case study of failure of hydraulic structure in india

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Study on the Dam & Reservoir, and Analysis of Dam Failures: A Data Base Approach

2020, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

Engineering geologists provide the basic geological and geotechnical recommendations based on certain details analysis and design associated survey. These structures include dam as the major construction project. Explains different aspects related to dams, types of dam and cause of failure. Natural disaster like earthquake, flood, rockslides, and poor design or lack of maintenance affect the dam structure. Failure of dams occur because of overtopping, inadequate spillway capacity, excessive seepage across the body, alkali aggregate reaction, cavitation in energy dissipaters, stresses due to external force, gates of dam not working effectively etc. Excessive scouring below spillway may be dangerous for foundation. Analysis and study of failed dam structure can give reasons behind the failure of any dam.

Related Papers

Emmanuel Vincent

This paper critically covers all the aspects of some selected dam failures around the world. The aim of the study is to examine the failures while the objectives are to; investigate the causes of the failures and to give possible recommendations. The materials used are journal articles. The methods involved are Google search with a view of extracting some relevant information on some selected dam failures. The result shows that factors responsible for the failure are due to geological, engineering and human factors. The geological factors are due to; heavy rains, flooding, earthquake, mud and water inundation, overtopping, thunderstorm, landfall, seismic activity, and torrential rainfall. The engineering factors are due to poor foundation, technical breakdown and foundation failure while the human factors are due to poor maintenance. These factors can cause immense damage to loss of life and property when they occur. Prior to the construction of dam, the services of geotechnical engineer and geologist should be sought in other to ensure its safety by carrying out detailed geotechnical and geological site investigations in other to know the surface and subsurface condition of the construction site. It is recommended that adequate geological, geophysical, geotechnical, geographic information technology, use of standard construction material, and regular monitoring should be carried out before and after dam construction.

IRJET Journal

Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention

Dams are artificial lakes created to reserve water for a particular purpose. Reports on failure of dams are common things nowadays. Effects of dam’s failure on man and environment are well known, which require preventive measures. This article presents a brief assessment of a dam in Nigeria and suggested necessary failure preventive measures. The dam site was visited (up and down streams), selected soil and geological properties of the dam were conducted with a particular attention to the release of water from the reservoir as seepage, or filling of the reservoir by silt from erosion. Hydrology and hydraulic data of the study area and spillway were obtained and analyzed. The study revealed that the soil is mainly sandy-loamy soil of averagely sand (73.99 ± 3.12), clay (8.53 ± 0.18), and silt (17.48 ± 1.88). Geological structure of the soil revealed that the study area is in basement complex. The reservoir capacity is 177,000,000 m3 with about 18.5-m hydraulic high, silting rate of 0.301% per year. Hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and specific discharge were found to be of high side of 9.31 × 10−4 m/s, 5.08 × 10−4 m2/s, and 98.25 m/year, respectively. It was concluded that the current problems of the dam are high silting rate and seepage, big trees on the embankment and beside the spillway. All these may lead to failure of the dam in the following ways: lack of water in the reservoir due to seepage and silting, eutrophication and non-potable of the water due to silting and collapse of the embankment due to the presence of big trees. It was suggested that necessary and urgent solutions such as removal of trees from embankment, desilting and seepage control must be provided for safety of lives and properties.

Mumba Kolala

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

IJERT Journal

https://www.ijert.org/the-causes-of-dam-failures-a-study-of-earthen-embankment-dams-on-the-copperbelt-province-of-zambia https://www.ijert.org/research/the-causes-of-dam-failures-a-study-of-earthen-embankment-dams-on-the-copperbelt-province-of-zambia-IJERTV4IS020273.pdf The prime purpose of this paper is to summarise the study that aimed at establishing the risks and causes of dam failures associated with earthen embankments dams on the Copperbelt province of the Republic of Zambia. The paper's methodology consisted of identifying dams with notable failure anomalies and then assessing them through field surveys. Also utilised were satellite and computer technologies namely; Google earth, Global mapper and GIS. Secondary data was involved by usage of annual reports, dam rehabilitation reports, assessment reports and contract documents in capturing of secondary data. The study revealed that the (43) assessed dams were subjected to a range of anomalies on the risks and cause of failures. The counts for these anomalies were presented into groupings. The first group had anomalies that were considered to be responsible for directly causing the failure of dams and this grouping was also referred to as lethal anomalies. However, in some instances these anomalies were analysed as risks of failures. The grouping lethal anomalies was generally given more attention and their listing and occurrences were as follows; overtopping at (37%) , followed by failures induced by sabotage at (26%) and then internal erosion at (21%), spillway impairments at (11%) and the least being blockage of spillway at (5%). Second is the grouping for non-lethal anomalies and these were anomalies that were noted to have only posed as risks of failure, but were not directly responsible for failure of dams. These anomalies included; letting trees to grow on embankments and spillway areas, embankment surface erosion, extreme habitation of reservoirs by aquatic weeds and extreme siltation of reservoir. Amongst the findings is a further probe into the aspect of failures by overtopping. This is because failure by overtopping came out to be a prominent cause of failures of dams in the study area. In this further probe it was revealed that from referral hydrological and hydraulic point of view, the majority (over 65%) of the assessed dams had undersigned spillways. The conclusion included lack of upholding of past hydrological observation on dam designs, lack of knowledge and non-adherence to guidelines, therefore resulting into ill design practices. Poor maintenance and management was also cited.

Santosh Bhattarai

A dam is a barrier constructed across the river to impound water for different purposes such as irrigation, flood control, hydropower, water supply, aquaculture and navigation. A state of art about different types of dam and their status in geotechnical engineering can provides valuable information for geotechnical engineers, designers and concerned parties to build a safe structure. This paper briefly introduces different types of dams from available primary and secondary sources over height 100m in the world. 446 numbers of dams from different country over height 100m have been complied in the database from available sources. Data have been classified according to the type of materials used at construction, numbers of dams respect to height and types of dams in specific country. Further, highlight on construction methods, key technical issues and challenges during construction, promising causes of different types of dam failure with some case studies of dam failed in the world are...

Abdulmalik Sulaiman

A geophysical investigation involving Shlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES) profiling was conducted on a failed dam in Cham area, Upper Benue Trough, North eastern Nigeria. The raw VES data were used to prepare apparent resistivity curve, pseudosection and the geoelectric section along considered six VES points. The study indicates the subsurface as remarkably in-homogeneous in geologic composition. The geologic layers are defined by variable combination of siltstone, shally-clay, claystone, shale and clay which constitute the subsurface. The investigation indicated displacement at depth which correlates well with the failed segment of the dam. It is concluded from the study that the dam under investigation probably failed on account of displacement along suspected weak zones.

Applied Sciences

Damjan Ivetic

The paper presents a functionality investigation of the key dam elements based on finite element analysis. A detailed analysis of filtration processes, dam strength, and the surrounding rock mass was conducted. Dam elements whose potential damage could jeopardize the normal functioning of the embankment dam have been identified. A particular emphasis was placed on the analysis of dam elements that have been identified as weak points. A numerical analysis of the impact of individual grout curtain zone failure on leakage under the dam body, a strength analysis of the overflow section, as well as the analysis of the slope stability that can compromise the functioning of the spillway have been performed. To analyze the partial stability of individual structural elements, a new measure of local stability was introduced as the remaining load-bearing capacity. As a case study, the Zavoj dam, which is a part of the Pirot reservoir system in the Republic of Serbia, was used. Investigation re...

Innovative Research Publications

This paper is mainly focused on the effects of post dam break. It can be estimated from the flood developed from the dam break. It will also throw light on high flood areas in the downstream side of the dam which will help assess the type of emergency facilities. Keywords: Dam-Break Analysis, Dam Breach, Dam CFD, Pawana Dam I. In tr oduct i on 1.1. Dam Break Analysis:-Dam break analysis is characterization and identifying of potential dam failures are post effects of resulting floods from dam breach. It is this characterization of the threat to public safety that a dam poses decides the classification of the dam and also the standard of care, safety and maintenance to which the dam is held. The requirement to prepare an emergency action plan, requiring preparation of inundation maps which accurately predict dam breach flood depths and arrival times at critical locations. The population associated along with the critical section are located in close proximity downstream of a dam, details of the breaching process and the calculated peak discharge may have little effect on the results. The breach parameters like breach width, depth, and rate of development are more crucial to analyse especially when the locations of population centres are near to the dam. The associated cost and assumptions increases if the breach parameters cannot be predicted with reasonable accuracy. A recent query of the dam safety engineers within the Colorado Dam Safety Branch determined that there is currently no consensus nor up-to-date guidance regarding the state-of-the-practice procedures for performing dam breach analysis.This study can also estimate high flood level and, to fix the flood control lines on downstream side of the dam, estimation of wave pressure after dam break. The study also focus on to understand the hydraulic characteristics and breach shape, understand the flow of huge debris from upstream as well as downstream which will be carried away with flow after dam break, study the erosionof dam after dam break, it give important information for embankment on the downstream sides of the river. It also helps to avoid erosion of soil along the embankment of downstream. 1.2. Need for Dam-Break Analysis:-Two major consequences of a bam failure are:-1. Life loss: This loss occurs if the villages and the residing families are washed away by the flood resulting from dam-break. 2. Economic:Economic loss is calculated in terms of revenue which will be required to rebuild the washed away villages in terms of infrastructure, and other allied facilities.

vinayak chaskar

The study investigates the reasons for failure of earth dams in Nigeria with emphasis on dams owned by the River Basin Development Authorities of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water resources using Cham dam in Gombe State as case study. The general causes of earth dam failure were considered with emphasis on failures due to engineering factors. Cham dam failed in September 1998 after commissioning in December 1992 as a result of poor planning, inadequate study, inconsistent design, un-engineered construction and lack of dam safety monitoring team at site. Based on the findings, suggestions were given on how earth dam failures in Nigeria can be minimized in terms of adequate feasibility studies, good design, appropriate construction and an improved maintenance culture.

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Dam failure analysis using hydraulics simulation model-a case study of Chaskaman dam

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Shweta Patil , Ajaykumar Kambekar; Dam failure analysis using hydraulics simulation model-a case study of Chaskaman dam. AIP Conf. Proc. 21 March 2024; 2985 (1): 030002. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204484

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Though the construction of barriers across a flow of water is the best method for providing sustainable water supply, irrigation, etc., its failure is hazardous for properties, the environment, and mainly lives downstream. Therefore its failure analysis plays a vital role. In the current study, the dam breach analysis of the Chaskaman dam uses the hydraulic simulation model. The study involves estimating breach parameters, dam inline structure breach out-flow hydrograph, maximum flow, and generation of flood inundation maps in terms of maximum water surface elevation. A probable maximum flood (PMF) hydrograph is simulated for unsteady conditions for two types of failure-1) Overtopping and 2) Piping. Maximum flow corresponding to the failure mode of overtopping is 21695 m 3 /sec and 20911 m 3 /sec for piping failure. The estimated dam breach outflow out-flow hydrographs are routed using HEC-RAS for the complete dynamic wave method. Furthermore, different breach parameters estimated from five empirical methods are simulated using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model, and the results are compared. The model is calibrated using sensitivity analysis. Generally, it is observed that overtopping failure is dominant over piping failure marginally. Furthermore, the stage and flow hydrographs are developed for critical locations downstream of the dam. The local authority shall use the study to prepare EAP and develop flood mitigation measures in an emergency.

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Causes and Consequences of Dam Failures—Case Study

• Conference paper
• First Online: 21 November 2021
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• S. V. Sivapriya 11 &
• A. Anne Sherin 11  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 179))

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The purpose of dam is to store water and supply to nearby required area. The underestimated capacity, overtopping, erosion in the downstream side, geometry of the slope, sliding, high settlement, etc., are the causes of dam failure. The dam failure occurs both nationally and internationally leading to a pressing need to fathom the underlying causes for the failure and to minimize such occurrences. To understand the causes of failure, it is important to investigate the dam profile and properties. This paper primarily focuses on the major reasons for the dam failures such as overtopping, erosions, seepage, and seismic factors which also includes the details of dam and reservoirs. Thus, the paper is concluded with the lessons and practices understood from the various cases to avoid the failures in the near future.

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Zhang LM, Xu Y, Jia JS (2009) Analysis of earth dam failures: a database approach. Georisk 3(3):184–189

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Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

S. V. Sivapriya & A. Anne Sherin

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Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India

Thangaraj Palanisamy

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Sivapriya, S.V., Anne Sherin, A. (2022). Causes and Consequences of Dam Failures—Case Study. In: Naganathan, S., Mustapha, K.N., Palanisamy, T. (eds) Sustainable Practices and Innovations in Civil Engineering. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 179. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5041-3_11

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5041-3_11

Published : 21 November 2021

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