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Communication Disorders Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Prosodic Speech Rate, Utterance Duration, Interruption Rate, and Turn-Taking Latency in Autistic and Neurotypical Adults , Grace Madeline Bell

Marriage and Family Therapists' Perspectives of Working With Couples Impacted by Aphasia: General Perceptions and Response to Relationship-Centered Communication Partner Training , Madison Rae Christensen

Measuring the Effects of Selective and Divided Attention Conditions on Language Production: Comparing Across Age Groups for Aphasia Assessment , Emily McDonald

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Interference Between Speaking and Computer Tasks in Younger and Older Adults , Paige Elise Asay

The Reversibility of Effects of Combination Inhaled Corticosteroids on Sustained Phonation Pressure and Flow in Ex Vivo Rabbit Larynges , Elisabeth Barlow

Microaggressions That Students From Underrepresented Groups Experience in Communication Sciences and Disorders , Samantha Berryhill

The Effects and Reversibility of Combination Inhaled Corticosteroids on Phonation Threshold Pressure (PTP) and Phonation Threshold Flow (PTF) in Ex Vivo Rabbit Larynges , Melanie Elizabeth Blauer

Validating a Predictive Early Kindergarten Dynamic Assessment of Word Level Reading and Language , Taylor Jordan Cena

The Effect of Speaking Context on Articulatory Kinematics in Habitual and Clear Speech , Lauren Elizabeth Clarke

Survey of Reading Habits and Dialogic Book Reading Practices in Parents of Preschool-Aged Children , Kimberly Cronin

Prosodic Pitch and Intensity in Autistic Individuals , Cassidy Gooch

Emotion, Sensory Processing, and Prosody in Neurotypical and Autistic Young Adults , Annika Henderson

Quantifying Speech Pause Durations in Typical English Speakers , John Hoffer

The Effects of an Oral Narrative and Expository School-Age Language Intervention: A Low-Dosage Study , Giana H. Hunsaker

Behavioral and Physiologic Relationships Between Sensory Processing, Attention, and Prediction in Autistic Children: An Eye Tracking Study , Courtney Hunter

The Impact of Speech Pause on the Perceived Effectiveness and Likability of a Speaker's Communication , Rebecca Lyman

Accounting for Oral Language Skills in Children With Dyslexia: A Systematic Review of the Literature , Natalie Kay Olsen Miller

The Acceptability of Relationship-Centered Communication Partner Training for Couples Impacted by Aphasia: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study , Kathryn-Anne Pertab

Examining the Validity of the CUBED Narrative Language Measures Listening and Reading Subtests , Trevor David Read

The Effects of Time Pressure on Speech Fluency in Aging Adults: Comparisons With Divided Attention , Caleb Henderson Sanford

Investigating Speech Perception in Children With Speech Delay, Dyslexia, and Speech Delay and Dyslexia , Lauren Marie Spencer

Bidirectional Interference Between Speech and Mathematical, Language, or Visuospatial Tasks in Younger and Older Adults , Chanelle Thomas

Exploring Posttraumatic Growth in Aphasia: A Qualitative Investigation , Camille Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

A Comparative Study on the Expository Writing Abilities of Kindergarten Students With and Without Developmental Language Disorder , Kristine Michelle Dayley Andrus

Interference Between Speaking and Computer Tasks and Their Effects on Physiologic Arousal , Tiana Walker Bateman

Intolerance of Uncertainty, Sensory Processing, and Related Correlates in Autistic Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic , Mollie Bradley

The Behavioral and Neurophysiologic Relationships Between Sensory Processing and Autistic Traits in Emerging Adults , Savanah Calton

Auditory Brainstem Response in Autistic Children: Potential Implications for Sensory Processing , Madelyn Cate

Examining the Preliminary Validity of a Dynamic Assessment of Narrative Language in Mandarin Chinese , Lok Yee Sarah Cheung

External Laryngeal Oscillation and Aerodynamic Measures of Voice Onset: A Translational Study , Erik McLeod Christensen

Diagnostic Accuracy of Nonword Repetition Tasks for the Clinical Assessment of Spanish-English Dual Language Learners: A Preliminary Investigation , Audrey Czirr

The Effects of Dialogic Reading on the Oral Language of Diverse Kindergarten Students , Abigail Figgins

The Impact of Background Noise on the Communicative Experience of People With Mild to Moderate Aphasia: A Qualitative Study , Riley Robertson Hegewald

Comparing Relative and Absolute Reliability of Short Versus Long Narrative Retells , Jenna Hollis

The Effects of Stimulus Type on Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Speech Perception in Typical Adults , Melannee Wursten Ipsen

Effects of an External Oscillation Device on Phonation Threshold Pressure (PTP) , Brittany Tiffany Jones

Effects of Background Noise on the Spoken Language of Young and Older Adults During Narrative Discourse , Erin LeCheminant

The Effect of Two Rate Change Approaches on Speech Movement Patterns , Noelle Marie Lewis

Interprofessional Education for School-Based Settings , Brittney M. Mack

Speech Pause in People With Aphasia Across Word Length, Frequency, and Syntactic Category , Lana Mitchell

Defining Dyslexia Within and Across Disciplines: A Systematic Review of the Literature , Ann Marie Trumbo

An Exploratory Study of Behavioral Engagement in People With and Without Aphasia: Comparisons and Relationships , Vivian Elisabeth Ward

The Analysis of Omission and Substitution Errors in Various Language Tasks in Bilingual Children , Macy Whiting

A Randomized Control Trial Examining the Effects of a Multi-Tiered Oral Narrative Language Intervention on Kindergarten Expository Writing , Shaylee Rae Woods

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Variability of the Aerodynamic Measures of Leporine Larynges Exposed to Inhaled Corticosteroids , Miriam Angela Cannon Bake

Autistic Traits, Sensory Processing, and Intolerance of Uncertainty: Neurobiological and Behavioral Correlates , Maggie Buckhannon

Atypical Sensory Processing and Semantic Language in Autistic Children , Charlene L. Cooper

Dynamic Assessment of Narrative Language for Diverse School-Age Children With and Without Language Disorder: A Large-Scale Psychometric Study , Anahi Kamila DeRobles

Effects of Background Noise on the Speech Acoustics of People With Aphasia , Kirsten Dixon

Norming a Dynamic Assessment of Narrative Language for Diverse School-Age Children With and Without Language Disorder: A Preliminary Psychometric Study , Ashley Elizabeth Frahm

Measuring Speech Perception in Children With Speech Sound Disorders Using the Wide Range Acoustic Accuracy Scale , Briel Francis Garner

The Effect of Rate Control Cueing Modality on Articulatory Patterns , Amelia Caroline Jackson

Spatial Resolution of Quantitative Electroencephalography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging During Phoneme Discrimination Tasks: An Abbreviated Meta-Analysis , Emily Jean Jacobs

Physiological Arousal, Emotion, and Word Retrieval in Aphasia: Effects and Relationships , Angela Lynne Johnson

The Use of Nonword Repetition Tasks in the Assessment of Developmental Language Disorder in Bilingual Children , Kirsten Kelly

Improving the Oral Narrative and Expository Language of Kindergarten Students and Reducing the Matthew Effect , Taylor Camille Magleby

Correlations Between Cognitive Pause Patterns and Listener Perceptions of Communicative Effectiveness and Likeability for People With Aphasia , Heidi Raylene McConaghie

Effects of Inhaled Combination Corticosteroid Drugs on Aerodynamic Measures of Phonation and Visual-Perceptual Measures of Vocal Fold and Arytenoid Tissue in Excised Rabbit Larynges , Christina Lynn Pang

The Perceived Effect of Pause Length and Location on Speaker Likability and Communicative Effectiveness , Julia M. Price

Phonation Threshold Pressure and Phonation Threshold Flow in Rabbits Treated With Inhaled Corticosteroids Versus Controls , Heidi Joan Robison

The Impact of Background Noise on the Spoken Language of People With Mild to Moderate Aphasia: A Preliminary Investigation , Brenna DeLyn Scadden

How Word Characteristics Affect Language-Mediated Eye Movements in Preschoolers With Varying Language Ability , Shelby Nicole Slocum

Quantifying Speech Pause Durations in Speakers With Nonfluent and Fluent Aphasia , Brooke K. Thomas

Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Sensory Processing and Anxiety in Autistic Children , Kelsey Lee Ustach Tindall

The Influence of Pause on Listeners' Perceptions in Speech of People With Aphasia , Emily Wright

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Kinematic and Acoustic Adaptation to a Bite Block During Syllable Production , Allison Marie Barney

Kinematic and Acoustic Adaptation in Response to Electromagnetic Articulography Sensor Perturbation , Emily Adelaide Bartholomew

The Effects of Distracting Background Audio on Speech Production , Camille Margaret Cowley

The Development and Preliminary Evidence of Validity and Reliability of a Spanish Static and Dynamic Assessment of Decoding , Kayla Brooke Ditty

The Classification Accuracy of a Dynamic Assessment of Language in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children When Using Response to Intervention as a Measure of Language Ability , Yuberkys Fryer

A Longitudinal Investigation of the Effects of a Kindergarten Multi-Tiered Oral Narrative Language Intervention on Later Literacy Outcomes , Tristin Carolyn Hampshire

Aerodynamic Measurement Stability During Rabbit Versus Pig Benchtop Phonation , Megan Caroline Hoggan

Effects of a Large Group Combined Narrative and Expository Language Intervention on Oral Language in Third Graders , Kylie Lynn Lee

Effects of Positive and Negative Emotional Valence on Response TimeDuring a Confrontational Naming Task: Findings from People with Aphasia and Young Adults , Corinne Jones Loveridge

Speech Perception of Global Acoustic Structure in Children with Speech Delay, with and Without Dyslexia , Mikayla Nicole Madsen

Speech Perception of Global Acoustic Structure in Children With Speech Delay, With and Without Dyslexia , Mikayla Nicole Madsen

The Classification Accuracy of a Dynamic Assessment of Inferential Word Learning for School-Age Children With and Without Language Disorder , Britney Ann Newey

Language-Mediated Eye Behaviors During Storybook Reading as aFunction of Preschool Language Ability , Emily Joy Nicholls

Effect of Positive and Negative Emotion on Naming Accuracy in Adults with Aphasia , Courtney Paige Nielsen

The Effect of Laryngeal Activity on the Articulatory Kinematics of /i/ and /u/ , Mendocino Nicole Peacock

The Efficacy of EPG Assisted L2 Pronunciation Instruction: An Audio-Perceptual Analysis of the Speech of Native Japanese Learners of English , Emily Louise Peterson

A Comparison of Phonation Threshold Pressure and Phonation Threshold Flow Between Pig and Rabbit Benchtop-Mounted Larynges , Amber Christeen Prigmore

Using Parallel Narrative-Based Measures to Examine the Relationship Between Listening and Reading Comprehension , Collette Leifson Warr

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

A Social Communication Intervention to Facilitate Emotion Word Learning in School-Age Children with Developmental Language Disorders , Sara Elise Avila

A Large-Scale Clustered Randomized Control Trial Examining the Effects of a Multi-Tiered Oral Narrative Language Intervention on Kindergarten Oral and Written Narratives and Oral Expository Language , Mollie Paige Brough

The Effects of Distracting Background Audio on Spontaneous Speech , Kacy Nicole Chapman

The Distinction Between Lingua-Palatal Contact Patterns of English Light and Dark [ɫ]: A Precursor to Using Electropalatography in Second Language Instruction , Kallie Lynne Chaves

The Cross-Validation of the Classification Accuracy of a Dynamic Assessment of Narrative Language for School-Age Children with and Without Language Disorder , Kallie Dawn Clark

Developmental Language Disorders and Reticence in Childhood , Aimee Diehl

Improving Narrative and Expository Language: A Comparison of Narrative Intervention to Shared Storybook Reading , Karee Douglas

The Ability of Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) to Infer Emotions from Pictures: Where's the Breakdown? , Mary Rebekah Forbes

Agreement Between Parent and Teacher Ratings of Social Communication Abilitieson the Children's Communication Checklist-Second Edition , Courtney Lynn Hammond

A Discourse Analysis of Clinician-Child Interactions Within a Meaning-Based Phonological Intervention , Brittany Appleby Long

Kinematic and Acoustic Vowel Changes in Adult Bite Block Speech , Tanner Keith Low

The Impact of Electropalatography in Teaching the /r/-/l/ Sound Contrast for Native Japanese Language Learners of English: Evidence from Lingua-Palatal Contact , Nicole Rose McDougal

Sociability in Children with Developmental Language Disorder , Miranda Elizabeth Miller

Modeling Subglottic Stenosis Effects on Phonation Threshold Pressure in the Porcine Larynx , Jessica Maryn Murphey

Mismatch Negativity Event Related Potential Elicited by Speech Stimuli in Geriatric Patients , Dana Lynn Pierce

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Digital Commons @ USF > College of Behavioral and Community Sciences > Communication Sciences and Disorders > Theses and Dissertations

Communication Sciences and Disorders Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2022 2022.

Towards Precision Audiology: Perceptual Profiles & Their Relation to Ecologically Valid Communication Assessments , Dana Cherri

Transitioning from Face-to-Face to Telehealth Speech and Language Services Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceptions of Persons with Aphasia and their eHelpers , Emma Logan

The Effect of AAC-Modeling Intervention (AAC-MOD) Within Dialogic Reading on Vocabulary Learning in Children with Down Syndrome , Emily A. Mchugh

Impact of Language Sampling Context on Language Productivity and Complexity , Trina J. Tolentino

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

A New Age of Telehealth: Pediatric Speech-Language Pathology Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond , Deborah R. Campbell

Directing Attention in Second Language Phonological Contrast Learning , Laura Conover

The Perceptions of Speech-Language Pathologists Toward Augmentative and Alternative Communication in Thailand , Wansiya Kamonsitichai

Successful Aging in Adults Who Stutter: Exploring Predictors of Physical and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life , Amanda Kelly

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Balance Function: A Potential Early Indicator of Mild Cognitive Impairment , Karen L. Bell

Aligning Voice and Communication with Identity – A Survey on Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations , Rachel T. Chalom

Hearing Aid Acclimatization in the Context of Central Gain Mechanisms , Peter J. Hutchison

Auditory Perception and Neural Encoding of Spectral Modulation , Sittiprapa Isarangura

Indicators of Mild Cognitive Impairment Associated with Language Processing and Production , Diana Julbe-Delgado

Enhancing Intergenerational Conversation Using Visual Cues: Effects of a Historical Timeline , Allyson Lindsay

Potential Roles of Speech-Language Pathologists in Advancing Early Intervention and Prevention within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) Framework , Meaghan A. McKenna

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Supporting Persons with Dementia in Communicating their Care Preferences , Vanessa L. Burshnic

Effects of External Memory Aid Assessment and Treatment on Everyday Task Performance of Individuals with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder , Alyssa M. Lanzi

Neuro-correlates of Word Processing among Four-and-Five-Year-Old Children from Homes Varying in Socio-Economic Status , Wendy Olsen

Optimizing Early Intervention for Preschoolers' Vocabulary Development , Lindsey A. Peters-Sanders

Script Training for Adults who Stutter , Courtney M. Rankin

The Effect of Narrative Language Intervention on the Language Skills of Children with Hearing Loss , Stephanie M. Raymond

Book-Sharing as a Context for Fathers and Mothers to Enhance Language Development of their Preschool Children , Yagmur Seven

Lexical Influence in Phoneme Perception with Non-degraded and Spectrally-degraded Speech , Jane Bradley Smart

Effects of a Spanish Phonological Awareness Intervention on Latino Preschoolers' Dual Language Emergent Literacy Skills , Xigrid T. Soto

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Relationship Between Vocal Fatigue and Physical/Psychological Factors in Prospective Vocal Professionals , Camille C. Gray

Articulatory Patterns in Children who use Cochlear Implants: An Ultrasound Measure of Velar Stop Production in Bilingual Speakers , Katherine Javier

Relationship Between Intelligibility and Response Accuracy of the Amazon Echo in Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Exhibiting Mild-Moderate Dysarthria , Caroline A. Layden

The Impact of Vocabulary Knowledge on Nonword Judgments in Spanish-English Bilinguals , Marisa E. Leyden

Cue Competition During Phonotactic Processing in Bilingual Adults as Measured by Eye-Tracking , Katherine Manrique

Early Literacy Abilities in Spanish-English Emergent Bilingual Children from Varied Dialectal Backgrounds , Antonietta Mastrota

Validity of a Dynamic Spanish Assessment of Phonological Awareness in Emergent Bilingual Children , Kelsey R. Wyman Chin

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Selection of memory book content: Agreement in content as a function of informant relationship to memory book recipient , Rebecca J. Allen

Validity of a New Measure of Phonemic Awareness that Does Not Require Spoken Responses in Children with Complex Communication Needs , Tiffany Chavers

Neural and Behavioral Mechanisms of Clear Speech , Jenna Silver Luque

The Effect of Clinical Experience on Perceived and Self-Reported Empathy in Novice Speech- Language Pathology Clinicians , Erline Vieira Nakano

Perceptual Differences in Natural Speech and Personalized Synthetic Speech , Katherine Overton

Perceptual and Physiologic Analysis of Dystussia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis , Stephanie Anne Watts

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

The Effects of Visual Arts on Expressive Language in Participants with Dementia , Shannon Valentine Daly

Analyzing Spelling Errors by Linguistic Features among Children with Learning Disabilities , Christine Johnson

Effects of a Novel Right Brain Intervention on Stuttering in Familiar and Structured Speech Tasks , Josalyn Elizabeth Perry

Tongue Twisters Quantified: Ultrasound Analysis of Speech Stability and Speech Errors , Karen Reddick

Static and Dynamic Spectral Acuity in Cochlear Implant Listeners for Simple and Speech-like Stimuli , Benjamin Anderson Russell

Interspeech Posture in Spanish-English Bilingual Adults , Merrily Rose Shary

Effects of a Novel Right Brain Intervention on Stuttering Frequency in Unfamiliar Speech Tasks , Chelsea Beatrice Stewart

Analysis of Patterns in Handwritten Spelling Errors among Students with Various Specific Learning Disabilities , Laura Ann Winkler

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Hesitation Rate as a Speaker-Specific Cue in Bilingual Individuals , Jamie Lynn Armbrecht

Anticipatory Coarticulation and Stability of Speech in Typically Fluent Speakers and People Who Stutter Across the Lifespan: An Ultrasound Study , Alissa Joy Belmont

Validity Testing of a Preschool Reading Screening Device for Pediatricians , Erika Elaine Blue

Neurophysiological Activity Related to Speech Production: An ERP Investigation , Adithya Chandregowda

Script Training: The role of Written Cues , Hallie Cohen

Mindfulness Attributes as Predictors of Treatment Outcomes in Children Who Stutter , Jenna Lee Graepel

Outcomes of a Combined Mindfulness, Stuttering Modification, and Fluency Shaping Intervention for Children who Stutter , Jennifer Kordell

Validity of a Nonspeech Dynamic Assessment of Phonological Awareness in Children from Spanish-speaking Backgrounds , Bianca Angelica Loreti

Attentional Allocation in Language Processing in Adults Who Stutter: ERP Evidence , Wendy Lorraine Olsen

Modeling Alphabet Skills as Instructive Feedback within a Phonological Awareness Curriculum , Arnold Olszewski

The Impact of Lingual Resistance Training in Two Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case Series , Raele Donetha Robison

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Spelling of Derivationally Complex Words: The Role of Phonological, Orthographic, and Morphological Features , Sofia Benson-Goldberg

Using Auditory Feedback to Improve the Performance of Judokas during Uchi Komi , Taylor Easton Ferguson

Accuracy of /t/ Productions in Children with Cochlear Implants as Compared to Normal-Hearing, Articulation Age-Matched Peers , Terry Gier

Top-Down Processes in Simulated Combined Electric-Acoustic Hearing: The Effect of Context and the Role of Low-Frequency Cues in the Perception of Temporally Interrupted Speech , Soo Hee Oh

Word Recognition in Noise among Young and Older Listeners: A Combined Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study , Victoria Ann Williams-Sanchez

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Nonword processing in bilingual five year olds: Do phonotactics count? , Kyna Betancourt

Exploring Elaborated Noun Phrase Use of Middle School English Language Learners Following Writing Strategy Instruction , Stephanie R. Cooper

Supporting Speech-Language Pathologist Evidence-Based Practice Use: A Mixed-Methods Study in Skilled Nursing Facilities within the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services Framework , Natalie Franko Douglas

Examining the Effectiveness of Intensive Language Action Therapy in Individuals with Nonfluent Aphasia , Rachel A. Goff

Effects of Speech Production Ability on a Measure of Speech Perception Capacity in Young Children with Cochlear Implants and their Articulation-Matched Peers , Victoria Beatriz Gonzalez

Does the Use of Personally Relevant Stimuli in Semantic Complexity Training Facilitate Improved Functional Communication Performance Compared to Non-Personally Relevant Stimulus Items among Adults with Chronic Aphasia? , Stephanie Karidas

Brain electrophysiological correlates of masked picture priming in fluent and stuttering adults , Kalie B. Morris

The Effect of Rate Change on the Relative Timing of Speakers with Multiple Sclerosis , Brandlynn N. Reister

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Exploring Picture Word Priming Effects in Healthy Aging Adults Using Event Related Potentials , Sasha C. Christopher

Inspiratory Breathing Exercises for Vocal Tremor: A Preliminary Study , Jessica Tayseer Hilo

Semantic feature distinctiveness and frequency , Katherine Marie Lamb

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Assessing Relational Networks: An Evaluation of Derived Relational Responding With Children With ASD and Typically Developing Children , Gianna Delayce Lozano

Perspective Shifting in Relative Clauses by Elementary-Aged Spanish-English Bilinguals: A Cross-Linguistic Study , Xigrid Tayri Soto

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

The Effects of Aging on Temporal Masking , Susan E. Fulton

Perspective Taking and Relative Clause Comprehension: A Cross-Modal Picture Priming Study , Nicola C. Jones

Spanish Spelling Errors of Emerging Bilingual Writers in Middle School , Diana Julbe-Delgado

N400 Activations in Adults who Stutter in a Picture-Word Priming Task Requiring Attention to Probe Word Phonology , Angela A. Pizon-Moore

Clinical Decision-Making in Aphasia Therapy: A Survey of Perceived Levels of Evidence for Common Treatment Approaches , Erin T. Rowe

Spelling Errors in Children with Autism , Khalyn I. Wiggins

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Exploring Writing of English Language Learners in Middle School: A Mixed Methods Study , Robin L. Danzak

Dialectal and Developmental Influences on Real Word and Non-Word Spelling Tasks , Stephanie Joy Dickerson

Beyond Orthographic Segmentation: Neurophysiological Evidence That Pseudo-Derived Word Stems Are Processed Semantically , Theresa Herbert

Semantic and Phonological Priming Effects on N400 Activation in People Who Stutter , Jessica Lauren Huffman

The morphological complexity of spelling, ages 8 to 15 years , Courtney R. Mossing

Effects of dialect use on the fast mapping skills of African American school-age children , Jessica Pierre

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Effects of Bilingualism on Speech Recognition Performance in Noise , Mitzarie A. Carlo

Idiom Comprehension In Bilingual And Monolingual Adolescents , Belinda Fusté-Herrmann

Relationships Among Language Use, Phonological Skill, and Vocabulary in English Language Learning Preschoolers , Timothy D. Hill

Factors Affecting Message Intelligibility of Cued Speech Transliterators , Katherine Pelley

Effects of Age and Hearing Loss on Perception of Dynamic Speech Cues , Mei-Wa Tam Szeto

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Naming and Inhibition in Aphasia , Lori R. Bartels-Tobin

Effects of Clear Speech and Linguistic Experience on Acoustic Characteristics of Vowel Production , Michelle Bianchi

Clear Speech Effects for Vowels Produced by Monolingual and Bilingual Talkers , Teresa DeMasi

The Influence Of Dialect On The Perception Of Final Consonant Voicing , Stacy Nicole Kile

Psychometric functions of clear and conversational speech for young normal hearing listeners in noise , Jane Smart

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

Are Respiratory Behaviors Affected in Individuals With Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia? , Katie Biedess

Spelling Development in Young School Age Children , Kelly M. Fawcett

Vocal and instrumental musicians: Electrophysiologic and psychoacoustic analysis of pitch discrimination and production , Dee Adams Nikjeh

Intelligibility of clear speech at normal rates for older adults with hearing loss , Billie Jo Shaw

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Alternative Receptive Language Assessment Modalities and Stimuli for Children with ASD who are Minimally Verbal 

Evaluating Person-Centered Factors Associated with Brain-Computer Interface Access to a Commercial Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device 

The Feasibility of Language-Literacy Instruction Facilitated by Preschool Classroom Volunteers 

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A Review on Speech Disorders and Processing of Disordered Speech

• Published: 14 June 2022
• Volume 126 , pages 1621–1631, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• Audre Arlene Anthony 1 ,
• Chandreshekar Mohan Patil 1 &
• Jagadeesh Basavaiah   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-5618 1  

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Speech disorder refers to the situation that affects the ability of a person to produce sounds that generates words. People of any age can be affected by speech disorders. Speech disorders symptoms varies broadly contingent on the cause and the disorder severity. Multiple speech disorders can be developed in the people with different symptoms. Approximately one-fifth of theworld’s population suffer or have suffered from voice and speech production disorders due to diseases or some other dysfunction. Thus, there is a clear need for objective ways to evaluate the quality of voice and speech as well as its link to vocal fold activity, to evaluate the complex interaction between the larynx and voluntary movements of the articulators (i.e., lips, teeth, tongue, velum, jaw, etc.), or to evaluate disfluencies at the language level. With advances in speech signal processing and natural language processing, there has been recent interest in developing tools to detect more subtle changes in cognitive-linguistic function. This paper discusses on various speech disorders in children and adults such as apraxia, stuttering, voice disorders involving the larynx, Aphasia and dysarthria. This paper also presents a survey on different methods used for processing speech disorders.

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A Review on Automatic Assessment and Detection of Pathological Speech

Toward Explainable Automatic Classification of Children’s Speech Disorders

Articulatory Analysis and Classification of Pathological Speech

Data availability.

The data used to support the finding of this study are included within the article.

Shahin, M., Zafar, U., & Ahmed, B. (2020). The Automatic Detection of Speech Disorders in Children: Challenges, Opportunities, and Preliminary Results. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 14 (2), 400–412. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2019.2959393

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Sadeen,A, Hasan, M, Simons, A, Brumfitt, S, Green, P (2018). A Lightly Supervised Approach to Detect Stuttering in Children's Speech. 3433–3437. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2155 .

Smith, D, Sneddon, A, Ward, L, Duenser, A, Freyne, J, Silvera-Tawil, D, Morgan, A (2017). Improving Child Speech Disorder Assessment by Incorporating Out-of-Domain Adult Speech. 2690–2694. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2017-455 .

Kothalkar, P. V., Rudolph, J., Dollaghan, C., McGlothlin, J., Campbell, T. F., Hansen, J. H. L., Automatic Screening to Detect ’At Risk’ Child Speech Samples using a Clinical Group Verification framework*. (2018). 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Honolulu, HI, 2018 , 4909–4913.

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Anthony, A.A., Patil, C.M. & Basavaiah, J. A Review on Speech Disorders and Processing of Disordered Speech. Wireless Pers Commun 126 , 1621–1631 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09812-w

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The Effects of Language Proficiency on Narrative Macrostructure in Spanish-English Bilinguals , Jenny Magallon

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Ancillary Data for Refining Computer Adaptive Algorithms for the Assessment of Anomia , Emily Kathryn Tudorache

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Implicit Learning of Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder Across Auditory and Visual Categories , Wanchi Yu

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Training and Application of Correct Information Unit Analysis to Structured and Unstructured Discourse , Audrey Bretthauer Cohen

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Current Assessment and Treatment Practices for Children with Autism and Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists , Elsa Jayne Dawson

Investigation of Speech Samples from Typically Developing Preschool Age Children: A Comparison of Single Words and Imitated Sentences Elicited with the PABA-E , Matthew William Olsen

Bilingual Spanish-English Speaking 4-Year-Old-Children: English Normative Data and Correlations with Parent Reports , Brooke Leann Powers

A Comparison of Single Word Identification, Connected Speech Samples, and Imitated Sentence Tasks for Assessment of Children with a SSD , Emily Katherine Snyder

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

High Frequency Pure Tone Audiometry and High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Correlational Analysis , Kimberly J. Lavoie

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The Effect of Using Averaged Versus Custom Real-Ear to Coupler Difference Values in the Desired Sensation Level Approach to Prescribing Hearing Instrument Gain , John Aaron Coverstone

Teacher Self-Disclosure From the Perspective of International Students in the Communication Classroom : A Case Study , Darlene J. Geiger

An Evaluation of Earobics I in Improving Phonological Awareness in 6- And 7-Year-Old Boys Who Are At-Risk for Reading Disabilities , Wendy Goughnour Gunter

Effects of Three Training Components in an AAC Intervention for an Adult With Severe Broca’s Aphasia , Bradley Josef Hendershott

International Students' Experiences in Higher Education: A Case Study Examining Uncertainty Reduction Theory in Communication Classrooms , Susan Kuhn

Theses/Dissertations from 1998 1998

A Longitudinal Study of the Career Maturity Patterns of Individuals with Clefts , Joyce Johnson Anderson

The Effectiveness of Hypermedia Training vs. Traditional Classroom Instruction in Stuttering , Micheal Dean Baran

Speech Production Patterns Following Management of Velopharyngeal Inadequacy , Debra Lynn Childs

Impact of Singing Intervention on Vocal Fatigue Effects : A Single Subject Study , Nancy Devine Ferguson

Speech Intelligibility of 4-Year-Old Children , M. Jane Firestone

Career Orientation Levels in Adolescents : A Comparison of Cleft and Noncleft Subgroups , Tara Darice Gaddis

Role of the Warrant in Presidential Debates : 1960, 1976, & 1996 , Aaron Nicole Kaio

Concurrent Validity of Mental Ability Screening Tools : A Comparison of Normal Students’ Performance on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale-Revised , D. Melanie Peters

The Effect of Diastema Closure on the Remediation of Lateral /S/: A Case Study , Reta Price

Information Content in American Television Advertising : A Replication and Update , Laura Kathleen Sandgren

Theses/Dissertations from 1997 1997

Examination of Benefits of Binaural Auditory Stimulation for Children with a Cochlear Implant and a Hearing Aid in the Contralateral Ear , Evonne Nicol Altesleben

Perceptions of Stuttering Intervention Services Received at Portland State , Franklin Wayne Bender

The Juice Is Loose?: A Qualitative Study of Employees’ Perceptions of Informal and Formal Communication Channels , Warren Jerome Brown

A Survey of Swallowing Symptoms Associated With the Premenstrual Cycle , Jill Gigi Calcagno

The Effectiveness of Planned Transitions Therapy in the Treatment of Three Children with Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia , Emily M. Campbell

An Ethnographic Study of Chinese Adolescent Identity in Taipei, Taiwan : Franchise Hangouts , Jui-fang Ruby Chen

Gross Estimation: A Study of the Clinical Validity for Measuring Intelligibility , Heather Gail Clarke

"Blame It on Intake” : A Critical Ethnography of the Negotiation of Access to Shelter Services in a Shelter for Homeless and Battered Women , Kathleen Marie Drew

First Language and Gesture Acquisition in Children with Cerebral Palsy , Ann Christine Friel

The Language of Transformation in a "Conversation for Possibility": A Metaphor Analysis , Deborah Jean Gabbert

Conflict Is Optional, Difference Is Not : Toward a Difference-Based Approach to Interpersonal Communication , James Arthur Gieseking Jr

An Ethnography of Classroom Interaction in Hoshuko : A Case Study of the Japanese Supplementary School Classroom , Nobuko Higashi

A Study of the Level of Knowledge of Adult Foster Care Home Providers in Multnomah County in the State of Oregon About Hearing Loss, Hearing Aids and Communication Strategies , Marsha Peters Johnson

Temporal Characteristics of Fluent Speech in the Stuttered Utterances of Children , Dixon Ira Kirsch

Oregon Survey of Initial Nursing Care for Infants with Cleft Lip ± Palate , Kirsten Joy Lindaas

A Comparison of Parent Interview and Direct Assessment of Receptive Language in Preschool-aged Children with Cerebral Palsy , Susan Kathleen Livick

A Lay Theory of Relational Satisfaction with Best Friends in Japan , Eriko Maeda

Effects of Orofacial Clefts on Early Career Maturity , JeannieKay McCall

Rethinking Appropriateness: A look at Hegemonic Ideals as Related to Perceived Communication Competence In Women , Kristi L. Meade

Comparison of Intelligibility Estimation and Orthographic Transcription Methods by Preprofessional Speech-Language Pathologists , Kristi M. Mowe

Effects of Lifestyle Change and Satisfaction with Voice on Psychosocial Adjustment of Laryngectomees , Susan M. Nicks

The Generalization of Stridency from Treated to Untreated Misarticulated Phonemes , Kathleen Ann Ozanich

Receptive Language and Cognitive Skills in Preschool-Aged Children with Cerebral Palsy , Susan Elizabeth Panton

Real Ear to Coupler Differences in Children and The Effects of Hearing and Microphone Location , Cindy Richardson

A Comparison of Speech Onset Latencies Between Persons Who Stutter and Persons Who Do Not Stutter Across Varied Phonological Priming Conditions , Brian Joseff Riffel

Voice Measures and Listener Acceptance of Tracheoesophageal Speech , Heidii Ilona Roberts

A Comparison of Listener and Speaker Perception of Stuttering Events , Anne Jocelyn Schagen

Ethnography of Communication as on Organizational Communication Assessment Tool: A Test of the Method , Francisca Inez Trujillo-Dalbey

Gangstas, Niggas, Bitches and Hos : A Narrative Analysis of Gangsta’ Rap Lyrics , Darnell A. Watson

Sexual Intercourse : A Feminist Reading of Strip Joint Discourse , Regina Marie Howard Yaroch

Theses/Dissertations from 1996 1996

Children with Early Language Delay: A Group Case Study of Outcomes in Intermediate Grades , Tracey Abild-Lane

Using a Computer Program about Pediatric Hearing Evaluations to help Educate Parents , Jeanne E. Aleskus

Parental Perceptions of the Efficacy of Clinical Intervention for Speech-Language Disorders at Portland State University's Speech and Language Clinic , Deborah Ellen Anderson

Examining the Relationship between Three Speech Features and Intelligibility Ratings of Black English Preschoolers as Judged by Standard English Listeners , Britteny Sue Asher

Intervention History of Children with Slow Expressive Language Development , Kathleen Belfiore

An Analysis of Spondee Recognition Thresholds in Auditory-only and Audio-visual Conditions , Brenene Marie Brady-Herbst

Influence of Articulation and Phonology Intervention on Children's Social and Emotional Characteristics , Tracy Lynn Carlisle

A Comparison of Speech Intelligibility Measures Between Unsophisticated Listener Judgements and Orthographic Transcription , Carla J. Dukart

Effects of Posttraining Maintenance Sessions on Aphasic Subjects' Verbal Labeling , Connie Allene Freed

Speech Understanding in Noise as a Function of Microphone Placement in Hearing Aids , Erin Marlene Flowers Hand

A Study of the Narrative Skills of 7-Year Olds with Normal, Impaired, and Late Developing Language , Rita F. Hernandez

An Organizational Profile: Members' Understanding of Discrimination , Debra Cay Hornibrook

Gender Differences in the Language Development of Late-talking Toddlers at Age 3 , Nancy Ann Johnson

Temperament Differences in Children with a History of Slow Expressive Language Development and Their Peers with Normal Language Development , Beth Ann Jones

Temperament and Language Development in First Grade Children , Loretta Marcia Kellogg

Comparison of Two Phonological Treatment Procedures for a Child with Phonological Deviations , Katherine Vaughan Kemper

Temporal Characteristics of Words Surrounding a Moment of Stuttering in Preschool-age Children , Gregory Keith Lilly

A Study of the Correlation between the Articulation Competence Index (ACI) and the Percentage of Words Understood in the Continuous Speech of 4- and 5-year-olds of Varying Phonological Competence , Susan Coll Mitchell

Phonological Awareness Skills in Children with Highly Unintelligible Speech , Sheryl Mohwinkel

Parental Perceptions of Articulation Intervention Services Received at Portland State University , Janet Ann Murphy

Reading Abilities and Phonological Skills of Second Grade Children with Three Different Language Histories: Normal, Delayed, and Chronically Delayed , Candace Jane Murray

Speech Recognition with Linear and Non-linear Amplification in the Presence of Industrial Noise , Marcia Ann Olson

Gender Differences in Adaptive Behavior between Two-year-old Boys and Girls with Slow Expressive Language Development , Christine Lee Rusnak

Relationship of Marital Types and Conflict Styles , Lynn Marie Stanek

Understanding Pre-service Teachers' Conceptualizations of Diversity , Terrine Louise Borwn Vogt

A Pilot Study: Normative Data on the Intelligibility of 3 1/2 Year Old Children , Karen Mary Ware

The Effectiveness of a Self-directed Inservice Program to Educate Teachers about the Classroom Needs of Students with Hearing Impairment , Teresa Michelle Whiteley

Adolescents and Sex on the Soaps: A Content Analysis , Jenelle Gay Winter

Theses/Dissertations from 1995 1995

Effects of Oral and Silent Reading on the Reading Comprehension Performance of Left Hemisphere-damaged Individuals , Paul K. Akers

Validity and Efficiency of the Check-Slash Transcription Method for Measuring Intelligibility , Vicky Jo Bacon

Methods of Language Assessment: A Survey of Oregon Public School Speech-language Pathologists , Staci Lee Johnson Ball

The Effectiveness of the Phonological Cycling Approach in Treating an Unintelligible Child in the First Two Cycles of Intervention , Anne Cole

A Study Comparing Musical Abilities of Stutterers and Nonstutterers , Megan Creswell

A Correlational Study: the 1-Minute Measure of Homonymy and Intelligibility , Tamra Leanne Day

Dialogue and Critical Thinking in Personal Action , Amanda Elizabeth Feller

Effects of Receptive Language Deficits on Persisting Expressive Language Delays , Traci Lee Giacherro

Limiting Noise Exposure Associated with Hearing Aid Use , Alison Mary Gilbert

Comparison of Prescribed Versus Actual Gain for Children with Profound Hearing Impairments , Kristin Rashelle Gilmer

The Effects of Ear Canal Pressure Variation on Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions , Jodi L. Head

The Affects of Vocal Fatigue on Fundamental Frequency and Frequency Range in Actresses as Opposed to Non-Actresses , Ruth Ann Jenkins

Silence: A Comparison of Japanese and U.S. Interpretation , Mimi Murayama

An Exploration of Theoretical Issues Related to Mediation Found in the Social Science Literature , Cheryl E. Nally

Independent Acoustic Stimulation of the Amphibian and Basilar Papillae of Rana pipiens , Mark Parker

A Study of the Duration of Words Surrounding a Moment of Stuttering , Jennifer Dawn Peterson

Clinical Application of Two Phonological-based Treatment Approaches , Holly Kiesz Royer

Using a Computer Program to Influence the Expectations Senior Adults have Regarding Hearing Aids , Carol I. Sayre

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• Review Article
• Published: 14 May 2024

The speech neuroprosthesis

• Alexander B. Silva   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0838-4136 1 , 2 ,
• Kaylo T. Littlejohn 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Jessie R. Liu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-7624 1 , 2 ,
• David A. Moses 1 , 2 &
• Edward F. Chang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-4700 1 , 2  

Nature Reviews Neuroscience ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Cognitive neuroscience
• Neuroscience

Loss of speech after paralysis is devastating, but circumventing motor-pathway injury by directly decoding speech from intact cortical activity has the potential to restore natural communication and self-expression. Recent discoveries have defined how key features of speech production are facilitated by the coordinated activity of vocal-tract articulatory and motor-planning cortical representations. In this Review, we highlight such progress and how it has led to successful speech decoding, first in individuals implanted with intracranial electrodes for clinical epilepsy monitoring and subsequently in individuals with paralysis as part of early feasibility clinical trials to restore speech. We discuss high-spatiotemporal-resolution neural interfaces and the adaptation of state-of-the-art speech computational algorithms that have driven rapid and substantial progress in decoding neural activity into text, audible speech, and facial movements. Although restoring natural speech is a long-term goal, speech neuroprostheses already have performance levels that surpass communication rates offered by current assistive-communication technology. Given this accelerated rate of progress in the field, we propose key evaluation metrics for speed and accuracy, among others, to help standardize across studies. We finish by highlighting several directions to more fully explore the multidimensional feature space of speech and language, which will continue to accelerate progress towards a clinically viable speech neuroprosthesis.

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A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis

A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control

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Acknowledgements

The authors are incredibly grateful to the many people who enrolled in the aforedescribed studies. A.B.S. was supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders of the National Institutes of Health under award number F30DC021872. K.T.L. is supported by the National Science Foundation GRFP. J.R.L. and D.A.M. were supported by the National Institutes of Health grant U01 DC018671-01A1.

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Alexander B. Silva, Kaylo T. Littlejohn, Jessie R. Liu, David A. Moses & Edward F. Chang

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E.F.C. and A.B.S. researched data for the article and contributed substantially to discussion of the content. All authors wrote the article and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

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D.A.M., J.R.L. and E.F.C. are inventors on a pending provisional UCSF patent application that is relevant to the neural-decoding approaches surveyed in this work. E.F.C. is an inventor on patent application PCT/US2020/028926, D.A.M. and E.F.C. are inventors on patent application PCT/US2020/043706 and E.F.C. is an inventor on patent US9905239B2, which are broadly relevant to the neural-decoding approaches surveyed in this work. EFC is co-founder of Echo Neurotechnologies, LLC. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

Speech-motor disorder referring to an inability to move the vocal-tract muscles to articulate speech.

A disorder of understanding or expressing language.

This is an instruction given to individuals with vocal-tract paralysis to attempt to speak the best they can, despite lack of the attempt being intelligible.

A speech-synthesis approach that relies on matching neural activity with discrete units of a speech waveform that are then concatenated together.

The pathway through which motor commands from the cortex reach the muscles of the vocal tract. At a high level, cortical motor neurons send axons via the corticobulbar tract which terminate in cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. Second-order motor neurons in the cranial nerve nuclei then send axons, that bundle and form cranial nerves, to innervate the muscles of the vocal tract.

The preferred resonating frequencies of the vocal tract that are critical for forming different vowel sounds.

Models that are trained to capture the statistical patterns of word occurrences in natural language.

This refers to a clinical condition in which a participant retains cognitive capacity but has limited voluntary motor function. Locked-in syndrome is a spectrum, ranging from fully locked in states (no residual voluntary motor function) to partially locked in states (some residual voluntary motor function such as head movements).

An attempt to move vocal-tract muscles without attempting to vocalize.

This area of the cortex is composed of the precentral and postcentral gyri, primarily responsible for motor control and sensation, respectively.

This is an instruction given to individuals with vocal-tract paralysis to attempt to speak the best they can, but without vocalizing.

The vocal-tract muscle groups that are important for producing (articulating) speech, including the lips, jaw, tongue and larynx.

The arrangement and structure of words to form coherent sentences.

An inability to contract and move the speech articulators, often caused by injury to descending motor-neuron tracts in the brainstem.

The law that generally proposes that the frequencies of items are inversely proportional to their ranks.

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Silva, A.B., Littlejohn, K.T., Liu, J.R. et al. The speech neuroprosthesis. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00819-9

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Understanding Auditory Processing Disorder: A Narrative Review

Ahmad a. alanazi.

1 Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2 King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Data sharing is not applicable for this article, as no new data were created or analyzed.

Auditory processing disorder (APD) is defined as difficulty in listening despite possessing hearing thresholds within the normal limit. Understanding rapid speech, following complex instructions, and listening in the existence of background noise are some of the difficulties in APD. APD has been observed in diverse clinical populations with suspected or diagnosed disorders, such as attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, aphasia, and Alzheimer’s disease; however, it should be differentiated from these disorders. Despite the research on APD, its awareness is limited, resulting in it often being undiagnosed. Therefore, improving the awareness and understanding of APD is important. The current paper aims to review the literature on APD with a focus on school-age children. The prevalence, etiology, screening, and diagnosis of APD are discussed along with correlated disorders, interpretation of tests, and management strategies.

INTRODUCTION

Auditory processing has been described as “what we do with what we hear,” which means how the central nervous system (CNS) uses auditory information it receives.[ 1 ] The auditory system is divided into two systems: the peripheral auditory system, which receives and conducts the acoustic waves through the auditory nerve and the auditory pathways to the brain, and the central auditory system, which includes the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex and analyzes the acoustic stimulus. Auditory processing disorder (APD) can be diagnosed in children and adults if one or more of the following auditory behaviors are affected: auditory discrimination, sound localization and lateralization, auditory pattern recognition, temporal aspects of audition, including temporal integration, temporal discrimination (e.g., temporal gap detection), temporal ordering, and temporal masking, auditory performance in competing acoustic signals (including dichotic listening), and auditory performance with degraded acoustic signals.[ 2 , 3 ] APD is a breakdown between the hearing mechanism and the part of the brain that processes this information. Although APD is a result of the audition processes dysfunction, APD was suggested to be a result of global deficits (e.g., language deficits, memory deficits, and attention deficits).[ 4 , 5 ]

Currently, there is limited consensus regarding the exact definition of APD, diagnostic standards, or the efficacy of intervention techniques. Therefore, improving awareness and understanding of APD, particularly among audiologists, speech-language pathologists (SLPs), pediatricians, ear-nose-throat physicians, psychologists, teachers, and parents, are needed. Accordingly, this narrative review provides the prevalence and etiologies of APD, its correlated disorders, screening and diagnosis of APD, interpretation of tests, and management strategies, including the existence of Arabic testing materials and treatment approaches.

For this review, the author searched primary, secondary, and tertiary literature using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: auditory processing disorder or APD and prevalence, etiology, screening, diagnosis, or management. The final search for this review was conducted in April 2023.

PREVALENCE AND ETIOLOGY

APD, which can affect both children and adults, can negatively impact several areas of life. Studies have reported the prevalence of APD to be about 2–3% among children and up to 70% among older adults.[ 6 , 7 , 8 ] Further, studies have estimated that APD affects approximately 0.5–1% of the general population[ 9 ] and 1.94 per 1000 children.[ 7 ] However, it should be noted that the rates of prevalence can vary based on the diagnostic criteria being used, as demonstrated by Wilson and Arnott, who estimated the prevalence of APD as 7.3% when they used the strictest criteria and 96% with the most lenient criteria.[ 10 ] In terms of gender, the male-to-female ratio of APD has been reported to be about 2:1.[ 6 , 8 ]

The cause of APD remains unidentified in most children diagnosed with the disorder. While some causes of APD have been theorized, there is limited literature available to provide definitive evidence. Inefficient interhemispheric information transfer and imprecise neural synchrony have been suggested as possible causes of APD.[ 11 ] Neurological disorders, abnormalities, or damage that affect the areas of the brain responsible for auditory processing could also possibly cause APD.[ 12 ] Cigarette smoking during pregnancy, ingestion of lead in early childhood, and otitis media (OM) with effusion before the age of 2 years have also been found to cause APD.[ 13 , 14 , 15 ]

OM causes conductive hearing loss and is usually seen in early childhood, which is the critical period of maturation of the central auditory system. This conductive hearing loss may lead to sensory deprivation and inconstant acoustic stimulation of the central auditory system. Consequently, distorted sound perception occurs. Compared with children without a history of OM, children with OM performed poorly on tests of temporal ordering and resolution auditory capabilities.[ 16 ] Children with OM have shown difficulty recognizing words in competing speech background and reduced masking-level differences (MLDs), which entail the individual being tested to detect at threshold usually tonal or speech signals embedded in noise.[ 17 , 18 ] The reduced MLDs may be related to abnormal brainstem processing.[ 19 ] Binaural interaction, localization, and lateralization abilities are reduced in those children.[ 20 ] Although periods of normal hearing may occur, the effect of OM on the central auditory system may persists due to OM’s fluctuating nature, which causes disruptive sound stimulation of the auditory central system, and as a result, distorts how sound is perceived.[ 18 ]

Although each of the aforementioned reported factors may be linked to APD, other factors, such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities, should also be considered.[ 21 , 22 ] Thus, research on the etiology of APD is needed to differentiate APD from other childhood pathologies that could lead to poor performances on central auditory processing tasks. The location of lesion in the central auditory nervous system can help clinicians identify what central auditory processing is affected. For instance, abnormalities in the primary auditory cortex may affect dichotic listening tasks.[ 23 ] Although the major characteristic of APD is central, observations have shown the involvement of cochlear hearing loss (i.e., peripheral hearing loss) in degrading auditory performances.[ 11 ] Accordingly, the use of APD or (C)APD terms has been preferred recently.

NATURE OF AUDITORY PROCESSING DISORDER

The CNS is responsible for processing auditory information in addition to other functions, such as memory, attention, and language. It is arguable whether an observed central auditory deficit is a primary cause of a child’s problems, or a secondary result of another disorder. Therefore, it is crucial to point out that APD is an auditory deficiency that can exist on its own or in conjunction with other illnesses like ADHD and dyslexia.[ 22 ] APD can be a result of the central auditory system lesions, such as strokes and other neurological etiologies.[ 4 ] Patients with cognitive and sensory integration disorders may show listening and comprehension difficulties. However, these difficulties occur because of deficits not in the neural processing of auditory stimuli, but in the higher order (cognitive and/or language). APD was classified into three categories: (a) developmental APD that presents in childhood with normal hearing, (b) acquired APD that is linked with known causes, such as head trauma or infections, and (c) secondary APD that occurs as a result of peripheral hearing loss.[ 4 ] Research is mostly focused on developmental APD, which can result in learning difficulties and poor school performance.

It might be difficult, yet crucial, to differentiate APD from other associated disorders, such as ADHD, language impairment, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorder since children with these disorders may exhibit similar behaviors. For example, with a prevalence of 5.3% among school-aged children, ADHD is thought to be the most prevalent mental illness among children.[ 24 ] ADHA impacts a range of perceptual processes, including auditory processing.[ 24 ] APD is thought to be either an aspect of ADHD or a cause of ADHD because APD is believed to be part of the sensory processing deficits presented by children with ADHD.[ 25 ] Early studies suggested that APD behavioral tests (e.g., temporal patterning tests, dichotic speech tests, and binaural interaction tests) were basically measuring symptoms of ADHD because children with ADHD exhibit sensory processing deficits.[ 26 ] Although APD and ADHD have overlaying clinical features, both are separate disorders and APD tests measure different aspects from that of attention.[ 27 ] Symptoms of dyslexia also appear to be indistinguishable from APD.[ 28 ] Children with dyslexia show performance deficits in a few areas of auditory processing including temporal/timing sequencing of information, auditory figure/ground problems, and interaural asymmetry in competition.[ 29 ] It is believed that APD may increase the likelihood of language and learning impairments, while other researchers support that APD can be entirely separate from language impairment because of the existence of children with auditory deficits and no language impairment and children with language impairment and no auditory deficits.[ 6 ] APD is commonly accompanied by language impairment and reading disorders.[ 29 ]

Any auditory deficit seen in children with autism is not necessarily produced by a difficulty in identifying or differentiating auditory characteristics. Children with autism have been described as unresponsive to some sounds (e.g., not responding when their name is called out) because they lack the semantic meaning of the stimuli, which is important in their auditory processing due to the top–down influences.[ 30 ] Moreover, children with autism were reported to have hyperacusis and listening difficulties with poor speech performance in noisy environments.[ 31 ] Therefore, Ludwing et al . suggested revising the existing diagnostic procedures that assess APD to clearly distinguish between central auditory processing deficits and higher-order processing deficits.[ 32 ] Consequently, it is incorrect to apply the APD label to patients with higher-order processing deficits, even if many of their behaviors appear remarkably similar to those associated with APD.[ 33 ]

A multidisciplinary approach for accurate screening, diagnosing, and managing APD is extremely important, and should include audiologists, SLPs, psychologists, physicians, teachers, and parents. There are four approaches to screening APD: (a) audiological tests, (b) speech and language tests, (c), cognitive capacity and psychoeducational function tests, and/or (d) behavioral checklists and questionnaires.[ 3 ] Screening for APD contains organized observations of listening behavior and/or performance on tests of auditory function to detect those who are at risk for APD. There are a few screening protocols, questionnaires/checklists, and other procedures to identify those who should undergo an auditory processing evaluation.[ 3 , 6 , 33 , 34 ] For instance, audiologists perform screening tests, such as screening test for auditory processing disorders for children (SCAN-C) and for adolescents and adults (SCAN-A), auditory continuous performance test, and comprehensive APD tests, such as random gap detection test and the gaps in noise test to determine or rule out APD.[ 35 , 36 , 37 ] SLPs have to collect history and look at the existing symptoms, behaviors, and other academic issues, which could indicate a potential APD. Currently, no screening method for APD is widely accepted, indicating the need for valid and effective APD-specific screening tools.

The diagnosis of APD aims to (a) examine the central auditory system’s integrity and (b) identify the presence of APD by reporting its symptoms. Audiologists diagnose APD through the evaluation of a variety of auditory performance areas using a battery of tests to tap as many of central auditory processes as possible and identify auditory strengths and weakness.[ 33 , 38 ] Furthermore, audiologists also recommend management and training services and counsel parents/guardians. While APD is not diagnosed by SLPs, they may screen patients with APD to determine if they are receiving an intact auditory signal.[ 38 ] Children’s language development stabilizes after the age of 7 years; therefore, APD diagnosis can only be made after that age. A language or attention disorder can significantly affect the child’s performance on auditory processing tasks and lead the child to fail auditory processing assessments due to language or attention problems rather than auditory perceptual difficulties. The SLP works to determine if the child’s deficits in higher-order language, such as processing of oral directions, and auditory-based language aspects, such as auditory memory, may impact the auditory processing of language.[ 33 ]

A child with APD may have various sets of symptoms due to the extensive evaluation of auditory skills. Many professionals in the field prefer to use subcategories when diagnosing APD, based on the symptoms and outcomes of the tests.[ 39 , 40 ] First, for diagnoses and management of APD, it is critical to take a comprehensive case history through direct interview of the child being tested and a family member. Then, audiologic assessments of peripheral auditory system and of central auditory system are used. Routine audiological assessments (e.g., tympanometry, acoustic reflexes, otoacoustic emissions, pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and auditory evoked potentials) are conducted to identify peripheral hearing loss, which may differentially affect testing.[ 41 ] In patients with peripheral hearing loss, central auditory tests that use stimuli slightly affected by peripheral hearing loss should be used, whenever possible; however, such tests cannot be carried out in patients with profound hearing loss.[ 42 ]

The lack of a standardized central auditory test battery is the current dilemma. However, the selection of such a test battery should be tailored considering the referred complaints and additional information obtained. Auditory processing skills can be tested by (a) behavioral measures that assess the functional capabilities of the central auditory system and (b) electrophysiologic measures that examine the neural processes in the central auditory pathway.

The available behavioral measures for central auditory processing include (1) auditory discrimination tests that examine the ability to distinguish similar acoustic stimuli, (2) auditory temporal processing and patterning tests that evaluate the ability to analyze acoustic events over time (e.g., gap detection), (3) dichotic speech tests that measure the ability to binaurally integrate or separate auditory signals presented to each ear simultaneously (e.g., dichotic digits or words), (4) monaural low-redundancy speech tests that measure recognition of degraded speech stimuli presented to one ear at a time (e.g., speech in noise), and (5) binaural interaction tests that assess binaural processes depending on the intensity or time differences of acoustic stimuli (e.g., MLDs and lateralization).[ 3 , 43 ] The behavioral tests are classified into four categories: (a) dichotic speech test, (b) monaural low-redundancy tests, (c) temporal ordering tests, and (d) binaural interaction test.[ 6 , 44 , 45 ] The minimal battery test for central auditory assessment was suggested to be as follows: (a) a dichotic task, (b) a temporal patterning task, and (c) a gap detection task, along with electrophysiologic measures.[ 46 ] Audiologists explore any abnormalities that appear during latencies and amplitude measurements resulting in ear and electrode effects.

Most auditory processing tests that use verbal stimuli were first developed in the English language.[ 3 ] In addition, researchers have created auditory processing test batteries in other languages, such as French, Portuguese, and Dutch.[ 47 , 48 , 49 ] There is a scarcity of research in testing auditory processing and managing APD in Arabic. Nonetheless, significant efforts have been made in Egypt with regard to APD practice, including the development of Arabic protocols for diagnosing APD in adults, Arabic test materials for children, and intervention programs.[ 50 , 51 , 52 ] For instance, normative values of binaural integration tests (i.e., dichotic digits and dichotic rhyme tests) in Arabic-speaking children aged 6–12 years old were standardized.[ 52 ] Arabic adaptive auditory speech test (AAST) in quiet and in noise were developed.[ 50 , 51 ] However, because other aspects of the child’s performance must be tested to diagnose APD, only using these tests is not a valid indicator of APD. Furthermore, the validity of using English speech auditory processing tests is debatable when used among those with a non-English speaking background. Therefore, standardized Arabic verbal stimuli that can be used in auditory processing tests are needed.

On the other hand, the electrophysiologic measures include auditory brainstem response (ABR), middle latency response (MLR), late latency response (LLR), P300, and mismatch negativity (MMN). ABR is a broadly used diagnostic tool, but it has limited benefits in terms of diagnosing APD. The majority of patients with APD have normal ABRs.[ 3 , 33 ] The MLR is more useful to evaluate APD because it provides information regarding the integrity of the thalamocortical pathway and the primary auditory cortex. The LLR including the P300 complex is valuable in terms of detecting cortical dysfunction in the central auditory system. The MMN may provide acoustic change at the thalamocortical level, but its role in central auditory evaluation is still arguable.[ 3 ] The electrophysiologic assessments might be useful when behavioral procedures are not possible (e.g., infants and very young children), there is suspicion of neurologic disorder, or when a confirmation of behavioral findings is needed. However, APD cannot be diagnosed by using electrophysiological measures alone. Instead, a combination of the results of these tests and behavioral tests should be utilized to diagnose APD.[ 46 ]

TEST INTERPRETATION

A gold standard for APD test interpretation has yet to be established. The most common method for assessing an individual’s performance in relation to normative group data is norm-based interpretation. Patient-based interpretation is another approach used to judge an individual’s performance on a specific test to his or her own baseline. It includes inter- and intra-test analyses and cross-discipline analysis, in which the results of the APD diagnostic tests and non-audiological disciplines (e.g., speech-language pathology and psychology) are compared.[ 53 ] When performance deficiencies are present in one or both ears of at least two standard deviations (SDs) below the mean on two or more battery tests that examine different behavioral auditory processing tests, APD is diagnosed.[ 6 ] Although it is recommended that the test cutoff score to diagnose APD should be three SDs below the mean if poor performance is seen on just one test,[ 2 , 3 ] a second similar test that evaluates the same process should be performed to confirm the primary diagnosis of APD.[ 3 ]

To better understand individuals with APD and assist audiologists in connecting test results with symptoms, several models were established (e.g., Bellis–Ferre model, Buffalo model, Lucker model, Spoken-Language Processing model, MN “Department of Education” model, Chermak model, Walter Reed model (Head Injury), Museik model, and HealthPartners Multidisciplinary Team model). Each model helps create a profile based on the findings of the central auditory tests, making it easier to choose deficit-specific intervention strategies. Bellis and Ferre model and Buffalo model are the most used APD models.[ 54 ] The combination of both models with electrophysiologic measures appear to be the most feasible model to tap most central auditory processes.

At least one test is required for each central auditory nerve system function in the Bellis–Ferre model.[ 44 ] This model consists of (a) sub-profile categories including auditory decoding deficit, prosodic deficit, and integration deficit, and (b) secondary profiles containing associative deficit and output-organization deficit. This model detects the auditory process that is most likely affected, typical findings, primary auditory complaints, related sequelae, and management and intervention strategies. The Buffalo model includes (a) a battery of tests including staggered spondee word, phonemic synthesis test, speech-in-noise test modified W-22/noise and words in the same ear, and (b) four categories involving decoding, tolerance-fading memory, integration, and organization.[ 55 ] Although these models may be useful to facilitate the interpretation of central auditory test results and develop intervention plans, they are not commonly used. Additional research is needed to determine the effectiveness of using these models.

APD can decrease the quality of life because of its effects on listening, communication, psychosocial wellness, and academic achievement. The major goal of therapeutic intervention is to improve the patient’s ability to effectively communicate daily. According to the patient’s needs, a team including an audiologist, a SLP, teachers, and parents are used in the management of APD. APD intervention should include both bottom–up (e.g., auditory training) and top–down (e.g., cognitive and language strategies) approaches and address the presented auditory deficits. A combination approach, such as the intervention that facilitates higher-order (top–down) linguistic and cognitive skills (e.g., metacognitive strategies or vocabulary development) with the remediation of the underlying auditory deficits (bottom–up), is considered more effective than a singular approach.[ 38 , 53 ] Nonetheless, many children with APD need therapy for receptive language and auditory-based language deficits, which do overlap in some areas; however, receptive language development is not a replacement for APD therapy. Three APD treatment approaches have been suggested: (a) direct skills remediation, (b) compensatory strategies, and (c) environmental modifications.[ 3 , 33 ] Age is one of the most significant factors when choosing the appropriate management strategy.

Direct remediation aims to change how the brain processes the sound through auditory training (i.e., maximize neuroplasticity), so the auditory function improves.[ 33 ] For example, word missing and vocabulary building are remediation activities for auditory closure deficits. Dichotic listening training is a remediation activity for binaural separation/integration deficits. For achieving better results, this training must be concentrated and repeated.[ 4 , 33 ] Direct skills remediation uses computer-based training programs that focus on both auditory and language components, and interhemispheric transfer training of information underlies binaural hearing and processing.[ 56 , 57 , 58 ] Formal and informal auditory training programs in Arabic have been developed to manage APD.[ 59 , 60 ] Children with APD who used computer-based auditory training programs for the treatment have shown improvements throughout short- and long-term follow-ups.[ 61 ] Compensatory strategies that aim to improve the strength of cognitive, language, and other higher-order functions and reduce the impact of APD on language, cognition, and academics should also be considered.[ 3 ] Metalinguistic strategies (e.g., active listening) and metacognitive strategies (e.g., mind mapping) have been used; for example, memory and attention training helps the listener to be aware of his own auditory comprehension and develop problem-solving skills.

The environmental modifications assist in improving the acoustic signal quality and make the listening environment (e.g., classroom or home) listener friendly.[ 3 ] This intervention category includes acoustic-based, bottom–up and top–down environmental modifications. The utilization of a sound-field amplification system (e.g., frequency modulated [FM] system) to reduce background noise and hear the speaker better is an example of the acoustic-based, bottom–up modifications.[ 54 , 62 ] Preferential seating in the classroom and reverberation management to increase the signal-to-noise ratio are other examples. Education of teachers about APD and reducing classroom noise levels and echoes by use of soft furniture, acoustic ceiling tile, wall boards, etc., are recommended.[ 63 ] The top–down environmental modifications section comprises several approaches, such as the use of visual cues, slow speaking rate, and written instructions.

Potential pharmacological treatment for auditory processing has been discussed in the literature. Research has shown that audition aspects (e.g., selective auditory attention and signal detection in noise) were physiologically and behaviorally improved after pharmacologic intervention.[ 64 , 65 , 66 ] Children who use stimulant medications for treating ADHD performed better in hearing and listening tests compared to children with ADHD who took no medication.[ 67 ] However, no medication has been proven to be beneficial for treating APD nor approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or any governing body for the purpose of APD treatment, despite the fact that various medications have been demonstrated to enhance performance on a few behaviors, including auditory processing.[ 68 ]

FUTURE RESEARCH

Future research should focus on establishing standardized Arabic verbal stimuli, including different dialects, for screening and diagnosing APD. OM with effusion or other etiologies that generate acoustic deprivation should be researched in longitudinal studies to confirm whether APD is a result of such diseases. The effectiveness of current APD therapeutic techniques needs further investigations. Research is also needed to determine the usefulness of the existing software programs used in the management of APD.

APD is a complex disorder that diminishes the ability to perceive both speech and non-speech sounds; however, there is no broadly agreeable definition of APD. The lack of understanding of the causes of APD has resulted in some researchers identifying auditory processing as a single modality disorder and others identifying it as a group modality disorder. However, it should be noted that not all speech, language, and learning deficits are caused by APD. Clear agreement regarding the battery of tests that can diagnose APD is essential. A multidisciplinary team approach is vital to recognize the group of problems related to APD; however, the diagnosis of APD can only be made by audiologists. Although several APD speech tests exist in English, there is no standardized Arabic verbal stimuli for screening and diagnosing APD, and thus should be developed. The treatment plan for APD should be individualized, as no single treatment approach can fit all children with APD. Finally, audiologists are encouraged to include the evaluation and therapeutic intervention of APD in their clinical practice, and public awareness about APD must be promoted.

Peer review

This article was peer-reviewed by five independent and anonymous reviewers.

Data availability statement

Author contributions.

A.A.A. was solely involved in the Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing– original draft preparation, and Writing – review and editing.

The author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Gibbon, Fiona E. "Lingual articulation in children with developmental speech disorders." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/581284.

Ng, Kwok-hang Ashley. "Phonological processing in children with speech disorders." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209193.

Snapp, Sean. "Utterance Length Affects Articulation in Children with Speech Sound Disorders." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1522974587905785.

LaPrairie, Danielle. "Effect of prolonged pacifier use on speech articulation /." View online, 2010. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131524375.pdf.

Sanders, Marybeth Corey. "Inter- and intra-speaker variability : a palatometric study /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2113.pdf.

Lo, Chi-yan Ada. "Intelligibility and acceptability measures of Cantonese dysarthric speech." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209934.

Cahill, Louise Margaret. "Motor speech function following childhood traumatic brain injury /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16948.pdf.

McAuliffe, Megan Jane. "An investigation of articulation and speech rate in Parkinson's disease /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17543.pdf.

Ho, Kwan-wai Annie. "Variability of cleft palate speech." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207883.

Grawburg, Meghann. "A perception based phonological awareness training program for preschoolers with articulation disorders /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80281.

Whitehill, Tara Loraine. "Speech intelligibility in Cantonese speakers with congenital dysarthria." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19884163.

Cheung, Wai-man Billie. "Outcome of pharyngeal flap and pharyngoplasty in cleft patients." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207445.

Tsui, Yee-han Ida. "Perception of aspiration and place of articulation of initial stops by normal and sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209326.

Lau, Tse-kay Jessica. "Diphthong errors in Cantonese speaking children with speech disorder." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207950.

Glaspey, Amy M. "Dynamic assessment in phonological disorders : the scaffolding scale of stimulability /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8272.

Habermann, Barbara L. "Speechreading ability in elementary school-age children with and without functional articulation disorders." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4087.

Au, Kay-lee Christine. "Effects of semantic and syllabic context on the sentence intelligibility of dysarthric speakers." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208140.

Spencer, Kristie A. "Investigations of speech motor programming in ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8199.

Lee, Kit-shan. "Analyzing unrepaired cleft palate speech in Nepali testing the eurocleft model /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207949.

Klasner, Estelle R. "Speech intelligibility in ALS and HD dysarthria : everyday listener perspectives of barriers and strategies /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8207.

Wong, Choi-yan Christy. "Contributing factors to listener effort for Cantonese dysarthric speech." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholors Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38279381.

Mortimer, Jennifer Karen. "Effects of speech perception, vocabulary, and articulation skills on morphology and syntax in children with speech sound disorders." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18719.

Woodward, Gail. "Identification of dyspraxic characteristics in children with moderate and severe articulation disorders." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4114.

Skinder, Amy E. "The relationship of prosodic and articulatory errors produced by children with developmental apraxia of speech /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8204.

Blanton, Ann Linstrum. "Differential influence of vowels on oral and nasal intensity in nasalance scores and transpalatal transfer of acoustic energy /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3329563.

Barkmeier, Julie Marie. "Intelligibility of dysarthric speakers: audio-only and audio-visual presentations." Thesis, University of Iowa, 1988. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5698.

Chan, Yin-tim Becky. "A comparison of the articulation of Cantonese-speaking phonologically disordered children in single words and connected speech." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208693.

DeArmond, Kathryn. "The use of phonological process assessment for differentiating developmental apraxia of speech from functional articulation disorders." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3980.

Cornwell, Petrea Lee. "An examination of motor speech function in children treated for posterior fossa tumours /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17284.pdf.

Mujumdar, Monali. "Estimation of the number of syllables using hidden Markov models and design of a dysarthria classifier using global statistics of speech." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1283963331&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Snyder, Emily Katherine. "A Comparison of Single Word Identification, Connected Speech Samples, and Imitated Sentence Tasks for Assessment of Children with a SSD." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/362.

Jartun, Randi. "The percentage consonants correct and intelligibility of normal, language delayed, and history of language delayed children." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4328.

Carlisle, Tracy Lynn. "Influence of Articulation and Phonology Intervention on Children's Social and Emotional Characteristics." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5246.

Alexander, Beverly. "A comparison of the time taken to administer and analyze phonologic and phonetic tests." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3854.

Ching, Kit-yee Christine. "Perception of /th/and kh/by children with cleft palate with and without posterior placement." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207755.

Lee, Chao-Chin. "Relationship Between Jaw Opening and Phonetic Complexity: A Cross-Language Study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1877.

McCombie, Gemma Grace. "Effect of Jaw Opening on the Speech and Voice of Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Children: An Acoustic and Physiological Study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3231.

McKell, Katherine Morris. "The Association Between Articulator Movement and Formant Trajectories in Diphthongs." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6007.

Boucher, Kurtt R. "Patterns of anticipatory coarticulation in adults and typically developing children." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1899.pdf.

Mohwinkel, Sheryl. "Phonological Awareness Skills in Children with Highly Unintelligible Speech." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5163.

Cummings, Alycia Erin. "Brain and behavior in children with phonological delays phonological, lexical, and sensory system interactions /." Diss., [La Jolla] : [San Diego] : University of California, San Diego ; San Diego State University, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3352373.

Shotola-Hardt, Susanne. "The Effects of Phonological Processes on the Speech Intelligibility of Young Children." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4780.

Mockuvienė, Viktorija. "Ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų kalbos ir motorikos sutrikimų sąsajos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120211_145741-36771.

Muttiah, Nimisha. "Controversial therapy and evidence-based practice the clinicians' perspective /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1206325052.

Chun, Chun. "Placement errors in speakers with cleft palate perceptual, electropalatography and acoustic evidence /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39009488.

Fodell, Susan. "The Relationship Between Intelligibility and Length and Complexity of Language in a Group of 4- and 5-Year-Old Children." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4746.

Mitchell, Susan Coll. "A Study of the Correlation between the Articulation Competence Index (ACI) and the Percentage of Words Understood in the Continuous Speech of 4- and 5-year-olds of Varying Phonological Competence." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5166.

Pickett, Kristina Lynne. "The Effectiveness of Using Electropalatography to Remediate a Developmental Speech Sound Disorder in a School-Aged Child with Hearing Impairment." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3640.

Lohr-Flanders, Marla. "The effect of otitis media on articulation in expressive language-delayed children." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4365.

Pinkerton, Susan A. "The assessment of phonological processes : a comparison of connected-speech samples and single-word production tests." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4191.