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UPSC Essay Paper 2023, Download PDF

Upsc mains 2023 essay question paper: the union public service commission (upsc) mains exam started today, september 15, 2023, at 24 centres across the country. check and download the mains essay question paper pdf from this article..

UPSC Essay Paper 2023

Download upsc ias essay question paper 2023 pdf, topics asked in the ias mains essay paper .

The UPSC IAS Essay question consists of two sections where questions from 4 topics were asked in each section. Candidates need to write an essay of 1000-1200 words on 1 topic of their choice from the section

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team
Visionary decision-making at the intersection of intuition and logic
Not all who wander are lost
Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane
Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands - two equally harmful disciplines
Mathematics is the music of reason
A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity
Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school

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UPSC Prelims Question Paper 2023 [GS Paper I and II]

Last updated on January 14, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

upsc cse prelims 2023 question paper (General Studies Paper 1 and 2)

Union Public Service Commission conducted the Civil Services Examination (CSE) 2023 on May 28, 2022.

General Studies Paper 1 Exam Timings: 9.30 AM – 11.30 AM

General Studies Paper 2 Exam Timings: 2.30 PM – 4.30 PM

Table of Contents

Download UPSC Prelims Question Paper 2023 PDF: General Studies Paper 1

UPSC CSE Prelims 2023 Question Paper: GS Paper 1

Download UPSC Prelims Question Paper 2023 PDF: General Studies Paper 2 (CSAT)

UPSC CSE Prelims 2023 Question Paper: GS Paper 2 (CSAT)

UPSC Prelims 2023 Answer Key

Answer Key for – General Studies Paper 1
Answer Key for – General Studies Paper 2 (CSAT)

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UPSC Civil Services Prelims Exam 2023: A Slight Change in the Pattern
UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2023: GS Paper 2 (CSAT)
UPSC Prelims 2023 Questions: General Studies Paper 2 (CSAT)
UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2023: GS Paper 1

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UPSC Mains 2023 Question Paper & Solution PDFs [Download]

Welcome to our dedicated resource page for UPSC aspirants seeking the UPSC Mains 2023 Question Paper in PDF format. As part of our commitment to supporting your journey to becoming a civil servant, we understand the pivotal role that accessing the right materials plays in your preparation.

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Importance of Civil Services Main Exam papers

Importance of UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023

Assessment of Preparedness: Previous year question papers provide a tangible benchmark for aspirants to evaluate their level of preparedness. By attempting these papers, candidates can gauge their strengths and weaknesses in different subjects.

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You can find and download UPSC Mains Question Paper PDFs on the Compass website. This website is a comprehensive resource hub catering to the needs of UPSC aspirants. It offers free access to the past 10 years’ question papers, providing valuable material for your preparation.

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Mains 2023 Question Paper PDFs will be available for download starting from September 15, 2023.

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UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download

In the UPSC mains examination, essay paper is worth 250 marks and three hours. Here is the topic wise questions from the earlier years for the benefit of civil service IAS IPS aspirants.

1.1 India Since Independence

1.2 federalism, decentralization, 1.3 administration, 1.4 judiciary, 1.5 poverty, social justice, 1.6 indian society, culture and values, 1.7 media, tv & cinema, literature, 2.1 growth vs development, 2.2 environment vs development, 2.4 sectors of economy, 3.1 values in education, 3.2 scheme implementation, 3.3 higher education, 4.1 character, honesty, ethics, 4.2 knowledge, 4.3 compassion, 4.4 truth and reality, 4.5 youth, discipline, 4.6 towards excellence, 5.1 @national politics, 5.2 @world / quote type, 5.3 empowerment overall, 5.4 compared to men, 6.1 globalization, 6.2 international org./ bilateral, 6.3 security, 6.4 history, 7.1 science and religion, 7.2 science and education, 7.3 computer and internet, 7.4 sci-tech: others, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2023, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2022, appendix: model answer pe free lecture & powerpoint, appendix: syllabus of essay paper in upsc, 1 india: democracy, administration, society, culture.

Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
Whither Indian democracy? -1995
How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993
Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998
There are better practices to “best practices”. -2021
How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
Need for transparency in public administration -1996
The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994
We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
Justice must reach the poor -2005
Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
Judicial activism. -1997
A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।) – 2023
There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless (बिना आर्थिक समृद्धि के सामाजिक न्याय नहीं हो सकता, किन्तु बिना सामाजिक न्याय के आर्थिक समृद्धि निरर्थक है ) -2020
Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness. -2019
The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
Food security for sustainable national development -2005
Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999
Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have (जो हम है, वह संस्कार; जो हमारे पास है, वह सभ्यता ) -2020
Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
The composite culture of India. -1998
The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996
Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy. -2019
Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
Role of media in good governance -2008
Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998
Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world (कवि संसार के अनधिकृत रूप से विधायक होते हैं) – 2022

2 Economy, Development

Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993
Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence (आर्थिक समृद्धि हासिल करने के मामले में वन सर्वोत्तम प्रतिमान होते हैं।) – 2022
Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012
Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
BPO boom in India. -2007
Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in – school. (- शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में विधालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।)
Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
What is real education? -2005
“Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995
Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities (हर असमंजस के लिए मुस्कराहट ही चुनिन्दा साधन है) – 2022
Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. -2021
Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. -2021
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication (सरलता चरम परिष्करण है ) -2020
Ships don’t sink because of water around them ships sink because of water that gets into them (जहाज अपने चारों तरफ के पानी के वजह से नहीं डूबा करते, जहाज पानी के अंदर समां जाने की वजह से डूबता हैं ) -2020
Life is a long journey between being human and being humane. (मनुष्य होने और मानव बनने के बीच का लम्बा सफर ही जीवन है)-2020
Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be -2019
Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society -2019
Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success -2019
Wisdom finds truth -2019
A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993
Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।) – 2023
Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।) – 2023
The real is rational and the rational is real. -2021
Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self (विचारपरक संकल्प स्वयं के शांतचित्त रहने का उत्प्रेरक है )-2020
‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995
Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013
Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022
Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
Truth is lived, not taught -1996
When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002
The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining (छप्पर मरम्मत करने का समय तभी होता है, जब धूप खिली हुई हो) – 2022
You cannot step twice in the same river (आप उसी नदी में दोबारा नहीं उतर सकते) – 2022
Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
If youth knew, if age could. -2002
Youth culture today. -1999
Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014
Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।) – 2023
Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।) – 2023
Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है) – 2023
A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) – 2022
Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
Useless life is an early death. -1994
Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995
Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. -2021
If women ruled the world -2005
The hand that rocks the cradle -2005
Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality (पितृ-सत्ता की व्यवस्था नजर मैं बहुत काम आने के बावजूद सामाजिक विषमता की सबसे प्रभावी संरचना है) -2020
Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999
Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security, History

South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities. -2019
Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
National identity and patriotism -2008
Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
The masks of new imperialism. -2003
As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
The implications of globalization for India. -2000
My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010
Technology as the silent factor in international relations (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों मैं मौन करक के रूप मैं प्रौद्योगिकी) -2020
Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
The global order: political and economic -1993
India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006
Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
Good fences make good neighbours -2009
Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
Terrorism and world peace -2005
True religion cannot be misused. -1997
History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. -2021
Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010

7 Science-Technology

Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012
What is research, but a blind date with knowledge! -2021
Modern technological education and human values. -2002
Value-based science and education. -1999
The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001
The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. -2021
Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling. -2019
‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993
Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
The lure of space. -2004

Section-A (write any one)

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।)
Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।)
Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।)
Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है)

Section-B (write any one)

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines. (-लड़कियां बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएं हैं।)
Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।)
A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।)

Answer one-one essay from each section in 1000-1200 words

History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man (इतिहास वैज्ञानिक मनुष्य के रूमानी मनुष्य पर विजय हासिल करने का एक सिलसिला है।) – 2022
A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) & 2022
Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022

Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

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UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023

By vajiram & ravi.

Model Answers GS Paper I PDF

Model Answers GS Paper II PDF

Model Answers GS Paper III PDF

Model Answers GS Paper IV PDF

The UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 will help you understand the exam pattern being followed by UPSC in this year. The exam dates for the UPSC CSE Mains are 15th, 16th, 17th, 23rd and 24th September 2023. The examination was conducted in two shifts: the first shift is from 9.00 a.m. - 12.00 p.m., and the second shift is from 2.00 p.m. -5.00 p.m . The pattern of the UPSC Mains 2023 question paper consists of a comprehensive assessment designed to evaluate the knowledge, analytical abilities, and writing skills of aspirants for various civil services positions in India. There are 9 papers in total, and all are descriptive in nature.

Analysing the UPSC Mains 2023 paper will help you analyse the pattern of questions and fill in the gaps in your preparation for UPSC 2024 . Therefore, this article will focus on providing UPSC Mains Question Papers 2023 for all 9 papers that are taking place from 15th to 24th September 2023.

UPSC Mains 2023 Question Paper PDF

The UPSC Mains Question Paper consists of a set of nine papers, out of which two are qualifying in nature, namely the English Language Paper and an Indian Language Paper (selected by the candidate). The remaining seven papers are counted for merit, covering a wide spectrum of subjects, including General Studies, Essay, and optional subjects selected by the candidates. These papers are designed to evaluate a candidate's in-depth understanding of various subjects, critical thinking ability, analytical skills, and ability to articulate thoughts clearly.

Here, you can download the UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 PDF of GS Paper- I, II, III and IV consisting of the General Studies subjects part of the UPSC Syllabus . Each Paper carries 250 Marks.

General Studies I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society)
General Studies II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations)
General Studies III (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)
General Studies IV (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude)

You can download the UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 of General Studies - I, II, III, and IV from the given link below:

GS Paper I Mains Question Paper 2023
GS Paper II Mains Question Paper 2023
GS Paper III Mains Question Paper 2023
GS Paper IV Mains Question Paper 2023

Model Answers of UPSC Mains 2023 General Studies Questions

Those who have taken the UPSC Mains 2023 exam from 15th to 24th September or those who are planning to appear next year can download the model answers of UPSC Mains question papers of GS I, II, III, and IV from the following links. These answers will help you identify the structure and important points that could be included in the answers.

GS Paper 1:

Question 1: Explain the role of Geographical Factors towards the development of Ancient India .
Question 2: What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism?
Question 3: Bring about the Socio-Economic Effects of the Introduction of Railways in Different Countries of the World.
Question 4: Discuss the Consequences of Climate Change on the Food Security in Tropical Countries.
Question 5: Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources?
Question 6: How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world?
Question 8: Do you think marriage as a sacrament is losing its value in modern India?
Question 9: Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society.

GS Paper 2:

Question 1: "Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy”. Comment.
Question 2: Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India.
Question 3: “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment.
Question 4: Compare and Contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary Sovereignty.
Question 5: Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices.

GS Paper 3:

Question 1: Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.
Question 2: What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.
Question 3: How does e-Technology help farmers in production and marketing of agricultural produce? Explain it.
Question 4: State the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be considered as an effective reform under economic criteria.
Question 5: Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in the healthcare?
Question 6: Discuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel shortage.

GS Paper 4:

Differentiate ‘moral intuition’ from ‘moral reasoning with suitable examples.
What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world.
Explain the term social capital. How does it enhance good governance?

UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023

The UPSC Mains Essay paper 2023 consists of two sections, Section A and Section B. Each section has four essay topics. Aspirants must choose one topic from each section for a total of two essays. Each essay must be between 1,000 and 1,200 words long and is worth 125 marks. The Essay paper is not just for qualifying purposes but also counts towards the final merit ranking. Candidates are expected to stay on topic, organise their thoughts logically, and write concisely.

The UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023 can be downloaded here.

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper PDF

UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 Language Papers

The UPSC Mains exam has nine papers, of which Paper A is the mandatory Indian Language Paper. Candidates must select an Indian language from a list given by the UPSC in the official notification.

Paper B is the required English Language Paper. It is a qualifying paper, meaning that candidates must score at least 25% marks in order to be considered for the final merit list.

The UPSC Mains question papers for Indian language and English language can be downloaded from the following links:

Paper A: Indian Language Mains Question Paper 2023 (Hindi)
Paper B: English Language Question Paper 2023

UPSC Mains Optional Question Papers

The UPSC Mains Exam has a list of 48 optional subjects from which aspirants must choose one. Each optional subject is divided into two papers, each of which carries 250 marks. The choice of an optional subject is an important factor in determining the candidate's rank in the final merit list, so it should be made carefully. The UPSC Mains 2023 question paper of optional subjects can be downloaded from the following links:

Pattern of UPSC Mains 2023 Paper

To know about the exam pattern and the release dates of UPSC Mains 2023 question papers, refer to the following table:

Is UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 released?

The UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 has not been released on the Official UPSC Website yet. However, you can download the Mains Question Paper 2023 from our given page after the paper has been successfully concluded on the given day.

How many papers are there in UPSC Mains?

There are a total of 9 papers for UPSC Mains 2023. Each paper is descriptive in nature.

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[Download] UPSC Mains 2023 – Essay Paper PDF – Hindi | English

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UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper has been conducted on the first day of the Civil Services mains Examination. The question paper of the same is out. You can download the question paper from the link given below:

Download UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023

UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

1. Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. चिंतन एक तरह का खेल है, यह तब तक प्रारम्भ नहीं होता, जब तक एक विरोधी पक्ष न हो ।

2. Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते हैं जब अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।

3. Not all who wander are lost. सभी भटकने वाले गुम नहीं होते हैं ।

4. Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane. रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा लौकिकता में चमत्कार ढूँढने के प्रयास से उपजती हैं।

Section – B

5. Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands two equally harmful disciplines. लड़कियाँ बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएँ हैं।

6. Mathematics is the music of reason. गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है ।

7. A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है, उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।

8. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।

The Essay Paper is a crucial part of the UPSC Mains Examination. It carries 250 marks and is divided into two sections: Section A and Section B. Each section has four essay topics, and you must pick one topic from each section to write on. The time allotted is 3 hours.

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UPSC Mains Question Paper and Answer Solution 2023 with Analysis, Download PDF

Candidate preparing for UPSC and interested aspirants can download UPSC Mains question paper 2023 for all 9 sections which is going to be held from September 15, 2023 to 24th September.

Table of Contents

UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023

UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 has been released after the exam. Candidates can download the Question Paper PDF with the Answers for the Essay Paper, Paper-II General Studies-I, Paper-III General Studies-II, Paper-IV General Studies-III, Paper-V General Studies-IV, Paper-A Indian Language, Paper-B English, Paper-VI Optional Subject-Paper-1 and Paper-VII Optional Subject-Paper-2.

UPSC Mains Exams Started on September 15, 2023 (Friday) with an Essay Paper and it will end with Paper-VII Optional Subject-Paper-2 on 24th September, 2023 (Sunday). The UPSC Mains Question Paper is a comprehensive examination that tests candidates’ knowledge, understanding, and analytical skills across a wide range of subjects. The paper is divided into nine different papers, each of which covers a different subject area.

Paper 1: Essay
Paper 2: General Studies I
Paper 3: General Studies II
Paper 4: General Studies III
Paper 5: General Studies IV
Paper 6: Optional Subject I
Paper 7: Optional Subject II
Paper 8: Language I (English)
Paper 9: Language II (Indian Language)

If you are preparing for the UPSC IAS Exam and are interested in UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 and Looking for a UPSC Mains 2023 Question Paper, then this will be the right place to get all the information in one click.

Download UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper with Analysis
Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper I with Analysis
Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper II with Analysis
Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper III with Analysis
Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper IV with Analysis

UPSC Mains Exam 2023 Time Table

The English language paper, one paper in the Indian language, two optional papers, the essay paper, and four general studies papers (GS-1, 2, 3, and 4) make up the nine papers that make up the UPSC mains exam. The schedule for the UPSC Mains 2023 exam is provided in the table below.

UPSC Mains Questions Paper 2023 PDF

Candidates who are preparing for UPSC already know that UPSC Mains consists of Nine Papers: Essay Paper, GS Paper 1, GS Paper 2, GS Paper 3 , GS Paper 4, Optional Subject-Paper-1, Optional Subject-Paper-2, Paper-B English, and Paper-A Indian Language. You can download the PDFs for each exam from the below table.

While the remaining exams of the UPSC Mains Exam are counted for merit ranking and will determine your result, the English and other language papers are of a qualifying character.

All candidates must take an exam in the Indian language, with the exception of those from Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, and Meghalaya. Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali are among the languages that can be used to write the UPSC Mains Language Paper.

Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Question and Answer Paper PDFs

Candidates can access the UPSC Mains Exam 2023 general studies exam papers in this part of the website by selecting them from the table below. (Links will be provided once the papers are out).

Check Out :- UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023

UPSC Mains Language Question and Answer Papers 2023

Even though the language exams are for qualification purposes, they are significant because the candidate must pass them with the required minimum score in order to advance to the IAS mains exam. There is a list of languages from which applicants can select for the required Indian language exam.

The English language paper is referred to as Paper B, while the Indian language paper is referred to as Paper A. From the table below, candidates can download the language test questions. Upon release of the papers, links will be provided.

UPSC Mains 2023 Language Question and Answer Papers PDF

From this section, candidates can download Indian Language Question Papers and English Language Question Papers in PDF format.

Check Out :- UPSC Mains Optional Question Paper 2023

UPSC Mains Optional Paper 2023

UPSC Mains optional paper for 2023, candidates were presented with a diverse range of subjects to choose from, including but not limited to subjects like History, Geography, Sociology, Political Science, and Economics, among others.

This year’s optional paper aimed to test candidates’ in-depth knowledge and expertise in their chosen subjects, providing them with an opportunity to showcase their specialization and understanding in their respective fields.

Candidates can check out the UPSC Mains Optional Paper 2023 with the detail explanations with pdf

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UPSC Mains Question Papers 2023 FAQs

What are the 9 papers in upsc mains.

The UPSC Mains round, which is the second stage of the exam has nine papers. These nine papers are Compulsory Indian Language, English, Essay, General Studies-1, General Studies-2, General Studies-3, General Studies-4, Optional Paper-1, and Optional Paper-2.

What is paper 1 and paper 2 in UPSC mains?

Optional paper 1 and 2 in the UPSC Mains examination are two papers of a single optional subject like geography paper 1 and Paper 2, mechanical engineering paper 1 and Paper 2.

How much marks required for IAS 2023?

UPSC Prelims 2023 took place on May 28, 2023. The expected UPSC Cut Off 2023 For Prelims this year is 82-85 marks. The UPSC Prelims 2023 cut off will be out for all candidates once the exam results are published.

Will the questions be repeated in the UPSC examination?

The answer is Yes. Any times questions have been repeated in UPSC CSE. That is why it is recommended to go theough all the previous years (at least past 10 years).

Was UPSC Prelims 2023 tough?

The General Studies Paper of the UPSC Prelims 2023 exam was difficult in nature compared to the previous year. Candidates can expect the cut-off to go down to 82 to 85, as compared to 88 in the UPSC 2022 Prelims cut-off.

Is UPSC 2023 paper hard or easy?

The UPSC Prelims Paper 1 has been conducted by the Union Public Service Commission at various centers across the country. As per the student's feedback and our subject matter experts, the exam was of a moderate level of difficulty.

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UPSC CSE 2023 Mains Essay Paper Model Answers

The UPSC Civil Services Main Examination 2023 began with an Essay paper. There were eight essay topics separated into two groups, and aspirants were supposed to write on two of them in three hours, one from each. Candidates were asked to write 1000-1200 words for each essay.

Initial Thoughts

This year's essay paper followed the predicted pattern, with five of the eight themes being philosophical in nature. Furthermore, the general tone of the paper was thoughtful and philosophical.
Although the topics were simple to understand, it was challenging to select the right topic and then come up with enough content to complete 1000–1200 words.
The paper was manageable for aspirants who adhered to the fundamentals of UPSC preparation, such as having a firm understanding of the static syllabus, broad knowledge of current events, and adequate writing practice.

Now, let us discuss each topic separately.

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team

This topic appears to be centered on the notion that critical thinking frequently occurs in the interaction to competing ideas or challenges.
Candidates may have been asked to investigate how clashes of ideas result in innovation and advancement.

Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic

Paul O'Brien is the author of this well-known proverb.
This comment most likely encouraged candidates to explore the importance of balancing intuition and logic when making crucial decisions.
It promotes thinking on the roles of both aspects in good leadership and problem-solving.

Not all who wander are lost

This saying belongs to J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring.
The topic expected from candidates to think about how exploring and being spontaneous in life’s journey can be excellent. It’s a deep topic that can be understood in many different ways.

Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane

This essay topic appears to promote the notion that creativity is not restricted to rare moments of inspiration, but can also be found in ordinary events. It most likely prompted individuals to consider where creativity comes from and how we may exhibit it in our daily lives.

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands- two equally harmful disciplines

This is the saying of Simone de Beauvoir. Simone de Beauvoir was a prominent French existentialist philosopher and feminist thinker. She made significant contributions to feminist philosophy through her work, including “The Second Sex,” where she discussed the concept of “The Other” and examined the role of societal expectations in shaping women’s lives.
The quote by Simone de Beauvoir presented the idea that both girls and boys or individuals of different genders, often face distinct but equally harmful forms of societal pressures and constraints.

Mathematics is the music of reasons

Mathematics is the music of reason, according to James Joseph Sylvester. Isn't music the mathematics of the senses, and mathematics the music of the reason? The musician feels mathematics, while the mathematician thinks music: music is a dream, and mathematics is a job.”
This remark implies a poetic link between mathematics and music. Candidates would almost certainly be required to address the beauty and rationality inherent in mathematics, as well as its role in molding our understanding of the world.

A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity

This topic appears to touch on the concepts of social justice and charity, which have been studied by philosophers such as John Rawls, as well as the “veil of ignorance.”
Candidates may have been asked to investigate the relationship in society amongst justice, equality, and generosity.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school

Albert Einstein once said, “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”
This essay topic will most likely require candidates to consider the value of education beyond rote memorization. It could have been expected to have a discussion about the practical application of knowledge and lifelong learning.

Conclusion:

It makes no difference whether aspirants know where the quotes came from. The only thing that matters is how the given quote is elaborated and supplemented by examples and case studies. All of this is dependent on the critical topic selection. All of this depends on the proper selection of the topic.

Takeaways for 2024

As previously stated, the paper was manageable for those who strictly followed the fundamentals of UPSC preparation.
The main takeaway from this year's paper is that sufficient writing practise is necessary now.

More about the Art of Essay Writing can be found in Samajho's Corner:

Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 1 | How to Write an Effective Essay?
Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 2 | Quotes For Writing an Effective Essay
Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 3 | Anecdotes For Writing an Effective Essay
Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 4 | Theme-wise Previous Years Essay Papers
Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 5 | How to Tackle Philosophical Essays?

UPSC Mains Question Paper PDFs 2023

The UPSC Mains 2023 commenced on 15th September 2023 with the Essay Paper. The IAS Mains 2023 will conclude on 24th September 2023 with the optional papers. The UPSC Mains is the second step in the entire civil services exam process. Candidates who clear the mains exam will be called for the final leg of the exam, that is, the UPSC Personality Test or interview which will be held in January – March 2024.

Download the UPSC Mains Essay Paper from this link .

UPSC Mains Question Papers 2023

The UPSC mains exam consists of nine papers namely, the Essay Paper, four General Studies papers (GS-1, 2, 3 & 4), two optional papers, the English language paper and one Indian language paper. In the below table, we give you the schedule of the UPSC Mains 2023 exam.

The English and the language papers are of a qualifying nature while the remaining papers are counted for merit ranking.

Candidates will be provided with the UPSC Mains Question paper PDFs of both the qualifying papers and the merit ranking papers in the article.

Note – The exams are yet to take place. The PDFs will be available shortly.

If you are looking for the UPSC syllabus for Prelims, Mains and Interview and information on the Civil Services Exam as a whole, refer to the link above.

Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Question Paper PDFs

In this section, candidates can download the general studies papers of the UPSC Mains 2023 exam from the table below. (Links will be provided as and when the papers are out).

UPSC Mains Language Question Papers 2023

Though the language papers are of a qualifying nature, they are important because the candidate has to clear these papers with the minimum marks if they want to clear the IAS mains exam. There is a list of languages the candidates can choose from for the compulsory Indian language paper .

The Indian language paper is called Paper A while the English language paper is called Paper B. Candidates can download the language papers from the table below. (Links will be provided once the papers are out).

UPSC Mains 2023 Compulsory Indian Language Question Papers

For tips to crack the English language paper, click here .

Download UPSC Mains Essay Question Paper PDF

The UPSC Essay paper segment consists of two sections A and B.
Both sections have about four questions each.
The candidates have to choose one topic from each section, thus having to answer 2 essay questions in total.
The word limit for each question is to be within the range of 1000-1200 words.
The marks for each question is 125, thus the total allotted marks are 250.
The paper will be included for merit ranking and is not just for qualifying purposes.

The candidates are expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely.

UPSC Mains Question Paper PDF For Optional Papers

For the UPSC CSE Mains exam, applicants have to choose one optional subject from a list of 48. The optional subjects are divided into Paper 1 and Paper 2. Both papers carry 250 marks each. Candidates should choose optional subjects carefully as it is one of the most important factors that determines the rank of the candidate in the final merit list.

You can download the 2023 UPSC mains optional question papers from the table below:

You can download the literature of languages optional papers from the table below:

For more information about the best optional subject for UPSC , click the link.

Why Should You Go Through UPSC Mains Question Papers

In an exam as tough as the UPSC, it is important to be well-prepared and equipped with all the resources at hand. Apart from covering the UPSC syllabus, candidates should also practice mains answer writing and solve previous years’ UPSC question papers. It is not what you know but what you write on the answer sheet that will fetch you marks. Hence, it is important that you practice answer writing so that you will be able to write the correct answers within the stipulated time and word limit.

For any further assistance, the latest exam updates, study material or preparation tips, turn to BYJU’S for expert assistance.

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UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper 3 with Answers | UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Video Analysis PDF Download

Q1: Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.(Economic Development) Ans: Many developed nations, in their history, served as major manufacturing hubs, creating substantial value at scale for their economies. Manufacturing holds significant importance for nations, and small industries, particularly Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME), play a crucial role, contributing around 50% to our imports and approximately 30% to the GDP.

Government Policies to Boost Manufacturing:

Make in India Initiative: A program aimed at encouraging investment, fostering innovation, and developing infrastructure to position India as a global manufacturing hub.
Industrial Corridor Development Programme: Implemented in collaboration with state governments to create greenfield industrial regions.
Ease of Doing Business: Focused on simplifying procedures, rationalizing legal provisions, and digitizing government processes to enhance the business environment.
National Single Window System: A one-stop shop providing support to investors, offering pre-investment advisory, information on land banks, and facilitating clearances at both the Centre and State levels.
PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP): Aims to enable data-driven decisions for integrated planning of multimodal infrastructure, reducing logistics costs.

Policies Particularly for MSMEs:

Udyami Mitra Portal: Enhances credit accessibility and provides handholding services for MSMEs.
MSME Sambandh: Monitors the implementation of public procurement from MSMEs by Central Public Sector Enterprises.
MSME Samadhan: Resolves cases related to delayed payments by Government organizations.
Digital MSME Scheme: Offers cloud-based infrastructure support for MSMEs.

MSMEs contribute significantly to India's economic landscape, constituting around 8% of the GDP, employing over 60 million people, and holding a substantial share in exports and manufacturing. Their growth in recent years is noteworthy and is expected to continue, supported by emerging trends and favorable policies. Q2: What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (Economic Development) Ans: Digitalization is the process of transitioning to an internet-based infrastructure to enhance economic and managerial efficiency in business operations. The Indian economy presents significant opportunities for digitalization, with approximately 77% of the population having active cellular connections and one-third using social media. India boasts around 700 million internet users, constituting a penetration rate of 48.7%.

Challenges in Digitalization:

Cost: While digitalization reduces operational costs, establishing the necessary infrastructure involves high initial expenses.
Infrastructure: Limited internet availability in areas with insufficient infrastructural development poses a challenge.
Privacy: Concerns about vulnerability to security breaches and data compromise are significant issues.
Digital Literacy: Digital literacy, particularly in rural areas, is low, with women facing even greater challenges.

Possible Improvements:

Comprehensive Policy: Policies addressing privacy, security, digital literacy, and infrastructure development are crucial.
Investments: Substantial investments are needed to enhance digital infrastructure and literacy.

While digitalization in India has witnessed substantial growth in recent years, with the digital economy's contribution to Gross Value Added (GVA) rising from 5.4% in 2014 to 8.5% in 2019, there is still much work to be done. Q3: How does e-Technology help farmers in production and marketing of agricultural produce? Explain it. (Economic Development) Ans: e-Technologies encompass digital information-based systems that have experienced exponential growth, permeating all aspects of our lives. Agriculture, too, has reaped benefits from its integration.

Benefits in Agriculture:

Irrigation: AI-enabled methods have streamlined and improved crop watering, enhancing efficiency and reducing water usage.
Climate Prediction: Processing data from sensors allows farmers to make informed decisions on crop cycles and patterns based on climate predictions.
Crop Safety: Integrated systems and sensors contribute to ensuring crop safety by monitoring and preventing damage from pests and vermin.
Easy Financing: The internet and databases have facilitated faster loan approvals, thanks to the expanded banking networks.
Alternative Methods: E-technology integration allows for the automation and control of methods like aquaponics and hydroponics, reducing manual labor.

Benefits in Marketing:

Online Marketplace: Selling agricultural produce has become more accessible through online platforms, offering real-time product availability.
Shorter Supply Chain: Increased information dispersal leads to an optimized transportation and warehousing process, resulting in a shorter supply chain.
Real-Time Price Updation: Both farmers and consumers benefit from real-time price updates, enhancing transparency in the market.

e-Technology has brought transparency to agriculture, providing farmers with efficient tools for crop production, thereby reducing stress. Q4: State the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be considered as an effective reform under economic criteria.(Economic Development) Ans: Land holding, introduced based on the recommendations of the Kumarappa committee, has brought about significant transformations in India across various social, political, and economic dimensions.

Objectives of Land Reform:

Restore Rights of Cultivators: These reforms aimed to restore the rights of small farmers who traditionally owned their lands.
Records: Record updation was implemented to reduce disputes among citizens.
Empowerment: The reforms empowered marginalized communities, particularly those with low land holdings contributing to a reduced socioeconomic status.
Social Equality: Equitable distribution of resources resulted in reduced social marginalization.

Measures Taken:

Land Ceilings: The government imposed a cap on the amount of land an individual or family could own.
Abolition of Zamindari: Achieved through the passage of various legislations by states, such as the Zamindari Abolition Act, 1950 (Uttar Pradesh).
Cooperative Farming: Farmers were encouraged to pool resources and engage in community-based farming.

The land ceiling policy sets limits on the maximum land an individual or family can own, aiming to reduce the concentration of land in the hands of a few wealthy landowners.

Land Ceiling as an Effective Reform:

Increased equitable land distribution contributes to a broader population, fostering economic growth for the country.
With a larger population experiencing economic growth, there is an improvement in health and a preference for better education, elevating the standard of living.
A wider tax base is provided with an increased number of farmers earning from their lands, leading to improved tax collection.

Land reforms in India have not only provided resources to the landless but also addressed historical injustices, envisioning a more inclusive future. Q5: Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (Al). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (Science and Technology) Ans: Artificial intelligence (AI) stands as the pinnacle of information technology excellence globally. It represents the closest achievement to developing human-like intelligence in computers, relying on the processing of extensive data.

AI in Clinical Diagnosis:

Comprehensive Analysis: AI can efficiently process vast amounts of data and, based on a patient's previous medical history, offer a comprehensive health analysis.
Early Detection: AI excels at detecting patterns in data. Through datasets of thousands, it can predict potential diseases for individuals with specific symptoms.
For instance, AI has demonstrated the ability to identify patterns in individuals with a family history of heart disease, indicating those at risk.
Helping Hand: Rather than replacing doctors, AI can assist by supplementing their efforts and facilitating decision-making.
Monitoring: AI-based wearable devices can monitor various health parameters, such as smartwatches tracking blood pressure.

Threats of Privacy:

Big Data: AI's intelligence stems from processing extensive data, necessitating people's consent, which is often not followed.
Data Breach: As AI processes large databases containing individual medical records, the value of security becomes crucial, given the severe repercussions of a data breach.

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence continues to bring about significant transformations worldwide across various sectors. While technology has revolutionized healthcare, its optimal utility relies on addressing these concerns adequately. Q6: Discuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel shortage.(Science and Technology) Ans: Microorganisms, such as algae and bacteria, have the potential to generate various fuels, including ethanol, hydrogen, methane, lipids, and butanol, from raw organic materials. This process converts the chemical energy present in biomass into chemical energy in the form of fuels. Contribution of Microorganisms to Address Fuel Shortages:

Biofuel Production: Algae and bacteria can be harnessed to produce biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol. For instance, algae can convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into lipids, which can be processed into biodiesel.
Biogas Production: Microbes play a role in anaerobic digestion, breaking down organic waste such as agricultural residues and sewage to produce biogas.
Hydrogen Production: Certain microorganisms can generate hydrogen gas through fermentation processes, offering a clean fuel for various applications, including fuel cells powering vehicles.
Bioremediation: Microorganisms contribute to cleaning oil spills and contaminated sites by breaking down hydrocarbons, enabling the recovery of useful hydrocarbons from polluted areas.
Carbon Capture and Utilization: Microorganisms can capture and convert carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes into biofuels.

The establishment of pilot plants for microbial energy fuel production is essential to alleviate fuel shortages. This approach not only has the potential to reduce elevated crude prices but also contributes to environmental sustainability. Q7: Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures.(Disaster Management) Ans: A dam failure refers to the uncontrolled release of water from a reservoir through a dam, resulting from structural failures or deficiencies in the dam. India, ranked third in building large dams, faces the potential risk of releasing substantial water, posing dangers to people and property downstream.

Causes of Dam Failures:

Overtopping: Poor spillway design can cause overtopping, especially during heavy rainfall, leading to the reservoir filling too high.
Foundational Defects: Slope instability can result in water seepage beneath the dam.
Operational Failures: Valve and conduit failures can cause improper functioning, leading to inadequate water discharge.
Geological Instability: Tectonic-induced events like landslides and earthquakes can pose a threat to dam structures.
Ageing Dams: Increasing flooding frequency and environmental changes can accelerate the ageing process of dams.
Structural Failure: Inadequate design, construction materials, or maintenance can lead to dam collapse.

Examples of Large Dam Failures:

Machchu II Dam Failure (1979): Due to heavy rainfall and improper design, the Machchu II Dam in Gujarat burst, causing a catastrophic flood and claiming over 2,000 lives.
Tiware Dam Failure (2019): Located in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, the Tiware dam breached due to excessive rainfall, flooding seven villages and resulting in several casualties.

Initiatives like the Dam Safety Act 2021 and the Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) represent positive steps toward preventing catastrophic dam failures in India. Q8: What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India? (Environment and Ecology) Ans: Oil pollution, also referred to as oil contamination or oil spills, occurs when crude oil or refined petroleum products are released into water bodies due to accidents involving oil tankers, pipelines, offshore drilling rigs, or other industrial processes.

Impacts on the Marine Ecosystem:

Harm to Marine Life: Coating feathers of seabirds and fur with oil spills makes it difficult for marine animals to regulate body temperatures, leading to hypothermia.
Toxicity: Crude oil components are toxic to marine organisms, causing damage to their organs and impairing reproduction.
Habitat Destruction: Oil spills can damage critical marine habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, and marshes.
Disruption of Food Chain: Loss of biodiversity has a cascading effect on interdependent species, with primary producers like phytoplankton being killed due to oil contamination.

Oil pollution poses significant challenges for a country like India:

Economic Impact: India, being the world's second-largest aquaculture nation and the third-largest fish producer after China, faces disruptions in fishing and tourism industries due to oil pollution.
Environmental Consequences: With diverse marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and mangroves, India experiences a loss of biodiversity from oil pollution.
Health Implications: With a coastline of over 7500 km, oil spills can pose a significant health threat to coastal communities and those reliant on seafood.

Oil pollution is a critical concern for India, and concerted efforts to prevent and mitigate the impacts of oil spills are essential to safeguard the coastal environment, economy, and the well-being of coastal communities. Q9: Winning ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir. (Internal Security) Ans: 'Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds ’ refers to the government-backed people-centric approach aimed at gaining the support of local residents to restore their trust in the system, particularly in conflict-ridden regions like Kashmir, where the goal is to counteract the influence of terrorism.

Measures adopted by the government with respect to Kashmir:

Abrogation of Article 370: The special status of Jammu & Kashmir was abrogated to promote greater integration with the rest of India and bring the youth into the mainstream.
Youth participation: Initiatives like project Sadhbhavana, Army Goodwill Schools (AGS), hostels, vocational courses, 'Bharat Darshan' tours, and cricket tournaments were organized to engage teenagers and the elderly in the Valley. Projects such as Himayat and Umeed were launched for capacity building and empowering women in J&K.
Infrastructure Developments: Emphasis has been placed on creating infrastructure in transportation, health, etc. This includes initiatives like the PM’s development package for J&K and establishing Khelo India centers in J&K.
Development of Tourism, Arts, and Crafts Sectors: The adoption of the new Wool Processing, Handicrafts, and Handloom Policy, 2020 aims at promoting and developing the handicrafts and handloom sector.
Anti-Radicalisation Drives: Initiatives have been launched to reduce alienation and promote a sense of incorporation among the people of Kashmir towards the Indian cause.
Political Engagements: Encouraging political dialogues and fostering regional youth participation in local politics by engaging with the younger generation of political leaders.

While the government's approach aims to restore peace, stability, and development in the region, the situation in Kashmir remains complex. It is crucial for the government to implement more policies for the complete integration of the state's people with the rest of India. Q10: The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (Internal Security) Ans: An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft capable of carrying various payloads , including cameras, sensors, communications equipment, or arms/ammunitions. This technology poses a significant threat to internal security and can be utilized by adversaries across the border. Cause of concern:

Ability to fly at high altitudes and low speeds, making detection and interception challenging for border security forces.
Remote control capability allows operation from a safe distance, minimizing risks to human operatives during infiltration attempts.
Potential use for espionage, enabling unauthorized individuals to gather sensitive information about military installations, critical infrastructure, and other key targets.

Measures taken by the Indian government to tackle threats:

Technological Upgradation: Deployment of anti-drone weapons and detection systems, including radars and jammers. Examples include anti-drone systems like the SkyWall 100 and the DroneGun Tactical CHIMERA anti-drone system, developed using French technology.
Military Intelligence: Continuous surveillance by the BSF through patrolling, checkpoints, observation posts, border fencing, and floodlights.
Institutional: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has established the Anti Rogue Drone Technology Committee (ARDTC) to evaluate technology for countering rogue drones.
Governmental Collaboration: Actively collaborating with countries like Israel for advanced drone technology.
DRDO Nishant: Primarily designed for intelligence-gathering, it is also utilized for reconnaissance, training, surveillance, target designation, artillery fire correction, and damage assessment.
Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) strategy: Involves blocking communication lines and neutralizing unwanted drones.

With the advancement of technology, the threat to internal security increases. Therefore, a comprehensive drone strategy, including private participation in developing high-end drones, is the need of the hour. Q11: Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (Economic Development) Ans: Structural unemployment is essentially involuntary unemployment resulting from a structural shift in the economy, such as the emergence of new technologies or industries, or a mismatch in skills between the population and available jobs in the market.

Major causes of structural unemployment in India encompass labor market rigidities, geographic mismatch, dependence on agriculture, infrastructure bottlenecks, and regulatory challenges.

Methodology for computing unemployment in the country:

Computation by NSSO using:

Current Weekly Status (CWS): Involves a shorter reference period of a week. Individuals are considered employed if they have worked for at least one hour on at least one day in the preceding seven days. For example, the Labor Force Participation Rate in CWS in urban areas for persons aged 15 years and above increased to 48.2 percent in the October-December quarter of 2022.
Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS): Determined based on the activity one spent the most time on in the previous year.
Current Daily Status: Indicates the number of people who did not find work for one or more days in a week.
Labor Bureau Surveys: The Labor Bureau conducts surveys to obtain data on unemployment and employment in India, such as the All-India Quarterly Establishment-based Employment Survey (AQEES).

Way forward:

Increase in Frequency of Surveys: Ensuring timely and updated surveys for a better understanding of changing employment trends.
Modernizing Agriculture: Increased investment in agriculture could have a multiplier effect through backward and forward linkages, e.g., promoting cold storages.
Incorporation of Informal Sector: Considering that more than 80 percent of the labor force is employed in the informal sector, there is a need to incorporate it into the formal sector.
Seasonal Adjustments: Improving seasonal adjustment techniques to account for the impact of agriculture and other seasonal employment trends.

In conclusion , it is crucial to enhance certain computational methodologies to envision making India one of the largest economies and nurturing the rich demographic dividends while addressing unemployment challenges and bottlenecks. Q12: Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (Economic Development) Ans: The 'care economy' and 'monetized economy' pertain to the nature and value of work and represent two distinct aspects of economic activities. Care economy encompasses unpaid or underpaid work related to caregiving and social support, typically carried out within households. This includes tasks like childcare, eldercare, domestic work, and involves paid labor from roles like nurses and caregivers, often filled by females. Compensation for such activities is generally absent or meager, despite their significant contribution to human development and social cohesion. Monetized economy covers all economic activities valued in terms of monetary value, including the production of goods, finance, trade, etc. Its primary objective is profit generation, and compensation is received in monetary terms, such as wages and salaries. Its assessment is based on contributions to GDP and is commonly used as a measure of economic growth.

Ways to integrate care economy into monetized economy through women empowerment:

Social protection measures are needed to ensure income security for women in caregiving roles, such as pension insurance.
Emphasizing the development of skills for better transformation and the inclusion of women in the formal sector.
Implementing supportive government policies that promote gender-neutral reforms and collaboration between the government and civil society organizations in the caregiving economy. Examples include the National Creche Scheme for the Children of Working Mothers and the enhancement of maternity benefits.
Considering technological solutions in the care sector that reduce time demands and free up women for formal sector employment.

Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy will not only enhance economic opportunities for women but also contribute to a more inclusive and equitable society. Q13: Explain the changes in cropping pattern in India in the context of changes in consumption pattern and marketing conditions. (Economic Development) Ans: Changes in cropping patterns mirror the shifting demands of consumers, market dynamics, and economic factors, closely intertwined with evolving consumption patterns and marketing dynamics.

Factors influencing cropping patterns due to changing market conditions:

Enhanced market access facilitated by improved road and rail connectivity has expanded opportunities for farmers, leading to increased cultivation of specific crops.
The availability of international markets for certain crops, such as Alphonso mangoes and basmati rice, has driven their cultivation.
Government initiatives, like the Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanism, serve as incentives for farmers to cultivate crops covered under it.
The launch of the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) aims to facilitate better price discovery and improved market accessibility for crop growers.

Influence of changing consumption patterns on cropping patterns:

As income and urbanization rise, there is an increased demand for protein-rich foods, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and poultry.
Heightened health consciousness has driven a surge in demand for organic and nutrient-rich foods.
The growing preference for chemical-free food has spurred the demand for exotic foods, leading to the growth of hydroponics and aeroponics crops.

Cropping patterns evolve due to a combination of factors, including consumer preferences, market conditions, government policies, technological advancements, among others. Q14: What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to the farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies. (Economic Development) Ans: Subsidies represent a form of financial aid or backing provided by the government to individuals or specific sectors of the economy. The main objective of subsidies is to lower the cost of goods and services , thereby stimulating economic activity.

Direct and indirect subsidies for the farm sector in India:

To ensure affordability of fertilizers for farmers, the government extends subsidies for NPK fertilizers.
Subsidies are granted on certified seeds, promoting the use of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) and genetically improved seed varieties.
The central government implements direct cash transfers of Rs. 6,000 per farmer annually under the PM-Kisan yojana.
Subsidies are provided for the acquisition of agricultural machinery and equipment, exemplified by the Sub-mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) Scheme.
The government establishes Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for key crops in India, ensuring farmers receive a guaranteed price.

Concerns raised by WTO regarding agricultural subsidies:

WTO deems the MSP mechanism as trade-distorting, especially in the case of rice, where subsidies have surpassed prescribed limits.
India's agricultural practices are considered environmentally degrading by the WTO due to over-exploitation of groundwater and excessive use of fertilizers.
Government support for domestic agricultural exporters to boost the export quantity of agricultural goods has also raised concerns.

Agriculture, employing half of India's population, relies significantly on subsidies to address food insecurity and unemployment. It is crucial to shape global trade practices in a way that allows developing countries to uplift a substantial portion of their population from poverty. Q15: The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles.(Environment and Ecology) Ans: The surge in global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by heightened environmental consciousness and increasing governmental incentives to promote sustainable transportation, combating escalating temperatures.

Role of electric vehicles in curtailing carbon emissions:

EVs exhibit greater energy efficiency, consuming less energy compared to traditional vehicles and emitting fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
They diminish reliance on fossil fuels, especially gasoline products, thereby diversifying energy sources.
Running on electricity, EVs can be powered by cleaner sources like renewables, resulting in reduced direct emissions of GHGs such as carbon monoxide and CO 2 .
The shift from internal combustion engines to electric motors contributes to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and decreased pollutants, fostering enhanced air quality and a more environmentally friendly future.

Key advantages of EVs over traditional combustion engine vehicles:

With lower fueling and maintenance costs, EVs offer a more economical alternative than gasoline products.
They can significantly decrease greenhouse gas emissions, especially when charged using renewable sources.
EVs provide instant torque, ensuring rapid acceleration and a responsive driving experience.
They operate more quietly than traditional vehicles, contributing to reduced noise pollution and a more enjoyable environment.
EVs typically have a lower center of gravity, resulting in improved handling and comfort.

Although sustainable electricity generation remains a concern, ongoing technological advancements and governmental incentives position EVs as a promising solution for a future with minimal emissions. Q16: What is the main task of India’s third moon mission which could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the countries that have achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems in the spacecraft launched and explain the role of the ‘Virtual Launch Control Centre’ at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which contributed to the successful launch from Sriharikota. (Science and Technology) Ans: Chandrayaan-3 has made history for both India and the world by achieving the first soft landing on the moon's south pole. This accomplishment positions India as the fourth nation, after the United States, Russia, and China, to successfully land on the moon.

The Chandrayaan-3 mission includes the Vikram Lander and Pragyaan Rover. The rover's objective is to explore the landing site, conduct experiments, and transmit data to the lander, which, in turn, relays the information to the orbiter for communication back to Earth. Chandrayaan-3 is of significant importance as the 'permanently shadowed regions' near the moon's South Pole may contain valuable resources like water-ice. Various onboard subsystems of Chandrayaan-3 are designed to conduct several experiments for this purpose.

Lander payloads:

Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): Measures thermal conductivity and temperature.
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): Measures seismic frequencies around the landing site.
Langmuir Probe (LP): Estimates plasma density and its changes over time.

Rover payloads:

Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): Determines the elemental composition of lunar soil and rocks.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): Derives chemical composition and infers the mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.

Propulsion module payload:

Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE): Aims to study exo-planets for habitability.

Role of Virtual Launch Control Centre:

Nerve centre of the operation: Controls all procedures and operations of the launch and the mission.
Master control: In case of abnormalities, safety protocols or the final abortion of the mission can be initiated from this center.

With the success of Chandrayaan-3, India can now anticipate sample retrieval from the moon surface in the upcoming Chandrayaan-4 mission, which will further enhance our understanding of the lunar surface. The successful landing has also provided a morale boost, motivating the pursuit of future missions. Q17: Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few of India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (Environment and Ecology) Ans: The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, designating those listed under the Convention as wetlands of international importance. Noteworthy Ramsar sites in India include:

Karikili Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu): Home to cormorants, grey heron, and open-billed stork.
Pichavaram Mangrove (Tamil Nadu): An extensive mangrove forest island.
Chandra Taal: One of the two high-altitude Ramsar wetlands.

The National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) was launched to safeguard wetlands, recognizing their crucial benefits such as freshwater supply, biodiversity, flood control, groundwater recharge, and climate change mitigation. NWCP aims to conserve wetlands, prevent degradation, and grant local communities access to these benefits.

Significance of NWCP:

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC) has identified 115 wetlands in urgent need of conservation and management.
It aligns wetland definitions with the Ramsar Convention.
While state governments administer wetlands, the central government handles funds, technical assistance, and overall coordination.

Objectives of NWCP:

Establishing policy guidelines for wetland conservation and management.
Creating and maintaining a wetland inventory.
Allocating financial assistance to states.
Monitoring program implementation.
Sponsoring multidisciplinary research by institutions.

The National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP) and National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) were amalgamated under the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) to streamline efforts and prevent administrative overlap, reflecting India's substantial achievements in safeguarding its wetlands. Q18: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (Environment and Ecology) Ans: Global warming, once a theoretical concern, has now materialized into actual problems, prominently discussed since the IPCC report release. The elevation of global sea levels and its repercussions have raised serious alarms.

Impact on India and the Region Environmental Impact:

Threat to Coastline: India's extensive coastline, a source of substantial economic benefits, faces jeopardy if coastal areas start submerging.
Coastal Wetland Degradation: Wetlands near coastal zones are at risk of degradation and potential extinction.
Coral Bleaching: Increased sea surface levels resulting in fresh water dilution can lead to coral bleaching.
Fauna Displacement: Biodiversity and animals face displacement, causing distress to ecosystems.
Groundwater Salination: The water table gets contaminated by incoming saltwater, reducing the availability of usable groundwater.

Economic Impact:

Property and Resource Damage: Increased coastal disasters lead to substantial damage to property and resources.
Loss of Livelihood: Coastal-based professions face a decline, necessitating relocation due to reduced livelihood options and altering employment patterns.

Social Impact:

Displacement of People: Climate refugees, individuals displaced by climate change, are increasing annually due to the impact of rising sea levels.
Stress on Inland Locations: Displaced individuals from coastal areas are likely to move inland, placing additional pressure on already stressed resources.
Mangrove Plantation: Activities like mangrove plantation can help alleviate issues related to rising sea levels.
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules and Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan: These regulations aim to manage and regulate resource utilization in coastal areas.

Various research studies predict an earlier onset of these effects with potentially more devastating consequences. Recognizing the impacts of rising sea levels, the government must formulate a policy addressing issues specifically related to this concern. Q19: What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. (Internal Security) Ans: A sovereign nation's primary duty is safeguarding its citizens from both internal and external threats. Since gaining independence, India has confronted various internal security challenges, including insurgency, militancy, and externally influenced rebellions.

Internal Security Challenges for India:

Separatist Movements: Feelings of separatism persist since the nation's inception, causing unrest in law and order. Examples include Nagaland separatism and Kashmiri separatism.
Communalism: Strife between major religious groups often breeds hatred and conflicts, fueling separatist tendencies and making citizens vulnerable to terrorist activities.
Illegal Migration: Over the years, illegal migration has led to associated problems like demographic changes and increased unemployment, straining the nation's resources.
Left-Wing Extremism: Noted in central and eastern India, marked by Marxism or Maoism as its political ideology. Socio-economic disparities and land alienation contribute to its emergence.

Various Intelligence and Investigative Agencies Operate in India with Different Mandates:

National Investigation Agency (NIA): Premier counter-terrorism law enforcement agency investigating offenses affecting India's sovereignty, security, and integrity.
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB): Apex body coordinating between narcotics and drug law enforcement agencies, working to prevent drug trafficking across India.
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI): Deals with intelligence on smuggling contrabands, investigating related cases, and aims to prevent black money proliferation and money laundering.
Intelligence Bureau (IB): Apex intelligence body responsible for collecting information within the country, executing counter-terrorism operations, and handling matters of domestic intelligence and internal security.
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): Handles foreign intelligence operations, conducts counter-terrorism operations, and provides advice to Indian policymakers.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): Premier investigating police agency established on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee, conducting investigations and acting as the point of access for Interpol.

Internal security is crucial for a nation's growth. Indian Intelligence and Investigative Agencies, often unsung heroes, have played a significant role in securing our lives. Q20: Give out the major sources of terror funding in India and the efforts being made to curtail these sources. In the light of this, also discuss the aim and objective of the No Money for Terror (NMFT) Conference recently held at New Delhi in November 2022. (Internal Security) Ans: Since its establishment in 1947, India has witnessed various forms of terrorist and insurgent activities. Over the years, the country has learned from its mistakes and developed numerous strategies to address terror funding and related activities.

Major Sources of Terror Funding:

State Sponsorship: The use of terrorism to advance diplomatic interests is a known practice, with states supporting terrorists for their purposes.
Counterfeit Currency: Involves the direct printing and circulation of fake currency in the market, often used by neighboring states to destabilize the Indian economy.
Organized Crime: Criminal organizations collaborate and are frequently connected to larger terrorist groups, creating a two-way flow of resources.
Extortion: Remains a significant source of terrorism funding in India, particularly in the North-East.
Hawala System: An illegal method of money transfer, usually across international borders, utilized by criminal networks.

Efforts to Curtail Sources:

National Investigation Agency (NIA): The premier agency in India for combating terrorism across states without requiring special permission.
Unlawful Activities Prevention Act: Anti-terror legislation aimed at designating individuals as "terrorists."
National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID): A centralized data library of terror and crime-related information.
SAMADHAN Doctrine: Developed to address Left-Wing Extremism problems, it also aims to restrict the access of terrorist organizations to funds.

Recently, the third No Money for Terror (NMFT) Ministerial Conference on Counter-Terrorism Financing was held in New Delhi, India, with objectives to:

Collaborate with countries worldwide to reduce terror and extremist funding.
Establish a secretariat in the country, not as an investigative body but based on collaboration and cooperation principles.
Investigate new and emerging threats and methods of propagating terrorism.

Being surrounded by two hostile neighbors leaves India no room for complacency regarding internal security. Through various measures, India continues to combat the battle against terrorism.

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UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper 3 with Answers Free PDF Download

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UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper Analysis, Subjects Weightage and Trends!

UPSC mains GS 1 paper analysis will help aspirants tackle the subjects in a better way. You can check more information about UPSC mains GS 1 paper here!

UPSC mains GS 1 paper is one of the papers of UPSC mains examination. Candidates have to prepare the subjects well to score maximum marks in this paper. UPSC mains GS 1 paper analysis is the best way to predict the themes that may be repeated.

UPSC mains GS 1 paper is not a single subject. It consists of multiple subjects that are combined together to form the syllabus. To score well in the GS 1 paper, performance in all the subjects mentioned is important.

UPSC mains GS 1 paper analysis will serve as the necessary tool that will help candidates perform well in this paper and subsequently in the UPSC mains exam.

UPSC Mains Exam Overview

The UPSC mains exam consists of nine papers that have to be answered in descriptive format. The marks scored in the essay, 4 GS papers, and 2 optional papers will be considered to prepare the merit list. The 2 language papers are only qualifying in nature. The details of the UPSC mains exam are provided below.

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UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper Overview

UPSC mains GS paper 1 is one of the nine papers candidates have to attempt in the UPSC mains exam. The marks scored in GS paper 1 will be considered while preparing the merit list and hence is important for candidates. Details of GS paper 1 are provided in the table below.

UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper Subject-wise Division

UPSC mains GS 1 paper consists of four subjects viz Geography, History, Indian Society and Indian Art and Culture. The detailed breakdown of these subjects into subtopics are as follows.

UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper 2024

UPSC mains GS 1 paper 2024 will be held on 21 st September 2024 (tentative). Going by the trends from past few years, questions are likely to be at moderate and difficult level. A subject-wise breakdown of UPSC mains GS 1 paper will be available after the exam. You can also download the paper as and when it becomes available.

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UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper Analysis 2023

UPSC mains GS 1 paper 2023 was held on 16 th September 2023. Following were the trends observed in the UPSC mains GS 1 paper 2023.

The examiner had asked many open-ended questions in GS Paper 1. This increased the difficulty level.
The questions from ancient history tested the analytical skills and knowledge depth of the candidate.
Modern history questions were tricky, as ideologies of famous personalities and the impact of colonial rule were also asked.
Post independence India and medieval history questions were simple and did not go much into analytical aspects.
The world history question was based on colonisation across the world. The question can be considered a little challenging.
There was no direct question related to art and culture in this year’s paper.
In Indian society, candidates must be able to present the current challenges. The impact of modern trends and technology on society must be known.
In geography, climate change has added a new dimension to the subject. Questions have been asked linking climate change and its effects on geographical phenomena.

UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper Analysis Last Five Years

UPSC mains GS 1 paper has subjects such as History and Geography. UPSC does not ask an equal number of questions from all these subjects. Candidates can check the weightage of subjects in the past few years by analysing the graph below.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difficulty level of questions asked in upsc mains gs 1 paper, what is the average score of candidates in upsc mains gs 1 paper, can upsc ask history and geography optional questions in upsc mains gs 1 paper, which subject has more weightage in upsc mains gs 1 paper, is art and culture part of upsc mains gs 1 paper.

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ESSAY QUESTION PAPER - UPSC Civil Services IAS Mains - 2023 . DOWNLOAD ESSAY QUESTION PAPER : UPSC CSE MAINS 2023 [here] Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.
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Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2023. Document Type Document Date of Upload ; Important Notice : Notice-CSM-23-DAF-I-engl-100723.pdf ImpNotice-CSM-23-PT-Eng-02022024.pdf Ticker-CSM-23-PT-engl-090424.pdf: 10/07/2023, 01/02/2024, 09 ... 10/07/2023: Question Paper : Essay General Studies Paper - I, General Studies Paper - II, ...
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UPSC CSE Essay Paper 2023 Instructions. General instructions mentioned on the essay paper, that need to be followed by every aspirant are provided here. Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours. ... Download the ClearIAS mobile apps now to supplement your self-study efforts with ClearIAS smart-study training. Reader Interactions.
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The UPSC essay question paper 2023 is available for download. The UPSC is divided into 2 sections i.e. Section A and Section B. Each section contains 4 questions each from different topics where ...
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Common mistakes committed by the candidates in Conventional Papers; Revised Syllabus and Scheme; ... 01/02/2023: Download Notification : Notice (2.66 MB) Document Type Document Date of Upload ; Fictitious Fee : FF-CSP-23-engl-070323.pdf: 07/03/2023: Question Paper : General Studies Paper I , General Studies Paper II: 28/05/2023 ...
UPSC Prelims Question Paper 2023 [GS Paper I and II]
Download UPSC Prelims Question Paper 2023 (General Studies Paper 1 and Paper 2) as PDF. Read to know more about the Civil Services Examination 2023. Union Public Service Commission conducted the Civil Services Examination (CSE) 2023 on May 28, 2022. General Studies Paper 1 Exam Timings: 9.30 AM - 11.30 AM.
UPSC Mains 2023 Question Paper & Solution PDFs [Download]
Welcome to our dedicated resource page for UPSC aspirants seeking the UPSC Mains 2023 Question Paper in PDF format. As part of our commitment to supporting your journey to becoming a civil servant, we understand the pivotal role that accessing the right materials plays in your preparation. These UPSC Mains 2023 question papers are an invaluable ...
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Download the other UPSC 2023 Mains question papers in the link. UPSC Essay Paper Pattern. The UPSC Essay paper segment consists of two sections A and B. Both sections have about four questions each. The candidates have to choose one topic from each section, thus having to answer 2 essay questions in total.
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UPSC Prelims Syllabus; GS Prelims Strategy; Prelims Analysis; Previous Years Papers. GS Paper-I (Year Wise) GS Paper-I (Subject Wise) CSAT. CSAT Strategy; CSAT MCQs; Previous Years Papers; Prelims Special. 60 Steps To Prelims; Prelims Refresher Programme 2020; Sambhav. 2024; 2023; PT Sprint. 2024; 2023; 2022; UPSC CSE Results; Practice Quiz ...
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UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download mrunalmanage 2023-11-15T18:49:05+05:30. In the UPSC mains examination, essay paper is worth 250 marks and three hours. Here is the topic wise questions from the earlier years for the benefit of civil service IAS IPS aspirants ...
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Previous Year Question Papers. Search Exam Name. Apply. Year: 2024. National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination (I), 2024. General Ability Test. Mathematics. Combined Defence Services Examination (I), 2024. Elementary Mathematics.
UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Analysis, Check PDF Download Link
The Essay Paper of UPSC Mains 2023 is available in PDF format. The exam was successfully administered by UPSC at Forenoon on September 15, 2023. 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM, session. The UPSC Essay Paper is of 250 Marks. Candidates can check the UPSC Essay Paper 2023 PDF Link below.
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UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023
The UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023 will help you understand the exam pattern being followed by UPSC in this year. The exam dates for the UPSC CSE Mains are 15th, 16th, 17th, 23rd and 24th September 2023. The examination was conducted in two shifts: the first shift is from 9.00 a.m. - 12.00 p.m., and the second shift is from 2.00 p.m. -5.00 p.m.
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Download UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023. UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper. Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each: Section A. 1. Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.
UPSC IAS Question Paper 2023 with Answer Key: Download PDF
Candidates can download IAS 2023 Question Paper PDF using the links mentioned below. UPSC Civil Services consists of three stages: Prelims, Mains and Interview. UPSC CSE Prelims Comprises GS Paper 1 and CSAT Paper 2. GS Paper 1 (100 questions) and CSAT (80 questions). Each of them are objective in nature and consists of 200 marks.
UPSC Essay 2023 Question Paper, Get Yearwise Essay Papers
UPSC Essay 2023 Question Paper Available Here - 15th September '23. UPSC Essay Previous Year Question Papers are added here to help the candidates. UPSC Mains has an individual Paper of Essay, in which candidates will have to write an Essay Paper which will be a subjective type. The marks of this paper will be taken into account for merit.
UPSC Prelims 2023 Question Paper, Download Free PDF
Download as PDF. Overview. Test Series. UPSC Prelims 2023 Question Paper is a crucial part of understanding the examinations for future aspirants. The UPSC Prelims 2023 examination was conducted on 28th May 2023, with both papers, Prelims GS 1 and Prelims GS 2 (CSAT), being held on the same day. Solving these UPSC Question Papers 2023 is of ...
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UPSC Essay Paper 2023 PDF Download Link. The Essay Paper of UPSC Mains 2023 is available in PDF format. The exam was successfully administered by UPSC at Forenoon on September 15, 2023. 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM, session. The UPSC Essay Paper is 250 Marks. Candidates can check the UPSC Essay Paper 2023 PDF Link below.
UPSC Mains Question Paper and Answer Solution 2023 with Analysis
Download UPSC Mains 2023 GS Question and Answer Paper PDFs. Candidates can access the UPSC Mains Exam 2023 general studies exam papers in this part of the website by selecting them from the table below. (Links will be provided once the papers are out). Check Out :- UPSC Mains Question Paper 2023.
Essay Previous Year Question Paper (2023) Section
Full syllabus notes, lecture and questions for Essay Previous Year Question Paper (2023) Section - B(Solved) - UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Video Analysis - UPSC - Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Video Analysis - Best notes, free PDF download
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The UPSC Civil Services Main Examination 2023 began with an Essay paper. There were eight essay topics separated into two groups, and aspirants were supposed to write on two of them in three hours, one from each. Candidates were asked to write 1000-1200 words for each essay. Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite ...
UPSC Question Paper: Check Previous Year Question Papers
UPSC Question Paper: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts the Civil Services Examination (CSE) in three phases - Preliminary, Main and Personal Interview once in a year. UPSC aspirants must go through the previous year question papers to get an idea of the scheme of the examination. The prelims for IAS Exam for the year 2024 is scheduled to be held on June 16, 2024.
UPSC Mains Question Paper PDFs 2023
The UPSC Mains 2023 commenced on 15th September 2023 with the Essay Paper. The IAS Mains 2023 will conclude on 24th September 2023 with the optional papers. The UPSC Mains is the second step in the entire civil services exam process. Candidates who clear the mains exam will be called for the final leg of the exam, that is, the UPSC Personality ...
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Final Result - Civil Services Examination 2023 UPSC IFOS Notification - 2024 UPSC CSE Notification 2024. close. Home; Blogs; Classroom Programme; Interview Guidance; Online Programme; ... Paper -1(GS) Total Papers : 2 Paper -2 (CSAT) Total Papers : 1 ...
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The direct link to check and download the UPSC 2023 Marksheet PDF for IFOS exam, Civil Services exam and others are provided below in the table: ... Previous Year Papers. UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2023: General Studies (SET - A - Held on 28 May) ... English, Hindi, Marathi. Start. Download. UPSC CSE 2023 (Prelims Paper-1: General Studies ...
UPSC Mains 2023 GS Paper 3 with Answers
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UPSC Mains GS 1 Paper Analysis, Subjects Weightage and Trends!
The UPSC mains exam consists of nine papers that have to be answered in descriptive format. The marks scored in the essay, 4 GS papers, and 2 optional papers will be considered to prepare the merit list. The 2 language papers are only qualifying in nature. The details of the UPSC mains exam are provided below. Enroll now for UPSC Online Course.
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Associate Content Manager | Updated On - May 15, 2024. CMAT 2024 Question Paper with solutions PDF is available for download here. CMAT 2024 question paper comprises 100 MCQs divided equally into 5 sections- Language Comprehension, Quant & DI, LR, General Awareness, and Innovation & Entrepreneurship. CMAT 2024 total marks are 400, 4 marks are ...

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UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download

1.1 India Since Independence

2 Economy, Development

3 Education

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

5 Women empowerment

6 International issues, Internal Security, History

7 Science-Technology

Section-A (write any one)

Section-B (write any one)

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Initial Thoughts

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team

Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic

Not all who wander are lost

Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane