thought" rather than a collection of random and vaguely related ideas.

• Ask a question in your introduction. In your conclusion, restate the question and provide a direct answer.
• Write an anecdote or story in your introduction but do not share the ending. Instead, write the conclusion to the anecdote in the conclusion of your paper.
• For example, if you wanted to get more creative and put a more humanistic spin on a paper on tuberculosis, you might start your introduction with a story about a person with the disease, and refer to that story in your conclusion. For example, you could say something like this before you re-state your thesis in your conclusion: "Patient X was unable to complete the treatment for tuberculosis due to severe side effects and unfortunately succumbed to the disease."
• Use the same concepts and images introduced in your introduction in your conclusion. The images may or may not appear at other points throughout the research paper.

• Include enough information about your topic to back the statement up but do not get too carried away with excess detail.
• If your research did not provide you with a clear-cut answer to a question posed in your thesis, do not be afraid to indicate as much.
• Restate your initial hypothesis and indicate whether you still believe it or if the research you performed has begun swaying your opinion.
• Indicate that an answer may still exist and that further research could shed more light on the topic at hand.

• This may not be appropriate for all types of research papers. Most research papers, such as one on effective treatment for diseases, will have the information to make the case for a particular argument already in the paper.
• A good example of a paper that might ask a question of the reader in the ending is one about a social issue, such as poverty or government policy.
• Ask a question that will directly get at the heart or purpose of the paper. This question is often the same question, or some version of it, that you may have started with when you began your research.
• Make sure that the question can be answered by the evidence presented in your paper.
• If desired you can briefly summarize the answer after stating the question. You could also leave the question hanging for the reader to answer, though.

• Even without a call to action, you can still make a recommendation to your reader.
• For instance, if you are writing about a topic like third-world poverty, you can various ways for the reader to assist in the problem without necessarily calling for more research.
• Another example would be, in a paper about treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis, you could suggest donating to the World Health Organization or research foundations that are developing new treatments for the disease.

Avoiding Common Pitfalls

• These sayings usually sound stiff, unnatural, or trite when used in writing.
• Moreover, using a phrase like "in conclusion" to begin your conclusion is a little too straightforward and tends to lead to a weak conclusion. A strong conclusion can stand on its own without being labeled as such.

• Always state the main argument or thesis in the introduction. A research paper is an analytical discussion of an academic topic, not a mystery novel.
• A good, effective research paper will allow your reader to follow your main argument from start to finish.
• This is why it is best practice to start your paper with an introduction that states your main argument and to end the paper with a conclusion that re-states your thesis for re-iteration.

• All significant information should be introduced in the body of the paper.
• Supporting evidence expands the topic of your paper by making it appear more detailed. A conclusion should narrow the topic to a more general point.
• A conclusion should only summarize what you have already stated in the body of your paper.
• You may suggest further research or a call to action, but you should not bring in any new evidence or facts in the conclusion.

• Most often, a shift in tone occurs when a research paper with an academic tone gives an emotional or sentimental conclusion.
• Even if the topic of the paper is of personal significance for you, you should not indicate as much in your paper.
• If you want to give your paper a more humanistic slant, you could start and end your paper with a story or anecdote that would give your topic more personal meaning to the reader.
• This tone should be consistent throughout the paper, however.

• Apologetic statements include phrases like "I may not be an expert" or "This is only my opinion."
• Statements like this can usually be avoided by refraining from writing in the first-person.
• Avoid any statements in the first-person. First-person is generally considered to be informal and does not fit with the formal tone of a research paper.

Community Q&A

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• ↑ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/724/04/
• ↑ http://www.crlsresearchguide.org/18_Writing_Conclusion.asp
• ↑ http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/PlanResearchPaper.html#conclusion
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/conclusions/
• ↑ http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/conclude.html

About This Article

To write a conclusion for a research paper, start by restating your thesis statement to remind your readers what your main topic is and bring everything full circle. Then, briefly summarize all of the main points you made throughout your paper, which will help remind your readers of everything they learned. You might also want to include a call to action if you think more research or work needs to be done on your topic by writing something like, "Despite efforts to contain the disease, more research is needed to develop antibiotics." Finally, end your conclusion by explaining the broader context of your topic and why your readers should care about it, which will help them understand why your topic is relevant and important. For tips from our Academic co-author, like how to avoid common pitfalls when writing your conclusion, scroll down! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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• How to Write Discussions and Conclusions

The discussion section contains the results and outcomes of a study. An effective discussion informs readers what can be learned from your experiment and provides context for the results.

What makes an effective discussion?

When you’re ready to write your discussion, you’ve already introduced the purpose of your study and provided an in-depth description of the methodology. The discussion informs readers about the larger implications of your study based on the results. Highlighting these implications while not overstating the findings can be challenging, especially when you’re submitting to a journal that selects articles based on novelty or potential impact. Regardless of what journal you are submitting to, the discussion section always serves the same purpose: concluding what your study results actually mean.

A successful discussion section puts your findings in context. It should include:

• the results of your research,
• a discussion of related research, and
• a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis.

Tip: Not all journals share the same naming conventions.

You can apply the advice in this article to the conclusion, results or discussion sections of your manuscript.

Our Early Career Researcher community tells us that the conclusion is often considered the most difficult aspect of a manuscript to write. To help, this guide provides questions to ask yourself, a basic structure to model your discussion off of and examples from published manuscripts. 

Questions to ask yourself:

• Was my hypothesis correct?
• If my hypothesis is partially correct or entirely different, what can be learned from the results? 
• How do the conclusions reshape or add onto the existing knowledge in the field? What does previous research say about the topic? 
• Why are the results important or relevant to your audience? Do they add further evidence to a scientific consensus or disprove prior studies? 
• How can future research build on these observations? What are the key experiments that must be done? 
• What is the “take-home” message you want your reader to leave with?

How to structure a discussion

Trying to fit a complete discussion into a single paragraph can add unnecessary stress to the writing process. If possible, you’ll want to give yourself two or three paragraphs to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of your study as a whole. Here’s one way to structure an effective discussion:

Writing Tips

While the above sections can help you brainstorm and structure your discussion, there are many common mistakes that writers revert to when having difficulties with their paper. Writing a discussion can be a delicate balance between summarizing your results, providing proper context for your research and avoiding introducing new information. Remember that your paper should be both confident and honest about the results! 

• Read the journal’s guidelines on the discussion and conclusion sections. If possible, learn about the guidelines before writing the discussion to ensure you’re writing to meet their expectations. 
• Begin with a clear statement of the principal findings. This will reinforce the main take-away for the reader and set up the rest of the discussion. 
• Explain why the outcomes of your study are important to the reader. Discuss the implications of your findings realistically based on previous literature, highlighting both the strengths and limitations of the research. 
• State whether the results prove or disprove your hypothesis. If your hypothesis was disproved, what might be the reasons? 
• Introduce new or expanded ways to think about the research question. Indicate what next steps can be taken to further pursue any unresolved questions. 
• If dealing with a contemporary or ongoing problem, such as climate change, discuss possible consequences if the problem is avoided. 
• Be concise. Adding unnecessary detail can distract from the main findings. 

Don’t

• Rewrite your abstract. Statements with “we investigated” or “we studied” generally do not belong in the discussion. 
• Include new arguments or evidence not previously discussed. Necessary information and evidence should be introduced in the main body of the paper. 
• Apologize. Even if your research contains significant limitations, don’t undermine your authority by including statements that doubt your methodology or execution. 
• Shy away from speaking on limitations or negative results. Including limitations and negative results will give readers a complete understanding of the presented research. Potential limitations include sources of potential bias, threats to internal or external validity, barriers to implementing an intervention and other issues inherent to the study design. 
• Overstate the importance of your findings. Making grand statements about how a study will fully resolve large questions can lead readers to doubt the success of the research. 

Snippets of Effective Discussions:

Consumer-based actions to reduce plastic pollution in rivers: A multi-criteria decision analysis approach

Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears

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Writing a Paper: Conclusions

Writing a conclusion.

A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. It accomplishes this by stepping back from the specifics in order to view the bigger picture of the document. In other words, it is reminding the reader of the main argument. For most course papers, it is usually one paragraph that simply and succinctly restates the main ideas and arguments, pulling everything together to help clarify the thesis of the paper. A conclusion does not introduce new ideas; instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper. It can also suggest possible future research on the topic.

An Easy Checklist for Writing a Conclusion

It is important to remind the reader of the thesis of the paper so he is reminded of the argument and solutions you proposed.

Think of the main points as puzzle pieces, and the conclusion is where they all fit together to create a bigger picture. The reader should walk away with the bigger picture in mind.

Make sure that the paper places its findings in the context of real social change.

Make sure the reader has a distinct sense that the paper has come to an end. It is important to not leave the reader hanging. (You don’t want her to have flip-the-page syndrome, where the reader turns the page, expecting the paper to continue. The paper should naturally come to an end.)

No new ideas should be introduced in the conclusion. It is simply a review of the material that is already present in the paper. The only new idea would be the suggesting of a direction for future research.

Conclusion Example

As addressed in my analysis of recent research, the advantages of a later starting time for high school students significantly outweigh the disadvantages. A later starting time would allow teens more time to sleep--something that is important for their physical and mental health--and ultimately improve their academic performance and behavior. The added transportation costs that result from this change can be absorbed through energy savings. The beneficial effects on the students’ academic performance and behavior validate this decision, but its effect on student motivation is still unknown. I would encourage an in-depth look at the reactions of students to such a change. This sort of study would help determine the actual effects of a later start time on the time management and sleep habits of students.

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How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

Find out which type of conclusion best suits your research, how to write it step-by-step, and common mistakes to avoid.

When writing a research paper, it can be challenging to make your point after providing an extensive amount of information. For this reason, a well-organized conclusion is essential. 

A research paper’s conclusion should be a brief summary of the paper’s substance and objectives; what you present in your research paper can gain impact by having a strong conclusion section.

In this Mind The Graph article, you will learn how to write a conclusion for a research report in a way that inspires action and helps the readers to better understand your research paper. This article will provide you the definition and some broad principles before providing step-by-step guidance.

What is a conclusion for a research paper and why is it important?

A conclusion is where you summarize the main points and, if appropriate, make new research suggestions. It is not merely a summary of the key points discussed or a rehash of your research question.

The reader is expected to comprehend from the article’s conclusion why your study should be significant to them after reading it. A conclusion of one or two well-developed paragraphs is appropriate for the majority of research papers; however, in a few unusual cases, more paragraphs may be required to highlight significant findings and their importance.

Just as the introduction is responsible for giving the reader a first impression on the subject, the conclusion is the chance to make a final impression by summarizing major information of your research paper and, most often, giving a different point of view on significant implications.

Adding a strong conclusion to your research paper is important because it’s a possibility to give the reader the comprehension of your research topic. Given that the reader is now fully informed on the subject, the conclusion also gives you a chance to restate the research problem effectively and concisely.

Examples of conclusions for a research paper

Now that you are aware of what a conclusion is and its significance for a research paper, it is time to provide you with some excellent samples of well-structured conclusions so you may get knowledge about the type of conclusion you can use for your research paper.

Argumentative Research Paper Conclusion

The most convincing arguments from your research paper should be added to the conclusion if you want to compose a strong argumentative conclusion.

Additionally, if your thesis statement expresses your perspective on the subject, you should think about restarting it as well as including any other pertinent information.

Example: As a result of the sixth extinction, which is currently affecting Earth, many species are vanishing every day. There are at least three strategies that people could employ to keep them from going extinct entirely in the ensuing fifty years. More recycling options, innovative plastic production techniques, and species preservation could save lives.

Analytical Research Paper Conclusion

The first thing you should do is reiterate your thesis and list the main elements of your arguments.

There should undoubtedly be a spotlight on a bigger context in the analytical research paper conclusion, which is the key distinction between it and other types of conclusions. It means you can add some meaning to the findings.

Example: Elon Musk has revolutionized the way we drive, pay for things, and even fly. His innovations are solely motivated by the desire to simplify things, but they inevitably alter the course of history. When Musk was a student, he had his first idea for PayPal, which is now among the most widely used methods of online payment. Likewise with Tesla automobiles.

Comparative Research Paper Conclusion

The conclusion of a comparative essay should be deeply analytical. To clearly express your conclusions, you must be very thorough when reviewing the data. Furthermore, the sources must be reliable.

A paraphrased thesis statement and a few sentences describing the significance of your study research are also required, as per normal.

Example: Gas-powered vehicles are ineffective and inefficient compared to electric vehicles. Not only do they emit fewer pollutants, but the drivers also get there more quickly. Additionally, gas cars cost more to maintain. Everything stems from the details of the far more straightforward engines used in electric cars.

How to write a conclusion for a research paper

In this section, you will learn how to write a conclusion for a research paper effectively and properly. These few easy steps will enable you to write the most convincing conclusion to your research paper.

1. Remember about the main topic

The statement must be written clearly and concisely to be effective, just one sentence. Remember that your conclusion should be concise and precise, expressing only the most important elements.

2. Reaffirm your thesis

Restate the research paper’s thesis after that. This can be done by going back to the original thesis that you presented in the research’s introduction. The thesis statement in your conclusion must be expressed differently from how it was in the introduction. This section can also be written effectively in a single sentence.

3. Sum important points in a summary

It’s time to make a list of the important arguments in your research paper. This phase can be made simpler by reading over your research and emphasizing only the main ideas and evidence.

Remember that the conclusion should not contain any new information. Focus only on the concepts you cover in your paper’s main body as a result. And also, keep in mind that this brief summary reminds your readers of the importance of the topic you are researching.

4. Emphasize the importance

At this stage, you can genuinely express a few words about how significant your arguments are. A succinct but impactful sentence can successfully achieve its aim. You could also attempt to examine this circumstance from a wider perspective.

Give an example of how your discoveries have affected a certain field. It would be beneficial if you made an effort to answer the question, “So what?” if there was any ambiguity.

5. Finish up your argument

As you wrap up your conclusion, consider posing a question or a call to action that will encourage readers to consider your point of view even further. This sentence can also answer any queries that were not addressed in the paper’s body paragraphs.

In addition, if there is an unresolved question in the main body, this is a fantastic area to comment on.

Common mistakes you should avoid

After learning the fundamentals of producing a strong research paper conclusion, it’s time to learn the common mistakes to avoid.

• Weak conclusion: If your ending is weak, readers will feel dissatisfied and disappointed. Writing ambiguous closing lines for essays also lowers the quality of the paper and the capacity of your arguments to support your main topic.
• Abrupt conclusion: Your research has to be an expression of your writing as a whole, not just a section. Therefore, make sure your thoughts are fully stated.
• Adding new information: Only your research should only be summarized in the conclusion. As the conclusion cannot contain extra information, make sure to offer all of your conclusions and supporting evidence in the body paragraphs.
• Absence of focus: A conclusion needs to be concise and well-focused. Avoid concluding the research with inane or superfluous details.
• Absurd length: Research must be of a proper length—neither too long nor too short. If you write more than is necessary, you can miss the point, which is to revisit the paper’s argument straightforwardly. Additionally, if you write too little, your readers will think you’re being negligent. It should be written in at least one or two whole paragraphs.

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How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

When you're wrapping up a research paper, the conclusion is like the grand finale of a fireworks show – it's your chance to leave a lasting impression. In this article, we'll break down the steps to help you write a winning research paper conclusion that not only recaps your main points but also ties everything together. Consider it the "So what?" moment – why should people care about your research? Our professional essay writers will guide you through making your conclusion strong, clear, and something that sticks with your readers long after they've put down your paper. So, let's dive in and ensure your research ends on a high note!

What Is a Conclusion in a Research Paper

In a research paper, the conclusion serves as the final segment, where you summarize the main points and findings of your study. It's not just a repetition of what you've already said but rather a chance to tie everything together and highlight the significance of your research. As you learn how to start a research paper , a good conclusion also often discusses the implications of your findings, suggests potential areas for further research, and leaves the reader with a lasting impression of the importance and relevance of your work in the broader context of the field. Essentially, it's your last opportunity to make a strong impact and leave your readers with a clear understanding of the significance of your research. Here’s a research paper conclusion example:

In conclusion, this research paper has navigated the intricacies of sustainable urban development, shedding light on the pivotal role of community engagement and innovative planning strategies. Through applying qualitative and quantitative research methods, we've uncovered valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities inherent in fostering environmentally friendly urban spaces. The implications of these findings extend beyond the confines of this study, emphasizing the imperative for continued exploration in the realms of urban planning and environmental sustainability. By emphasizing both the practical applications and theoretical contributions, this research underscores the significance of community involvement and forward-thinking strategies in shaping the future of urban landscapes. As cities evolve, incorporating these insights into planning and development practices will create resilient and harmonious urban environments.

Conclusion Outline for Research Paper

This outline for a research paper conclusion provides a structured framework to ensure that your ending effectively summarizes the key elements of your research paper and leaves a lasting impression on your readers. Adjust the content based on the specific requirements and focus of your research.

Restate the Thesis Statement

• Briefly restate the main thesis or research question.
• Emphasize the core objective or purpose of the study.

Summarize Key Findings

• Recap the main points and key findings from each section of the paper.
• Provide a concise overview of the research journey.

Discuss Implications

• Explore the broader implications of the research findings.
• Discuss how the results contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field.

Address Limitations

• Acknowledge any limitations or constraints encountered during the research process.
• Explain how these limitations may impact the interpretation of the findings.

Suggest Areas for Future Research

• Propose potential directions for future studies related to the topic.
• Identify gaps in the current research that warrant further exploration.

Reaffirm Significance

• Reaffirm the importance and relevance of the research in the broader context.
• Highlight the practical applications or real-world implications of the study.

Concluding Statement

• Craft a strong, memorable closing statement that leaves a lasting impression.
• Sum up the overall impact of the research and its potential contribution to the field.

Study the full guide on how to make a research paper outline here, which will also specify the conclusion writing specifics to improve your general prowess.

Tips on How to Make a Conclusion in Research

Here are key considerations regarding a conclusion for research paper to not only recap the primary ideas in your work but also delve deeper to earn a higher grade:

• Provide a concise recap of your main research outcomes.
• Remind readers of your research goals and their accomplishments.
• Stick to summarizing existing content; refrain from adding new details.
• Emphasize why your research matters and its broader implications.
• Clearly explain the practical or theoretical impact of your findings.
• Prompt readers to reflect on how your research influences their perspective.
• Briefly discuss the robustness of your research methods.
• End with a suggestion for future research or a practical application.
• Transparently address any constraints or biases in your study.
• End on a powerful note, leaving a memorable impression on your readers.

For your inspiration, we’ve also prepared this research proposal example APA , which dwells on another important aspect of research writing.

How to Write a Research Paper Conclusion

As you finish your research paper, the conclusion takes center stage. In this section, we've got five practical tips for writing a conclusion for a research paper. We'll guide you through summarizing your key findings, revisiting your research goals, discussing the bigger picture, addressing any limitations, and ending on a powerful note. Think of it as your roadmap to creating a conclusion that not only wraps up your research but also leaves a lasting impact on your readers. Let's dive in and make sure your conclusion stands out for all the right reasons!

Synthesize Core Discoveries. Initiate your conclusion by synthesizing the essential discoveries of your research. Offer a succinct recapitulation of the primary points and outcomes you have elucidated in your paper. This aids in reinforcing the gravity of your work and reiterates the pivotal information you have presented.

Revisit Research Objectives. Revisit the research objectives or questions you outlined at the beginning of your paper. Assess whether you have successfully addressed these objectives and if your findings align with the initial goals of your research. This reflection helps tie your conclusion back to the purpose of your study.

Discuss Implications and Contributions. Discuss the broader implications of your research and its potential contributions to the field. Consider how your findings might impact future research, applications, or understanding of the subject matter. This demonstrates the significance of your work and places it within a larger context.

Address Limitations and Future Research. Acknowledge any limitations in your study, such as constraints in data collection or potential biases. Briefly discuss how these limitations might have affected your results. Additionally, suggest areas for future research that could build upon your work, addressing any unanswered questions or unexplored aspects. This demonstrates a thoughtful approach to your research.

End with a Strong Conclusion Statement. Conclude your research paper with a strong and memorable statement that reinforces the key message you want readers to take away. This could be a call to action, a proposal for further investigation, or a reflection on the broader significance of your findings. Leave your readers with a lasting impression that emphasizes the importance of your research. Remember that you can buy a research paper anytime if you lack time or get stuck in writer’s block.

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Stylistic Devices to Use in a Conclusion

Discover distinctive stylistic insights that you can apply when writing a conclusion for a research paper:

• Rhetorical Questions. When using rhetorical questions, strategically place them to engage readers' minds. For instance, you might pose a question that prompts reflection on the broader implications of your findings, leaving your audience with something to ponder.
• Powerful Language. Incorporate strong language to convey a sense of conviction and importance. Choose words that resonate with the overall tone of your research and amplify the significance of your conclusions. This adds weight to your key messages.
• Repetitions. Repetitions can be employed to reinforce essential ideas. Reiterate key phrases or concepts in a way that emphasizes their importance without sounding redundant. This technique serves to drive home your main points.
• Anecdotes. Integrating anecdotes into your conclusion can provide a human touch. Share a brief and relevant story that connects with your research, making the information more relatable and memorable for your audience.
• Vivid Imagery. Lastly, use vivid imagery to paint a picture in the minds of your readers. Appeal to their senses by describing scenarios or outcomes related to your research. This creates a more immersive and lasting impression.

If you have a larger paper to write, for example a thesis, use our custom dissertation writing can help you in no time.

How to Make a Conclusion Logically Appealing

Knowing how to write a conclusion for a research paper that is logically appealing is important for leaving a lasting impression on your readers. Here are some tips to achieve this:

Logical Sequencing

• Present your conclusion in a structured manner, following the natural flow of your paper. Readers should effortlessly follow your thought process, making your conclusion more accessible and persuasive.

Reinforce Main Arguments

• Emphasize the core arguments and findings from your research. By reinforcing key points, you solidify your stance and provide a logical culmination to your paper.

Address Counterarguments

• Acknowledge and address potential counterarguments or limitations in your research. Demonstrate intellectual honesty and strengthen your conclusion by preemptively addressing potential doubts.

Connect with Introduction

• Revisit themes or concepts introduced in your introduction to create a cohesive narrative, allowing readers to trace the logical progression of your research from start to finish.

Propose Actionable Insights

• Suggest practical applications or recommendations based on your findings. This will add a forward-looking dimension, making your conclusion more relevant and compelling.

Highlight Significance

• Clearly articulate the broader implications of your research to convey the importance of your work and its potential impact on the field, making your conclusion logically compelling.

Are you ready to produce an A-grade assignment? If not, opt for a custom research paper from our skilled writers across various disciplines.

Avoid These Things When Writing a Research Paper Conclusion

As you write your conclusion of research paper, there’s a list of things professional writers don’t recommend doing. Consider these issues carefully:

• Repetition of Exact Phrases
• Repetitively using the same phrases or sentences from the main body. Repetition can make your conclusion seem redundant and less engaging.
• Overly Lengthy Summaries
• Providing excessively detailed summaries of each section of your paper. Readers may lose interest if the conclusion becomes too long and detailed.
• Unclear Connection to the Introduction
• Failing to connect the conclusion back to the introduction. A lack of continuity may make the paper feel disjointed.
• Adding New Arguments or Ideas
• Introducing new arguments or ideas that were not addressed in the body. This can confuse the reader and disrupt the coherence of your paper.
• Overuse of Complex Jargon
• Using excessively complex or technical language without clarification. Clear communication is essential in the conclusion, ensuring broad understanding.
• Apologizing or Undermining Confidence
• Apologizing for limitations or expressing doubt about your work. Maintain a confident tone; if limitations exist, present them objectively without undermining your research.
• Sweeping Generalizations
• Making overly broad or unsupported generalizations. Such statements can weaken the credibility of your conclusion.
• Neglecting the Significance
• Failing to emphasize the broader significance of your research. Readers need to understand why your findings matter in a larger context.
• Abrupt Endings
• Concluding abruptly without a strong closing statement. A powerful ending leaves a lasting impression; avoid a sudden or weak conclusion.

Research Paper Conclusion Example

That covers the essential aspects of summarizing a research paper. The only remaining step is to review the conclusion examples for research paper provided by our team.

Like our examples? Order our research proposal writing service to write paper according to your instructions to avoid plagiarizing and to keep your academic integrity strong.

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, the knowledge of how to write the conclusion of a research paper is pivotal for presenting your findings and leaving a lasting impression on your readers. By summarizing the key points, reiterating the significance of your research, and offering avenues for future exploration, you can create a conclusion that not only reinforces the value of your study but also encourages further academic discourse. Remember to balance brevity and completeness, ensuring your conclusion is concise yet comprehensive. Emphasizing the practical implications of your research and connecting it to the broader academic landscape will help solidify the impact of your work. Pay someone to write a research paper if you are having a hard time finishing your coursework on time.

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How To Write A Conclusion For A Research Paper?

What should the conclusion of a research paper contain, how to start a conclusion paragraph for a research paper.

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is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

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How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion | Checklist and Examples

Published on 9 September 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on 10 October 2022.

The conclusion is the very last part of your thesis or dissertation . It should be concise and engaging, leaving your reader with a clear understanding of your main findings, as well as the answer to your research question .

In it, you should:

• Clearly state the answer to your main research question
• Summarise and reflect on your research process
• Make recommendations for future work on your topic
• Show what new knowledge you have contributed to your field
• Wrap up your thesis or dissertation

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Table of contents

Discussion vs. conclusion, how long should your conclusion be, step 1: answer your research question, step 2: summarise and reflect on your research, step 3: make future recommendations, step 4: emphasise your contributions to your field, step 5: wrap up your thesis or dissertation, full conclusion example, conclusion checklist, frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.

While your conclusion contains similar elements to your discussion section , they are not the same thing.

Your conclusion should be shorter and more general than your discussion. Instead of repeating literature from your literature review , discussing specific research results , or interpreting your data in detail, concentrate on making broad statements that sum up the most important insights of your research.

As a rule of thumb, your conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.

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Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5–7% of your overall word count.

An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for future research. A humanities topic or systematic review , on the other hand, might require more space to conclude its analysis, tying all the previous sections together in an overall argument.

Your conclusion should begin with the main question that your thesis or dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.

• Don’t repeat a list of all the results that you already discussed
• Do synthesise them into a final takeaway that the reader will remember.

An empirical thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

A case study –based thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

In the second example, the research aim is not directly restated, but rather added implicitly to the statement. To avoid repeating yourself, it is helpful to reformulate your aims and questions into an overall statement of what you did and how you did it.

Your conclusion is an opportunity to remind your reader why you took the approach you did, what you expected to find, and how well the results matched your expectations.

To avoid repetition , consider writing more reflectively here, rather than just writing a summary of each preceding section. Consider mentioning the effectiveness of your methodology , or perhaps any new questions or unexpected insights that arose in the process.

You can also mention any limitations of your research, but only if you haven’t already included these in the discussion. Don’t dwell on them at length, though – focus on the positives of your work.

• While x limits the generalisability of the results, this approach provides new insight into y .
• This research clearly illustrates x , but it also raises the question of y .

You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms.

• Based on these conclusions, practitioners should consider …
• To better understand the implications of these results, future studies could address …
• Further research is needed to determine the causes of/effects of/relationship between …

When making recommendations for further research, be sure not to undermine your own work. Relatedly, while future studies might confirm, build on, or enrich your conclusions, they shouldn’t be required for your argument to feel complete. Your work should stand alone on its own merits.

Just as you should avoid too much self-criticism, you should also avoid exaggerating the applicability of your research. If you’re making recommendations for policy, business, or other practical implementations, it’s generally best to frame them as ‘shoulds’ rather than ‘musts’. All in all, the purpose of academic research is to inform, explain, and explore – not to demand.

Make sure your reader is left with a strong impression of what your research has contributed to the state of your field.

Some strategies to achieve this include:

• Returning to your problem statement to explain how your research helps solve the problem
• Referring back to the literature review and showing how you have addressed a gap in knowledge
• Discussing how your findings confirm or challenge an existing theory or assumption

Again, avoid simply repeating what you’ve already covered in the discussion in your conclusion. Instead, pick out the most important points and sum them up succinctly, situating your project in a broader context.

The end is near! Once you’ve finished writing your conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your thesis or dissertation with a few final steps:

• It’s a good idea to write your abstract next, while the research is still fresh in your mind.
• Next, make sure your reference list is complete and correctly formatted. To speed up the process, you can use our free APA citation generator .
• Once you’ve added any appendices , you can create a table of contents and title page .
• Finally, read through the whole document again to make sure your thesis is clearly written and free from language errors. You can proofread it yourself , ask a friend, or consider Scribbr’s proofreading and editing service .

Here is an example of how you can write your conclusion section. Notice how it includes everything mentioned above:

V. Conclusion

The current research aimed to identify acoustic speech characteristics which mark the beginning of an exacerbation in COPD patients.

The central questions for this research were as follows: 1. Which acoustic measures extracted from read speech differ between COPD speakers in stable condition and healthy speakers? 2. In what ways does the speech of COPD patients during an exacerbation differ from speech of COPD patients during stable periods?

All recordings were aligned using a script. Subsequently, they were manually annotated to indicate respiratory actions such as inhaling and exhaling. The recordings of 9 stable COPD patients reading aloud were then compared with the recordings of 5 healthy control subjects reading aloud. The results showed a significant effect of condition on the number of in- and exhalations per syllable, the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable, and the ratio of voiced and silence intervals. The number of in- and exhalations per syllable and the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable were higher for COPD patients than for healthy controls, which confirmed both hypotheses.

However, the higher ratio of voiced and silence intervals for COPD patients compared to healthy controls was not in line with the hypotheses. This unpredicted result might have been caused by the different reading materials or recording procedures for both groups, or by a difference in reading skills. Moreover, there was a trend regarding the effect of condition on the number of syllables per breath group. The number of syllables per breath group was higher for healthy controls than for COPD patients, which was in line with the hypothesis. There was no effect of condition on pitch, intensity, center of gravity, pitch variability, speaking rate, or articulation rate.

This research has shown that the speech of COPD patients in exacerbation differs from the speech of COPD patients in stable condition. This might have potential for the detection of exacerbations. However, sustained vowels rarely occur in spontaneous speech. Therefore, the last two outcome measures might have greater potential for the detection of beginning exacerbations, but further research on the different outcome measures and their potential for the detection of exacerbations is needed due to the limitations of the current study.

Checklist: Conclusion

I have clearly and concisely answered the main research question .

I have summarized my overall argument or key takeaways.

I have mentioned any important limitations of the research.

I have given relevant recommendations .

I have clearly explained what my research has contributed to my field.

I have  not introduced any new data or arguments.

You've written a great conclusion! Use the other checklists to further improve your dissertation.

In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:

• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion…”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g. “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:

• A restatement of your research question
• A summary of your key arguments and/or results
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

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George, T. & McCombes, S. (2022, October 10). How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion | Checklist and Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 7 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/conclusion/

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How to Write a Good Conclusion (With Examples) 

• Smodin Editorial Team
• Published: May 31, 2024

Students often spend a great deal of time crafting essay introductions while leaving the conclusion as an afterthought. While the introduction is one of the most vital aspects of an essay, a good conclusion can have just as much of an impact on its effectiveness. Knowing how to write a good conclusion is crucial, as it encapsulates your main points and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

A well-crafted conclusion should serve as the final pitch for your arguments. Your reader should walk away with a clear understanding of what they just read and how it applies to the core of your thesis. With the right approach, your conclusion can transform a good essay into a great one, making it both memorable and impactful.

This article will guide you through four simple steps of writing compelling conclusions. Each step is designed to help you reinforce your thesis and articulate your final thoughts in a way that will resonate with your teacher or professor. With a bit of practice, you can learn how to stick the landing and give every essay the finale it deserves.

What Is the Purpose of the Conclusion Paragraph?

Understanding the purpose of the conclusion paragraph is essential for effective essay writing. The conclusion paragraph should be more than just a summary of your essay. It should consolidate all your arguments and tie them back to your thesis.

Remember, all good writing inspires emotion. Whether to inspire, provoke, or engage is up to you, but the conclusion should always leave a lasting impression.

If in doubt, Smodin’s AI Chat tool can be handy for gauging the emotional impact of your conclusion.

By mastering the art of writing a powerful conclusion, you equip yourself with the tools to ensure your essays stand out. Whether it’s the first or last essay you’re writing for the class, it’s your chance to leave a definitive mark on your reader.

How to Write a Good Conclusion

This approach ensures your conclusion adds value and reinforces your arguments’ coherence. Here are three simple and effective practices to help you craft a solid conclusion.

Restating Your Thesis

Restating your thesis in the conclusion is a common practice in essay writing, and for good reason. It helps underscore how your understanding has deepened or shifted based on the evidence you provided.

Just understand that a restatement of your original thesis doesn’t mean a complete word-for-word repeat. You should rephrase your original thesis so that it elucidates the insights you touched on throughout the essay. Smodin’s AI Rewriter can help refine your restatement to ensure it is fresh and impactful.

Here are a few tips to effectively restate your thesis

• Show Complexity : If your essay added layers or nuances to the original statement, be sure to articulate that clearly.
• Integrate Key Findings : Incorporate the main findings of your essay to reinforce how they supported or refined your thesis.
• Keep It Fresh : Again, you want to avoid repeating the same things twice. Use different wording that reflects a nuanced perspective.

Finally, always ensure that the restated thesis connects seamlessly with the rest of your essay. Always try to showcase the coherence of your writing to provide the reader with a strong sense of closure.

Using AI tools like Smodin’s Outliner and Essay Writer can ensure your writing flows smoothly and is easy to follow.

Providing an Effective Synthesis

Providing an effective synthesis should enhance your original thesis. All good arguments should evolve and shift throughout the essay. Rather than simply summarizing these findings, you should integrate critical insights and evidence to demonstrate a deeper or more nuanced understanding.

Draw connections between the main points discussed and show how they collectively support your thesis. Also, reflect on the implications of these insights for the broader context of your subject. And once again, always use fresh and engaging language to maintain the reader’s interest.

The last thing you want is for your reader to view your essay as a collection of individual points. A good essay should read as a unified whole, with all the pieces tying together naturally. You affirm your argument’s significance when you tie all the pieces together in your conclusion.

Providing New Insights

Also, think of this step as your opportunity to propose future research directions based on your findings. What could a student or researcher study next? What unanswered questions remain? If you’re having trouble answering these questions, consider using Smodin’s research tools to expand your knowledge of the topic.

That isn’t to say you can leave open-ended or unanswered questions about your own thesis. On the contrary, your conclusion should firmly establish the validity of your argument. That said, any deep and insightful analysis naturally leads to further exploration. Draw attention to these potential areas of inquiry.

(Optional) Form a Personal Connection With the Reader

Forming a connection with the reader in the conclusion can personalize and strengthen the impact of your essay. This technique can be powerful if implemented correctly, making your writing more relatable, human, and memorable.

That said, slime academics discourage using “I” in formal essays. It’s always best to clarify your teacher’s or professor’s stance before submitting your final draft.

If it is allowed, consider sharing a brief personal reflection or anecdote that ties back to the main themes of your essay. A personal touch can go a long way toward humanizing your arguments and creating a connection with the reader.

Whatever you choose, remember that your conclusion should always complement the analytical findings of your essay. Never say anything that detracts from your thesis or the findings you presented.

Examples of Good Conclusions

Let’s explore some examples to illustrate what a well-crafted conclusion looks and sounds like. The following are two hypothetical thesis essays from the fields of science and literature.

• Thesis Topic: The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs
• Introduction: “Coral reefs act as the guardians of the ocean’s biodiversity. These underwater ecosystems are among the most vibrant and essential on the entire planet. However, the escalating impact of climate change poses a severe threat to their health and survival. This essay aims to dissect specific environmental changes contributing to coral degradation while proposing measures for mitigation.”
• Conclusion: “This investigation into the impact of climate change on coral reefs has revealed a disturbing acceleration of coral bleaching events and a significant decline of reef biodiversity. The findings presented in this study establish a clear link between increased sea temperatures and coral reef mortality. Future research should focus on the resilience mechanisms of coral species that could influence conservation strategies. The fate of the coral reefs depends on humanity’s immediate and concentrated action to curb global emissions and preserve these vital ecosystems for future generations.”

Notice how the conclusion doesn’t simply restate the thesis. Instead, it highlights the definitive connection between climate change and coral health. It also reiterates the issue’s urgency and extends a call of action for ongoing intervention. The last sentence is direct, to the point, and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

If you’re struggling with your closing sentence (or any sentence, for that matter), Smodin’s Rewriter can create hundreds of different sentences in seconds. Then, choose the sentences and phrases that resonate the most and use them to craft a compelling conclusion.

• Thesis Topic: The Evolution of the American Dream in 20th-Century American Literature
• Introduction: “The American Dream was once defined by prosperity and success. However, throughout the 20th century, the representation of the American Dream in popular literature has undergone significant changes. Are these representations indicative of a far-reaching sentiment that lay dormant among the American public? Or were these works simply the result of disillusioned writers responding to the evolving challenges of the times?”
• Conclusion: “Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, and Toni Morrison illustrate the American Dream’s evolution from unbridled optimism to a more critical examination of the American ethos. Throughout modernist and post-modernist literature, the American Dream is often at odds with core American values. These novels reflect broader societal shifts that continue to shape the national consciousness. Further research into contemporary literature could provide greater insight into the complexities of this concept.”

You will know exactly what this essay covers by reading the introduction and conclusion alone. It summarizes the evolution of the American Dream by examining the works of three unique authors. It then analyzes these works to demonstrate how they reflect broader societal shifts. The conclusion works as both a capstone and a bridge to set the stage for future inquiries.

Write Better Conclusions With Smodin

Always remember the human element behind the grading process when crafting your essay. Your teachers or professors are human and have likely spent countless hours reviewing essays on similar topics. The grading process can be long and exhaustive. Your conclusion should aim to make their task easier, not harder.

A well-crafted conclusion serves as the final piece to your argument. It should recap the critical insights discussed above while shedding new light on the topic. By including innovative elements and insightful observations, your conclusion will help your essay stand out from the crowd.

Make sure your essay ends on a high note to maximize your chances of getting a better grade now and in the future. Smodin’s comprehensive suite of AI tools can help you enhance every aspect of your essay writing. From initial research to structuring, these tools can streamline the process and improve the quality of your essays.

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How to Make Presentations with AI?

A I presentation creators can significantly reduce teachers' workload and preparation time by automating the creation of visually appealing and informative presentation materials. This automation allows educators to focus more on content and pedagogy rather than the design aspects of the presentation, AI Tools for teachers streamline the process, making it easier and more efficient to deliver high-quality educational content.

How can I use AI as a teacher?

Most directly implemented in classroom settings , AI can help instructors develop lesson and activity ideas for students, assist in writing assessments and reviews, as well as tailor educational content to individual needs.

How to Create Great Presentations with AI?

If you want to combine AI into your shows and achieve blessings, here are some steps to get started:

Identify your desires

Decide on the precise dreams and objectives you need to achieve together with your presentation. Whether you want to increase engagement, customize content material, create advertising substances, or leverage information-driven insights, being clear about your goals will guide your AI integration procedure.

Research on AI-primarily based presentation gear

Take a study of the variety of AI-based presentation tools available on the market. Find the best AI Tools for teachers that meet your desires and present the capabilities you need, together with natural language processing, interactivity, adaptive content, and information analytics.

Evaluate device capability and ease of use

Evaluate the functions, functionality, and consumer-friendliness of the AI-primarily-based presentation tool you pick out. Consider factors consisting of ease of making and editing displays , customization options , collaboration capabilities , and compatibility with existing presentation software program or platforms.

Choose a tool and grow to be familiar with it

Once you've chosen the right AI-based totally presentation tool, take some time to familiarize yourself with its interface, functions, and functionality. Explore tutorials, personal courses, and online sources provided with the aid of tool developers to gain complete knowledge of the way to make the most of AI talents.

Experiments and practice

Enjoy customization alternatives, interactive factors, multimedia integration, and adaptive content material features. Build confidence and hone your competencies by practicing writing and turning in displays using AI.

Collect and analyze target audience feedback

As you start incorporating AI into your displays, collect comments from your target audience. Use surveys, polls, or interactive functions within your presentation tool to collect facts on target market engagement, alternatives, and reactions. Analyze this fact to refine and enhance destiny displays.

Constantly update your abilities.

AI era is advancing swiftly, and new tools and functions are constantly being advanced. Stay informed about today's tendencies in AI-based totally presentations by following industry news, collaborating in applicable groups or boards, and tasty in non-stop getting to know.

Following those steps will get you began to your journey to growing impactful presentations the use of AI. Tailor your use of AI on your specific goals and do not forget to constantly hold your target audience at the forefront of your presentation design.

If you are equipped to start providing the usage of AI, here are a number of exceptional generation tools on the market that permit you to harness the electricity of AI and improve your communications.

How can AI help improve the visual impact of presentations?

AI-powered design tools help you create presentations that are not only visually stunning but also highly effective in conveying your message. Here are some ways AI can help improve the visual impact of your presentations:

1. Custom design

AI algorithms can analyze your content and automatically create custom designs and layouts that fit your brand and style preferences. AI Tools help you create unique and visually appealing presentations without spending time adjusting individual elements.

2. Dynamic animation

AI-powered design tools can also help you create dynamic animations and transitions that add movement and depth to your slides. This will help you keep your audience engaged and focused on your message while making your presentation more memorable and impactful.

3. Advanced data visualization

AI-powered data visualization tools allow you to create charts and graphs that are not only visually appealing but also highly useful. These tools can analyze data and automatically create charts and graphs that are easy to understand and interpret, even for non-technical people.

Why educators need to understand AI tools?

Our role as educators has continued to change over the years. Technology comes with some hesitation. This is especially true for a technology as powerful as AI. Schools must provide students with opportunities to learn about technological change because of the impact it may have on the future.

Not only can AI tools improve creativity and productivity, but they can also provide educators with valuable insights into student learning and assist with some of the time-consuming tasks that educators perform.

Despite all the promise of AI, it's important to make time to talk about it in the classroom. We not only teach content, but we also serve as mentors, facilitators, and co-learners with our students, and we especially embrace these powerful technologies.

It is important to help students learn about the benefits of tools and show them how to use these tools appropriately, responsibly, and ethically.

Creating and sharing these resources with students will enable rich conversations about the benefits of AI and how to appropriately use this technology for creation and learning. There are many more AI Tools for teachers. The most important thing is to choose a tool to start with and reflect on how it has impacted your practice.

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How to Write a Winning Event Proposal | Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction

In the competitive world of event planning, securing new clients often hinges on the quality of your proposal. A well-crafted proposal not only showcases your expertise and creativity but also demonstrates your understanding of the client's vision and needs. It serves as your first impression and a crucial factor in winning the job.

The purpose of this article is to guide you through the process of preparing and extending a compelling event proposal that stands out from the competition. We will provide a step-by-step framework to help you effectively communicate your ideas, present your services, and highlight the value you bring to the table. By following these guidelines, you can increase your chances of impressing potential clients and securing more event planning opportunities.

Whether you're a seasoned event planner or just starting out, this comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to create a winning proposal that resonates with clients and meets their expectations. Let's dive in and explore the essential components of a successful event proposal.

Understanding the Client's Needs

The foundation of a successful event proposal lies in understanding the client's needs and vision for the event. Before you start drafting your proposal, it is essential to gather as much information as possible about the client and their expectations. Here are some steps to help you achieve this:

Initial Research

Start by conducting thorough research on the client’s business, industry, and event history. Understanding their brand, mission, and previous events will provide valuable insights into their preferences and expectations. Look for the following information:

• Company Background: Learn about the client's history, values, and key products or services.
• Target Audience: Identify the primary audience for the event, including demographics, interests, and needs.
• Previous Events: Review past events organized by the client to understand their style, scale, and typical outcomes.

Client Communication

Effective communication with the client is crucial to grasp their specific needs and objectives. Schedule a meeting or call to discuss the event in detail. During this conversation, ask open-ended questions to gather information and clarify any ambiguities. Key areas to cover include:

• Event Goals and Objectives: What are the primary goals of the event? Is it to launch a new product, celebrate a milestone, foster team building, or something else?
• Event Theme and Vision: What is the client’s vision for the event? Are there any specific themes, colors, or styles they have in mind?
• Budget Constraints: What is the client’s budget for the event? Understanding their financial limitations will help you propose realistic and feasible solutions.
• Key Stakeholders: Who are the decision-makers and key stakeholders involved in the event planning process?
• Preferred Venues and Dates: Are there any specific venues or dates the client prefers or wants to avoid?

Aligning Expectations

Once you have gathered all the necessary information, summarize your understanding of the client's needs and confirm these details with them. This step ensures that both you and the client are on the same page and helps avoid any misunderstandings later in the planning process. Provide a brief outline of your proposed approach to demonstrate your alignment with their vision.

By thoroughly understanding the client's needs and expectations, you can tailor your proposal to address their specific requirements, making it more relevant and compelling. This client-centric approach is the first step towards creating a proposal that stands out and wins the job.

Structuring Your Event Proposal

A well-structured event proposal not only looks professional but also makes it easy for the client to understand your ideas and services. Here’s how to organize your proposal to ensure clarity and impact:

Your cover page is the first thing the client will see, so make it visually appealing and informative. Include:

• Event Name: The name of the proposed event.
• Your Company’s Name and Logo: To reinforce your brand.
• Proposal Date: The date you are submitting the proposal.
• Client’s Name and Logo (if applicable): Personalize the proposal by including the client's details.

Table of Contents

A table of contents helps the client navigate through your proposal with ease. List all the sections and sub-sections along with their page numbers for quick reference.

Executive Summary

The executive summary is a brief overview of your proposal. It should highlight the key points and benefits of your proposal, enticing the client to read further. Include:

• Event Overview: A short description of the event and its objectives.
• Your Approach: How you plan to meet the client's needs and ensure the event's success.
• Key Benefits: The unique advantages and value you bring to the table.

Detailed Proposal Content

Introduction and background.

• Your Company Overview: Provide a brief overview of your company, its history, mission, and expertise in event planning. Highlight any relevant experience or accolades that add credibility.
• Understanding the Client’s Vision: Show that you have a clear understanding of the client's goals and the significance of the event. Mention any specific details the client has shared with you.

Event Concept and Objectives

• Event Concept: Describe the proposed event concept and how it aligns with the client’s objectives. Use descriptive language and visuals if possible.
• Goals and Objectives: Clearly outline the goals and expected outcomes of the event, such as brand awareness, product launch, employee engagement, etc.

Event Details

• Event Plan: Provide a detailed plan including the date, time, and location of the event. Mention why the chosen venue and timing are ideal.
• Agenda: Outline the event schedule with specific activities and timings. Include any special sessions, keynote speakers, or entertainment planned.
• Theme and Design: Describe the event theme, design elements, and how they enhance the event experience. Use mood boards or sample designs if available.

Services Offered

• Logistics Management: Detail your approach to managing logistics such as venue setup, equipment, and transportation.
• Catering and Hospitality: Explain your catering services, menu options, and hospitality arrangements.
• Entertainment and Activities: Describe the entertainment options and activities you plan to include.
• Technology and AV Support: Highlight the technology and audiovisual support you will provide, such as sound systems, lighting, and presentation equipment.

Budget and Pricing

• Detailed Budget: Provide a comprehensive budget breakdown, including all costs and fees. Make it clear and transparent.
• Value Proposition: Explain the value and benefits of your services relative to the costs. Highlight any cost-saving measures or added value you offer.

Team and Responsibilities

• Team Introduction: Introduce the key team members who will be involved in planning and executing the event. Include their roles and relevant experience.
• Roles and Responsibilities: Outline the specific roles and responsibilities of each team member to show your organized approach.

Timeline and Milestones

• Project Timeline: Provide a timeline of key milestones and deadlines leading up to the event. Include preparation, execution, and post-event follow-up.
• Milestone Deliverables: Specify the deliverables at each milestone to ensure transparency and accountability.

Risk Management

• Risk Assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges associated with the event. Mention how you plan to monitor and manage these risks.
• Contingency Plans: Outline your contingency plans to mitigate these risks. Show that you are prepared for unexpected situations.

Client Testimonials and Case Studies

• Testimonials: Include testimonials from past clients to build credibility and trust.
• Case Studies: Provide case studies of similar events you have successfully planned. Highlight the challenges faced and how you overcame them.

By structuring your event proposal in this way, you present a professional, thorough, and persuasive document that clearly communicates your capabilities and understanding of the client's needs. This approach significantly increases your chances of winning the job.

Proposal Presentation

A polished and professional presentation of your proposal can make a significant impact. Here are some tips to ensure your proposal is visually appealing and effectively communicates your ideas:

Design and Formatting

First impressions matter, so your proposal should look as good as it reads. Pay attention to the following aspects:

• Consistent Branding: Use your company’s colors, fonts, and logo throughout the proposal to maintain brand consistency.
• Professional Layout: Use a clean, professional layout with clear headings, bullet points, and plenty of white space to make the document easy to read.
• Visual Elements: Incorporate visuals such as images, charts, infographics, and mood boards to enhance the presentation and illustrate your ideas. High-quality images of past events can showcase your capabilities.
• Typography: Choose readable fonts and ensure that the font size is large enough for easy reading. Use bold and italics to highlight important points.

Customization

Customize the proposal to the client's specific needs and preferences. This shows that you have taken the time to understand their unique requirements:

• Personalization: Address the client by name and mention specific details about their business and event goals.
• Tailored Content: Modify the content to reflect the client’s vision, preferences, and budget. Avoid using a one-size-fits-all approach.

Follow-Up and Communication

After submitting your proposal, follow up with the client to demonstrate your enthusiasm and commitment. Effective follow-up can make a difference in securing the job:

Proposal Submission

• Submission Method: Depending on the client’s preference, submit the proposal digitally via email or through an online platform, or provide a printed copy in a professional binder.
• Submission Timing: Submit the proposal within the agreed timeline to show your reliability and punctuality.

Follow-Up Strategy

• Follow-Up Email: Send a follow-up email a few days after submitting the proposal to confirm receipt and express your continued interest. Offer to answer any questions they may have.
• Follow-Up Call: If appropriate, follow up with a phone call to discuss the proposal further and address any concerns. This personal touch can help build rapport.
• Be Persistent but Polite: If you don’t hear back immediately, follow up again after a reasonable period. Be persistent but always remain polite and professional.

In conclusion, preparing a winning event proposal requires a deep understanding of the client's needs, a well-structured document, and a professional presentation. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can create a compelling proposal that showcases your expertise, aligns with the client’s vision, and significantly increases your chances of securing the job.

A strong event proposal not only sets you apart from the competition but also builds trust and confidence with potential clients. Remember to personalize each proposal, present it professionally, and follow up diligently. These practices will help you forge strong client relationships and grow your event planning business.

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Fauci Grilled by Lawmakers on Masks, Vaccine Mandates and Lab Leak Theory

Dr. Fauci testified before a House panel investigating Covid’s origins. The panel found emails suggesting that his aides were skirting public records laws.

By Benjamin Mueller and Sheryl Gay Stolberg

Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the former government scientist both celebrated and despised for his work on Covid, on Monday forcefully denied Republican allegations that he had helped fund research that sparked the pandemic or had covered up the possibility it originated in a laboratory, calling the accusations “absolutely false and simply preposterous.”

In an occasionally testy appearance before the House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic, Dr. Fauci read aloud an email from February 2020 in which he urged a prominent scientist who was then suspicious about a lab leak “to determine if his concerns are validated” and if so, “very quickly” report them to the F.B.I.

“It is inconceivable that anyone who reads this email could conclude that I was trying to cover up the possibility of a laboratory leak,” Dr. Fauci testified.

Monday’s session was the culmination of a 15-month inquiry that was billed as an investigation into the pandemic’s origins, but that has lately turned into a referendum on Dr. Fauci, an 83-year-old immunologist who spent more than half a century as a government scientist and became the public face of the pandemic response under two presidents.

Democrats painted Dr. Fauci as an American hero, with Representative Debbie Dingell, Democrat of Michigan, disparaging the Republican-led inquiry as “a witch hunt.” Republicans blamed him for school closings, mask ordinances and other “invasive” policies. One, Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia, tore into Dr. Fauci, saying, “You belong in prison.”

The Republican-led subcommittee is the only Congressional panel charged with weighing the origins of the worst pandemic in a century and the American policy failures that made it so devastating. Dr. Fauci, the panel’s most prized quarry, was at the center of a Covid response that left the country with far more deaths than many other wealthy nations .

The hearing on Monday occasionally touched on the country’s vulnerability to the pandemic. Representative Brad Wenstrup, Republican of Ohio, the committee’s chairman, bewailed the haphazard way rules had been applied and lamented that public health officials had not been more honest “about what we didn’t know.” Republicans lobbed questions about, among other things, masking policies — a liability for Dr. Fauci, who downplayed the effectiveness of masks for the general public in the pandemic’s early days before later changing his tune.

At one point, Ms. Taylor Greene held up a photograph of an unmasked Dr. Fauci at a Washington Nationals baseball game, while complaining that masked children had been “muzzled in their schools.”

But the House panel rarely lingered over evidence that concerned the origins of the coronavirus, or responsibility for its brutal toll in the United States. Lawmakers never pressed Dr. Fauci over his reassurances early in 2020 that Americans needed not worry about the virus, which was then sweeping the globe. The hearing occasionally strayed far afield from the pandemic, as when Ms. Taylor Greene waved around a photograph of some beagles and hammered Dr. Fauci over the use of dogs in federally funded experiments. She later blasted him for “repulsive evil science.”

And for all the hundreds of thousands of pages of documents and more than 100 hours of closed-door testimony that the panel reviewed, lawmakers produced nothing on Monday linking Dr. Fauci to the beginnings of the Covid outbreak in China, an accusation that has long made him a villain to proponents of the so-called lab leak theory.

Representative Raul Ruiz of California, the panel’s ranking Democrat, seized on that dearth of evidence on Monday. “They have come up empty-handed for evidence of their extreme allegations,” he said. Asked after the hearing was over what he had learned, Mr. Ruiz said flatly, “Nothing.”

Dr. Fauci has long faced suspicion over grants that the medical research agency he once led contributed to EcoHealth Alliance, an American virus-hunting nonprofit group. As part of efforts to anticipate disease outbreaks, the grants stipulated that EcoHealth pass some of its funding to scientific collaborators abroad, including a coronavirus lab in Wuhan, China, the city where the pandemic began.

But the coronaviruses being studied at the Wuhan lab with American funding, as well as other such viruses known to be the subject of research there, bore little resemblance to the one that set off the pandemic.

Dr. Fauci said on Monday that it was “molecularly impossible” for the taxpayer-funded experiments in Wuhan to have produced the pandemic-causing virus. “It’s just a virological fact,” Dr. Fauci said, while acknowledging that he did not know whether unreported experiments in China focused on more closely related viruses.

Dr. Fauci said, as he had previously, that he kept an open mind about the pandemic’s origins but that some lab leak theories were conspiratorial. In closed-door testimony, Dr. Fauci told the panel that, in his view, the weight of evidence pointed toward the virus originating from animals before spilling into humans outside a lab.

He referred to studies relying on early cases and viral genomes as well as sampling at an illegal wild animal market in Wuhan that suggested the pandemic-causing virus leaped from animals into people there.

In rooting through emails, Slack messages and research proposals, the panel turned up messages suggesting that Dr. Fauci’s former aides had sought to evade public records laws at the medical research agency he ran for 38 years until his retirement in December 2022.

Some of the emails suggested that agency officials charged with producing records under transparency laws helped colleagues circumvent those regulations, a possibility that a government accountability expert said was “extremely concerning.”

The emails suggested that agency officials were worried not about the emergence of evidence related to the origins of the pandemic, but rather about the disclosure of notes in which they bluntly discussed “political attacks” on their research.

Still, some of those emails painted Dr. Fauci as a man preoccupied with his public image. Others suggested that Dr. Fauci, too, avoided putting sensitive comments in places where the public might eventually find them.

“I can either send stuff to Tony on his private gmail, or hand it to him at work or at his house,” Dr. David Morens, a senior adviser, wrote of Dr. Fauci in the course of reassuring scientists in April 2021 that they need not worry about public records requests — an email that Republican lawmakers repeatedly highlighted on Monday.

Dr. Fauci denied ever using his personal email to conduct agency business and criticized Dr. Morens for his handling of public records and dealings with EcoHealth leaders.

“It was a terrible thing,” Dr. Fauci said. “It was wrong and it was inappropriate.”

Social distancing rules became another point of contention at the hearing. In closed-door testimony from January, Dr. Fauci told the House panel that the six-foot social distancing rule “sort of just appeared.” He said on Monday that he was referring to the absence of controlled studies on the optimal distance, which he said would not have been possible before the rule was implemented.

“These were important when we were trying to stop the tsunami of death early on,” Dr. Fauci said as Republican lawmakers pressed him on that and other Covid restrictions. “How long you kept them going is debatable.”

Monday’s hearing was as much theater as it was substance. Two members of the audience were ejected, one after saying that Dr. Fauci belonged in prison. Ms. Taylor Greene sparked a kerfuffle within the subcommittee and was rebuked by Mr. Wenstrup after she repeatedly referred to Dr. Fauci as “Mr.” instead of “Dr.”

Another Republican lawmaker played a tape of Dr. Fauci using salty language while arguing that vaccine mandates in colleges and businesses would compel people, no matter their ideology, to get their shots. And Republicans pressed Dr. Fauci on whether he had earned drug company royalties during the pandemic. Dr. Fauci replied that he had received about $120 per year for inventing a monoclonal antibody treatment a quarter-century ago.

While Republicans assailed Dr. Fauci, Democrats heaped on praise, thanking him for his public service and apologizing for the conduct of their Republican colleagues. Representative Jamie Raskin of Maryland, a Democrat, analogized the “big lie” that Mr. Trump won the 2020 election to the “medical big lie" that Dr. Fauci was responsible for the Covid pandemic.

Benjamin Mueller reports on health and medicine. He was previously a U.K. correspondent in London and a police reporter in New York. More about Benjamin Mueller

Sheryl Gay Stolberg covers health policy for The Times from Washington. A former congressional and White House correspondent, she focuses on the intersection of health policy and politics. More about Sheryl Gay Stolberg

Our Coverage of Congress

Here’s the latest news and analysis from capitol hill..

Contraception Bill: Senate Republicans blocked action on legislation to codify the right to contraception access nationwide , a bill Democrats brought to the floor to spotlight an issue on which the G.O.P. is at odds with a vast majority of voters.

Business as Usual: Far-right senators vowed to tie up all Biden administration nominees and legislation over Donald Trump’s felony conviction. So far, the effort has not produced results .

Sanctions on I.C.C.: The House voted mostly along party lines to impose sweeping sanctions on officials at the International Criminal Court  in a rebuke of efforts by its prosecutor to charge top Israeli leaders with war crimes.

Covid Origins: Dr. Anthony Fauci, testifying before a House panel, forcefully denied Republican allegations  that he had helped fund research that sparked the pandemic or had covered up the possibility that it originated in a laboratory.

Stealing the Spotlight: As Representative John Rose castigated Donald Trump’s criminal conviction, his 6-year-old son made a series of contorted faces  in a moment that circulated widely online.

NBA Betting: 6 Mistakes Pro Bettors Don't Make

By mountainwestwire June 2, 2024 11:55 am

By mountainwestwire | June 2, 2024 11:55 am MT

Betting on NBA games can be exhilarating, but it’s also fraught with challenges. While many casual bettors fall into common pitfalls, professional bettors approach the game with a different mindset. They avoid specific mistakes that can spell the difference between success and failure. In this article, we will explore six critical mistakes that pro bettors steer clear of, offering insights that can help improve your betting strategy.

1. Ignoring Bankroll Management

One of the most significant mistakes amateur bettors make is poor bankroll management. Professionals understand the importance of managing their funds meticulously. They set aside a specific budget for betting and never wager more than they can afford to lose. This disciplined approach helps them endure losing streaks without depleting their entire bankroll.

2. Chasing Losses

Pro bettors never chase losses. When an NBA bet doesn’t go their way, they don’t double down on the next game to try and recover their losses. Instead, they analyze what went wrong and make more informed decisions for future bets. Chasing losses often leads to impulsive betting, which can quickly drain your funds and lead to poor decision-making.

3. Overvaluing Favorites

Many casual bettors fall into the trap of overvaluing favorites. They assume that betting on the team expected to win is a surefire way to make money. However, pro bettors know that the odds are often skewed in favor of favorites, reducing potential profits. Instead, they look for value in underdogs and lesser-known teams, where the odds might offer better returns.

4. Betting Without Research

Professional bettors never place bets based on gut feelings or hunches. They conduct thorough research, analyzing team performance, player statistics, injury reports, and other relevant factors. For example, when considering Pacers betting odds , they evaluate the team’s recent form, matchups, and any significant injuries. This data-driven approach allows them to make more informed bets, increasing their chances of success. Casual bettors often skip this step, leading to uninformed and less strategic betting.

5. Ignoring Line Movement

Line movement is a crucial factor in sports betting that many amateur bettors overlook. Pro bettors monitor how betting lines shift leading up to a game, as these movements can indicate where the smart money is going. Ignoring line movement can result in missed opportunities or betting at less favorable odds. By paying attention to line shifts, pro bettors can time their bets to maximize value.

6. Betting Emotionally

Emotional betting is a common pitfall for many casual bettors. They might place bets based on their favorite team or a recent winning streak. Pro bettors, on the other hand, maintain a detached and analytical approach. They separate their personal feelings from their betting decisions, focusing solely on data and probabilities. This objectivity helps them make rational decisions and avoid the influence of biases.

Betting on NBA games requires a strategic and disciplined approach to avoid common mistakes. Professional bettors understand the importance of bankroll management, avoiding the chase for losses, and not overvaluing favorites. They conduct thorough research, monitor line movements, and keep emotions out of their betting decisions. By adopting these practices, you can enhance your betting strategy and increase your chances of success. Remember, the goal is to make informed, rational decisions based on data and analysis, not to rely on luck or hunches.

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Intelligent optimization of steam gasification catalysts for palm oil waste using support vector machine and adaptive transition marine predator algorithm

• Original Article
• Open access
• Published: 06 June 2024

Cite this article

You have full access to this open access article

• Xin Guo 1 ,
• Yassine Bouteraa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8785-3513 2 ,
• Mohammad Khishe   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-8822 3 , 4 ,
• Cen Li 5 &
• Diego Martín 6  

The present study investigates the optimization of the steam gasification process for the conversion of palm oil waste into environmentally friendly energy, utilizing the catalytic properties of calcium oxide and coal bottom ash. The objective of our research is to investigate the enhancement of the conversion process by employing a machine-learning approach. Specifically, we utilize a support vector machine (SVM) to model and evaluate the impact of different operational parameters on the resulting gas mixture. One notable feature of this study involves the incorporation of an adaptive marine predator algorithm (AMPA) into the SVM framework, aiming to enhance the predicted precision and efficiency of the model. The primary focus of this study revolves around the development of an intelligent optimization framework that surpasses conventional machine learning techniques, hence providing a more dynamic and efficient strategy for process improvement. The SVM model’s performance, as assessed against experimental benchmarks, exhibits a notable degree of predictive accuracy and substantial concurrence with observed data. This increase in performance indicates that our methodology has the potential to make a significant contribution to the enhancement of renewable catalysts in gasification processes. The findings of this study could potentially have significant ramifications for the advancement of renewable energy production and the creation of intelligent systems in complicated industrial applications.

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

The rapid process of global modernization has been predominantly driven by the utilization of fossil fuels, facilitating a shift into an epoch characterized by an unparalleled surge in energy requirements [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The unquenchable desire for energy cannot be fully satisfied by relying solely on fossil fuels, primarily because of their limited availability and detrimental effects on the environment [ 4 , 5 ]. These effects include global warming and urban smog, which highlight the urgent need to transition towards more sustainable energy alternatives [ 6 ]. Biomass has emerged as a leading contender in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions due to its potential for being abundant, renewable, and environmentally compatible [ 7 , 8 ]. Gasification is considered to be a very efficient method for converting biomass into gaseous fuel, as highlighted by several studies [ 9 ].

The gasification of biomass, namely through the use of steam, presents an opportunity to produce syngas, which serve as a diverse precursor for the production of fuels and chemicals [ 10 ]. This method also addresses the inefficiencies that arise from the dilution of nitrogen in air gasification [ 11 ]. Within this particular framework, catalysts such as coal bottom ash [ 12 ], which possess inherent alkaline metals, have demonstrated promising capabilities in augmenting gasification efficiency [ 13 ]. Nevertheless, despite the advancements made in the application of these catalysts for the process of pyrolysis [ 14 ], additional investigation is needed to determine their effectiveness in the gasification of biomass [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].

The utilization of palm oil waste (PAOIW), which is abundantly produced in Malaysia and Indonesia [ 18 ], has the potential to effectively tackle the issues of waste management and energy production by employing gasification technology [ 19 ]. Although the effectiveness of CaO as a carbon dioxide absorber and catalyst for improving hydrogen yields in gasification has been established [ 20 ], the utilization of coal bottom ash in steam biomass gasification has not been thoroughly investigated [ 21 ].

This paper presents a novel use of SVMs to predict gas composition (GACOMP) in order to tackle the intricacies associated with BM gasification. SVMs, renowned for their exceptional ability to generalize, have not been fully utilized in the field of BM gasification [ 22 , 23 ]. Our objective is to address this deficiency by the creation of an SVM model for forecasting GACOMP. This model takes into account the crucial factors of temperature, steam-to-biomass (ST-BM) ratio, calcium oxide-to-biomass (CaO-BM) ratio, and coal bottom ash percentage.

The incorporation of recent works in the domain of intelligent optimization provides valuable insights that enhance our methodology [ 24 , 25 ]. The paper [ 26 ] proposes a methodology that can potentially be applied to model the temporal dynamics of BM gasification. The significance of dynamic selection in addressing constraints is emphasized by reference [ 27 ], which aligns with the presence of changeable restrictions in gasification processes. Furthermore, an extensive investigation of evolutionary constrained multiobjective optimization offers valuable perspectives on the management of intricate restrictions similar to those found in the process of gasification [ 28 ]. The utilization of modern methodologies in the field of biomass gasification provides valuable insights into effectively navigating the complex landscape of optimization. These methodologies serve as a foundation for the development of a novel predictive model, which incorporates the Adaptive Marine Predator Algorithm (AMPA). This innovative approach represents a pioneering method for optimizing biomass gasification processes.

The objective of this study is to make a valuable contribution to the field by introducing a new methodology. Additionally, we seek to advance the current knowledge by incorporating recent findings from evolutionary optimization research into our model. This integration is expected to improve the efficiency and long-term viability of biomass-based renewable energy generation.

As of yet, fluidized bed gasification of steam BM has not been investigated. The information above indicates that the SVM technique has not been used to study palm oil residue combustion. Furthermore, the steam biomass gasification has not yet used coal bottom ash as a catalyst.

The training data utilized for the SVM model, which plays a vital role in estimating GACOMP, was obtained from a publically accessible dataset as described in reference [ 29 ]. The dataset presented in this study consists of empirical data pertaining to PAOIW. The primary focus of this dataset is the utilization of PAOIW in biomass gasification processes. The empirical foundation of our model is established by the research conducted by Shahbaz et al. [ 29 ]. This study provides comprehensive insights into the cleaner production of hydrogen and syngas through the catalytic steam gasification of palm kernel shells. The study utilizes CaO sorbent and coal bottom ash as catalysts in the process.

The nature of the training data is the inherent characteristics and properties that define the dataset used to train a machine learning model [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. The training dataset in our study is described by the inclusion of both proximate and ultimate analyses of PAOIW, as outlined in Table  1 of our publication. The proximate analysis encompasses essential factors, including ash content, volatile matter, moisture content, and fixed carbon. The components mentioned above play a crucial role in the assessment of biomass gasification characteristics. The ultimate analysis offers a comprehensive breakdown of biomass, encompassing the proportions of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, GAS hhv , and GAS lhv . These elements play a crucial role in determining the composition of syngas.

Additionally, Table  2 presents a comprehensive chemical analysis of CBA utilizing the XRF technique. The present research provides information regarding the concentrations of different oxides, including Fe2O 3 , SiO, Al2O 3 , CaO, MgO, and K 2 O 3 , inside the CBA. The chemicals mentioned in Table  2 , namely Fe, Ca, Mg, and Al, have a notable influence on the gasification process due to their existence. These compounds affect the catalytic capabilities of the ash.

By including this extensive dataset in our SVM model, we were able to achieve a robust simulation and prediction of the GACOMP. Through the utilization of authentic empirical data during the model’s training phase, we have effectively ensured that our predictions exhibit a solid resemblance to practical scenarios. This process has consequently enhanced the model’s relevance and application within the context of real-world biomass gasification operations.

The performance of the SVM model is supported by the empirical foundation established through the utilization of a rich training dataset. The dataset offered a comprehensive array of inputs that encompassed a broad spectrum of biomass composition, thereby accurately representing the variances observed in real-world scenarios. Additionally, the dataset contained intricate details pertaining to the catalytic capabilities of coal bottom ash during the gasification process. The utilization of this extensive dataset facilitated our model in comprehending the intricacies and subtleties inherent in the gasification process, resulting in precise and dependable forecasts pertaining to the composition of the gas.

The selection of the input parameters for the SVM-based model should be optimized by taking GACOMP into account [ 34 , 35 ]. Gradient descent methods for learning are faced with two primary challenges: the risk of becoming trapped in local optimum and the concern of low convergence rates, both of which necessitate attention and resolution. This work uses five newly proposed, well-known nature-inspired optimization approaches and develops a novel AMPA [ 36 ] algorithm to overcome both of these problems. The effects of four critical variables—temperature, ST-BM ratio, CaO-BM ratio, and coal bottom wt percent—are also analyzed.

Motivation:

The top two reasons for selecting MPA over other nature-inspired optimization strategies are listed below.

The NFL (theorem of no free lunch) states that not all optimization issues can be resolved by a single optimization algorithm [ 37 ]. Each optimization strategy excels in solving specific problem sets, but its performance may not be optimal in other scenarios. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate and compare algorithms against one another to determine their effectiveness in addressing a particular problem. In this work, we evaluate the practicality of MPA for the first time in tackling the problem of optimizing SVM parameters in the problem of GACOMP estimation.

References [ 38 ] highlight the numerous advantages of the MPA Fover 20 commonly used optimization techniques. Extensive testing across various domains, including 45 numerical functions, 24 high-dimensional structural problems, 30 real-world problems, and 35 IEEE CEC 2019 reference tasks, demonstrates the MPA’s superior performance in terms of convergence rate, accuracy, and its ability to avoid stagnation in local optima.

The following is a statement of the paper’s primary contribution :

The MPA is applied to optimize the connection weights of The SVM.

The adaptive transition strategy is exerted on MPA to regulate the transition behavior between the exploration and exploitation phases.

A hybrid SVM-AMPA is developed to model the steam gasification of palm oil waste using CaO and bottom ash as renewable catalysts. This hybrid approach combines the powerful modeling capabilities of SVM with the optimization capabilities of the AMPA algorithm, enabling efficient and accurate modeling of the gasification process.

The paper’s other sections are structured as follows: Sect.  2 outlines the methodology, including the materials, procedures, SVM architecture, ATMPA model, and SVM for the GACOMP assessment model. In Sect.  3 of the paper, detailed information regarding the experimental setup and simulation results is provided. This section offers insights into the methodology and outcomes of the research. Ultimately, in Sect.  4 , the results are reported, and conclusions are drawn based on the results obtained from the experiments and simulations.

Related terminology and background materials

Indus Green Bio Energy company provided the BM needed for the gasification process. The BM was dried in an oven and under the sun. The BM has particles ranging in size from 0.4 to 0.9 mm. Because of its higher thermal performance of 17.35 MJ/kg, PAOIW is utilized to produce syngas during gasification. Table  1 provides element and chemical compositions. Coal bottom ash served as the catalyst, which PENTA Engineering Co. LLC. Dolomite supplied is used as a Cao source for CO2 adsorption by Leong Chew Industrial Gas Pte Ltd. Table  2 demonstrates that the catalytic potential of Fe, Ca, Mg, and Al found in coal bottom ash during gasification [ 8 ].

Reference data presents the experimental setup used to validate the outcomes of steam gasification of PAOIW. Figure  1 illustrates the detailed configuration employed in the experimental setup, providing a visual representation of the apparatus and its components [ 29 ]. The GAS-SYS includes two different reactors: a BM feeder, a steam generator, cleaning vortex dividers, a water system, processing systems, cleaning equipment, and a gas analyzer. A feeding mechanism is used to supply the gasifier with PAOIW and CBA.

Demonstration of PAOIW steam gasification in a gasifier

Fluidized beds and fixed bed reactors commonly utilize silica sand and dolomite as bed materials. These materials serve essential functions in these reactor systems, providing support for the catalyst or sorbent and facilitating the desired reactions. Silica sand offers excellent thermal stability and good particle fluidization properties, while dolomite acts as a buffering agent and can enhance the sorption capacity of specific reactants. After being heated to a temperature of 360 degrees Celsius in the boiler, the material is then transferred to the GAS-SYS to be used in steam generation for fluidization and adsorption. Small solid particles are removed from the produced gases by the cyclone separator, in which Water cleaning can reduce the temperature by 30 °C, and low-temperature gases are analyzed in real time via an online system.

Methodology: prediction of product gas composition using the recommended hybrid technique

A variety of factors impact GACOMP, although the exact mechanisms are still unknown. SVMs have a “black box” matching from input to output, making them ideal for the job of identifying GACOMP. In order to create a GACOMP assessment model, this work employs a metaheuristic-based SVM.

Additional information can be obtained using sensors, such as temperature, the CaO-BM ratio, the percentage of coal bottom ash at a fixed temperature, and the ST-BM ratio. These elements’ low cost and applicability make them ideal candidates for use as input variables in SVM models.

• Support vector machine

In the late 1990s, Cortes and Vapnik developed a unique learning algorithm, SVM, utilizing statistical concepts. An SVM can achieve excellent classification accuracy with little source data. Problems that are difficult to solve using linear methods can be mapped to a higher-dimensional subspace using a non-linear mapping function. The hyperplane is defined as follows in high-dimensional feature space:

Data is transformed into a high-dimensional subspace using the SVM mapping function. Equation ( 1 ) creates a hyperplane that separates the two input categories using the weight and bias vector, and the resulting data set is displayed in Eq. ( 2 ):

Where m is the number of examples, \({y}_{i}\in \left\{-\text{1,1}\right\}\) represents the labels for the different categories and x i represents the input examples. The following restrictions should be applied to the hyperplane partitioning of the SVM’s feature set.

In order to determine the precise range between the border and the vector a , a positive loose coefficient is needed. Additionally, it fosters communication between empirical risk and confidence intervals. The following is a representation of a similar constraint optimization issue:

Equation ( 5 ) can be used to build convex quadratic programming. The Kuhn-Tucker criterion states that the Lagrangian multiplier ( \({\pounds }_{i}\) ) makes the calculation simpler.

The partial derivatives of L are w and λ. Since the L would be 0 at the minimum values, Eq. ( 6 ) is established.

The final optimization equation is obtained by combining Eqs. ( 5 ) and ( 6 ), where \(\eta ({\alpha }_{i},{\alpha }_{j})\) represents the kernel function in the input space.

Adaptive marine predator algorithm

Like many other strategies inspired by nature, the MPA utilizes a strategy that is based on populations. As a result, the original solution is frequently dispersed over the search area and subsequently assessed, as exemplified in the subsequent illustration:

L min and L max are employed to denote the bottom and upper bounds of a certain range. The vector rand is a uniformly distributed vector with values ranging from 0 to 1. In conclusion, Eq. ( 9 ) demonstrates that the top predator in a matrix named El is where the best answer to date is located. Matrix arrays are utilized to determine the whereabouts of the prey by leveraging precise information pertaining to their spatial coordinates.

The top predator is represented by the \(Loc\) I , El matrix’s I value, variable n represents the aggregate quantity of search agents, while the variable d denotes the overall quantity of dimensions. The El is updated if a superior agent takes the place of the top predator. Like El , Pr is a dimensional matrix. Agents tracking prey employ a matrix to keep track of their precise location. El is produced by the best predator, indicating that Pr is produced during the first startup period. The Pr is subjected to Eq. ( 10 )

Where the j th dimension of the i th predator is represented by a value of Loc i, j , the complete optimization process is appropriately and tightly tied to the El and Pr matrices. The optimization process is broken down into three steps.

• Phase 1 High-Velocity Ratio (H V ) : anytime the predator is out-moving the prey in speed. The aforementioned arrangement is initially observed throughout the optimization period, wherein the scope of exploration is limited. The mathematical representation of this rule is as follows:

Where \({\textbf{BM}}_{cof}\) is the shorthand for the Brownian motion with a regular distribution. The symbol \(\otimes\) represents the process of performing entry-by-entry multiplications. El and Pr matrices were defined by Eqs. ( 9 ) and ( 10 ), respectively. Max(It) denotes the maximum number of iterations. In this situation, the prey’s multiplication \({\mathbf{B}}{{\mathbf{M}}_{cof}}\) replicates its movements. FN denotes a constant value and rand is a random array between [0,1].

• Phase 2, the Unit-Velocity Ratio (U V ) : Both the predator and the prey exhibit same mobility. In this situation, exploitation and exploitation are both critical; therefore, agents are split equally between exploration and exploitation, so predators and prey are now responsible for exploration and exploitation. Brownian motion is the most secure strategy for a predator in the U V (v ≈ 1) if the prey runs in the Levy Flight fashion. In light of the findings of this inquiry, it may be deduced from Eq. ( 12 ) that prey moves in LF, whereas predators move in BM.

A random vector named \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{cof}}\) is generated based on the Levy Flight; rand denotes the random number in the range (0,1]. Levy Flight mimics prey movement by multiplying the step size by the prey position, while Pr multiplication mirrors prey movement. The MPA forecasts that the remaining 50% of individuals will complete the following forms.

When El is multiplied in Brownian motion \({\mathbf{B}}{{\mathbf{M}}_{cof}}\) , CEFA can be employed as a factor to adjust the step sizes of predators. Additionally, the prey can modify its posture in response to the movements of the predator. This interaction between the predators and prey allows for dynamic adaptations within the algorithm.

• Phase 3 Low-Velocity Ratio (L V ) : The situation can be summed up as follows when the prey is traveling more slowly than the predator at this point:

The actions of marine predators may also be influenced by ecological or physiological factors such fish aggregating mechanisms or Eddy formation impacts (EFI) [ 39 ], both of which are considered local optimum avoiding operators. In order to mitigate stagnation in local optima during the simulation, it is recommended to consider longer hops. By incorporating longer hops, the search space can be explored more extensively, allowing for better chances of escaping local optima and discovering global optima. This method encourages a deeper dive into the solution area, which can lead to better results. As a result, the following summarizes the extent of EFI’s influence:

In this case, the EFIs value is 0.2, which reflects their probability of influencing the optimization process. Binary vectors are referred to as Bin . To generate a random vector, each element in the array is modified based on a threshold. If an element is more significant than 0.2, it is changed to 1, and if it is less than or equal to 0.2, it is changed to 0. This process ensures the creation of a randomized vector with binary values. The random number ( r ) generated uniformly follows a discrete probability distribution, taking on positive integer values within the range of 0 to 1. In the context mentioned, Loc min represents the lower bound, and Loc max represents the upper bound for each dimension. These terms define the range or limits within which the values of each dimension or variable are constrained during the optimization process. The Loc min and Loc max values help ensure that the optimization algorithm operates within specific boundaries while searching for optimal solutions. In this context, the randomly produced values r 1 and r 2 of the Pr are employed.

Marine predators have a superb memory for previous hunting grounds. This ability can be imitated thanks to the MPA’s long-term memory-storing capability. Modifying Pr and running EFIs will result in changes to the Elite matrix. To ascertain the comparative effectiveness of iteration, greater emphasis is placed on the search agents derived from the latest iteration in comparison to those from the preceding iteration.

According to physiologically established regimes, the MPA simulates predators and prey in three stages. These levels are based on the size of the steps taken by predators to seize prey. However, the MPA predicts that during the length of its existence, a predator will exhibit nearly the same amount of LF and BM. During stages I to III, the predator remains stationary, exhibits Brownian motion, and eventually adopts Levy’s flying approach. Prey may also encounter situations wherein they become susceptible to predation.

Observing the movement of the prey in stage I, characterized by Brownian motion, and subsequently in stage II, characterized by Levy’s flight, is a straightforward task. According to the MPA, allocating one-third of the rounds to each phase has been observed to enhance the strategy and yield marginally superior outcomes compared to alternating between stages or consistently performing a single stage. Considering the ongoing development of MPA, it is imperative to enhance its efficacy by establishing a comprehensive understanding of the optimal utilization of the technique in relation to the specific update steps.

The conventional MPA program may not consistently facilitate a seamless progression from the phase of exploration to that of exploitation. The utilization of the adaptive technique is employed to effectively tackle the aforementioned challenge. The utilization of the time-varying adaptable approach has the potential to provide more comprehensive search patterns, hence enhancing the efficiency of the global search process. Furthermore, the issue of stagnation at local minima can be resolved by employing this particular combination. AMPA exhibits a dynamic pattern reminiscent of prey-predator interactions, wherein it transitions between phases in a continuous manner rather than through discrete stages. Continuous models enable the movement of agents between the two mentioned phases.

The step size is contingent upon the positions of Pr and El , as well as the specific coefficient type, as indicated by Eqs. ( 11 ) to ( 15 ). The first portion of Eq. ( 11 ) ( \({\mathbf{B}}{{\mathbf{M}}_{cof}} \otimes ({\mathbf{E}}{{\mathbf{l}}_{\mathbf{i}}} - {\mathbf{B}}{{\mathbf{M}}_{cof}} \otimes {\mathbf{P}}{{\mathbf{r}}_{\mathbf{i}}})\) ) determines the step size of this phase by multiplying the \({\mathbf{B}}{{\mathbf{M}}_{cof}}\) by the Pr location. As an alternative, the \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{cof}}\) array is multiplied by the Pr location in Eq. ( 12 ) (i.e., \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{cof}} \otimes ({\mathbf{E}}{{\mathbf{l}}_{\mathbf{i}}} - {\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{cof}} \otimes {\mathbf{P}}{{\mathbf{r}}_{\mathbf{i}}})\) ), where the Levy flight is employed for the generation of random integers at each point. The aforementioned approach demonstrates that the set of equations denoted as Eqs. ( 11 ) to Eq. ( 15 ) can be succinctly represented by Eq. ( 16 ).

The behaviors seen in Eqs. ( 17 ) and ( 18 ) can be characterized as random fluctuations and oscillating patterns, denoted as \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof1}}\) and \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof2}}\) , respectively. Figure  2 illustrates the presentation of these two coefficients.

The \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof1}}\) and \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof2}}\) coefficients

We specify these exact forms for \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof1}}\) and \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof2}}\) since the LF’s form is dependent on \(\alpha\) parameter. Figure  3 illustrates that a smaller value of the coefficient leads to a more extensive BM or LF analysis, which indicates larger movements. On the other hand, greater values of the coefficient lead to a reduced search space. The coefficients are formulated in a special manner to cater to various needs: a resilient hunting parameter that exhibits a substantial leap throughout the exploration stage, a precise hunting parameter that demonstrates a minor leap throughout the exploitation stage, and a seamless transition between these two phases. This allows for an adaptive and balanced approach throughout the optimization process. as shown in Figs.  2 and 3 , \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof1}}\) and \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof2}}\) satisfy these requirements.

Comparing the step lengths of Levy flying and Brownian motion distributions

Equation ( 16 ) indicates that \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof2}}\) has been chosen as the El component. As shown in Fig.  3 , the amplitude \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof2}}\) progressively decreases over time, creating a “movement” with large initial step sizes. Due to the continuous reduction in step sizes, the location of El undergoes minimal changes during the final iterations. This reduction in step sizes leads to a more refined and localized search, resulting in slower movements and a reduced exploration range. Consequently, El ’s position tends to stabilize, and significant alterations become less pronounced in the later stages of the optimization process.

In order to prevent the prey from becoming trapped in local minima, it is necessary to reduce the amplitude \({\mathbf{L}}{{\mathbf{B}}_{cof1}}\) and increase the step size throughout each iteration. Figure  4 illustrates the block diagram of the AMPA.

The block diagram of the proposed AMPA

Multiple analyses have shown evidence that in various realistic contexts, the parameter space exhibits bounds [ 38 ]. In the context of these practical situations, due attention is given to the search space of the problem. The restrictions in Eq. ( 19 ) \([{\text{Lo}}{{\text{c}}_{min}},{\text{Lo}}{{\text{c}}_{max}}]\) can be used to limit how much movement predators are allowed to make.

We have created the previous technique to keep predators inside their sphere of operation. The objective function and ideal location of a predator and its prey will be modified if the predator is located within the range. If both prey and predators are found inside the search region, the predator will stick around to hunt.

Training support vector machine using adaptive marine predator algorithm

This section describes the SVM-AMPA training process, where a single hidden layer SVM is trained using AMPA. How AMPA selects objective functions and representations of SVM components (search agents) is crucial for practical training.

A one-dimensional vector is used to represent the potential weights and biases of each search agent in the SVM. Equation ( 20 ) provides a means to calculate the total length of each vector. In this equation, h represents the ratio of the hidden layer’s neurons to the total number of input neurons ( n ). By incorporating this ratio, we can determine the appropriate dimensionality of the weight and bias vectors for each search agent in the SVM. The final vector of the SVM displayed in Fig.  5 is provided by Eq. ( 21 ) as an illustration of this encoding technique.

Investigation of the relationship between experimental findings and SVM-AMPA predictions for a fluidized bed gasifier operating at a constant ST-BM ratio and varying CaO-BM

The fitness of the created search agents is evaluated using the Mean Square Error (MSE) metric. This metric is calculated by summing the absolute differences between the required scores and the evaluated scores across all training instances (SVMs). The MSE provides a quantitative measure of the accuracy of the search agents’ performance, with lower MSE values indicating better fitness and closer alignment with the desired scores. The mathematical equation of MSE is represented by Eq. ( 22 ):

Where the training dataset contains a total of N samples, \({f_r}\) signifies the targeted fitness value, \({f_e}\) represents the assessed fitness value; and As a result, the entire diagram for the suggested methodology is shown in Fig.  6 .

Flowchart of the proposed methodology

The training variables considered for the neural network encompassed the steam-to-biomass ratio, temperature, percentage of Coal bottom ash, and the CaO-to-BM ratio. These variables, including the quantities of CO, H 2 , CO 2, and CH 4 in the produced gas, as well as Syngas yield, lower heating value (GAS lhv ), and higher heating value (GAS hhv ), were employed for the purpose of predicting output. In order to enhance network performance, a normalization process was used for all input and output data, resulting in a standardized range of values between 0 and 1. The process of normalization is of utmost importance as it serves to prevent the dominance of bigger input values over smaller ones throughout the training phase. The process of rescaling inputs and outputs offers two benefits: it accelerates the training process and promotes equal weighting of all inputs. This equal weighting aids in stabilizing the convergence of weights and biases.

The data in this study was divided into three distinct segments: 70% of the data was allocated for training the model, 15% was reserved for testing the model, and the remaining 15% was utilized for validation reasons. The ideal configuration of the neural network was discovered using a trial-and-error methodology. The determination of the number of neurons in the hidden layer was accomplished by an iterative process in which the network was trained to minimize the MSE. The determination of the quantity of neurons is of utmost importance in the establishment of neural networks. Insufficient neuron quantity may fail to achieve the appropriate error threshold, while an excessive number of neurons might lead to overfitting. Samples for the training and testing datasets were drawn at random.

Results and discussion

Novel nature-inspired optimization algorithms, including dynamic Levy flight chimp optimization algorithm (DLFChOA) [ 40 ], improved arithmetic optimization algorithm (IAOA) [ 41 ], movement strategy of grey wolf optimizer (LGWO) [ 42 ], enhanced Harris Hawk optimization algorithm (EHHO) [ 43 ], and MPA [ 38 ], are developed to evolve the GACOMP model predictions. Table  3 presents the initial values and setting parameters for these models. It provides an overview of the specific values assigned to the parameters and initial conditions that are utilized in the models. These parameters and initial values play a crucial role in determining the behavior and performance of the models throughout the simulation or optimization process.

Statistical metrics

In order to assess the accuracy of the prediction models, several statistical metrics are considered, including:

Root Mean Square Error (RMSE): This metric measures the average magnitude of the differences between predicted values and actual values.

Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ): This metric represents the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the independent variable(s).

Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE): This metric normalizes the RMSE by dividing it by the range of the dependent variable, providing a relative measure of the error.

Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE): This metric calculates the average percentage difference between predicted values and actual values, indicating the relative error.

Mean Absolute Error (MAE): This metric calculates the average magnitude of the differences between predicted values and actual values, regardless of the direction of the error.

Mean Relative Error (MRE): This metric measures the average relative difference between predicted values and actual values, providing insight into the magnitude of the error relative to the actual values.

These statistical metrics collectively evaluate the accuracy and performance of the prediction models, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of their predictive capabilities. Their equations can be represented as follows:

where \({Pv}_{i}^{{\prime }}\) \(\text{a}\text{n}\text{d}{ Av}_{i}\) denote the predicted and actual values, respectively, and \(m\) is the number of instances.

Six SVMs were created to estimate the amount of GACOMP during the gasification process. A multi-input and single-output metaheuristic-based SVM has been created to predict the product’s GACOMP. It comprises two layers of inputs, including (ST-BM ratio and temperature) and (ST-BM ratio CaO-BM), as well as a single layer of outputs, including (H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 ). A gas composition prediction model was developed using this technique, which has proven to be effective.

The minimal disparities between the experimental and modeled values can be attributed to error. Based on the error values, the experimental and predicted values are in reasonable agreement. For the experimental and modeled examples, the R 2 score increases as the error decreases. According to Table  6 , RMSE, MAD, and AARE calculated based on experimental and modeled data, respectively, were used to statistically analyze SVMs developed for H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 . All errors exhibit minimum values for the projected models, as can be seen. More minor error values result from larger R 2 values, which denotes a perfect agreement between experimental and estimated results. Consequently, it demonstrates that the created SVM model is appropriate for representing syngas product composition.

Effect of temperature

The simulation predictions for various parameters including temperature, CaO-BM ratio, CBA weight% at a constant ST-BM, and steam-BM ratio at a constant temperature, and data collected from a gasification plant are compared and contrasted, as reported in reference [ 29 ]. The effect of temperature variation on GACOMP is illustrated in Fig.  7 . Specifically, by a rise of 100 degrees, from 640 to 740, the H 2 content can be altered from 60 to 79%. The maximum production of H 2 is observed at 690 degrees. Additionally, as the temperature is raised from 640 to 690 degrees, the CO concentration decreases from 14.01 to 5.90%. These findings provide insights into the relationship between temperature changes and gas composition in the gasification process. \(^\circ C\) . Numerous analysts contend that the activity of the gasification and steam reforming processes is to responsible for the increase in H 2 generation. In the 640 to 740 \(^\circ C\) range, temperature-dependent CO 2 generation varied from 8.39 to 5.77%.

SVM-AMPA results for a fluidized bed gasifier at constant ST-BM ratio and variable temperature

Because CaO was present, CO 2 was trapped during the chemical transformation, reducing CO 2 emission. The model’s predictions are in line with the empirical observations, as shown in Fig.  7 : a maximum of 14.90% methane at 640 \(^\circ C\) and a low of 690 \(^\circ C\) . Increased tar cracking during the steam methane reforming procedure, which takes place at higher temperatures and an ST-BM ratio of 1.5, results in lower methane output. The results of the SVM modeling for the temperature effect are presented in Table  4 . All three errors—RMSE, MAD, and AARE—are minimal. The results of the experiment and the SVM-AMPA simulation exhibit excellent agreement, as shown in Fig.  7 . We discovered that the SVM-AMPA model estimated the experimental values for the product composition of H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 . It should be noted that the proposed model performs more effectively with seven hidden neurons.

Effect of ST-BM ratio

As seen in Fig.  8 , the SVM model anticipated an increase in GACOMP, supported by the experiment, when the ST-BM ratio increased from 0.3 to 1.8. A higher R 2 means that the predicted GACOMP and experiment results agree perfectly. H 2 content rises from 34.64 to 78.66% as a result of an increase in the ST-BM ratio from 0.3 to 1.8. However, the CO content dropped from 24.25 to 4.71%. For CO 2 and CH 4 , adding steam yields the same pattern.

Investigation of the relationship between experimental results and SVM-AMPA predictions for a fluidized bed gasifier running at a constant ST-BM ratio and changing coal bottom ash levels

Examples of endothermic reactions triggered by the enrichment of H 2 include the transformation of water into gas, tar cracking, and catalytic steam conversion—concentration in the gaseous product. When steam is added during PAOIW gasification, more researchers [ 29 ] have observed an increase in the pace of this process. Because steam and CaO are present, two reactions are taking place: a catalytic steam converting process and a carbonation process. The AARE error for all output gases is less than 1%, as shown in Table  5 . The ranges for RMSE and MAD errors are also acceptable. Consequently, the R 2 value close to 0.999 suggests a higher substantial coefficient of determination.

The effect of Carbon dioxide to BM ratio

The use of CaO in the process can have a substantial positive impact on BM steam gasification. Adsorption of CO 2 enhances gasification by catalyzing the process as well as capturing the CO 2 . In Fig.  5 of this research, the predicted CaO-BM ratio at an ST-BM ratio of 1.5 is compared to the observed results. Table  6 contrasts experimentally determined H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 values with those estimated by the SVM model. With an R 2 of 0.998 and an AARE of less than 1% for all gas compositions, the model has performed admirably. The H 2 percentage in the produced gas increases from 66.58 to 79.69% as the CaO-BM ratio increases from 0.5 to 1.42 and then slightly decreases as the CaO-BM ratio increases. The final product gas has minimal CO 2 because CaO is used to absorb CO 2 during the gasification process. The catalytic action of CaO, a recognized catalyst in BM gasification, causes the higher H 2 concentration in the resulting gas. Tar cracking, biogas reformation, and water gas transfer processes are all facilitated by CaO. At higher temperatures, the carbonation process collects CO 2 , while the carbonization of CaCO 3 produces CaO. Products with increased H 2 content have lowered CO 2 concentrations.

Adding the CaO-BM ratio resulted in a decrease in the methane output from the catalytic steam reforming cycle. Numerous researchers [ 29 , 44 ] have reported that BM (PAOIW) steam gasification has catalytic and Co 2 capture effects.

Percentage of the coal bottom ash weight effect

According to Fig.  9 , CBA weight% had an impact on the model-predicted GACOMP H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 products. The errors in Table  7 indicate that the compositions of the gases closely match the experimental results.

Investigation of the relationship between experimental findings and SVM-AMPA predictions for a fluidized bed gasifier operating at a constant temperature and varying ST-BM ratio

The AARE for every GC is incredibly low when compared to earlier samples. Both the RMSE and the MAD have smaller error margins in this case. The R 2 for the SVM prediction model was determined to be 0.999, indicating a high level of accuracy and a strong correlation between the predicted and actual values. The SVM prediction model demonstrates excellent performance when forecasting the impact of CBA percentage. In the gasification process, the catalyst, such as CBA, plays a vital role in enhancing tar cracking, improving the output of GACOMP, and influencing the yield of specific products. These findings highlight the significance of the catalyst in optimizing and influencing key aspects of the gasification process. The H 2 content rises from 65.11 to 80.00% by increasing the CBA weight%. When CBA concentrations increase from 0.019 to 0.069, the amounts of CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 in product gas decrease. When BM is gasified, CBA acts as a catalyst. Catalysts improve gasification reactions and tar cracking, transforming solids into gaseous byproducts. Previous work [ 17 ] shows that CBA has a catalytic effect because it contains Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe. Alkaline metals are widely recognized for enhancing BM conversion and reactivity throughout the gasification process; their effects are extensively documented. Both the increase in H 2 content and the use of a Fe-based catalyst in the gasification of PAOIW are notable. The performance of GAS-SYS depends heavily on how many syngases it produces. When the temperature, the CaO-BM ratio, and the CBA weight% were changed, high yields of 284, 287, and 284.20 g/kg of BM were discovered. The heating value of the produced gas is the basis for performance evaluations of GAS-SYS. The GAS lhv gained between 12.51 and 12.91 and 14.29 and 14.71 MMJ/Nm 3 at a fixed ST-BM ratio of 1.5 by changing the temperature from 650 to 750 \(^\circ C\) . The GAS lhv varies between 12.48 and 13.11 and 12.50 to 13.61 MJ/Nm3 by altering the CAB weight% and CaO-BM ratio. The GAS hhv varied from 14.29 to 14.70 MJ/Nm 3 at constant ST-BM ratios. It ranged from 14.19 to 14.91 MJ/Nm 3 for the GAS hhv . 1.5. The SVM-AMPA model is employed to estimate the impact of various parameters on syngas production, lower heating value (GAS lhv ), and higher heating value (GAS hhv ). This model allows for a comprehensive analysis of how different factors influence these essential aspects of the gasification process. By utilizing the SVM-AMPA approach, valuable insights can be gained regarding the relationships between the parameters and the resulting syngas composition and energy content. The findings show that the SVM-AMAPA model accurately predicts syngas emission, GASlhv, and GAShhv for fixed ST-BM ratios and ST-BM ratios at fixed temperatures under various temperature, CaO, and BM content conditions.

For all natural gasification processes, the SVM-AMPA model yields reliable results with R 2  > 0.98 and lower values of RMSE (for syngas output), MSE (for methane generation), and AARE (for hydrogen production). The SVM model can be used to predict experimental data on BM gasification because of its accuracy in empirical transfer values.

The comparison with other benchmark metaheuristic algorithms

The statistical metrics used to assess the SVM predictions are displayed in Table  8 . The SVM model’s GACOMP numerical simulations are not appalling, according to all of these findings, but we still need to make more precise estimates before we can safely recommend it as a reliable GACOMP model indicator. Therefore, in order to create the SVM model, nature-inspired optimization techniques should be applied.

The next stage combines AMPA with five nature-inspired optimization techniques: IAOA, EHHO, LGWO, MPA, and DLFChOA. The statistical results for the SVM-AMPA model and five SVM-based nature-inspired models for training datasets are provided in Table  9 . The six SVM-based nature-inspired optimization approaches proposed in this study have significant training advantages, as indicated by the fact that the R 2 for the six metaheuristic-based models is substantially over 0.81. The statistical metrics for the testing datasets are also included in Table  9 . These results indicate that although all six hybrid models can successfully estimate the GACOMP model more accurately than the SVM model, the SVM-AMPA model has the best estimation accuracy.

Table  9 ’s ranking mechanism for each benchmark is used to further assess and compare the estimation accuracy of nature-inspired SVM-based models. Figure  10 displays the total ranking results as stacked bars. Figure  11 presents six statistical measures for the SVM and six nature-inspired SVM-based models. Results indicate that SVM-AMPA is superior to the other methods in testing and training since it is more dependable and accurate. The intelligent optimization of the SVM-AMPA model has many benefits, including quick convergence and lower error rates. An evaluation of the convergence rates of various nature-inspired SVM-based models is shown in Fig.  12 . Figure  13 displays a Taylor diagram based on correlation coefficient and standard deviation for yet another comparison. Remarkably, the SVM-AMPA proves to have a significant effect.

Overall stacked ranking results for nature-inspired SVM-based models

The graphical representation of statistical measures, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of their evaluation and comparison

Comparison of the nature-inspired SVM-based models’ convergence rates

Taylor diagram for nature-inspired SVM-based models

The research findings demonstrate that all nature-inspired SVM-based models utilized in this study exhibit higher prediction accuracy compared to the traditional SVM model, as depicted in Fig.  13 . Notably, the SVM-AMPA model surpasses all other nature-inspired SVM-based models in terms of accuracy. Therefore, this article recommends using the SVM-AMPA hybrid model for estimating the ICT score. The SVM-AMPA model proves to be superior in terms of prediction accuracy and can provide more reliable estimations for the ICT score compared to other models considered in the research.

This subsection presents a comprehensive analysis of the experimental findings derived from the SVM-AMPA model, as elaborated in Tables  8 and 9 ; Figs.  10 , 11 , 12 and 13 . The objective is to clarify the consequences of these findings and provide a thorough comprehension of the model’s performance.

Interpreting the Statistical Metrics (Tables  8 and 9 ):

The statistical metrics shown in Table  8 provide an overview of the initial performance of the traditional SVM model in its ability to forecast the GACOMP. Although the model demonstrates a satisfactory R 2 value of 0.7141, signifying a solid alignment with the training data, there is still potential for enhancing the accuracy of predictions, as indicated by the RMSE and MAE metrics. These measurements establish the foundation for the introduction of the SVM-AMPA model.

Table  9 presents a comparison of the performance improvements obtained by the integration of AMPA with SVM. The SVM-AMPA model demonstrates a noteworthy enhancement in its R 2 value, reaching a significant rise of 0.99 when compared to the traditional SVM model. The observed enhancement is consistently observed in both the training and testing datasets, highlighting the model’s robustness and capacity to generalize. Moreover, the SVM-AMPA model demonstrates enhanced precision and lowered error rates, as evidenced by the decreased RMSE and MAE values. This result indicates that the SVM-AMPA model is a more dependable method for predicting GACOMP.

Analysis of nature-inspired optimization techniques:

The incorporation of five distinct nature-inspired optimization strategies into the SVM framework demonstrates diverse enhancements in the accuracy of predictions, as indicated in Table  9 . Among the several techniques considered, the AMPA optimization technique emerges as the most notable, demonstrating superior accuracy and minimal error rates. This observation demonstrates the algorithm’s proficient ability to explore and optimize within the SVM framework.

Ranking and Comparative Analysis (Figs.  10 and 11 ):

The findings presented in Fig.  10 provide additional evidence to support the dominant performance of the SVM-AMPA model compared to the other approaches under consideration. The comprehensive rating, which incorporates various statistical metrics, offers a thorough perspective on the performance of each model. Figure  11 facilitates a visual examination of the statistical measures across all models. The graphical depiction plays a crucial role in illustrating the persistent superiority of the SVM-AMPA model over other models across all metrics, hence confirming its enhanced predictive capability.

Convergence rates and model robustness (Fig.  12 ):

The analysis of the convergence rate comparison depicted in Fig.  12 provides valuable insights into the relative efficiency of the models. The SVM-AMPA model not only attains superior accuracy but also exhibits faster convergence, a critical aspect for real-time applications or situations with constrained processing resources.

Taylor Diagram Interpretation (Fig.  13 ):

The Taylor diagram depicted in Fig.  13 provides an additional viewpoint on the performance of the models since it illustrates the standard deviation and correlation coefficient. The proximity of the SVM-AMPA model to the observed data point depicted in the diagram provides more evidence supporting its improved prediction accuracy and dependability.

Conclusions drawn from the analysis:

The experimental findings and their comprehensive analysis highlight the efficacy of the SVM-AMPA model. The capacity to deliver precise, dependable, and effective forecasts renders it a helpful instrument for predicting the GACOMP in biomass gasification procedures. The SVM-AMPA model is considered a more favorable option compared to conventional SVM and other nature-inspired models due to its ability to achieve both high predicted accuracy and rapid convergence rates.

In conclusion, the SVM-AMPA model, as evidenced by the thorough evaluation and comparison study, demonstrates exceptional performance across various crucial dimensions, including accuracy, dependability, and efficiency. The results of this study not only confirm the original theory but also provide new avenues for future research in the field of intelligent optimization and machine learning applications in renewable energy systems.

The present work effectively employed SVM modeling to examine the impact of crucial factors, including the CaO-biomass ratio, temperature, and weight ratio of coal bottom ash (CBA), on the gas composition (GACOMP) of several products, including H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 , during the process of biomass gasification. The SVM model accurately predicted several essential parameters, including GACOMPs, syngas output, GAS hhv , and GAS lhv . This prediction was achieved by maintaining a constant steam-biomass ratio and controlling the temperature settings. The SVM model effectively captured the intricate effects of different operational aspects. The predicted accuracy of the SVM-based model was enhanced by the integration of six nature-inspired optimization strategies, with particular emphasis on the AMPA.

The study conducted a comparative analysis of six SVM-based models that draw inspiration from nature. The findings of the analysis highlighted the strong resilience and dependability of these techniques when it comes to calculating GACOMP. The simulations conducted in our study have a strong correlation (R 2  = 0.99) and exhibit low error metrics (RMSE, MAD, AARE), which provide evidence supporting the efficacy of these models. These findings suggest that the models have the potential to be valuable tools for optimizing and dynamically managing the biomass gasification process.

Although the findings of the proposed SVM-AMPA model show promise, it is essential to acknowledge that there are several limitations associated with it. A significant obstacle that arises is the reliance on the caliber and variety of input data. The performance of the model is highly dependent on the representativeness of the training dataset, potentially constraining its ability to generalize to diverse biomass feedstock or gasification circumstances that were not encompassed in the original dataset. Furthermore, the computational cost of the AMPA technique, although feasible, may present difficulties in situations that demand real-time analysis or when used on considerably bigger datasets.

In the future, research studies can investigate various cutting-edge metaheuristic methodologies in order to enhance the predicted accuracy and efficiency of biomass gasification modeling. This investigation encompasses the exploration of alternative advanced optimization techniques that have the potential to yield superior performance or necessitate reduced processing resources. Furthermore, our research aims to incorporate adaptive or time-varying coefficients into the Marine Predator Algorithm in order to improve its versatility and capacity to adapt to a wide range of gasification scenarios that are subject to change over time.

In addition, a primary area of emphasis will involve broadening the spectrum of biomass kinds and gasification settings used in the training datasets. The primary objective of this development is to enhance the resilience of the model, thereby guaranteeing its suitability and dependability in diverse biomass gasification configurations. An additional area for further investigation pertains to the incorporation of our model into real-time monitoring systems within biomass gasification facilities, enabling the implementation of dynamic process optimization strategies that rely on instantaneous feedback.

In conclusion, our study provides a robust basis for intelligent modeling in the context of biomass gasification, hence presenting several prospects for further progress in this dynamic area of research. The investigation of these pathways holds the potential to not only improve the SVM-AMPA model but also make a substantial contribution to the broader field of renewable energy research.

Abbreviations

Gas composition

Chimp optimization algorithm

Adaptive transition marine predator algorithm

Improve slime mould algorithm

Gasification system

Improved Henry gas solubility optimization

Steam-biomass

Enhanced whale optimization algorithm

Modified shuffled frog leaping optimization algorithm

Computer-aided Diagnosis

Calcium oxide

Dynamic levy flight chimp optimization algorithm

Improve arithmetic optimization algorithm

Movement strategy of grey wolf optimizer

Coefficient of determination

Root mean square error

Enhanced Harris Hawk optimization algorithm

Relative root mean square error

Mean relative error

Mean absolute error

Mean absolute percentage error

X-ray fluorescence

Coal bottom ash

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Acknowledgements

This study is supported via funding from Prince sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2024/R/1445).

This work was supported by Hunan Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Project “Research on feature extraction and auxiliary diagnosis of resting state brain network data at typical time scales”and Yiyang City Science and Technology Innovation Project “Typical Time Scale Resting State Brain Network Map Data Feature Extraction and Auxiliary Diagnosis Research”.

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Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan

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Guo, X., Bouteraa, Y., Khishe, M. et al. Intelligent optimization of steam gasification catalysts for palm oil waste using support vector machine and adaptive transition marine predator algorithm. Complex Intell. Syst. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01502-3

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Received : 26 June 2023

Accepted : 15 May 2024

Published : 06 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01502-3

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