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A microcosting approach for planning and implementing community-based mental health prevention program: what does it cost?

Estimating program costs when planning community-based mental health programs can be burdensome. Our aim was to retrospectively document the cost for the first year of planning and implementing Healthy Minds H...

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Systematic review of the economic evaluation model of assisted reproductive technology

With the increasing demand for fertility services, it is urgent to select the most cost-effective assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment plan and include it in medical insurance. Economic evaluation ...

Predicting healthcare expenditure based on Adjusted Morbidity Groups to implement a needs-based capitation financing system

Due to population aging, healthcare expenditure is projected to increase substantially in developed countries like Spain. However, prior research indicates that health status, not merely age, is a key driver o...

Budget impact analysis of continuous glucose monitoring in individuals with type 2 diabetes on insulin treatment in England

In 2022, updated guidance from NICE expanded the options for self-monitoring of blood glucose for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), to include continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). In this budget impact ana...

Does the introduction of an infliximab biosimilar always result in savings for hospitals? A descriptive study using real-world data

Biosimilars are biologic drugs that have the potential to increase the efficiency of healthcare spending and curb drug-related cost increases. However, their introduction into hospital formularies through init...

Factors influencing medical expenditures in patients with unresolved facial palsy and pharmacoeconomic analysis of upper eyelid lid loading with gold and platinum weights compared to tarsorrhaphy

There are no standards in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to eye care in incomplete eyelid closure due to unresolved facial palsy (FP). Loading of the upper eyelid (UELL) with gold weights (GWs) or plati...

A Hierarchical Bayesian approach to small area estimation of health insurance coverage in Ethiopian administrative zones for better policies and programs

Sample surveys are extensively used to provide reliable direct estimates for large areas or domains with enough sample sizes at national and regional levels. However, zones are unplanned domains by the Demogra...

Heterogeneous effects of hospital competition on inpatient quality: an analysis of five common diseases in China

Many countries has introduced pro-competition policies in the delivery of healthcare to improve medical quality, including China. With the increasing intensity of competition in China's healthcare market, ther...

Examining confidential wholesale margin estimates in European countries for the price negotiation of patented drugs in Germany: a statistical model

Based on the legal framework laid down in section 130b (9) of Book V of the German Social Code, various criteria are relevant for the negotiated price for new patented drugs in Germany. European reference pric...

The long-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly semaglutide versus sitagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in China

To estimate the long-term cost-effectiveness of once-weekly semaglutide versus sitagliptin as an add-on therapy for type 2 diabetes patients inadequately controlled on metformin in China, to better inform heal...

UHC in Morocco: a bottom-up estimation of public hospitals' financing size based on a costing database

Morocco is engaged in a health system reform aimed at generalizing health insurance across the whole population by 2025. This study aims to build a national database of costs at all levels of public hospitals ...

Preferences in adolescents and young people’s sexual and reproductive health services in Nigeria: a discrete choice experiment

Barriers to utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services by adolescents and young people (AYP) have persisted despite evidence that youth-friendly services have a positive effect on contracepti...

Insurance barriers and inequalities in health care access: evidence from dual practice

We investigate access disparities in pharmaceutical care among German patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on differences between public and private health insurance schemes. The primary objectives include ...

Impact of reimbursement systems on patient care – a systematic review of systematic reviews

There is not yet sufficient scientific evidence to answer the question of the extent to which different reimbursement systems influence patient care and treatment quality. Due to the asymmetry of information b...

The economic effect of financial compensation in China’s healthcare system: comprehensive insights regarding supply and demand factors

We aim to analyse the effects of government subsidies on residents’ health and healthcare expenditure from the perspectives of supply and demand.

Correction: Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: catastrophic health expenditure and unmet need for healthcare

The original article was published in Health Economics Review 2024 14 :8

Correction: Inequalities in unmet health care needs under universal health insurance coverage in China

The original article was published in Health Economics Review 2024 14 :2

Catastrophic health expenditures: a disproportionate risk in uninsured ethnic minorities with diabetes

Chargemaster prices are the list prices that providers and health systems assign to each of their medical services in the US. These charges are often several factors of magnitude higher than those extended to ...

End-of-life expenditure on health care for the older population: a scoping review

The existing evidence shows that the pattern of health expenditure differs considerably between people at the end-of-life and people in other periods of their lives. The awareness of these differences, combine...

Timing of preventive behavior in the case of a new and evolving health risk: the case of COVID-19 vaccination

Time preferences for preventive behavior under novel risks and uncertain contexts may differ from timing preferences related to familiar risks. Therefore, it is crucial to examine drivers of preventative healt...

Correction: A comparative study of bibliometric analysis on old adults’ cognitive impairment based on web of science and CNKI via CiteSpace

The original article was published in Health Economics Review 2023 13 :56

Public health spending in Sub-Saharan Africa: exploring transmission mechanisms using the latent growth curve mediation model

In response to the imperatives of universal health coverage, structural factors that may hinder the effectiveness of increased spending in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) need attention. This study assessed the media...

The economic costs of orthopaedic services: a health system cost analysis of tertiary hospitals in a low-income country

Traumatic injuries are rising globally, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries, constituting 88% of the burden of surgically treatable conditions. While contributing to the highest burde...

Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analysis of disease-modifying drugs of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, and inflammatory disease. The economic burden of MS is substantial, and the high cost of Disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) prices are the main drivers of healthca...

Evaluating the costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: a systematic review

Adverse drug events (ADEs) are not only a safety and quality of care issue for patients, but also an economic issue with significant costs. Because they often occur during hospital stays, it is necessary to ac...

Estimation of lifetime productivity loss from patients with chronic diseases: methods and empirical evidence of end-stage kidney disease from Taiwan

Studies that examine the broad allocation of resources, regardless of who bears the costs, should ideally estimate costs from a societal perspective. We have successfully integrated survival rates, employment ...

Impact of 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) health center investments on disadvantaged neighborhoods after recession

Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are integral to the U.S. healthcare safety net and uniquely situated in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) invested $...

Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: catastrophic health expenditure and unmet need for healthcare

Universal health coverage means that all people can access essential health services without incurring financial hardship. Even in countries with good service coverage and financial protection, the progress to...

The Correction to this article has been published in Health Economics Review 2024 14 :20

Cost-effectiveness of edaravone dexborneol versus human urinary kallidinogenase for acute ischemic stroke in China

Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of edaravone dexborneol in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. This study aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of edaravone dexborneol compared with human...

Research trends in contemporary health economics: a scientometric analysis on collective content of specialty journals

Health economics is a thriving sub-discipline of economics. Applied health economics research is considered essential in the health care sector and is used extensively by public policy makers. For scholars, it...

An analysis of the trend towards universal health coverage and access to healthcare in Morocco

We aim in this study to investigate the association between access to health care services and various components of universal health coverage in Morocco, controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and cultur...

Mechanical ventilation as a major driver of COVID-19 hospitalization costs: a costing study in a German setting

While COVID-19 hospitalization costs are essential for policymakers to make informed health care resource decisions, little is known about these costs in western Europe. The aim of the current study is to anal...

Cost-effectiveness analysis of parenteral iron therapy compared to oral iron supplements in managing iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women

This study compared the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of parenteral iron, using intravenous iron sucrose (IVIS) therapy against the standard regimen of oral iron (OI) therapy for managing iron-defic...

Inequalities in unmet health care needs under universal health insurance coverage in China

Expanding health insurance is a critical step towards universal health coverage due to its positive effect on reducing unmet health care needs and enhancing equitable access to health care. Despite previous st...

The Correction to this article has been published in Health Economics Review 2024 14 :19

Upcoding in medicare: where does it matter most?

Upcoding in Medicare has been a topic of interest to economists and policy makers for nearly 40 years. While upcoding is generally understood as “billing for services at higher level of complexity than the ser...

A comparative study of bibliometric analysis on old adults’ cognitive impairment based on Web of Science and CNKI via CiteSpace

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status, the research hot spots and frontiers of cognitive impairment (CI) on old adults from 2012 to 2022 based on Web of Science (WoS) and China National K...

The Correction to this article has been published in Health Economics Review 2024 14 :15

Do public healthcare programs make societies more equal? Cross-country evidence on subjective wellbeing

Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to provide quality healthcare services and safeguard the population from the financial burden of catastrophic health expenditure. Its primary objectives are to improve long...

NHS reference costs: a history and cautionary note

Historically, the NHS did not routinely collect cost data, unlike many countries with private insurance markets. In 1998, for the first time the government mandated NHS trusts to submit estimates of their cost...

Cost-utility analysis of Palbociclib + letrozole and ribociclib + letrozole versus Letrozole monotherapy in the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer in Iran using partitioned survival model

Palbociclib and Ribociclib are cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 oral molecular inhibitors that have the potential to improve overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and quality of life in patients w...

Supply-side factors influencing demand for facility-based delivery in Tanzania: a multilevel analysis

Improving access to facility-based delivery care has the potential to reduce maternal and newborn deaths across settings. Yet, the access to a health facility for childbirth remains low especially in low-incom...

Forecasting emergency department arrivals using INGARCH models

Forecasting patient arrivals to hospital emergency departments is critical to dealing with surges and to efficient planning, management and functioning of hospital emerency departments.

Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cardioprotective glucose-lowering therapies for type 2 diabetes in Brazil: a Bayesian network model

The escalating prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) poses an unparalleled economic catastrophe to developing countries. Cardiovascular diseases remain the primary source of costs among individuals with T2DM, i...

Correction: Economic burden of chronic migraine in OECD countries: a systematic review

The original article was published in Health Economics Review 2023 13 :43

Work accident effect on the use of psychotropic drugs: the case of benzodiazepines

A work accident constitutes a shock to health, likely to alter mental states and affect the use of psychotropic drugs. We focus on the use of benzodiazepines, which are a class of drugs commonly used to treat ...

Do public health expenditures affect maternal and child health in Madagascar?

Previous studies have argued that the relationship between health expenditures and health outcomes is more significant among the poor than the non-poor. However, public spending alone does not improve health s...

Knowledge domain and emerging trends in multimorbidity and frailty research from 2003 to 2023: a scientometric study using citespace and VOSviewer

Multimorbidity and frailty represent emerging global health burdens that have garnered increased attention from researchers over the past two decades. We conducted a scientometric analysis of the scientific li...

Does patient behaviour drive physicians to practice defensive medicine? Evidence from a video experiment

By manipulating patients’ critical attitude in a video experiment, we examined whether physicians are more intended to perform defensive acts because of a higher perceived liability risk in Belgium.

Cost-utility analysis of valsartan, enalapril, and candesartan in patients with heart failure in Iran

Today, heart failure is one of the leading causes of death and disability in most developed and developing countries. By 2030, more than 23.3 million people are projected to die of cardiovascular diseases each...

Economic burden of chronic migraine in OECD countries: a systematic review

Chronic migraine (CM) is a significant neurological condition affecting a substantial portion of the global population. The economic burden of CM includes both direct healthcare costs and indirect costs result...

The Correction to this article has been published in Health Economics Review 2023 13 :49

The impact of health insurance enrollment on health outcomes in Kenya

The achievement of the global agenda on universal health coverage (UHC) is pivotal in ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being of all. However, achieving healthy lives and wellbeing of all has been ...

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Editorial: Insights in health economics: 2021

Mihajlo jakovljevic.

1 Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

2 Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

3 Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

Seiritsu Ogura

4 Faculty of Economics, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

In the third decade of the twenty first century, methodological applications are leading to the movement of the knowledge frontier in the field of Health Economics. This frontiers Research Topic aims to highlight the latest advancements in health economics at the forefront of science. This editorial initiative, of particular relevance, led by Specialty Chief Editors of the Health Economics section Prof. Mihajlo Jakovljevic and Prof. Seiritsu Ogura, was focused on new insights, novel developments, current challenges, latest discoveries, recent advances, and future perspectives in the field of Health Economics ( 1 ).

The Topic has succeeded to invite a total of 18 forward-looking contributions. Some of them were describing the state of the art, outlining recent developments and major accomplishments that have been achieved. Also, possible directions of further development were designated in some of these articles. An array of contributing institutions were encouraged to identify the greatest challenges in the inter-disciplinary developments at the cross-sections of health economics, policy, global, and public health, pandemic health emergencies, quality of life, and mainstream market economics.

There was a set of mutually interconnected European contributions. An Eastern European study focused on Health Technology Assessment framework in this vast region (Daubner-Bendes et al.) . Clench-Aas and Holte elaborated on the crisis of political trust in Europe and the relationship between income and life satisfaction. This problem was observed on a scale of different levels including the national, community, and individual citizen level. On the other hand, a Scottish national study worked on an Analysis of multiple risky health behaviors and associated disease outcomes using Scottish linked hospitalization data (Olajide et al.) .

A pandemic-focused trial has revealed bottle neck inefficiencies of overstretched health systems. A convenient example was the study pointing out the relationship to real gross domestic product per capita in 38 European countries during the first wave of the pandemic (Pardhan and Drydakis) . Another piece of complementary evidence coming from Japan has shown that the pandemic has severely impacted physician visits in Japan (Kumagai) . One more Japanese piece of work has dealt with financial literacy, financial education, and smoking behavior (Watanapongvanich et al.) . A single study of US origin focused on clustering and healthcare costs amongst the patients with multiple chronic conditions (Hajat et al.) .

Chinese Universities encircle the largest set of studies that were successfully published in this Topic. Tang et al. have presented evidence of apparently puzzling connections between overweight/obesity and income-related inequality using Chinese labor force data. In another case a group led by Hao et al. has provided statistical evidence of the positive effect of the attempts of increased decentralization on the health outcome of communities, using DID analysis. Similarly, Xu and Lin published an elaborate econometric analysis of the effect of fiscal decentralization on the public health expenditure and public health, using continuous measures of fiscal decentralization. The fourth study is an interesting event-analysis of the food-industry firms that faced “crisis” from safety incidents, which examines the influence of their political connections and charitable donations, as well as the spill-over effects on their competitor firms (Xiang et al.) . Particularly significant in an administrative system where health services almost never cross community boundaries is the study of spatial effect analysis of health spending patterns and trends in relationship to the health outputs in Chinese communities, establishing spill-over effects (Xu et al.) . Finally, signaling the start of the expected and inescapable explosion of the demand for long-term care in the rapidly aging China, Tang et al. have provided a glimpse of the impact of long-term care insurance on the medical expenses and health status in Chinese society.

Vietnamese researchers did work on an interesting piece attempting to quantify the effects of various levels of dietary salt reduction on the prevalence of hypertension and the avoidable burden of stroke in Vietnam. These dynamic and complex consequences of salt intake in nutrition were observed through micro-simulation providing reliable assessment of the health and economic impacts (Aminde et al.) . Another valuable Vietnamese contribution refers to a thorough exploration of complications of myocardial infarction after surgical treatment in Vietnam. This work contains an econometric part of the clinical equation, bringing valuable assessments of incremental cost, readmission risk, and duration of hospital admissions (Bui et al.) . An Iranian study was particularly methodologically stringent adopting the framework of the systematic review and a meta-analysis. They managed to test the hypothesis of effectiveness of their national hospitals against the ongoing health sector evolution plan (Amini et al.) .

Extensive Korean effort describes the market landscape and dynamics in relation to market exclusivity of the originator medicines in South Korea. This was conducted via adopting a retrospective cohort study design (Son) . Last but not least, there was an ambitious piece of work originating from Sub-Saharan Africa. It was a comparative assessment of three national health systems namely the ones of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. This piece of research explores the causal relationship between donor commitments and disbursements for sexual and reproductive health aid (Kibira et al.) .

The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) Emerging markets continue to represent the engine of real economic growth worldwide. These nations shape the global demand for generic pharmaceuticals, medical goods, and services. Lock-downs caused by the pandemic have severely affected major supply chains and world trade routes. These changes alongside other upcoming challenges have decreased prospects for market recovery. The Global South nations, many of whom were represented in this topic, present a huge diversity in the historical legacy of their medical care financing and provision patterns. The burdens of premature mortality and absenteeism are multiplied by the prevalence and incidence of NCDs ( 2 ). Such health systems of LMICs countries will face difficult sustainability challenges due to long-term trends ( 3 ). An array of bottleneck vulnerabilities might be revealed once the entire health sectors are pushed to the limits of their resilience ( 4 , 5 ). Current findings witness that the majority of global supply and demand is increasingly coming from the Asia—Pacific region. China, India, and South-East Asian ASEAN countries are most prominent representatives of this vast region ( 6 ).

Editors believe these valuable and diverse Topic contributions might open a new horizon of knowledge. Last but not least this is a unique opportunity to open the floor for a public debate on the Global South challenges from the perspective of academic health economics. The core aim of this special edition was to shed light on the progress made in the past decade in the Health Economics field ( 7 ). A diverse group of authors coming from academia, industry, governing authorities, and professional associations attempted to provide a thorough overview of the state of the art of the Health Economics field ( 8 , 9 ). We hope that such an article Research Topic might inspire, inform, and provide direction and guidance to researchers in years to come.

Author contributions

MJ has prepared the manuscript draft, while SO has revised it for important intellectual content. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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About the Concentration in Health Economics and Policy

The concentration in Health Economics and Policy prepares doctoral students to address the most pressing challenges in health and health care through innovative, rigorous and interdisciplinary research in the field of health economics. This program integrates traditional training in economics with practical training in health policy and health services research to train the next generation of health economists.

The curriculum offers a broad exposure to the health economics literature and public health disciplines, and stresses the policy implications of these fields of research. The curriculum stresses a foundation in applied modern microeconomic theory, economic evaluation, quantitative methods and econometrics, including PhD-level courses from the Department of Economics in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences.

Doctoral students are paired with a faculty adviser from the Health Economics concentration with similar research interests. Faculty in the Health Economics concentration are working in a variety of research areas including understanding health insurance design, the economic implications of health and health care disparities, market forces and health care prices, pharmaceutical economics, and payment design and access. Doctoral students will also have the opportunity to work with other faculty within the Department, as well as faculty from other Departments including International Health, Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Biostatistics, the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, the Carey Business School, and the Department of Economics. Students also often work with various centers and initiatives across the University, including the Hopkins Business of Health Initiative.

What Can You Do With a Graduate Degree In Health Economics And Policy?

The program prepares students for successful research careers as health economists. Former students have gone onto careers in academia, government, research-oriented non-profits, and the private sector. Visit the  Graduate Employment Outcomes Dashboard to learn about Bloomberg School graduates' employment status, sector, and salaries.

View a list of selected recent graduates and dissertation titles for the PhD Concentration in Health Economics and Policy.

Curriculum for the Concentration in Health Economics and Policy

Browse an overview of the requirements for this PhD program in the JHU  Academic Catalogue  and explore all course offerings in the Bloomberg School  Course Directory .

Admissions Requirements

For general admissions requirements, please visit the How to Apply page.

Standardized Test Scores

Standardized test scores are  not required and not reviewed  for this program. If you have taken a standardized test such as the GRE, GMAT, or MCAT and want to submit your scores, please note that they will not be used as a metric during the application review.  Applications will be reviewed holistically based on all required application components.

Matthew Eisenberg, PhD, MPhil,

uses applied health economics methods to study how consumers make decisions about their healthcare.

All accepted PhD students receive a standard funding package.  As of September 1, 2023 this package includes full tuition support, a $30,000 per year stipend, individual health, dental, and vision insurance and the University Health Services clinic fee for four years.

For funding sources, please see PhD funding page .

Need-Based Relocation Grants Students who  are admitted to PhD programs at JHU starting in Fall 2023 or beyond can apply to receive a $1500 need-based grant to offset the costs of relocating to be able to attend JHU.   These grants provide funding to a portion of incoming students who, without this money, may otherwise not be able to afford to relocate to JHU for their PhD program. This is not a merit-based grant. Applications will be evaluated solely based on financial need.  View more information about the need-based relocation grants for PhD students .

Questions about the program? We're happy to help. [email protected] 410-955-2488

• HEOR Resources

Interest in the field of health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) has grown exponentially.

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Interest in the field of health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) has grown exponentially as governments and other payers grapple with how to provide the best possible health outcomes at affordable costs. At ISPOR, we believe that every healthcare decision should be informed by the best scientific research derived from rigorous, proven methodologies. Toward that goal, the Society’s mission is to promote HEOR excellence to improve decision making for health globally.

In today's world, healthcare decision makers across the globe are often faced with the need to select therapeutic "interventions" from multiple treatment options, including biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, and healthcare services. However, the benefits and costs of these interventions can range dramatically and the benefits can be economic, clinical, both, or may include hard to measure costs or benefits the patient experiences directly. Health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) can help healthcare decision makers—including clinicians, governments, payers, health ministries, patients, and more—to adequately compare and choose among the available options.

HEOR Defined

What is health economics and outcomes research (heor).

Outcomes research comprises a set of scientific disciplines that evaluate the effect of healthcare interventions on patients.

Health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) is the confluence of 2 fields that work together to provide powerful data and insights for healthcare decision makers.

ISPOR—The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) continues to monitor healthcare trends and conduct horizon scanning around the world. 

The “ISPOR 2024-2025 Top 10 HEOR Trends” marks the fifth publication of the Society’s biennial report, which is based on input from its members and strategic curation from its Health Science Policy Council .

View the Top 10 Trends

HEOR and ISPOR

During ISPOR’s 25+ year history, the Society has become the leading source for scientific conferences, peer-reviewed and MEDLINE ® -indexed publications, good practices guidance, education, collaboration, and tools/resources in the field of health economics and outcomes research. Learn more about how ISPOR contributes to the global HEOR community:

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HEOR Topics

ISPOR has defined the following HEOR topics in its taxonomy that are the key areas of focus for the organization and its membership:

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Research Summary: Social Determinants of Health

• Social determinants of health are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes.
• This pages provides an overview of CDC research on social determinants of health.
• This searchable list of peer-reviewed articles is categorized according to the Healthy People 2030 framework.

What CDC is doing

CDC conducts and publishes research on the social determinants of health (SDOH). This page offers a searchable list of recent peer-reviewed articles written by CDC researchers on various SDOH topics. These are organized according to the Healthy People 2030 place-based framework:

• Economic stability explores the link between people's financial resources (like income, cost of living, and socioeconomic status) and their health. Key issues include poverty, employment, food security, and housing stability.
• Education examines the relationship between education and health and well-being. Important areas include graduation rates, higher education, educational attainment, language and literacy, and early childhood education and development.
• Social and community context focuses on how the characteristics of environments where people live, learn, work, and play affect their health and well-being. It covers topics like community cohesion, civic participation, discrimination, racism, xenophobia, cultural norms, interpersonal violence, workplace conditions, and incarceration. Another contextual factor is immigration status, especially for people who migrated from less-developed countries.
• Health and healthcare looks at how people's access to and understanding of health services impact their health. Issues include healthcare access, health insurance coverage, English language proficiency, health literacy, and the health implications for people who migrate to or within the United States, even temporarily.
• Neighborhood and built environment explores the relationship between where people live (like housing, neighborhoods, and overall environment) and their health and well-being. Topics include housing quality, access to transportation, availability of healthy foods, water and air quality, and community violence and crime.
• General SDOH topics and methods cover broader SDOH or SDOH-related topics that don't fit neatly under the Healthy People 2030 SDOH domains. It encompasses methodologies, strategies, measurements, and policies related to SDOH.

Explore the research

To reach the database, please click on this link . Filter articles by the categories outlined above and use the search box to further sort articles by keyword or author name.

For more information about article selection, visit Frequently Asked Questions .

If you know about CDC-published research that was not included here and meets the inclusion criteria, please contact us at [email protected] .

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The Effects of Mental Health Interventions on Labor Market Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Mental health conditions are prevalent but rarely treated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Little is known about how these conditions affect economic participation. This paper shows that treating mental health conditions substantially improves recipients’ capacity to work in these contexts. First, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) ever conducted that evaluate treatments for mental ill-health and measure economic outcomes in LMICs. On average, treating common mental disorders like depression with psychotherapy improves an aggregate of labor market outcomes made up of employment, time spent working, capacity to work and job search by 0.16 standard deviations. Treating severe mental disorders, like schizophrenia, improves the aggregate by 0.30 standard deviations, but effects are noisily estimated. Second, we build a new dataset, pooling all available microdata from RCTs using the most common trial design: studies of psychotherapy in LMICs that treated depression and measured days participants were unable to work in the past month. We observe comparable treatment effects on mental health and work outcomes in this sub-sample of highly similar studies. We also show evidence consistent with mental health being the mechanism through which psychotherapy improves work outcomes.

The three authors listed first (Crick Lund, Kate Orkin, and Marc Witte) are jointly the first author. This study was funded by the Wellspring Philanthropic Fund. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Vikram Patel acknowledges research support from the NIMH, Wellcome Trust, Grand Challenges Canada and the Medical Research Council. He also receives funding from the Lone Star Prize and serves as a consultant to Modern Health and Johnson & Johnson.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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Health funders unite to support climate and disease research, plus other top health stories

Global attention to health has faltered since COVID-19, according to experts. Image:  Reuters/Nadja Wohlleben

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Stay up to date:, global health.

• This global round-up brings you health stories from the past fortnight.
• Top health news: Health heavyweights form new partnership; WHO report highlights key health advances; UK doctors trial first "personalized" skin cancer vaccine.

1. Health funders unite to support climate and disease research

Three of the globe’s biggest health organizations have joined forces to address the impacts of climate change, malnutrition and infectious diseases, and antimicrobial resistance.

The $300 million partnership between the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Wellcome and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aims to find affordable solutions for people in low- and middle-income countries.

A key aim of the project is stated as bridging often isolated areas of research – such as obesity being a risk factor for the severity of some infectious diseases or the link between extreme weather, food insecurity and disease.

The partners emphasized the importance of the initiative following the waning global attention to health after COVID-19, and called for private, philanthropic and public partners to join them.

2. WHO report highlights ‘notable health achievements’

World health is advancing in several key areas, according to a new data from the World Health Organization (WHO).

The WHO’s latest results report – which it describes as its most comprehensive to date ­– shows progress towards targets in areas including healthier populations, universal health coverage, and protection from health emergencies.

It also lists successes including the world’s first malaria vaccine, the elimination of at least one neglected tropical disease in 14 countries and the decline of tobacco use in 150 countries.

However, the report warns that the world is still far from reaching health targets outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. “With concrete and concerted action to accelerate progress, we could still achieve a substantial subset of them,” WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said.

3. News in brief: Health stories from around the world

UK doctors are trialling the world’s first personalized skin cancer vaccine . The mRNA vaccine – which uses the same technology as some COVID-19 shots – is designed to suit the individual patient and help their immune system recognize and eliminate cells with melanoma.

Women may live longer than men, but they experience more years in poor health, according to new research. The study, published in The Lancet , found that women had a higher burden of “morbidity-driven conditions”, including low back pain, depressive illness and headache disorders.

A new first-of-its-kind study has found that while a person’s genetics can mean a 21% greater risk of early death, a healthy lifestyle could offset this by more than 60% and add another five years to a person’s life.

A new study suggests that olive oil could lower the risk of dying from dementia . The research, by Harvard scientists and published in the journal JAMA Network Open, linked around half a tablespoon of olive oil eaten daily to a 28% lower risk of dementia-related death.

An experimental gene therapy has restored some vision in patients with inherited blindness . The trial used CRISPR gene editing and doctors said the results provided “proof of concept” that these technologies could be used to treat inherited retinal disorders.

The Global Health and Strategic Outlook 2023 highlighted that there will be an estimated shortage of 10 million healthcare workers worldwide by 2030.

The World Economic Forum’s Centre for Health and Healthcare works with governments and businesses to build more resilient, efficient and equitable healthcare systems that embrace new technologies.

Learn more about our impact:

• Global vaccine delivery: Our contribution to COVAX resulted in the delivery of over 1 billion COVID-19 vaccines and our efforts in launching Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has helped save more than 13 million lives over the past 20 years .
• Davos Alzheimer's Collaborative: Through this collaborative initiative, we are working to accelerate progress in the discovery, testing and delivery of interventions for Alzheimer's – building a cohort of 1 million people living with the disease who provide real-world data to researchers worldwide.
• Mental health policy: In partnership with Deloitte, we developed a comprehensive toolkit to assist lawmakers in crafting effective policies related to technology for mental health .
• Global Coalition for Value in Healthcare: We are fostering a sustainable and equitable healthcare industry by launching innovative healthcare hubs to address ineffective spending on global health . In the Netherlands, for example, it has provided care for more than 3,000 patients with type 1 diabetes and enrolled 69 healthcare providers who supported 50,000 mothers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• UHC2030 Private Sector Constituency : This collaboration with 30 diverse stakeholders plays a crucial role in advocating for universal health coverage and emphasizing the private sector's potential to contribute to achieving this ambitious goal.

Want to know more about our centre’s impact or get involved? Contact us .

4. More on health from our blog

In India, mental health has often been overshadowed by other pressing healthcare concerns. But, as this article examines, philanthropy is empowering the country’s mental health sector to help address the crisis.

Vaccine programmes save millions of lives each year and have been key to helping the world deal with viruses including smallpox and COVID-19. This piece looks at 50 years of immunization progress .

People across the globe are living longer, which is placing increased demand on healthcare systems. Community-based long-term care could form part of the solution.

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World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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• Frontiers in Public Health
• Health Economics
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Insights in Health Economics: 2021

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We are now entering the third decade of the 21st Century, and, especially in the last years, the achievements made by scientists have been exceptional, leading to major advancements in the fast-growing field of Health Economics. Frontiers has organized a series of Research Topics to highlight the latest ...

Keywords : health economics, health financing, health systems

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Community Violence Intervention

What is community violence intervention.

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Community violence generally happens outside the home in public spaces. Most community violence involves a relatively small number of people as victims or perpetrators. Still, its effects impact entire communities, eroding public health, causing economic disruption, and contributing to lasting individual and community traumas. Mitigation efforts typically focus on high-risk individuals, gun violence, specific violent crime problems, as well as the historical and structural challenges that often result in community violence.

Community violence intervention (CVI) is an approach that uses evidence-informed strategies to reduce violence through tailored community-centered initiatives. These multidisciplinary strategies engage individuals and groups to prevent and disrupt cycles of violence and retaliation, and establish relationships between individuals and community assets to deliver services that save lives, address trauma, provide opportunity, and improve the physical, social, and economic conditions that drive violence.

Guiding Principles

Community centered.

The CVI approach must be informed by and tailored to community residents and stakeholders, and everyone involved must prioritize the community's needs. This means social service partners are engaged to align and collaborate with residents and law enforcement partners to reduce violence and build community.

Evidence Informed

Each CVI strategy should be built using evidence generated by multiple disciplines and a variety of methods. Evidence used to support a CVI program may include findings from research and evaluation, case studies, expert opinions, or documented lessons learned from the field. Ideally, a CVI program will engage in research and evaluation to help build the evidence base for what works.

Equitable and Inclusive

Care must be taken to guarantee the community members most affected and most disenfranchised are included in creating CVI solutions and benefiting from them.

Effective and Sustainable

 CVI programs must demonstrate measurable impacts on violence and community wellbeing, and they must have access to resources that enable responses to new and ongoing challenges over time.

OJP Support

In FY2022, the Department of Justice launched the Community Based Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative (CVIPI) , a historic federal investment in community violence Intervention programs. This initiative seeks to prevent and reduce violent crime in communities by supporting comprehensive, evidence-based violence intervention and prevention programs based on partnerships among community residents, local government agencies, victim service providers, community-based organizations, law enforcement, hospitals, researchers, and other community stakeholders.  

These historic investments in community violence intervention strategies support community infrastructure and expand the role of community partners as a complement to law enforcement.  — Amy Solomon, Assistant Attorney General

The Office of Justice Programs and several of its program offices—the Bureau of Justice Assistance , National Institute of Justice , Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention , and Office for Victims of Crime —are taking a collaborative approach to help ensure jurisdictions have access to expertise and resources to address community violence.

OJP Funding

In FY 2022 and FY 2023, OJP awarded nearly $200 million in CVIPI grants, which are funded in part through dedicated resources from the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act.

Current Funding

Fy24 office of justice programs community based violence intervention and prevention initiative site-based, community-based violence intervention and prevention initiative (cvipi) research and evaluation.

 Awards to Community Based Organizations

Awards to local governments, awards to state governments, awards for research & evaluation,  awards to capacity building intermediaries, awards to training & technical assistance providers, past funding opportunities,  bureau of justice assistance.

FY 2023 Office of Justice Programs Community Based Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative

• Grants.gov deadline: May 18, 2023, 8:59 p.m. ET
• JustGrants deadline: May 25, 2023, 8:59 p.m. ET

FY 2022 Office of Justice Programs Community Based Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative

• Grants.gov deadline: June 16, 2022, 8:59 p.m. ET
• JustGrants deadline: June 21, 2022, 8:59 p.m. ET

 National Institute of Justice

NIJ FY23 Community-Based Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative (CVIPI) Research, Evaluation, and Associated Training & Technical Assistance Support

• Grants.gov deadline: May 22, 2023, 11:59 p.m. ET
• JustGrants deadline: June 5, 2023, 8:59 p.m. ET

FY 2022 Evaluation of OJP Community Based Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative (CVIPI) Projects

• Grants.gov deadline: June 7, 2022, 11:59 p.m. ET

View all NIJ CVIPI projects  

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• Stand Up for Free Enterprise

B7 2024: Final Communiqué

B7 2024 final communiqué.

May 20, 2024

The below is the executive summary. You may download the full report on this page.

Maximizing the Benefits of AI  

As a major catalyst for the transformation of our era, AI, in synergy with other enabling technologies, can enhance productivity and economic resilience, optimize the functioning of GVCs, and improve infrastructure planning, natural resource management, energy demand forecasting, and climate mitigation. Investing in AI and its applications ethically and inclusively will usher industries into the data economy, expand the labor market, and enhance progress in key sectors such as healthcare and life sciences. More effective public-private partnerships enhance education, skills, risk-based frameworks, interoperability, and capacity building, and make AI applications safer, and more secure and trustworthy.  

Building upon the G7 AI Hiroshima Process, the B7 fully supports the G7 in establishing human-centered principles and standards to monitor and guide its evolution, while fostering innovation and interoperability for the benefit of all.  

Enhancing Global Trade and GVCs’ Resilience  

Critical dependencies should be addressed by coordinating policies, streamlining compliance costs associated with export controls and investment screening regimes, enhancing partnerships with, and investing in Least Developed Countries (LDCs), sharing frameworks to predict supply chain disruptions, and increasing preparedness and security. 

In parallel, the G7 strive for a global level playing field by eliminating unjustified existing barriers and refraining from adopting new ones. The B7 is deeply concerned about the future of the WTO and reiterates its support for a rules-based multilateral trading system. Making the WTO Moratorium on Electronic Transmissions permanent is vital, while a sound reform of the Organization remains the overarching priority. The G7 policymakers should limit policy uncertainty and support businesses’ strategies, investments, and confidence. Delivering on the objectives of the PGII and the Build Back Better World (B3W) is paramount for revamping investments and supporting the sustainable growth of market economies.  

Tackling Energy, Environmental, and Climate Challenges  

The G7 countries’ industrial policies and regulatory frameworks should converge while ensuring energy security, competitiveness, and decarbonization. Investing in sustainable and low-carbon technologies, research and development-oriented projects, and strategic value chains according to the principle of full technological neutrality and enhancing the diversification of cost-efficient transition energy sources’ supplies and carriers would favor the affordability of energy prices during the transition phase. Public-private investment funds, convergent taxonomies and labeling, aligned incentives, and reduced divergencies in carbon markets would support the decarbonization of hard-to-abate industrial sectors, boost circular economy initiatives, energy efficiency, facilities’ reconversions and recycling, and new smart transmission and distribution infrastructures. 

For a just transition, the G7 should make the Loss and Damage Mechanism operational, and promote voluntary cooperation and targeted technological transfer, while preserving intellectual and industrial property rights. It should also take into account that just transition requires the build-out of infrastructure to empower consumers and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) beyond the most advanced areas.  

Embracing the Data Economy and Digital Technologies  

The G7 should operationalize Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT) through the Institutional Arrangement for Partnership (IAP) while promoting a continuous dialogue with the industry to craft regulations for a digital trust framework. Recognized evidence and risk-based standards for data flow transparency and accountability should be established, and incentives to favor trust, privacy, risk mitigation, cybersecurity, intellectual property, and interoperability should be prioritized. Promoting the development of a common G7 quantum computing ecosystem and joint research on post-quantum cryptography will enhance the security and reliability of digital infrastructures and technologies.  

Also, the G7 should promote an ambitious connectivity agenda to further accelerate the take-up of advanced technologies, and enhance digitalization by spreading digital skills across businesses, administrations, and societies, notably by leveraging STEM-based pathways and the use of Digital Identity for G2B, G2C, B2B and B2C transactions. 

Unleashing Talents’ Potential and Enhancing the Resilience of Welfare Systems  

The B7 calls on the G7 to reform the educational systems at all levels to meet emerging job markets’ requirements and new technological trends and to facilitate the transition from education to work. The B7 renews its commitment to bridge between the workforce and employers by identifying labor market gaps, investing in skills development, and funding apprenticeship and mid-career reskilling programs. The B7 urges G7 governments to strengthen active labor market policies, promote entrepreneurship, encourage the social inclusion of underrepresented groups, particularly women and youth, and modernize welfare systems through farsighted fiscal and employment policies providing citizens with long-term equitable access to quality services in healthcare and education and address the old-age dependency. 

Measuring Achievements  

The B7 Italy 2024 introduces the adoption of leading Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) making the G7 and the other owners accountable for measurable outcomes. To track these KPIs over time and measure progress against the related targets, the B7 recommends the establishment of a joint G7-B7 Monitoring Committee. 

• International

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