dissertation ideas on homelessness

Perspectives on Homelessness: A Qualitative Study With Clinical Psychologists in Secondary Care Mental Health Services

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236 Brilliant Homelessness Essay Topics & Free Paper Examples

Homelessness is a compound problem that consists of many different aspects and causes, and you want to discuss as many as possible in your essay on homelessness. Check our article to get homelessness essay topics and thesis ideas, research questions, and inspiration from free paper examples!

🌎 How to Write a Homelessness Essay

🏆 best homelessness topics & essay examples, 👍 good homeless essay topics, ⭐ simple & easy homelessness essay titles, 💡 interesting topics to write about homelessness, ✍️ homelessness essay topics for college, 📑 memorable research topics about homelessness, ❓ research questions about homelessness.

Some people encounter obstacles in their lives and end up on the streets while they try to find a new job and improve their livelihood. Others become homeless veterans, resigning to a life without a proper dwelling.

There are also rare people who choose a homeless lifestyle of their own volition due to personal beliefs. Such individuals may be better off than the rest, but they still warrant an inspection. Depending on the category you want to discuss, you will have to select an appropriate homelessness essay thesis.

You should discuss homelessness as a systemic issue that happens to a group of people. You may use individual cases as illustrations for some of your points, but anecdotal evidence is not sufficient for strong statements.

Statistics and scholarly articles are preferable sources, though you may use journalistic pieces to support a theoretical framework. If you do so, make sure that the articles maintain an objective tone and try to remain impartial instead of appealing to feelings.

Poor journalism is possibly even less trustworthy than the unsupervised websites your instructions may have warned you to avoid. Their use would damage the credibility of your essay and, therefore, its impact.

As can be seen from the above, the reasons why people may become homeless are an excellent topic for discussion. You can link the people who are temporarily homeless to the region’s economic performance or similar factors.

Additional research would be necessary to do so, including economic analyses and interviews with homeless people. Nevertheless, the discussion will show your insight and originality in linking different ideas to explain phenomena.

It will also demonstrate your knowledge of various economic and political topics and further your understanding of social factors. You can also use a discussion of the reasons why people may lose their homes as a homelessness essay hook to shift to their current situation.

On its own, homelessness may be viewed in a manner similar to that of unemployment, with some degree of it being unavoidable and necessary to power the real estate industry. However, when people remain without a residence for an extended period, their state becomes an issue and should be explored.

In your homelessness essay topics, you should discuss the reasons why homeless people may be unable to obtain a permanent home. Physical factors such as the inability to obtain a job or the high prices of housing are excellent examples.

Mental issues such as depression and other conditions also warrant discussion. You will be able to obtain a more complete overview of the issue by inspecting its various components.

Here are some additional tips for your essay:

• The phenomenon of homelessness as it occurs on a societal level has been researched thoroughly. You may voice original ideas, but make sure that they are supported with strong evidence.
• Try to differentiate between various categories of homeless people. Homogenizing them without considering their differences and attitudes may lead you to make mistaken assessments.
• Try to consult historical data to identify periods when homelessness rose or fell and associate them with other events. You may discover effective or ineffective policy, economic growth and crises, or other ideas you can use.

Come to IvyPanda for homelessness essay titles and other helpful paper samples!

• On How to Eradicate Homelessness The truth of the matter is that majority of the homeless are people with dreams, ambitions and desire to succeed. According to the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, paucity has been the key […]
• Homelessness and its Solutions This problem is caused by either inability to afford the costs of proper medication or as a result of the congestion within the concentration camps of the homeless.
• The Causes and Impacts of Homelessness Liberalists argue that homelessness results from the general nature and the poor economic structures and the manner in which finances and resources are distributed in the society.
• Mumbai Great Problem: Homelessness Problem in Cities From the discussion of the categories of the homeless, it is clear that it can prove to be difficult to define what homelessness truly is.
• The Problem of Homeless People in Modern World In 1987, the number of homeless people in Canada was between 100,000 and 250,000 out of a total population of 28 million people. There are several negative impacts of homelessness to the homeless people.
• Helping the Homeless in the Community The main task during the two hours is preparing cutlery and to serving the food to the homeless people. We particularly have to focus on the living conditions of the homeless people to highlight the […]
• Homelessness in Vancouver, Canada: Discussing its Causes & Effects The second cause, which is characteristic of the city of Vancouver, is the increase in the number of poor people. Another cause of homelessness in Vancouver, which is diametrically related to low assistance levels, is […]
• Homelessness and Housing in Oneida County and City of Utica This research aims to assess the well-being of the community of Oneida County and the City of Utica, using the data on homelessness rates and housing prices.
• Why Is Being Homeless Not a Bad Idea? Another benefit of living on the streets is a chance to be withdrawn from the misery of modern life and technological advancements.
• Homelessness Studies and Their Ethical Dimensions It is clear that the individuals were not made aware of the consequences of these experiments. Such research can be made ethical if researchers devote more attention to people’s health during and after the trials’ […]
• Debunking the Myths on Homelessness: Misconceptions About the Social Status and Mental Health The point of concern is that the housing market, particularly in the United States, does not have enough low-cost living space that is affordable to the economical marginals and people with low income.
• “Death of a Homeless Man” by Scott Russell Sanders The author stresses that the aim of the story is not simply to inform about the fact or some statistics concerning poverty or alcoholism in the USA.
• The Issue of Homelessness in New York City The enormous drop in the number of single-room dwelling units in New York City during the rise of contemporary homelessness was the most crucial single shift in the city’s housing stock.
• Homelessness in the US: Causes and Solutions Due to the income disparity, insufficient accommodations, and racial inequality, the homelessness crisis in the US has been exacerbated. To recommend the most appropriate and effective policies, the causes should be analyzed in detail.
• Homelessness as a Major Healthcare Issue As such, relocating the money to provide shelter and improve housing for homeless people would ensure a positive result of spending the budget to care for the homeless.
• Le Guin’s “The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas” and Homelessness in the U.S. This paper aims to briefly summarize the plot and the themes of this short story and relate it to the current problem of homelessness in the United States.
• Homelessness: Improving Health Outcomes However, in the 1880s, the public perceptions of homelessness improved following the development of literature that appreciated their courage and willingness to deviate from monotony and oppression associated with industrial work.
• Cultural Immersion Project for Homeless Group My practice was relatively positive and in line with the expectations and previously received information about the cultural group, as clients voluntarily underwent training and sought to reduce the level of aggression.
• Health Problems Among Homeless People To sum up, it should be noted that homeless people, one of the most vulnerable groups in society, suffer from numerous health problems.
• Homelessness in the Context of Middle-Range Theories The purpose of this paper is to discuss the selected vulnerable group and its current health and social issues and then to analyze the application of several middle-range theories to the mentioned issues.
• Homelessness in the US The existing policies do not address the problem of homelessness in the US. The constitution was adjusted in 1949 to cater for the needs of the poor in society.
• Overpopulation and Homelessness in the Modern World According to the United Nations, more than half of the population resides in urban areas, making the problem of homelessness visible: cities cannot keep up with the high demand for housing, resulting in people living […]
• Poverty and Homelessness as a Global Social Problem What makes the task of defining poverty particularly difficult is the discrepancy in the distribution of social capital and, therefore, the resulting differences in the understanding of what constitutes poverty, particularly, where the line should […]
• Policy Analysis: Homelessness This paper identifies some of the solutions to the problem and analyzes the viability of each solution. It is only through evaluation that policy makers can account for each cent spent in the project.
• Giving Money to the Homeless: Is It Important? The question of whether a person should give money to a homeless person or not is a complicated one and cannot have the right answer.
• Homelessness: A Huge Social Problem in Canada Lastly, homelessness was chosen as a topic of research because there is very little information about the issue especially in relation to health.
• Violating Norms: A Day in the Life of a Homeless Person He said it in a concerned manner that when my friend told him what I was up to, he laughed at the humor of it.
• Homelessness as a Social Issue Research further indicates that the group is at a high risk of suffering from addiction in an effort to contain stress and ignominy associated with homelessness.
• Homelessness in Australia: Geography of Unhealthy Housing The two primary domains that govern the social welfare needs of this population group are income support and housing assistance; however, there can be limitations in these policies that impact the well-being of homeless Australians.
• The Rights of the Homeless and the Contradictions of the Law Thus, there is a direct contradiction in this and similar municipal laws to the provision of the Constitution, as the Court of Appeals affirmed.
• Safe Golf in Sacramento: Solving the Homelessness Problem There are many problems and misunderstandings related to the problem of homelessness in Sacramento, but the Haggin Oaks Golf Complex is probably the most damaged organization in this context.
• Homelessness Solutions for the Haggin Oaks Golf Complex The point is that there is a homeless encampment behind the organization on Roseville Road, and the behavior and lifestyles of its resident deter golfers and potential guests of the complex from playing at the […]
• Homelessness in the Veteran Community Such social conditions may consist of bureaucracy, the lack of government investments, class distribution, the lack of ethical considerations within the scope of the legislation, and many others which can deprive the mentioned population of […]
• Nature and Importance of a Center for Homeless People The organizations offer community members an opportunity to give back to the community, and they will always be appreciated due to the fact that needy and homeless individuals will exist endlessly in the world.
• Understanding the Causes of Homelessness Poverty, in this case, was defined as the inability of a person to afford essential commodities such as food, shelter, and clothing. In this case, although alcoholism and drug use contributed to homelessness, the precedent […]
• Homeless People and Their Key Challenges Therefore, I continue to view homeless people as those deserving of equal compassion and sympathy as those having a home. Since I view homeless people as fellow human beings first, I continue to promote the […]
• Homeless as At-Risk Population Based on the statistics from the National Alliance to End Homelessness, about 580466 people were “experiencing homelessness on our streets and in shelters in America” as of 2020.
• Organization’s Mission to End Homelessness The rate of homelessness has been steadily increasing over the last decade in the U.S.due to foreclosures and unprecedented recessionary cycles.
• Poverty and Homelessness in American Society It is connected with social segregation, stigmatization, and the inability of the person to improve their conditions of life. The problem of affordable housing and poverty among older adults is another problem that leads to […]
• Homeless Populations in the United States For example, power is the ability to affect and manage external resources related to human behaviors and decisions that contribute to social movements and community change.
• Providing Medical Care to Homeless People During the COVID-19 Pandemic The first barrier affecting the provision of medical care to the homeless is social. The first possible socio-economic support for changes may be the opening of a department in each hospital to work with the […]
• The Homelessness Issue in Canada The amount of Canadians who are homeless on any nightly basis in Canada is believed to be at least 35,000 people.even though the average duration of stay in emergency housing is about 50 days, more […]
• Drug Abuse Among Homeless Young Adults in New Jersey The reason why young adults in New Jersey get involved in drugs and alcohol after becoming homeless is to manage their situations in an attempt to attain the tentative pleasure of life despite their problems. […]
• Promoting Wellbeing in Homeless People: Group Fitness Intervention The authors of this article conducted the study to give insight into the importance of considering homeless people in the society they belong. The importance of the study was to encourage people to have inclusivity […]
• Homelessness in the US: Effectiveness of Intervention The issue of properly maintaining a home was addressed as the client learned how to adapt to a home by himself.
• Issue of Youth Homelessness in Canada The third and fourth factors, the lack of education and unemployment, are interconnected, resulting in inconsistent and low income and the inability to afford proper housing.
• Homeless People and COVID-19: Maricopa Country Moved Homeless People In other words, it is necessary to increase the level of social assistance to the homeless, increasing the availability of housing and social benefits.
• The Health Care Delivery System for Homeless States are currently working to enhance the delivery of health services to the homeless via different shelters, abandon buildings, programs, and so on.
• Homelessness: Its Causes, Effects, and Prevention In this article, the professors collaborate in addressing the issue of homelessness and its impact on public health. In this article, the authors focus on the effects of homelessness on economies and public health.
• Vancouver Homeless Problem and Solutions It does not address the main source of the problem the financial struggles of homeless people and their inability to pay the rent.
• The National Intensive Case Management Program for Homeless Veterans: Critique The program is assessed using the four principles of community psychology, which include problems addressed, values reflected in the program approach and methods, conceptual foundation of the program, and action and research tools.
• Individual-Level Predictors for Becoming Homeless and Exiting Homelessness The research will enhance my skills into pertinence in analysis surrounding the identification of homelessness. Ways and methods that enable the analysis of a population cohort with defined characteristics to the aspect issues that impact […]
• “Homelessness, Housing Insecurity and Social Exclusion” in Asian Regions The article Homelessness, housing insecurity and social exclusion in China, Hong Kong, and Japan, written by Kennett and Mizuuchi, examines the issue of homelessness in Asian regions, emphasizing housing insecurity in Hong Kong.
• Homelessness in Canada: Reflective Analysis This analysis is intended to be an academic reflection and to cover issues related to the clarification of the topic, personal experiences, and the connection of the problem to global citizenship.
• “Homelessness Monologue”: A Fictional Story He is also white, and his appearance is disheveled: the face appears dirty and tired and has bruises; the clothes are torn, and the shoes can barely protect the feet. The partition in the middle […]
• Homelessness in Northern California The residents of Northern California faced frustration and anxiety, raising health and safety fears and causing multiple debates about poverty and discrimination in one of the wealthiest states of the country.
• Homelessness in Los Angeles County, California Hence, the purpose of this research is to explore the background of the homelessness issue in Los Angeles County, California, and provide a specific health education program for the identified vulnerable population.
• Poverty and Homelessness as Social Problem The qualifications will include a recommendation from the community to ensure that the person is open to help and willing to be involved in the neighborhood of Non-Return.
• Single, Low-Income, or Homeless Mothers’ Health and Parenting Problems To promote their wellbeing, health professionals may support homeless mothers in practices such as the use of strengths-anchored nursing, supporting ideas of good parenting, overcoming stigma, and discovering and eliminating the unsurmountable hindrances encountered within […]
• Community Meeting on Homelessness in the US The purpose of the public deliberations was to help the City Council make more informed decisions about how homeless encampments should be serviced and managed in the future. Power and influence are some of the […]
• The Issue of Homeless Veterans I learned a lot in the framework of the issue of homeless veterans. Among the primary problems, there is the absence of programs for the rapid adaptation of servicemen to a peaceful life.
• Navigating the System For Families Experiencing Homelessness As a social phenomenon, it is caused by a complex of social, economic, civil, and cultural conflicts, as a result of which a part of the population is deprived of living conditions, which are recognized […]
• The Problem of Homelessness in Society Societies begin to realize that the growth of homelessness is partly their fault, and it is also their responsibility not to let this issue get worse.
• Health Care for the Homeless According to Gent, people tend to dehumanize the people they see on the streets and respond to them as they would to objects, attempting to view them neutrally and seeing their need for help as […]
• The Problem of Homeless Youths With HIV-AIDS Studies carried out in the city of New York in 2008 showed that 21 percent of homeless youth males and 24 percent of homeless female youths had “more than 100 lifetime partners”. 5 percent of […]
• The Problem of Homeless People in St. Petersburg The problem under consideration concerns the number of homeless people living on the streets of the second-largest city in Russia. The intended results of the project’s activities are to increase the awareness of the residents […]
• Regulating Society: Criminalising Homelessness Intolerance of homelessness and homeless people by cities, law enforcement agencies, and the public accounts for such violent crimes against homeless people.
• Vulnerable Population: Homelessness In such a way, they will be more prepared to come up with quality personalized approaches to health care for this vulnerable population’s representatives.
• Drug Addiction Problem Among Homeless People There is a need to fill the data gap regarding the issues of magnitude, location, period, severity, and changeability of the SUD in the Skid Row community.
• Shelter and Public Welfare Resources for the Homeless One of the issues the campaign is currently facing is the lack of information about the problem, the current government programs, their strengths and weaknesses, and the input that general citizens can make for the […]
• Chronic Homelessness: Definition and Addressing the Issue The problem was first reported in the 1850s though it became a national problem in the 1870s shortly after the Civil War.
• Responding to Natural Disasters Considering Homeless Individuals In particular, I would ask them to pay attention to how culturally appropriate it is to put homeless people of different genders together to be compliant with Standard 11, which requires service providers to be […]
• Housing Interventions for Homelessness The interventions studied were TH and RRH with ES serving as a reference point or control, and the time length is manifested in the analysis, which assesses the general likelihood of a household returning to […]
• Homelessness: Social and Economic Problems It is these and other factors that contribute to homelessness, a condition that is seldom a choice for people who must live outside the comfort and security of a home environment.
• Homeless Shelter Health Care Services The search for articles was based primarily on the issues they addressed: they all concern the issue of health care for homeless people and try to single out the most optimal models of it.
• About the California Homeless The population of concerns is homeless youth under age 18 who seek shelter in the community of San Diego, California.
• Homelessness and Education in the USA Every child, homeless or not, has the right to a public school education that is equal to the standards of achievement that are available for all youths and children.
• Community Service Experience: Homeless Shelter The shelter also organizes outreach and humanitarian work during the day to ensure that homeless people in the community know about the shelter and the services it provides.
• Understanding of the Homeless Population The state of focus is Georgia and the County of Fulton. 2 percent of homeless individuals had severe cases of mental illnesses Nearly 34.
• Decision-Making in Business: Help Our Homeless Offspring The decision remains with the financial controller of the donor-corporation who is tasked with advising its organisation on whether to grant the funding.
• Homeless Persons as Vulnerable Population in the US The nature of homelessness and its link to the resources available, the status of health and related risks can be of great significant to nurses.
• Aggregate Homeless in Fulton County, Georgia The individuals who are homeless constituted 52% of the total homeless people in Fulton. The decrease in the numbers of the homeless was by 21 people.
• Mental Health & Incidences of Homelessness in Australia In Australia, as is the case in other countries across the world, it is generally assumed that most homeless individuals are faced with mental health challenges and that mental illness is a principal cause of […]
• Homeless Women and Healthcare: Access to Health Care, Medication, and Health Facilities Farmer suggested that the utter disregard to the plight of the marginalized who are most vulnerable in all aspects of social benefits is the “pathologies of power” that are symptoms and signs of structural inequality.
• Homeless Families Analysis One of the highlights of the existing studies is the idea of a “hunger-obesity paradox” determined by the body mass indicator of homeless adults and the rest of the people.
• A Need for an Effective Homelessness Policy in Florida 3 million disparity in the number of units available for rent and the number of households exacerbated the problem of homelessness in the country.
• The Problem of Homelessness in Australia: Social, Political, and Political Dynamics The involvement and collaboration of all key partners and stakeholders will make it possible for the country to overcome this problem.
• The Impact of Homelessness in California: Economic and Other Reasons The crisis intensified after the recession of 2008 when prices soared up, and now hundreds of thousands of people live in their tents or vehicles in LA, San Francisco, and other cities.
• Kids and Youth Homelessness: Facts and Statistics in the United States There have been numerous government interventions in the form of policies since the times of the Great Depression, but the number of homeless children and teenagers has only increased.
• Self-Efficacy and Smoking Urges in Homeless Individuals Pinsker et al.point out that the levels of self-efficacy and the severity of smoking urges change significantly during the smoking cessation treatment.
• Political Issue of Homelessness: Finding Solutions Despite the undoubted successes of the Trump administration in the economic sphere – it appeared possible to significantly reduce unemployment and overcome the mortgage crisis – the number of homeless people is constantly growing.
• The Issue of Homeless People in Los Angeles A reliable organization that provides statistics on the problem and aims to overcome it is the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority, or LAHSA. The latter makes it difficult to find a well-paid job and get […]
• Christian Ethics: Homelessness in Atlanta According to it, it is a norm for all people to have an appropriate home where they can be safe. There is no legislation that can make others provide a vulnerable population with home, but […]
• Urban Planning Optimization and Homelessness Therefore, the urban planning should be revised regarding those private providers’ interests: the risk of failure for future city development would strongly increase in the areas of possible economic concern.
• Optimizing Urban Planning to Address Homelessness Researchers use sensitivity analysis to assess the contribution of single preference parameters to the uncertainty of the ranking of alternatives. In the same manner, authorities can create a database consisting of all the shelters for […]
• The York Region Alliance to End Homelessness The following are the objectives of the organization; To ensure that there is safe storage of furniture and other properties that belong to persons living in temporary shelters and those properties that have been donated […]
• Media’s Role in Framing Homelessness Apart from this whatever the weakness or merits of the commission’s plan are, there also exists a great and a huge gap between the policy’s level and the ways for an ordinary citizens in order […]
• The Hidden Homelessness in the City of Los Angeles Private organizations as well as volunteer groups have come to the rescue of homeless Skid Row’s residents, offering them shelter and other necessities.
• The Problem of Homeless People Is a Social The subject of homelessness allows me to understand that stable employment and control of financial accounts are the main things in the life of every person.
• Health Implications of Homelessness: Experiences and Emotional Feelings This study considers the aspect of health implications in homelessness through the essay written by a noted writer, Lars Eighner, through his various essay, significant among them being called ‘On dumpster diving.’ In this article […]
• The Homelessness Problem in the US: Issue Review A report dubbed “The changing character of homelessness in the United States” identifies a new breed of homeless in the US. According to them this was a contributing factor to the rising level of the […]
• The Problem of Homelessness in Metropolitan Areas In this sense, the authors identify four types of causes, which might appear one after another in a cycle: the underlying causes; the direct causes or catalysts which result in the loss of a home […]
• Homeless Students Problem in USA This essay discusses the causes and consequences of homelessness in the nation and a solution to decrease the problems faced by the homeless youngsters.
• The Problem of Homelessness: Media View It understands the role of the media in problem construction and the definition of the weight the matter carries to the public.
• Homelessness as a Cause of Concern Around the World Shortage and high cost of housing and the increasing cost of health care are becoming the main reasons for homelessness amongst people in most parts of the developed world. In the absence of houses to […]
• Volunteer Group Event for Homeless Children Such children will be the pillars of the future generation and hence it becomes a duty for each of us to contribute in making the lives of deprived children better.
• The Problem of Homelessness It should be pointed out that status of homeless people in the society varies from one country to another: in the United States, Western Europe or Australia, they have better opportunities of deriving support of […]
• Homeless Youths and Health Care Needs From such a perspective therefore, it is the intention of this research study to explore the issue of the challenges that are faced by the homeless youths in Cardiff, in the United Kingdom, as regards […]
• The Problem of Homelessness in the US That is why every government tries to provide the strategies for homelessness to help people to deal with the problem, but not all of them are successful.
• Problem of Homeless People in New York New York City, the city that never sleeps, and one of the most populous places on the earth, has been facing the huge task of providing homes to its citizens.
• The Homeless in Our Community The estimated half a million children that, at any one time, is homeless in America and their mothers represent the “fastest growing segment of the homeless population”.
• New York’s Homeless Children and Foster Care System Foster homes have to also face the challenge of developing the mentalities of the children are their clients, and care should be provided on that basis.
• Amicus Curiae: Defending the Rights of the Homeless Laws by the government that the poor should not be homeless and that those who are homeless should not be permitted to sit or roam around the sidewalks of the US cities are not fair.
• Evaluating the Self-Esteem of the Homeless The mission statement of the program indicates the central role played by the agency to the welfare of the society.”The Doe Fund’s mission is to develop and implement cost-effective, holistic programs that meet the needs […]
• Homeless Problem in the US In contrast to independent media, the task of mainstream media is to impress the audience and impress them by ‘current news’ and reports.
• Mental Healthcare Quality and Homelessness Levels According to the World Health Organization, “Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
• Medical Care for Homeless Drug Users Homeless injection-drug abusers are a medically vulnerable group predisposed to high morbidity and limited access to high-quality care compared to non-drug users.
• Transitional Living Program Design for Homeless Adolescents The Homeless Trust organizes and directs the Miami-Dade County Homeless Plan, which is a central document of the county that regulates the government policy that addresses the issues of the homeless.
• The Issue of Homelessness in Modern World The problem is viewed from various perspectives by different authors, and many conclusions are valuable in terms of drawing attention to the issue.
• Human Services and Needs Assessment of Homeless In the case study by Giffords, Alonso, and Bell, the purpose of gathering needs information is to assess and record the level of individual adolescents’ skills. A needs assessment is crucial for identifying the goals […]
• Homeless Population’s Needs and Human Services In short, the needs of homeless people are diverse and complex. In other words, rather than providing people with their everyday needs, the programs should aim at teaching the homeless about ways to overcome their […]
• Human Services: Transition for Homeless Adolescents The purpose of the program evaluation was to determine the effectiveness of the provided services and identify the barriers to the successful implementation of the program.
• Housing Families Inc. Addressing Homelessness The organization’s mission is to eliminate family homelessness with the help of providing a safe shelter and high-quality services for homeless families in need in Massachusetts.
• The US Government and Homes for Homeless People The situation with homeless people differs from one state to another, but common features of the issue and the ways the local authorities choose to deal with homelessness are similar.
• Social Work in the Military With Homeless Veterans The purpose of this statement is to immediately provide the patient with emotional support and encouragement while establishing initial rapport at the same time.
• Social Work and Homelessness in the United States The new study will analyze how different programs such as the Housing First have managed to minimize the impacts of homelessness.
• Affordable Housing Policy for American Homeless I have recently heard a politician saying that the government should offer more affordable housing to low-income housing. You may be right to some degree, but the task of government is to help those citizens […]
• The Real Needs of Homeless Youth in the United States Another threat for the homeless youth is sex trafficking the occurrence of which was documented in all the states of the USA.
• Anti-Homelessness Program’s Cost Benefit Analysis For the first program, the major benefit is the reduction of homelessness among adolescents and young adults as one of the most serious current social problems.
• Social Justice Group Work for Homeless Young Mothers The group discussed in the article was started for the purpose of assisting residents address the problem of homelessness especially in aspects of parenting and during pregnancy periods.
• Social Work and Homelessness Research Methodology A randomized controlled trial will be conducted to answer the following research question: what is the effectiveness of the Housing First program to street homelessness based on the experiences of both human service professionals and […]
• Mental Illness and Homelessness in the United States Hence, there is a need to establish elaborate policies for addressing the problem of mental illness among homeless people in all regions in the US.
• The Needs of Students Experiencing Homelessness Thus, counselors will have a possibility to identify common patterns in the target learners’ behaviors and design the interventions that will help manage the emotional and psychological concerns of homeless students. It is crucial that […]
• A Look at Homelessness in Chicago When speaking about this problem in the context of the American city of Chicago, Illinois, it is worth noting that here, the level of homelessness is quite high.
• Crowdfunding Project to Help Homeless People To assess the marketability of the proposed project, it is important to answer the question, “Why is the project important?” Providing free haircuts and showers to homeless people proved to be a beneficial activity.
• Homelessness Among Students in the United States The number of homeless students is increasing due to rising costs of living and the lack of programs aimed at assisting this vulnerable population.
• Aboriginal Homelessness in Vancouver One of the examples of institutionalized discrimination is the existence of the Indian Act, first established to define the “Indian Status” and control the identity of Indigenous people.
• Homelessness in the US as a Solvable Problem The problem is believed to be caused by a wide range of social issues that have affected the country for the past centuries.
• American Homelessness, Its Causes and Solutions The United States of America has a fair share of the homeless. In the absence of poverty, the population would afford decent housing and avoid residing on the streets.
• Los Angeles: Housing, Homelessness, Drugs, Crimes For example, it is evident that Los Angeles has a number of gangs and groups living in the neighborhood. In this regard, agents recorded a significant decrease in the sale of houses in Los Angeles.
• Homelessness in “Light in August” and “Wise Blood” The concept of home is commonly regarded in relation to the process of formation of individual identity, and, in almost every culture, the definition of a home serves as an indicator of a person’s wholeness […]
• The Self-Care Habits and Patterns in Homeless Individuals This paper focuses on the collection and analysis of data in the study by Rew that targeted the self-care behaviors of homeless youth.
• Mentally Ill Homeless People: Stereotypes Therefore, it is interesting from the research point of view to analyze the stereotypes about the homeless with chronic mental conditions.
• Homelessness and School Readiness Evaluation Rog expected to define and underline the necessities of homeless families and their mechanisms of coping with the situation, review the correlation between homelessness in families, child and domestic abuse, and incidents of rape, and […]
• Mayor Schell’s Homeless Policy Reengineering The paper will also highlight the steps taken by Mayor Schell to redesign the program in order to fit the fresh goals.
• Issue of Homelessness in America Currently the numbers of homeless families have significantly increased compared with the number in 1980s and earlier. However, the numbers of homeless individuals and families have considerably augmented by over thirty percent in the last […]
• The Homeless Population Reducing The number of homeless Americans is increasing and these people, in the vast majority of cases, are also suffering from numerous diseases including HIV/AIDS, drug and alcohol abuse, various mental disorders and so on.
• Homeless Veterans Causes and Effects The inability of the Department of Veterans Affairs to fast track compensation and funding for disabled veterans is linked to homelessness among many veterans.
• Christian Duty to Care for Homeless People While Catholic Social Teachings call for the people in the society to promote equality, the poor people in the society are seen as a nuisance to the financially liberated members of the society.
• Catholic Dealing With Poverty and Homelessness The idea of “common good” will support many people in the world. The practice will support many people in the world.
• Homelessness in Phoenix Arizona State People have different views regarding the help rendered to the homeless people, and indeed, there are those who feel that Arizona State should pay no attention to the homeless people.
• Public Administration: Homeless in Phoenix Various models have been adopted to eradicate the problem, but the general formula to control the issue has been through the exclusion of the homeless from the main city as lepers into the territorial confinement […]
• Minority Population at Risk: Homelessness For example, in improving the conditions of the homeless, employers should review the employment requirements and level of competencies in order to absorb the unemployed homeless.
• Homelessness in Canadian Society As a result, the demand for housing has surpassed the supply because of changes in government policies and efforts to address the issue of homelessness.
• Counting Homeless People in Seattle This research paper explores the possibilities of solving the problem of homeless and street families through counting them and presenting the best alternatives and suggestions on how this exercise should be done.
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Pell Scholars and Senior Theses

Homelessness: Causes, Culture and Community Development as a Solution

Kaitlin Philipps , Salve Regina University Follow

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This thesis seeks to explain the reasons that homelessness occurs, and how it is currently being dealt with in public policy. Triggers and predictors of homelessness are explored and it is shown that triggers are almost always compounded, indicating a multitude of factors that lead to homelessness. The culture and community surrounding the homeless lifestyle is seen as playing a significant role in how the individual copes with their homelessness. The norms and values of their culture are investigated and its role in rehabilitation is explored. Current institutions for helping the homeless are analyzed for different success rates. Additionally, initiatives and solutions to homelessness from two Western countries, The United States and Denmark are compared for varying successes and failures. Based on the analyzed factors this thesis proposes what could be done to improve the situation of homeless individuals by shaping public policy. Specifically the benefits that community building programs of rehabilitation such as Assertive Community Treatment and Critical Time Intervention could offer if public policy was changed to increase their use are discussed. Specifically, Assertive Community Treatment and Critical Time Intervention are advocated for due to their ability to encourage community development in conjunction with its use of community creation as a tool in decreasing recidivism rates and creating long term solutions for homeless individuals and their reintegration into society.

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Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses

Patrick j. fowler.

1 The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA; ude.ltsuw@relwofjp , ude.ltsuw@dnamvohp , ude.ltsuw@lacramek

Peter S. Hovmand

Katherine e. marcal.

2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA; ude.ltsuw@yamnas

Homelessness represents an enduring public health threat facing communities across the developed world. Children, families, and marginalized adults face life course implications of housing insecurity, while communities struggle to address the extensive array of needs within heterogeneous homeless populations. Trends in homelessness remain stubbornly high despite policy initiatives to end homelessness. A complex systems perspective provides insights into the dynamics underlying coordinated responses to homelessness. A constant demand for housing assistance strains service delivery, while prevention efforts remain inconsistently implemented in most countries. Feedback processes challenge efficient service delivery. A system dynamics model tests assumptions of policy interventions for ending homelessness. Simulations suggest that prevention provides a leverage point within the system; small efficiencies in keeping people housed yield disproportionately large reductions in homelessness. A need exists for policies that ensure reliable delivery of coordinated prevention efforts. A complex systems approach identifies capacities and constraints for sustainably solving homelessness.

1. HOMELESSNESS AS A COMPLEX PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT

1.1. scope of homelessness.

Homelessness poses an enduring public health challenge throughout the developed world. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared housing a basic right in 1991, the United Nations continues to identify homelessness as an urgent human rights crisis ( 109 ). Definitions vary, but homelessness generally refers to the lack of safe accommodations necessary for respite and connection with people and places ( 11 , 47 , 110 ). Homelessness includes living on the streets or in shelters, as well as patterns of housing insecurity such as overcrowding or excessive cost burden. The most recent global survey of countries estimates that more than 1.5% of the world’s population lack basic shelter, while as many as one in five people experience housing insecurity ( 109 ).

Trends of homelessness suggest stubbornly stable or expanding rates. Most of Europe has seen large increases in rooflessness as well as housing instability in recent years ( 80 , 110 ). For instance, the homeless populations of Germany and Ireland have increased by approximately 150% from 2014 to 2016 and from 2014 to 2017, respectively ( 92 ). Point-in-time counts of homeless persons in Australia suggest increases in per capita (PC) rates from 2006 (45 per 10,000) to 2016 (50 PC) ( 3 ). The United States shows decreases in PC rates of homelessness based on annual point-in-time counts of sheltered and unsheltered persons ( 47 ); however, changes have leveled off despite substantial reorganization of homeless assistance.

Housing insecurity represents the much larger problem of hidden homelessness. On average, poor families (earning less than 60% of the median national income) in the European Union spent more than 40% of their income on rent in 2016 ( 92 ). More than 80% of US households below the federal poverty line spent at least 30% of their incomes on rent. Frequent moves and doubling up represent additional common indicators of inadequate housing ( 20 ). Foreclosure and evictions are endemic in certain communities; estimates suggest that nearly one million US households experienced eviction in 2016, while eviction represents a major challenge across Europe ( 23 , 53 ). Trends demonstrate the challenges of solving homelessness and the need for innovations.

1.2. Impact of Homelessness

Homelessness and associated poverty have life course implications for physical and mental health. Many adverse health and socioemotional outcomes are linked to homelessness in children ( 26 , 117 ). Homeless adults face increased mortality from all causes, and those with severe mental illness display significantly worse quality of life compared with nonhomeless individuals with mental illness ( 61 ). Education levels and employment rates among homeless adults are low compared with the general population ( 9 , 16 ). In Europe, average life expectancy of people who experience homelessness is 30 years less than nonhomeless populations ( 11 ).

In addition to human suffering, public expenditures associated with homelessness are substantial. In the United States, estimated costs (all adjusted to 2018 USD) of a homeless shelter can exceed $7,000 per month per family ( 19 , 45 , 98 ) with additional costs attributed to inpatient hospitalization, incarceration, and public assistance ( 36 , 99 ). Cost estimates in Europe are limited but suggest substantial expenditures associated with shelter and outside services such as emergency departments, psychiatric care, and jail or prison ( 78 ). In Australia, the government estimates spending at $30,000 per homeless person per year ( 4 ). Few rigorous studies quantify the additional social losses in productivity and well-being. Communities around the world struggle to manage the human and financial burdens of homelessness.

2. COMPLEXITY IN CAUSES AND RESPONSES TO HOMELESSNESS

2.1. complex causes of homelessness.

Experiences of homelessness depend on a complex interplay between individual, interpersonal, and socioeconomic factors. Research has long identified mental illness and addiction as risk factors for homelessness ( 37 , 47 , 48 ). Personal struggles also strain interpersonal relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners; in a vicious cycle, conflict undermines well-being as well as erodes potential housing supports ( 21 , 77 ). However, socioeconomic factors often dictate the likelihood of displacement.

Globally, marginalized communities disproportionately experience homelessness. Homelessness is much more common among the poor and minorities in terms of race/ethnicity, sexual orientation and identity, and institutionalization and among those with physical and mental disabilities compared with the general population ( 105 ). For instance, members of Aboriginal communities in Australia comprise a quarter of people receiving homeless services, while representing less than 3% of the total population ( 3 ). A similar disparity exists in Canada, with Indigenous people 10 times more likely to use homeless shelters than non-Indigenous ( 37 , 91 ). Due to structural inequalities associated with marginalization, the accessibility of jobs and affordable housing remains constrained; availability of appropriate accommodations is more or less random ( 11 , 74 ). Household-level shocks to housing stability such as job loss, termination of assistance, or eviction require a scramble for housing that may or may not be available, given market constraints. Homelessness results when other formal or informal housing supports remain inaccessible; lack of supports can reinforce vulnerability to crises that threaten stable housing. Thus, entries as well as exits into homelessness among vulnerable populations become a matter of bad timing and bad luck. The presence of personal and interpersonal barriers exacerbates vulnerabilities but fails to explain homelessness.

2.2. Implications of Complexity for Homeless Responses

Complexity underlying housing insecurity carries important implications for systematic responses to homelessness. First, extensive heterogeneity exists in homeless populations and in the types of services needed to address housing instability. Individuals with severe mental illness, for example, may require ongoing intensive supports to avoid falling back into homelessness, whereas pregnant teens with few connections to supportive adults have a different set of needs. This variation requires considerable flexibility and tailoring of resources to promote stability.

A related implication concerns variation in the timing and patterns of homelessness. Some households experience single episodes of homelessness, while chronic homelessness refers to instability for more than two years (one year for families with children) with ongoing barriers to stability [HEARTH Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 112–141)]. Research that investigates patterns of housing insecurity reveals distinct subpopulations based on housing trajectories ( 18 , 31 , 33 , 106 ). For instance, studies show that chronic patterns of homelessness affect a relatively small number of persons ( 33 , 34 ). Homeless assistance continuously interacts with households at different stages of different trajectories, which makes accurate prediction of risk as well as response to interventions exceedingly difficult ( 5 , 38 , 44 , 58 , 95 ).

The complex causes of homelessness require complex solutions. Homeless assistance typically requires the provision of multifaceted supports that adapt in response to shifting household demands and often includes unique combinations of residential and nonresidential supports. Recurrent constraints on the availability of supports often require further tailoring of homeless assistance on the basis of resource accessibility. The resulting combinatorial complexity of housing interventions challenges sustained, systematic responses to homelessness ( 35 ).

Finally, the complex causes of and responses to homelessness present substantial challenges for screening and resource allocation. Efficient service provision depends on accurate assessments of risk and potential responses to interventions ( 10 , 58 , 72 ). Tools, such as the Vulnerability Index—Service Prioritization Decision Assistance Tool (VI SPDAT), purport to categorize households seeking homeless assistance for appropriate interventions from responses to screening questions; high vulnerability requires supportive housing, moderate requires temporary housing with less intensive supports, and households with low risk are diverted from the system ( 22 ). VI SPDAT developers report item reliability and claim use in communities around the world ( 75 ). However, little evidence exists on the tool’s accuracy, and available research suggests poor sensitivity and specificity with common scoring procedures ( 7 , 15 ). The VI SPDAT intervention assignments poorly differentiate households, resulting in extensive false positives (false alarms) and false negatives (missed hits) ( 6 , 108 ). Other screening tools show similar challenges for targeting preventive services ( 13 , 28 , 44 , 94 ). The difficulty in prediction reflects the complexity that underlies homelessness ( 5 , 38 , 58 ).

2.3. Complex Systems and Coordinated Responses to Homelessness

Nations have adopted various strategies to address homelessness. Responsibility for serving homeless populations in European Union nations generally falls under common social welfare policies, while federal policies and funding structure local responses to homelessness in Australia, Canada, and the United States (11, 116; Pub. L. 112–141). Although communities differ in how supports are organized, a common structure connects the delivery of homeless assistance. Delivery of housing plus supports leverages interorganizational networks composed of governmental and nongovernmental agencies ( 10 , 41 , 81 , 87 ). Formal and informal partnerships work together to screen and respond to individuals and families experiencing housing crises.

Figure 1 illustrates the underlying framework for homeless services from a complex systems perspective. In the center, households experience countervailing supports and strains that influence stability, represented as virtuous and vicious cycles. When strains exceed supports, a need for housing triggers the demand for homeless assistance. Access to homeless services depends on local and national contexts; formal and informal policies determine eligibility, timing, and funding of resources, while socioeconomic conditions influence demand chains for services ( 27 , 74 ). The resulting dynamics allow homeless services to adapt and evolve over time.

Coordinated responses to homelessness as a complex system. Solid lines reflect a treatment first approach, whereas dashed lines represent housing first philosophy. Circular nodes represent examples of key supports in keeping people housed; ties between nodes generally refer to information exchanges, such as communications, service referrals, or funds. The + and − signs indicate the direction of correlation between variables.

The top layer in Figure 1 represents the general structure of homeless or residential services. Although heavily based on a North American perspective, the model captures a number of common elements in local and national responses to homelessness ( 10 , 11 , 25 ). Screening aims to identify need and allocate households to the most appropriate and available service. Emergency responses address immediate housing crises; in many countries, this represents homeless shelters that provide short-term accommodations. Temporary housing provides time-limited accommodations with case management and other nonresidential services. Supportive housing refers to permanent connection to housing plus case management to address substantial barriers to stability. Rapid rehousing and homelessness prevention represent efforts to provide immediate access to stable accommodations.

Movement through the system depends on organizing philosophies for solving homelessness. Screening attempts to forecast the level of need, ranging from low (prevention), moderate (rapid rehousing), and high (supportive housing) risk for ongoing homelessness ( 75 ). Treatment first assumes people need services to address the underlying barriers that led to homelessness ( 88 , 107 ). A staircase model structures services so that households progress from shelters to temporary housing in addition to the provision of services to permanent supportive housing. Transitions expose people to higher levels of supports that make them more prepared for stable housing. In contrast, housing first considers stable accommodations as a precondition for any treatment needed to reduce homelessness ( 107 ). The structure of residential services attempts to place people in stable housing as quickly as possible.

The bottom layer in Figure 1 illustrates the extensive networks of formal and informal supports engaged in addressing household instability. Conceptually, connections can be informal interpersonal communities or formalized through agreements and contracts. Homeless services at the hub denote efforts to weave a safety net of supports for households. Systems vary in the extent to which nonresidential supports are specific to the residential service or carry over with households as they transition into and out of homelessness ( 11 , 30 ). Regardless, homeless systems rely on extensive cross-systems collaboration to promote stability and remove barriers that prolong homelessness ( 10 , 19 , 90 ).

Use of interagency networks responds to the complexities of addressing homelessness. Foremost, referral networks allow for quicker access to a wide range of supports, which can handle the extensive heterogeneity of needs among homeless populations. Networks also provide flexibility to expand and contact with shifts in demand for services ( 10 , 19 , 73 , 87 ). A timely example concerns displacement due to conflict that triggers surges in refugee populations with various needs within a community or country; Germany, for example, saw a 150% increase in homelessness from 2014 to 2016 composed primarily of refugees ( 92 ). In times of greater need such as an influx of refugee families, interagency networks allow for sharing information and resources to respond more quickly. Likewise, collaborative organizations avoid hierarchal approval processes; instead, decision making on service delivery is distributed across providers within agencies that potentially speed up resource allocations ( 82 ). A network structure provides a dynamic and adaptive response to homelessness.

Collaborative networks introduce their own complexities for homeless service delivery. Actual efficiencies of the system depend on the mutually agreed upon rules that drive resource allocation ( 8 , 82 ). Partnerships must continuously devote time toward planning and monitoring mutually agreed upon goals, which shifts resources away from the core service missions of each agency ( 35 ). Given the constant pressure for social services, a dynamic emerges that threatens continued investment in collaboration ( 59 ). Instability can create oscillations in the quality of network performance toward ending homelessness ( 35 ). Virtuous cycles emerge within collaborations that have clear goals, strong leadership, and investments in backbone supports ( 62 ). Challenges exist for sustainable efforts.

Taken together, coordinated approaches to homelessness must consider the extensive heterogeneity in the population, as well as in the types and timing of services. Given the multiple pathways into homelessness and the diversity of the homeless population, a one-size-fits-all approach is inadequate. Collaborations represent a flexible strategy to address homelessness. However, system performance toward ending homelessness depends in large part on continuous investments in partnerships.

3. TRANSFORMING COORDINATED RESPONSES TO HOMELESSNESS

3.1. housing first as an organizing philosophy.

The complex systems delivering homeless assistance organize around key theories on ending homelessness. Formal and informal policies operationalize these theories, and structure emerges to coordinate resource allocation across intersecting networks ( 8 ). A paradigm shift has moved homeless systems toward a housing first philosophy ( 76 ). Although housing first also refers to a specific case management intervention, the philosophy more generally aligns services to stabilize accommodations quickly and without preconditions. This approach contrasts with the earlier treatment first, or staircase, approach that require homeless persons to demonstrate housing readiness or compliance with service plans as a condition of obtaining and maintaining housing supports. Fundamentally, the shift in philosophies moves toward a person-centered and recovery-oriented approach that assumes housing serves as a platform for reintegrating into communities.

Housing first interventions provide access to housing plus ongoing supports ranging in duration and intensity ( 11 , 107 ). Examples include assertive community treatment (ACT), critical time intervention (CTI), and Pathways to Housing. Early experimental studies in the 1980s and 1990s showed that homeless persons experiencing severe mental illness achieved stability more quickly and more consistently when randomly assigned to housing first instead of to treatment first services ( 87 , 102 ). Moreover, early studies suggested that the delivery of case management yielded savings from avoided costs for shelter, hospitalization, and criminalization ( 51 , 85 ). The initial evidence challenged assumptions of housing readiness to highlight cheaper and more effective options for homeless service delivery.

Well-designed studies subsequently tested the implementation and impact of housing first models with different homeless populations. Several large experiments in the United States and Canada randomly assigned homeless individuals and families to different housing interventions and carefully monitored the impacts of service delivery on a host of outcomes ( 2 , 45 , 87 ). Evidence from these and other studies generally support permanent housing approaches for improving stability ( 84 ). Benefits of permanent housing on well-being and quality-of-life improvements are more elusive; treatment effects are smaller and less consistent across outcomes and populations ( 32 , 45 ). Additionally, emerging evidence on rapid rehousing interventions providing time-limited rental assistance shows little impact on stability or well-being ( 14 , 45 , 58 ). As a whole, the body of evidence firmly dismisses housing readiness requirements for homeless assistance.

3.2. Dissemination and Implementation of Housing First

Numerous rigorous investigations into widespread dissemination and implementation of housing first provide important considerations for complex homeless systems. Studies show that fidelity to specific housing first models promotes household outcomes ( 2 , 40 , 87 ). Yet, model adherence requires substantial investment in training and technical assistance ( 2 , 40 , 69 ). Using the interactive systems framework ( 115 ), a national rollout of Pathways to Housing in Canada showed that fidelity diminished in communities with less initial buy-in and support ( 2 , 69 ).

Similar findings emerged from an initiative to provide housing first to 85,000 veterans across the United States ( 55 , 56 ). The organizational transformation model ( 63 ) directed substantial investment and technical assistance to deliver supportive housing as part of the health care system for veterans. Housing readiness requirements diminished through transformational efforts; however, model fidelity for client-centered supportive services remained inconsistent ( 54 ). Both studies emphasize the necessity of strong leadership and buy-in for achieving housing first model adherence ( 2 , 39 , 40 , 54 ). The studies show the difficulty in shifting cultures toward housing first principles even in well-resourced initiatives.

Systems integration of services for housing first also proves challenging. An innovative early experiment of supportive housing for homeless individuals experiencing severe mental illness also tested impacts on systems of care ( 43 ). The study randomly assigned individuals to receive supportive housing, as well as communities to receive technical assistance for systems transformation to integrate services. Community-level interagency networks were assessed over time to see if resources for supportive housing triggered new and stronger partnerships for nonresidential services. Findings suggested little change in systems of care, and technical assistance failed to integrate services ( 73 , 86 , 88 ).

3.3. Housing First Adoption and Adaptations

Despite implementation challenges, the housing first philosophy has been broadly adopted within homeless services around the world ( 11 , 76 ). This shift is most apparent in the integration of housing first principles into national strategies for addressing homelessness in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States ( 76 ). Policies focus on the provision of housing as a platform for connection to other services necessary for ending homelessness ( 79 , 112 ). However, considerable variation exists in adherence to evidence-based interventions as well as adaptations for system-wide implementation ( 11 , 76 ).

The United States provides an example of both broad adoption and adaptations of housing first philosophy. The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 112–141) introduced federal legislation that required every community across the country to develop and implement coordinated responses to homelessness. Guided by housing first principles, policies focus on procedures for community-wide screening and allocation of homeless assistance based on level of need; resources are prioritized for homeless persons deemed most vulnerable ( 62 , 113 ). The emphasis on vulnerability coincides with a shift in resources toward the literal homeless and away from the broader demand for supports to maintain housing ( 10 , 19 , 94 ). The housing first tenets were codified in a redefinition of homelessness and eligibility for services, as well as national agendas for ending homelessness ( 113 ; Pub. L. 112–141).

Figure 2 illustrates the implementation of housing first policies through shifts in new and reallocated resources. Plotting year-round beds available for homeless persons since 2007, the system has increasingly used housing first rapid rehousing and supportive housing, whereas use of shelters and temporary housing has declined. Trends in total federal funding for homeless assistance also demonstrate increases in capacities. Although annual budgets fail to disaggregate funds by service type, increases in funding correspond with shifts toward rapid rehousing and supportive housing. Decreases in the number of persons served through homeless assistance over the same period further suggest that the homeless systems provide more intensive services ( 46 ).

Capacity trends of homeless assistance in the United States. Bars indicate the number and type of year-round beds according to Continuum of Care Housing Inventory Counts; the red trend line represents overall federal funding of homeless services through the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Veterans Affairs (VA), and Community Development Block Grants (CDBG). Other abbreviations: ES, emergency shelter; OPH, other permanent housing; PSH, permanent supportive housing; SH, safe haven.

3.4. Housing Insecurity and Coordinated Responses to Homelessness

Capacity shifts also signal the role of housing insecurity in the coordinated response to homelessness. Although US policy requires communities to include prevention in coordinated responses to homelessness, the availability and funding for such efforts are not tracked. Moreover, annual assessments of homeless system performance required by federal regulations do not consistently measure successful prevention efforts (Pub. L. 112–141). A similar pattern emerges in countries across the world; European countries that record funding show disproportionate spending on homeless interventions relative to prevention ( 66 , 78 ). Only Wales systematically monitors the total demand and response to prevention services ( 66 , 68 ). In the absence of metrics that track the implementation and outcomes of prevention, it is difficult to understand how well-coordinated responses address overall demand for homeless assistance.

Crises in affordable housing throughout the United States and globally suggest widespread unmet demand. Figure 3 , for instance, presents an indicator of housing insecurity in the United States. The figure plots the annual number of renting households paying more than 50% of income toward rent, referred to as severe rent burdened ( 111 ). A spike of 10 million households in 2012 has declined in recent years, and the trend line of severely burdened as a proportion of all renting households suggests some relief for the lowest-income households. Yet, reductions have yet to return to prehousing crises levels ( 52 ). Markets around the world face similar shortages in affordable housing that create a constant demand for homeless assistance ( 27 , 60 , 92 ).

Number ( blue bars ) and percent ( red line ) of households in the United States with severe rent burden 2007–2017. Data obtained from the American Community Survey 1-year estimates ( 111 ).

3.5. Prevention in Coordinated Responses to Homelessness

The lack of focus on housing insecurity reflects ambivalence in national policies regarding prevention ( 67 ). On one hand, most countries emphasize prevention as a key component of housing first strategies ( 11 , 37 , 66 , 113 ). Prevention frameworks are based on a public health conceptualization of homelessness and generally refer to policies and practices that promote connections to stable homes ( 37 , 67 , 94 ). As illustrated in Figure 4 , prevention efforts target populations at varying levels of risk for homelessness with evidence-based resources that increase in intensity ( 42 , 67 , 94 ). Universal prevention is broadly available to ensure access to housing, such as the right to housing legislation that guarantees access to housing supports, as well as duty to assist policies that require governments to respond to requests for housing supports ( 11 , 67 , 103 ). Selective prevention targets resources toward groups vulnerable for homelessness, for instance families under investigation for child maltreatment, youth aging out of foster care, and veterans returning from combat ( 14 , 32 , 33 ). Indicated prevention focuses on populations demonstrating vulnerability for homelessness, such as households facing evictions and foreclosures and low-income families screening high for housing instability ( 44 , 95 , 114 ). Coordinated prevention initiatives combine multiple intervention types to stem the inflow into homelessness. National policies aspire to avoid human and social costs through timely assistance that addresses housing insecurity.

Homelessness prevention targets based on population and intensity of housing supports.

On the other hand, policy agendas struggle to reconcile aspirations with the feasibility of meeting the broad demand posed by housing insecurity ( 11 , 19 , 67 ). Prevention proves challenging, given the difficulty in predicting whether timely assistance averts homelessness that would have occurred otherwise; inefficiencies in targeting create false alarms that diminish cost-effectiveness ( 12 , 94 , 95 ). Moreover, prevention efforts that fail to address societal determinants of homelessness—including structural poverty, violence, and marginalization—are perceived as misguided ( 12 , 94 ). In the context of scarcity, persuasive arguments suggest a responsibility to deliver services for households most likely to avoid homelessness and associated costs ( 12 , 19 , 94 ). Prevention efforts shift toward avoiding reentry into homelessness instead of promoting connections to housing ( 14 , 67 , 104 ).

Policy ambivalence results in inconsistent applications of prevention across countries ( 67 ). Debates over prevention-oriented approaches to homelessness have persisted over three decades ( 19 , 50 , 94 ). Few national strategies currently include structured processes for delivering and monitoring prevention activities, and instead, countries vary considerably in basic definitions on targeting of services ( 67 , 68 ). In the United States, coordinated responses allow allocation of homeless funds for prevention without guaranteeing access. Even most communities that recognize housing as a basic right ensure only connection with supports (regardless of appropriateness and legality) and not accommodations ( 12 , 67 ). Homeless assistance relies on diverting demand driven by housing insecurity toward community-based services and other social welfare resources outside of homeless systems ( 12 , 19 , 72 ). If the adage that what gets measured gets done is correct, the lack of accountability reveals the unsystematic role of prevention within coordinated responses to homelessness ( 67 , 68 ).

4. SOLVING HOMELESSNESS FROM A COMPLEX SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

4.1. homeless assistance from a complex systems perspective.

Complex systems provide a critical perspective on the delivery of coordinated responses to homelessness. Complex systems are composed of multiple interacting agents that produce nonlinear patterns of behaviors, and they continually adapt and evolve in response to conditions within the system ( 24 , 64 , 93 , 101 ). Dynamics emerge from feedback mechanisms, influencing future system behaviors. Reinforcing feedback generates patterns of growth (positive or negative), whereas balancing feedback limits unconstrained growth (homeostasis). Interactions between feedback processes often produce counterintuitive results when trying to change a system. Given the nature of homelessness, complex systems offer a unique tool for evaluating coordinated responses.

Complexity characterizes homelessness and systematic responses. At the household level, transitions between stable and unstable accommodations create oscillations over time that characterize homelessness ( 83 , 89 , 96 ). The patterns challenge accurate predictions and effective responses to homelessness ( 38 , 44 , 95 ). The elaborate ties across persons, agencies, and service systems enable extensive customization to unique and dynamic demands for services ( 1 , 57 , 81 ).

A complex systems perspective offers insights into sustainable solutions to homelessness. Framed as a dynamic problem ( 49 , 100 ), total homelessness is a function of the initial levels plus the ongoing movement of people in and out of homelessness. Mathematically, the dynamic is articulated in the differential equation:

where d represents change, homelessness represents total persons homeless, t represents time, entries represents persons entering homelessness at a given time, and exits represents persons exiting homelessness at a given time. Homelessness trends depend on the population size plus the rate of entries and exits over time. This stock-and-flow dynamic is analogous to water levels in a bathtub and produces counterintuitive results ( 100 , 101 ). For instance, to drain a tub, the volume of water from the tap must be less than the volume of outflow after pulling the stopper. Thus, water levels will continue to rise after opening the drain completely without also closing the tap. Likewise, closing the tap will raise water levels if the drain remains blocked. As anyone who has dealt with an overflowing toilet knows, the complexity can trigger poorly timed and counterproductive reactions.

Community-wide coordinated responses to homelessness attempt to manage stock-and-flow dynamics under conditions of far greater uncertainty. Efficient solutions likely address the net flow of homelessness, as opposed to one part of the system. However, the interacting processes that respond to the need for homeless assistance (see Figure 1 ) produce nonlinearities that obscure optimal choices for system-wide strategies ( 71 , 100 ). A number of common results from intervening in complex systems challenge decision making, such as delayed effects, tipping points, and worse-before-better scenarios ( 100 ). The dynamics make decisions about resource allocation toward housing first adaptations or prevention approaches difficult.

4.2. A System Dynamics Model of Coordinated Responses to Homelessness

A system dynamics model allows investigation into coordinated responses to homelessness. The systems science method uses informal and formal models to represent complex systems from a feedback perspective ( 49 , 64 , 100 ). Computer simulations test assumptions of the system, as well as help identify leverage points that represent places to intervene in the system for maximum benefit ( 70 ).

Figure 5 represents a dynamic hypothesis for solving homelessness. Historical trends present the annual number of persons receiving homeless services in the United States ( 97 ). Hoped and feared trajectories represent theorized responses to homelessness. The trajectories define the dynamic problem as a need for innovative policies that disrupt the status quo ( 49 , 67 , 100 ). Although the example uses annual national data on homeless persons served in the United States, similar hopes and fears likely emerge in many local and national contexts ( 35 ).

Dynamic hypothesis of coordinated responses to homeless in the United States. Historical trends ( black ) present the annual number of persons receiving homeless services. Hoped ( blue ) and feared ( red ) trajectories represent theorized responses to homelessness. Based on trends in the United States, the vertical axis reports the number of persons served by homeless assistance annually, whereas the horizontal axis represents time as 10 years in the past and future. The left half of the graph shows the observed linear decline in homeless, which is interpreted as progress ( 97 ). The right half of the graph articulates the hopes and fears of coordinated responses to homelessness.

Policy shifts toward housing first adaptations as well as prevention-oriented approaches hypothesize a sharp and sustainable downward trajectory of homelessness. However, the mechanisms underlying the dynamic differ on the basis of philosophy. Housing first adaptations assume moving more homeless persons into stable housing more quickly will drive down demand for homeless assistance, whereas prevention-oriented approaches hypothesize that supports provided before homelessness will reduce demand. A third hypothesis from a complex systems perspective suggests that a combination of approaches disrupt homeless trajectories. Articulating the theories of change allow researchers to model the dynamics.

Figure 6 presents an informal model of coordinated responses to homelessness. The structure elaborates on the previous formulation to capture stock-and-flow dynamics, and a formal computational model incorporates additional differential equations to capture dynamics ( 100 ). Using system dynamics conventions, stocks refer to accumulations of people, whereas flows represent transitions in and out of stocks. People exit stocks into stable housing defined as not needing housing assistance. In addition to homelessness, the model tracks individuals experiencing housing insecurity who are seeking assistance versus hidden homeless, which incorporates the different targets of prevention. Dynamics emerge as people transition in and out of stable housing. The model assumes that the average time in homeless assistance is 3.5 years, and housing insecurity represents a transitional state through which most exit within two years, loosely based on definitions of chronic homelessness ( 97 ).

System dynamics model of people receiving homeless assistance and those experiencing housing insecurity and hidden homelessness. Boxes represent accumulations of people, arrows represent transitions in and out of stocks, and clouds represent stable housing.

Computer simulations test a series of policy experiments for solving homelessness. The first experiment tests efforts to improve housing first by decreasing time spent in homeless assistance before exiting to stability. The second experiment expands universal, selective, and indicated prevention by reducing each inflow into homelessness assistance. The third experiment tests combined housing first and prevention strategies. Each experiment improves performance by 50%, and combined interventions do not exceed 50% effects. All analyses were conducted within Stella Architect Version 1.2.1. A web-interface provides access to the model and allows real-time experiments ( https://socialsystemdesignlab.wustl.edu/items/homelessness-and-complex-systems/ ).

4.3. Simulation Results

Initial analyses assessed confidence in the model. Simulations replicate observed trends in persons seeking homeless assistance ( Figure 3 ) and housing insecurity ( Figure 2 ) in the United States between 2007 and 2016. Moreover, exploratory analyses suggest that the model is insensitive to initial values; similar patterns emerge when increasing stocks and reducing transition times ( 100 ). Different indicators of homelessness and insecurity produce similar results, which further suggests that the model captures the population-level dynamics of homelessness.

Figure 7 displays results from policy experiments on trends of homeless assistance and total housing insecurity (seeking assistance plus not seeking assistance). Findings demonstrate support for the complex systems perspective. Optimizing housing first approaches results in incremental reductions in the number of persons in homeless assistance with no impact on the rates of housing insecurity; results suggest that the system is already optimized for reducing homelessness quickly, and it currently strains to keep up with the constant demand for homeless assistance. By reducing the demand for homeless assistance, prevention improvements qualitatively shift the trajectory of housing insecurity, while generating similar incremental improvements in homeless assistance trends as housing first optimization. The same shifts occur when experimenting with smaller improvements in efficiencies; prevention always outperforms housing first adaptations. For instance, a 5% improvement in prevention generates a similar decrease on total need for housing as a 5 0% improvement in housing first adaptations. Thus, prevention represents a leverage point to enhance coordinated responses to homelessness, and tests reveal that universal plus indicated preventions account for the greatest shifts. However, the optimal response to homelessness comes from a multipronged approach that incorporates prevention with housing first, which generates shifts in housing insecurity and homeless assistance. As hypothesized by the complex systems perspective, managing the net flow achieves desired outcomes of moving toward solving homelessness.

Policy experiments showing the impact of housing first and prevention efforts on the number of people in homeless assistance ( a ) and number of hidden homeless ( b ) with services as usual ( dark blue line ); housing first only ( light blue line ); universal, selective, and indicated prevention ( red line ); and housing first plus universal, selective, and indicated prevention ( yellow line ).

Results must be considered in context. Simulations use US national data to build confidence that the model replicates trends; however, the forecasts are not meant as point estimates for planning purposes. Likewise, national data aggregate across communities that may experience different outcomes from coordinated responses. Using local data and different indicators of system performance would improve confidence in the simulation, as well as in the dynamics of homeless assistance. Finally, the simulations fail to provide an oracle; malleability exists in how policy responds and adapts to trends in homelessness that may alter the system dynamics. The models also make no assumptions about the implementation of prevention. Reducing demand by 50% may exceed realistic expectations, and the simulations fail to consider policy resistance generated from current paradigms. Regardless, simulations suggest small improvements in prevention generates qualitative shifts in demand for assistance.

4.4. Implications for Coordinated Responses to Homelessness

Homeless systems across the world are optimizing policies toward solving chronic homelessness. Resource allocation increasingly prioritizes on the basis of vulnerability and moral preference (e.g., households with children, veterans, seniors). However, simulations warn of unintended consequences that arise from constant pressure for stable housing. Systems that focus on the most vulnerable risk ignoring the unseen needs of the many households unable to access timely supports. Effective responses need to manage both the inflows and outflows to produce intended declines in homelessness rates.

A complex systems perspective presents a number of implications for homeless policies and practices. First, prevention represents a necessary component for sustainable reductions in homelessness. Although declines are achievable and have been demonstrated through coordinated efforts ( 67 ), the dynamics of the system challenge population-level reductions in the absence of considerable ongoing investment of resources. Second, the efficiency of prevention questions the fairness of current policies that prioritize on the basis of vulnerability. Not only does accumulating evidence question the reliability of prioritization tools ( 6 , 108 ), but also simulations suggest that withholding prevention potentially harms a large population of individuals who are unable to access useful services. Policies must consider an equitable distribution of both benefits and harms in resource allocation strategies. Third, history warns of resistance to reorienting systems toward prevention ( 17 , 19 , 94 ). A shift requires longer-term investment and introduces delays in observing results, which proves challenging in the presence of human suffering associated with current homelessness, as demonstrated by the well-meaning appeal of prioritization on the basis of vulnerability. Policies, and especially system performance goals, need to create incentives for balancing crisis response with upstream interventions. Fourth, an immediate step toward a prevention framework requires communities to track and actively monitor broader demand for housing assistance beyond entry into homeless services. As communities increasingly move toward a coordinated entry into homeless services, existing policies typically emphasize or require a homelessness determination for access and, thus, fail to connect with the delivery of prevention services. The oversight results in limited information being provided to assess and improve prevention responses; for instance, communities may be unable to track demand for prevention beyond those who receive the limited services available. The lack of success of disorganized resources further undermines investments in prevention. System performance metrics contingent on homelessness reductions must also reward prevention successes. Finally, rights-based housing policies provide the most conducive framework for broad-scale prevention ( 29 , 66 ). Duty to assist legislation enacted in Wales ensures households seeking housing supports receive best effort responses, which include counseling plus short-term housing only if necessary ( 67 , 68 ). Households that still need assistance and those already homeless enter more intensive interventions. Policies structure services to capture demand for and effectiveness of prevention responses in ways that allow for ongoing system improvements.

Homelessness represents a global public health challenge. Coordinated responses leverage flexible networks to deliver a range of services tailored to complex needs. However, current policies that prioritize services on the basis of vulnerability miss opportunities for prevention, thus contributing to overwhelming pressure on the service system. To achieve broad and sustainable reductions in housing insecurity, homelessness prevention must be fully integrated into existing service networks. Prevention-oriented policies that ensure timely responses to housing insecurity extend the housing first philosophy and leverage the considerable capacity of homeless services.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project was supported by award number 90CA1815 (principal investigator: Fowler) from the Administration for Children and Families–Children’s Bureau. We acknowledge Kenneth Wright and Katie Chew for their research assistance and help with visuals. We are also very grateful for the many consumers and providers of homeless services who greatly informed our thinking.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

The authors are not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Children’s Bureau.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'People in homelessness'

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Hewitt, Jennifer. "Young people, home and homelessness : a narrative exploration." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2014. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/71338/.

Akilu, Fatima. "A multimethod investigation into the experience of single homelessness." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307003.

Ehmling, Amelia E. "PEOPLE EXPERIENCING HOMELESSNESS WITHIN MUSIC THERAPY SETTINGS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/106.

Hodgson, Kate. "The mental health of young people with experiences of homelessness." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/59590/.

Myers, Paul Michael. "Hepatitis C testing among young people who experience homelessness in Melbourne /." Connect to thesis, 2007. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003848.

Keenan, Lynn D. "Identifying risk factors for homelessness among people living with HIV disease /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11169.

Cuncev, Alexandra. "Narratives of 'single homeless people' : reformulating and reinterpreting the homelessness experience." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/809489/.

Rosebert, Che-Louise. "The role of clinical psychology for homeless people." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58078/.

Harding, Jamie. "Success and failure in independent living among 16-17 year olds." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366535.

Coward, Sarah. "Home life : the meaning of home for people who have experienced homelessness." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21626/.

Clutton, Samantha. "Young people : from homelessness to citizenship? : an evaluation of the Foyer approach." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42802.

Lenhard, Johannes Felix. "Making better lives : home making among homeless people in Paris." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274609.

Donley, Amy Melissa. "The perception of homeless people important factors in determining perceptions of the homeless as dangerous /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002261.

Phillips, Joshua Daniel. "From Losing Everything to Finding Community: How Homeless People Narrate their Lived Experiences." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/965.

Luscombe, Claire. "Mental health and social exclusion in people experiencing homelessness : the case for improved assessment." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47950/.

Donley, Amy. "THE PERCEPTION OF HOMELESS PEOPLE: IMPORTANT FACTORS IN DETERMINING PERCEPTIONS OF THE HOMELESS AS DANGEROUS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3813.

Czechowski, Konrad. "“What the Fuck is the Point of Unpacking?”: Perceptions of Residential Transitions Among People with Histories of Residential Instability." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38086.

Marsh, Kate. "People Out of Place: Representations and Experiences Of Female Homelessness In Christchurch, New Zealand (Aotearoa)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology and Anthropology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/965.

Kissoon, Priya N. "Pathways to homelessness a case study of the housing careers of the homeless people in Toronto /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56185.pdf.

Kemp, McKinsey. "Social Work Services: How can Social Workers Improve the Healthcare Experience for People who are Homeless?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/639.

Coles, Emma. "A qualitative exploration of the public and private faces of homelessness : engaging homeless people with health promotion." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3837305d-7c34-412c-b535-32f8b3482a85.

Robinson, Catherine Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Being somewhere: young homeless people in inner-city Sydney." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36679.

Embleton, Lonnie, Hana Lee, Jayleen Gunn, David Ayuku, and Paula Braitstein. "Causes of Child and Youth Homelessness in Developed and Developing Countries." AMER MEDICAL ASSOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614740.

Westaway, Coral. "The experiences of men who have had multiple moves within projects for people who are homeless." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/21097.

Silva, George Randell. "Powerlessness and Service Utilization by People without Homes by Chronic Homelessness, Age, Gender, Mental Health, and Substance Use." Thesis, Alliant International University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3620289.

This dissertation examined correlates of powerlessness, chronic homelessness (more than one-year homelessness), age, and gender, by analysis of the mental health (MH) and substance use (SU) service requests made by 699 people who attended a San Francisco, California homeless outreach event in May of 2005. People without homes (PWH) suffer MH and SU issues at a much higher rate than housed people, yet PWH who acknowledged they experienced MH and SU issues were least likely to request MH and SU services. PWH may have experienced chronic feelings of powerlessness, which resulted from marginalization. These chronic feelings of powerlessness contributed to a person's belief that his or her actions would produce no positive results. The concept of powerlessness may help explain PWH's reluctance to request MH and SU services. The author explored the relationship between chronicity of homelessness and requests for MH and SU services. Analyses showed that non-chronic PWH requested more MH services than those who were chronically homeless. However, this association was not seen when requests for SU services was examined. Additional analysis examining the relationship between service requests, age and gender did not result in significant findings. These findings provided support for the idea that powerlessness was an intrapersonal factor in PWH's choices to request or not request MH and SU services, based upon non-chronic homelessness and theoretically less exposure to powerlessness. These results assist in identifying intrapersonal factors influencing a person's experience in overcoming homelessness, providing an alternative to the current suggestion from the literature that services were unattractive to PWH.

Stewart, Alasdair B. R. "Managing a tenancy : young people's pathways into, and sustaining independent tenancies from, homelessness." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20409.

Collins, Jennifer. "Characterising homeless people in Scotland : can oral health, health and psycho-social wellbeing enhance the ETHOS typology of homelessness?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ab21eefa-2aab-4937-92e8-aa7ac4470d87.

Talley, Jennifer. "A Comparison of Coping Strategies Among Homeless Women with Children and Homeless Women without Children." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/129.

Spieth, Russell E. "An Exploration of Behavioral Health Workers’ Attitudes Toward Treating People Without Homes." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1402155134.

Alden, Sarah L. "'At the coalface' : the role of the street level bureaucrat in provision of statutory services to older people affected by homelessness." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8378/.

Irving-Clarke, Yoric. "'Supporting People' : how did we get here and what does it mean for the future?" Thesis, De Montfort University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13055.

Gazy, Michael G. "What is a City but the People?: An Evaluative Study of the Development and Implementation of a 10-Year Plan to End Chronic Homelessness in Macon, Georgia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/174.

Kerman, Nicholas. "The Role of Services for Homeless and Housed People with Mental Illness: The Relationship Between Service Use and Housing Stability, Recovery, and Capabilities." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39596.

Roebuck, Benjamin S. "Exclusion and Resilience: Exploring the Decision-Making Processes of Young People Who Are Homeless." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30710.

Battams, Samantha Jane, and sam battams@flinders edu au. "Housing for people with a psychiatric disability; community empowerment, partnerships and politics." Flinders University. Public Health, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20080926.215213.

Edgar, Gemma Tamsin Social Sciences &amp International Studies Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "What does it mean to engage with the state? a comparative case study of two non-government organisations working with marginalised young people." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44569.

Hedlund, Camilla, and Camilla Jeppsson. "Att få bo och komma till ro : Om arbetet på Gamlebo ett äldreboende för personer som varit hemlösa." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89373.

Allgire, David James. "Evaluation of field based ministry project 11 week class designed to facilitate recovery for people experiencing homelessness resulting in part from struggles with drug addiction and/or alcoholism /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p062-0292.

Johansson, Markus, Mats Jakobsson, and Jane Kotz. "Titel: ”Det ska inte vara något jävla fyllställe där man släpar hem folk och grejer” : En studie om hemlösa missbrukares syn på socialtjänstens gruppboenden i Gotlands kommun." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-363.

Studiens syfte har varit att få kunskap om hemlösa klienters syn på sin boendesituation. Samt att få fördjupad kunskap om klienternas upplevelse av möjlighet till förändring och hur de beskriver att de bemöts och behandlas på Beroendeverksamhetens gruppboenden. En kvalitativ metod har använts för att besvara syftet. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med sju personer som för närvarande bor på ett kommunalt gruppboende. Tolkningsramen har utgjorts av teorier och forskning kring förändringsprocesser och strategier för att motverka hemlöshet. Rollteori har också använts för att ge en djupare förståelse för interaktionen mellan individer och mellan individ och organisation.

Resultaten visar att det är svårt att trivas på en institution. Det har mycket att göra med den maktstruktur som präglar en sådan inrättning. I studien framkom att det skapas motståndsstrategier för att värja sig i en sådan situation. Resultatet visar också att motstånd skapas när man inte känner sig delaktig i sin egen förändringsprocess. Det är viktigt för de boende att kunna påverka sin boendesituation. Boende som tycker de får hjälp på boendet anser att de kan använda vistelsen till något positivt.

Personalens roll inskränker sig för de boendes del till att vara behjälpliga med praktiska saker, ett slags yttre förändring. Någon tycker att personalen även kan vara ett socialt stöd i en inre mening, att hjälpa de boende med strategier som gör att de kan fortsätta att leva ett drogfritt liv. Studien visar vidare att man både önskar mer av socialt stöd samtidigt som några upplever att man själv är det bästa verktyget i en förändringsprocess. Resultatet visar slutligen att institutionens strikta regler blir en viktig förändringsfaktor i klienternas liv. Kravet på drogfrihet gör att de boende får upp ögonen på ett alternativt sätt att leva. Slutsatsen är att institutionen bidrar till att förmedla känslan av att en förändring är möjlig.

Title: ”It’s not supposed to be a bloody hangout where you bring people and stuff” A study on how homeless clients feels about living in communal group homes provided to them by the social services.

The purpose of this paper has been to gain knowledge about homeless clients view on their housing situation. And also to learn more about how clients perceive the possibility to change and how they feel they are being treated at the social services collective housing facilities. A qualitative approach has been used in order to answer these questions. The empirical material consists of seven interviews with people currently staying at the communal homes mentioned above. The study’s frame of interpretation has consisted of theories and research about changing processes and strategies to counteract homelessness. Role theory has also been used in order to provide a deeper understanding of the interaction between individuals and between individual and organisation.

The results in general show that it is hard to feel at home in an institutional setting. This has mainly to do with the unequal power structure that exists in such places. The study shows that under such circumstances oppressed people develop resistance strategies in order to cope. Furthermore the results points to the fact that resistance is more likely to occur when you’re feeling that you have no influence on your own future life situation. It is vital for the residents’ well being to be able to have an active part in their living situation. Those who feel they get adequate help in the institution are most likely to see the stay as a positive experience.

The role of the staff is primarily limited to helping out with practical things. This can be seen as a way of helping the residents to adapt to society’s rules. Someone thinks that the staff also can function as a social support that helps them rethink their attitude towards their drug abuse. The results are somewhat ambiguous in that respect. The clients do want more of social support from the staff. At the same time they emphasises that the best agent in a successful changing process is the own self. The results finally show that the strict rules of the institution turn out to play an important role as a changing factor in the lives of the clients. The demand for total abstinence from drugs and alcohol helps in demonstrating for the clients an alternative way to live. The conclusion of this is that the institution contributes in conveying the message that change is in fact possible.

Westerdahl, Caroline, and Therese Jonsson. "Hemlöshet bland äldre : -Ett komplext fenomen." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för beteendevetenskap och socialt arbete, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27720.

Velli, Linda Joan. "Young people's transition into and out of homelessness /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19972.pdf.

Williams, Julia. "Street homelessness : people's experiences of health and health care provision." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426214.

Borysow, Igor da Costa. "O Consultório na Rua e a atenção básica à população em situação de rua." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-12062018-132859/.

Valado, Martha Trenna. "Factors Influencing Homeless People's Perception and Use of Urban Space." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195017.

Marcolino, Sheila Costa. "Saída das ruas ou reconstrução de vida: a trajetória de estudantes universitários ex-moradores de rua em São Paulo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17587.

HSIEH, HAN-HSIN, and 謝翰昕. "The Course of Exiting From and Returning Into Homelessness: A Pilot Study of The New Taipei City Homelessness People." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/exu6r9.

Rollinger, Laura. "Health, hygiene, and practical interventions, for people who are experiencing homelessness." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/41717.

Mahlangu, Timson. "The collaborative role of social workers and homeless people in addressing street homelessness." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27082.

Tenning, Jillian. "If suit people are going to listen. A strengths-based perspective on Indigenous homeless youth." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/13309.

""Man, I just need a job": Serving People Experiencing Homelessness in an Economic-Focused Society." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14485.

How To Pick Up Impressive Dissertation Topics On Homelessness: Tips & Examples

When you are given the assignment to write a dissertation on homelessness you may be faced with the daunting task of trying to choose just one aspect of this immense topic to write about. Homelessness is a worldwide issue faced by every civilized country in varying degrees and provides the topics and subject matter for many writing assignments. When you need to pick a topic on homelessness consider these tips and examples for picking the best idea for your writing.

Tip One – Hit the streets

If you truly want to find the best topic for a dissertation on topic then put down your pen and paper and step away from the personal computer and go talk to people on the streets. The best information and topics will be found when you meet the people who are struggling with homelessness themselves. These people can be found on street corners with signs or sitting under porches trying to find shelter. In every city you will find an example of homelessness and when you talk to these people you will gain a new perspective on the topic.

Tip Two – Homeless shelters

Government agencies worldwide have put together a support infrastructure for people who have lost their homes and this is the next place you can start finding potential topics. Talk to the people who are calling these shelters home or talk to the workers who maintain the shelters and help those that come to their doors. Homeless shelters will provide a large amount of ideas that you can choose for your dissertation topic on homelessness.

Tip Three – Government agencies

Since government agencies must deal with the problems of homelessness why not talk to them and see the issue from their perspective. When you need a topic on homelessness consider learning the issue from the government’s perspective and the struggles they face helping the people that need them. You will find there are issues with funding and supporting this portion of the population you not have considered.

The issue of homelessness has many facets from the people who have found themselves in this situation to the government agencies that must support them. When you must select one facet of this issue to use as a topic for your research consider these tips for finding the best example to use in your writing to present the topic to your audience and dissertation board.

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150 Research Questions Homelessness Essay Topics & More

Welcome to our list of research questions about homelessness! On this page, you will find qualitative and quantitative homelessness essay topics, thesis ideas, and title options. Check them out below!

🔝 Top 7 Research Questions about Homelessness

🏆 best homelessness essay topics, 👍 good homelessness research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting homelessness titles for research, 💡 simple homelessness essay ideas, ❓ homelessness research questions.

• Homelessness: Causes and Solutions
• Homelessness and Poverty in Developed and Developing Countries
• The Problem of Homelessness: Sociological Perspectives
• Homelessness in the New York City
• Homelessness Crisis in Canada
• Poverty and Homelessness in Jackson, Mississippi
• The Problem of Homelessness in Canada
• The Homelessness Issue in the World Homelessness is a severe issue that needs immediate interventions to curb the life-threatening challenges affecting people with no proper sheltering options.
• The City of Atlanta, Georgia: Poverty and Homelessness This project goal is to address several issues in the community of the City of Atlanta. Georgia. The primary concern is the high rate of poverty and homelessness in the city.
• Public Health and Health Policy: Newham’s Cases of Homelessness Newham’s cases of homelessness may be on the rise as the report indicated. The problem affects people of all ages in the borough who experience several and unique health problems.
• Arguments on Homelessness in California This paper analyzes the argument about the homelessness issue and states that the lack of access to permanent places of residence is specifically problematic in California.
• Poverty and Homelessness in Canada Poverty and homelessness figure prominently in government policies and the aims of many social service organizations even in a country like Canada.
• Homelessness in Rochester, NY Analysis Homelessness is a prevalent issue in some areas in the United States, particularly in the state of New York. People lose their places of residence and are forced to live on the streets.
• Vulnerabilities Associated With Homelessness The paper discusses the nature of vulnerabilities of the health of homeless people in the United States and its influence on society.
• Homelessness and Housing-Levels of Policy Impact on Services User The correlated causes of housing insecurity include discrimination, physical, financial, behavioral, and mental challenges, and the lack of appropriate and affordable housing.
• The Effects of Homelessness on Single-Parent Families in Black Community The paper states that single-parent families can be adversely impacted by homelessness, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
• Christopher Gardner’s Rise from Homelessness The essay demonstrates the rise of Gardner from homelessness to richness using various psychological theories.
• Hunger and Homelessness Consequences on Development The article discusses the consequences of hunger and homelessness during the early developmental years on children’s growth and development.
• Homelessness Among College Students This paper explains why there is homelessness at a high rate, stating that fewer well-paying jobs for those without a college degree is one of the reasons.
• Homelessness Among Children in the United States Homelessness among children in the United States is a growing problem. Children are particularly vulnerable because many run away from their homes.
• Encampment Project: Homelessness Eradication Encampment projects are usually helpful for few people or families. Homelessness eradication is almost impossible without efforts to combat unemployment.
• Poverty and Homelessness Among African Americans Even though the U.S. is wealthy and prosperous by global measures, poverty has persisted in the area, with Blacks accounting for a larger share.
• Homelessness in Western Australia Homelessness is a concern that has received widespread attention in Australia’s social justice framework. It remains an important issue that needs to be addressed by authorities.
• The Homelessness Problem in California Several causes can contribute to the high incidence of homelessness in California, including challenges in treating individuals with mental disorders and substance abuse.
• Homelessness and Housing in California Homelessness and rising housing expenses are two of California’s most pressing issues. California has the nation’s second-highest homelessness rate.
• Homelessness in San Bernardino Homelessness is a crucial problem not only in San Bernardino but in the whole of Southern California and the situation is generally worsening.
• Homelessness and Racial Disparities of African Americans African Americans possess the highest rate of homelessness and racial disparities in America, with the resultant causes and effects being the legacy of slavery and poverty.
• The Issue of Homelessness The paper states that homelessness is still an urgent issue nowadays, and many people still try to survive on the streets, and they often do not succeed.
• Homelessness in United States of America The increased rate of homelessness in the United States of America, particularly in parts of California, confirms to go up daily.
• Homelessness During COVID-19 in the US and Europe The paper reviews “Homelessness during COVID-19” by Rodriguez et al. and “Lifetime, 5-year and past-year prevalence of homelessness in Europe” by Taylor et al.
• Homelessness as a Social Issue in California The issue of homelessness has brought several issues in California, owing to the large population of financially unstable citizens.
• Homelessness and Housing in California The problem of unaffordable housing in California is complex and needs to be addressed by various techniques with a primary focus on fighting inequality and discrimination.
• Homelessness and Housing in California There is a need for California to change some of the housing policies by simplifying the registration process and providing more resources for developing affordable housing programs.
• The Veteran Homelessness Issue Analysis While the official statistics on homeless veterans are relatively low, the statistics do not include veterans who experience financial struggles.
• Researching the Homelessness Issues This paper presents the annotated bibliography dedicated the poverty issues and understanding the homelessness.
• Administrative Policy on Homelessness The issue of homelessness needs to be addressed with the use of national and state policies. The current measures are composed of a combination of harmful and beneficial policies.
• Homelessness in California: Homelessness in California California should rethink some of its property rules, provide more money to affordable homes initiatives, and streamline the application form.
• Strategies for Ending Homelessness in America The problem of homeless people in America is extremely worrisome in the context of the social and psychological well-being of the people of the country.
• Analysis of Homelessness in California Homelessness in California is a leading social problem due to high housing prices and increasing psychological and medical issues.
• Treating Substance Use Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in California Homelessness puts the youths in unstable housing situations and at a higher risk of substance use. Homelessness in California has been one of the top challenges.
• Discussion of Homelessness in Modern Society Martha Stone discusses homelessness the matter sharing information on the causes of it, consequences, and what society can do about it.
• Mental Disorders and Homelessness About 15 percent of people with extreme mental illness were homeless over one year in California. Homelessness is familiar to persons with some mental disorders, like paranoia.
• Socio-Economic Plan: Homelessness The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate the changes in socioeconomic factors that affect the homeless and the influence of various stakeholders on the issue.
• Homelessness Due to Unemployment During COVID-19 This paper is a research on how unemployment resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic has left many homeless in the United States.
• The Problem of Homelessness in America This paper reviews existing literature on homelessness to shed more light on how it impacts the homeless in New York City.
• Homelessness in Imperial Valley The two practical solutions for homelessness in Imperial Valley include providing affordable housing and mobilizing community-based initiatives and programs.
• Homelessness Policy in California There are several cities in which the number of homeless people is so big that the situation with the growth of homelessness in them is called an epidemic.
• Addressing Homelessness Issue: Current Policies This discussion identifies the latest policies intended to address the social issue of homeless Americans.
• Solving Problems Caused by Homelessness The reasons causing homelessness vary a lot. They can be both of personal or global character from a home violence to a financial crisis.
• Alleviation of Homelessness in California This paper discusses five ways that could be used to alleviate homelessness in California. For every strategy, this paper offers an opposing view and why such views fall short.
• Homelessness in Los Angeles: Causes and Solutions In this paper, a crisis of homelessness in Los Angeles will be discussed with consideration of traditional, feminist, and Pragmatic concepts.
• Homelessness and Poor Health Relationship Homeless people can be described as that group of people who lack adequate, fixed, or regular night-time shelter. Homeless people include single men and women, young families.
• Homelessness and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy In homeless populations, the application of traditional measures for enhancing adherence to antiretroviral therapy also proves to lead to less impressive results.
• Patients Experiencing Homelessness: Mental Health Issues It is acknowledged that the association between homelessness and mental health has been explored while this link is still under-researched when it comes to specific populations.
• Homelessness and Its Primary Reasons Every country in the world, no matter how abundant or easy to live in, will have some proportion of homeless people.
• Homelessness and Depression Among Illiterate People There are various myths people have about homelessness and depression. For example, many people believe that only illiterate people can be homeless.
• Homelessness and Solutions in the United States In this paper, the researcher seeks to explain the cause of homelessness, its implications, and the effort that different stakeholders are taking to address the problem.
• Poverty and Homelessness: Dimensions and Constructions With the growth of the economy and the failure of employment, the number of people living in poverty and without shelter increases.
• Homelessness and Mass Incarceration Relationship Homelessness is an issue that affects not only those individuals who do not have their own residence but also the rest of society.
• Homelessness in Californian Public Places Public places in California house inhabitants who lack permanent residencies. It is reported that this decision is propelled by several factors.
• American Veteran Homelessness & Advocacy Practice A study by Lusk, Staudt, and Moya (2012), shows that subjecting these veterans to constant gun violence causes emotional stress to them
• Homelessness and Mass Incarceration The objective of this paper is to analyze the correlations between the homelessness and crime rates, as well as its connections to the mental disorders and substance abuse.
• Swanscombe Community’s Homelessness and Urban Health The urban health profile at hand has enabled one to examine the selected community, Swanscombe, from the perspective of a healthy environment.
• Regional-Level Challenges: California’s Homelessness The major problem connected with homelessness is that social service organizations tend to adopt narrow practice approaches reducing the human need to basic ones.
• Homelessness to Mass Incarceration The objective of this paper is to analyze the correlations between the homelessness and crime rates, as well as its connections to the mental disorders and substance abuse.
• Homelessness for Female-Headed Homes
• The Issues and Future Solutions to Homelessness in America
• Major Depression Disorder and Homelessness
• Homelessness Among NYC Youth
• Family, Resilience, Homelessness, and Mental Health
• US Citizenship Rights and Homelessness
• Domestic Violence and Homelessness Among Women
• Homelessness and Mental Health and Substance Abuse
• Social Problems and Homelessness in Savannah, Georgia
• Preventing and Reducing Homelessness
• Homelessness and Children’s Health Issues
• Veterans and Their Struggle With Homelessness
• Racial Differences Regarding Homelessness in the US
• Analyzing Homelessness and the Effect It Has on Social Health
• The Factors Associated With Youth Homelessness and Arrest
• Homelessness, Mental Illness, and Social Intervention
• The Structural and Individual Causes of Homelessness
• Homelessness and Sociological Perspectives
• Alleviating Homelessness Within New York City
• Homelessness Among Those With Mental Illness
• Homelessness Among the Veteran Community America S Forgotten Heroes
• Early Illicit Drug Use and the Age of Onset of Homelessness
• Homelessness Among the Community of Drug Addicts
• United States Interagency Council on Homelessness
• Sociology and Race, Homelessness, and Urban Life
• Homelessness and the Effects It Has on Humans
• Societal Inequalities Foster Homelessness in the United States
• The Need for Sustainability as It Relates to Homelessness in Australia
• The Relationship Between Homelessness in Australia and Rising Cases of Health Issues
• Deviance: Mental Illness and Homelessness
• The Link Between Homelessness and Mental Health
• City Life, Homelessness, Race, and Sociology
• Homelessness Amongst Marginalized LGBTQ Youth
• Family Homelessness and Its Effects on Children
• Homelessness, Mental Illness, and the Advocate Role
• Youth Homelessness Structural Factors
• Homelessness and Food Insecurity
• The Main Causes and Prevention Strategies of Homelessness
• Homelessness and Its Effects on America
• Post-1900 American Homelessness
• Homelessness and Its Effects on Licking County
• Homelessness Among American Veterans Research
• Reasons for Preventing Homelessness Among Youth
• Homelessness and Housing Problems in the United States
• Family Homelessness and the Impact on Health and Healthcare Provision
• Homelessness Affects Adults and Children
• Analyzing the Statistics and Problem of Homelessness in the U.S
• Ethnography and Homelessness Research
• Problems and Resolutions for Homelessness in the Northeast
• Child Abuse and Neglect, Homelessness, and Marital Problems
• The Growing Concern Over the Homelessness Around the Globe
• Reducing Homelessness In the United States
• Mental Illness, Homelessness, and Public Administration
• Homelessness and Permanent Supportive Housing
• Policy for Addressing Homelessness Canada
• Developing Social Theories and Perspectives on Homelessness
• The Homelessness and Its Effects on Women
• Federal Funding for Housing and Homelessness
• Homelessness Affecting the United States
• The Unemployment, Poverty, Homelessness, and Safety and Security Problem
• What Is the Impact of Homelessness on Children?
• Does Rent Control Cause Homelessness?
• Does Public Housing Reduce Homelessness?
• What Is a Longitudinal Analysis of Homelessness?
• Why Woman Headed Households Are Suffering From Homelessness?
• What Are the Structural Determinants of Homelessness in the United States?
• What Are the Definitions of Homelessness in Developing Countries?
• What Are Public Beliefs About the Causes of Homelessness?
• What Are the Prevalence of Homelessness Among Adolescents in the United States?
• What Is the Social History of Homelessness in Contemporary America?
• What Are the Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Indigent Urban Adults?
• What Is the Connection Between Severity of Homelessness and Adverse Birth Outcomes?
• What Are Some Reflections on the Policy History of Youth Homelessness in Australia?
• What Are the Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Women With Schizophrenia?
• Why Maternal Depression Is a Risk Factor for Family Homelessness?
• What Are the Pathways to Homelessness Among the Mentally Ill?
• What Are the Reasons for Youth Homelessness?
• What Are the Links Between Domestic Violence and Homelessness?
• What Is the Data Dilemma in Family Homelessness?
• What Are the Faith-based Programs and What’s Their Influence on Homelessness?
• What Is the Intersection of Homelessness, Racism, and Mental Illness?
• What Are the Complexities of Elder Homelessness?
• What Is the Impact of Homelessness on the Health of Families?
• What Are the International Perspectives on Rural Homelessness?
• What Are the Factors Associated With Youth Homelessness and Crime Rates?

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StudyCorgi. (2022, March 1). 150 Research Questions Homelessness Essay Topics & More. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/homelessness-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . "150 Research Questions Homelessness Essay Topics & More." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/homelessness-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "150 Research Questions Homelessness Essay Topics & More." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/homelessness-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Homelessness were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 21, 2024 .

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College Minor: Everything You Need to Know

14 fascinating teacher interview questions for principals, tips for success if you have a master’s degree and can’t find a job, 14 ways young teachers can get that professional look, which teacher supplies are worth the splurge, 8 business books every teacher should read, conditional admission: everything you need to know, college majors: everything you need to know, 7 things principals can do to make a teacher observation valuable, 3 easy teacher outfits to tackle parent-teacher conferences, essay topics about homelessness.

Memorable Research Topics about Homelessness

• Using Affordable Housing to Combat Homelessness
• Homelessness Culture and Personal Growth
• The American Economic System’s Impact on Homelessness
• Mental Disorder, Homelessness, and Social Assistance
• Preventing and Ending Homelessness: A Federal Strategic Plan
• Homelessness and Other Issues Caused by Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions in the United States
• Outline of Homelessness and Lawson Panhandling in the United States
• The Impact of Family Homelessness on Children
• The Relationship Between Mental Health and Homelessness
• The Lifetime Prevalence of Homelessness in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities
• Examine Homelessness Postmodernist and Feminist Vision
• Homelessness and Addiction
• Examination of Homelessness and Its Impact on Social Health
• Homelessness and Family Violence Education
• Infant Abuse and Neglect, Unemployment, and Divorce
• Causes and Implications of Homelessness Among Formerly Incarcerated Black Men
• Introduction to City Life, Homelessness, Race, and Sociology
• Rates, Reasons, Disputes, and Solutions to Homelessness
• General Details Regarding Homelessness Among People Suffering From Mental Illness
• Managing the Homelessness Crisis in the United States
• Helping People Who Are Chronically Homeless
• Homelessness Among LGBTQ Youth in Negatively Stereotyped Communities
• Property Rights, Homelessness, and Organizational Logics
• Women’s Homelessness and Domestic Violence

Research Questions about Homelessness

• Why Has Homelessness Attracted Global Attention?
• Is Homelessness a Public Health Emergency?
• What Are the Strategies for Preventing Youth Homelessness?
• How Does Connecticut’s Supportive Housing Program Fight Homelessness?
• What Are the Implications of Homelessness on Women?
• How Does Inequality Affect Homelessness in the United States?
• Can Symbolic Interactionism Help People Who Are Homeless?
• How Aware Are Europeans About Homelessness and Domestic Violence?
• What Are the Primary Causes and Effects of Homelessness?
• How Can Individuals Contribute to the End of Homelessness?
• What Difficulties Do Homeless People Face in Social Justice?
• How is New York Combating Homelessness?
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Homelessness in New York?
• What Is the Impact of Homelessness on Society?
• What Are the Root Causes of Homelessness in America?
• How Can Rent Control Help You Prevent Homelessness?
• Why Is Domestic Violence Considered a Factor of Women’s Homelessness?
• Is Public Housing Effective in Reducing Homelessness?
• What Are the Social Issues Caused by Savannah’s High Rate of Homelessness?
• What Impact Does Homelessness Have on Children?
• What Are America’s Homelessness Issues and Their Future Solutions?
• Why Should You Think Twice Before Assisting the Homeless?
• Why Are So Many American Troops Homeless?
• What Is Canada’s Policy on Homelessness?
• How Does the Denver Area Combat Homelessness?
• What’s the Connection Between Homelessness, Psychological Health, and Substance Abuse?
• What Causes Young People to Be Homeless?
• How Do Shelters Help Combat Homelessness?
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Homelessness?
• How Does Permanent Assisted Housing Aid Homelessness?

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Federal judge orders independent audit of LA programs tackling homelessness, including Inside Safe

Inside Safe is now part of an audit of all homelessness assistance programs funded or conducted by the city.

LOS ANGELES (KABC) -- It's something seen far too often - a homeless encampment is cleared and then it comes back.

At Alexandria and Fountain avenues in East Hollywood, more than 20 people were housed after an encampment next to a daycare was cleared last week. Residents say shortly after, it was repopulated.

"I will say the encampment isn't as big as it was before," said Rosie Wong, who has lived in East Hollywood for 20 years.

Wong said it was discouraging to see the encampment return so soon.

The encampment was cleared under Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass' Inside Safe program.

Bass' office says they're monitoring the site and have started an Inside Safe response team that focuses on sites where operations have occurred that have brought more than 100 people inside already this year.

Inside Safe is now part of an audit ordered by federal Judge David O. Carter of all homelessness assistance programs funded or conducted by the city of Los Angeles.

The plaintiff in the federal case is the LA Alliance for Human Rights, a group of business owners, residents and members of the unhoused population who are upset over how taxpayer dollars are being spent on homelessness.

"We are disappointed in the city, and we do not believe that they've complied with our agreement," said Matthew Umhofer, an attorney for the group. "The city has made some progress. The mayor's Inside Safe program has brought some people inside, but the numbers are far short of what we anticipated under the agreement."

In a statement regarding the federal audit, the mayor's office said in part, "Mayor Bass has long led calls for accountability, transparency and outcome measures regarding homelessness services and the cost incurred by the city, which is why the mayor suggested an independent audit."

City Controller Kenneth Mejia is also conducting his own audit of Inside Safe.

"The city and the county has spent billions of dollars over the last three decades on homelessness and yet the problem continues to grow worse," said Umhofer. "People want to see that people suffering on the streets coming inside. They want the amounts of money being put towards homelessness to actually be effective in helping people on the streets and that's what this audit is about."

The Alliance for Human Rights will be back in federal court Thursday as an auditor is expected to be appointed. The city told ABC7 it'll release invoices related to their homeless efforts as instructed by the court on Tuesday.

Related Topics

• EAST HOLLYWOOD
• LOS ANGELES
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• HOMELESS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
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Where these Eugene City Council candidates stand on housing, homelessness, budget, other topics

T he three candidates running to represent Ward 1 fielded questions Friday from KLCC reporter Rachael McDonald at a City Club-hosted forum, addressing topics such ashousing costs and homelessness, the city's budget, and the proposed Eugene Emeralds' stadium.

City Council Ward 1 approximately includes the Far West, Friendly and Jefferson Westside neighborhoods, as well as downtown south of 7th Avenue and west of High Street.

Emily Semple has represented the ward since 2017 and is not seeking a third term. Three Ward 1 residents are running to replace her. Tuesday, April 30, is the last day to register to vote, and the Lane County elections office is expected to mail ballots starting around Thursday, May 2. Ballots are due Tuesday, May 21.

Eugene city councilor is a nonpartisan office, meaning the primary will appear on the ballots of all voters in the ward regardless of party. If a candidate earns a majority of the vote, they will run uncontested in November. If no candidate earns a majority, the two with the most votes will run head-to-head in November.

Opening, closing statements from Eugene City Council candidates

During the three candidates' opening and closing statements, they spent most of their time highlighting their unique experiences and endorsements.

Ethan Clevenger is a downtown small business owner and president of the business advocacy group Downtown Eugene Merchants. Clevenger said this experience has made him invested in finding solutions. He highlighted endorsements from both the Democratic Party of Lane County and the Eugene Chamber of Commerce. ( DPLC endorsed both Clevenger and Eliza Kashinsky)

"People in both of those rooms recognize that if we're going to move the needle on housing and homelessness. If we're going to make our public spaces and our downtown streets more convenient and accessible for our entire community. We're going to have to evaluate all ideas in our community in good faith and with an open mind," he said.

Ted Coopman is chair of the Jefferson Westside neighborhood association where he said he helped accomplish projects such as the Ollie Court affordable housing complex. Coopman highlighted his endorsements which include four of the eight current city councilors and many neighborhood association leaders. Of the three candidates he was most critical of current leadership.

"I'm tired of watching my neighbors suffer over poorly thought out policies and the neglect of Ward 1 neighborhoods," Coopman said. "If you think we need leadership for a change, then vote for me in May, … I'm an independent Democrat who takes direction from Ward 1 voters, not political parties or powerful special interests."

Eliza Kashinsky has served on advisory committees for Eugene's budget and walkability and Lane County planning, where she said she's improved Eugene's walkability and housing diversity. She's been endorsed by Eugene Mayor Lucy Vinis, the four city councilors who didn't endorse Coopman and several of her colleagues on the budget and planning committees. She made the case that of the candidates, her experience was most relevant.

"Climate, our housing shortage, the homelessness crisis … these are problems that need hard work," Kashinsky said. "I've been doing this work for 10 years as an advocate, for 7 years on the budget committee, and I've gained those relationships I've gained that knowledge. I've done this before."

Senior and disability access

In response to the AARP-sponsored question of the forum on how candidates will address "the needs of older adults and people with disabilities, while also engaging older adults," Coopman and Kashinsky highlighted physical aspects of the city's accessibility they wanted to improve, while Clevenger focused on ideas to improve the financial situation of seniors.

Coopman said he wanted to fix the physical accessibility of the city's sidewalks. "I know that there are a lot of my neighbors who are elderly or mobility challenged or just regular people that have hurt themselves on the sidewalks," he said. Coopman said building and repairing these sidewalks, "will do a lot towards allowing people as we age … to get around."

Kashinsky said she wanted to rethink Eugene's urban planning to be more walkable, and that reducing residents' reliance on cars will make the city more accessible. "In Ward 1 we're incredibly fortunate that we can have the conversation about sidewalks," she said. "But there are lots of places in the city where there aren't even sidewalks, and even if there were sidewalks you'd be walking … more than a mile to get to anything other than a house."

Clevenger highlighted the financial hardships of seniors and shared ideas for the city to help with that. He said that by improving housing diversity and expanding the city's home repair program , it would be more affordable for seniors to afford housing. He also said that by encouraging economic development, the city could make it so residents have more money to retire with.

When asked how they would address the city's budget shortfall, Kashinsky and Clevenger both said they would look for projects that were "nice" but not needed, as things to cut. Coopman said he would look to cut administrative costs.

Kashinsky, who's served on Eugene's budget committee, said she would focus on maintaining "essential needs" while cutting things that are "nice to have." Kashinsky said she would prioritize maintaining programs "that if we lose them, it's going to hurt our city and have long-term impacts" and pointed to the proposed LCC pickleball facility as an example of something "nice to have" that she would be willing to cut.

Clevenger seconded Kashinsky's stance that the city should reject "nice to have" projects like the pickleball facility, "You have to decide is that a nice-to-have thing or is that a must-have thing?" He also said he wanted to raise revenue by appealing to other elected officials. "If we can improve our relationship with county and state officials, we can ensure that when the governor's budget comes out each year we have more monies for our community."

Coopman said the city could earn revenue by encouraging economic development and shrink costs by hiring an independent auditor and cutting costs from city administration. "If we have to cut we should cut from the top," he said. "We are bringing on a third assistant city manager. They are near the highest-paid people in our city government and I'm unclear as to why we need to do that."

Emeralds stadium

When asked for their opinion on the proposed Emeralds stadium and multi-use Lane County fairgrounds facility, Clevenger and Coopman both expressed support for the project while Kashinsky shared concerns, but all three said they agreed with the city council's decision to send it to voters .

Clevenger described the Emeralds as a community asset and said he agreed with the move to send the bond measure to the ballot. "I think we'd be having a different conversation if we were talking about a very exclusive thing for people to do in our community, but the reality is this is a $15 ticket for families who more and more feel like Eugene is not serving them," he said.

Coopman also voiced support for the project and the decision to send voters the bond measure. He said he'd been working with the Emeralds as Jefferson Westside neighborhood chair, and that he supported the project for its economic impact. "I think it pencils out. It's a very good economic boon for us and I'm a supporter of it," he said.

Kashinsky shared skepticism of the project but said she still agreed with letting voters decide. "We don't know where the rest of the money is coming from. We don't know what the impact is and what the operational pieces are going to be, and so that makes me a little bit nervous," Kashinsky said. But she also said she agreed with councilors sending the bond to the ballot. "That will allow us to kind of get a sense of where people are with this," she said.

Community engagement

When asked how the candidates would seek community input for decision-making, Clevenger and Kashinsky said they would go out to people to seek their input, while Coopman said city leaders could better utilize neighborhood associations for feedback.

"We have to go out and meet with constituents," Clevenger said. "We have to go out and find the young families and find folks in minority communities like the LGBTQ+ community, and engage with them authentically," he said, and that directly listening to people this way would let councilors create the best plans.

Coopman said the city should better use neighborhood associations. "If you really want to reach neighbors, they should be reached by other neighbors, … Physicality matters." Coopman criticized current city leadership, which he said was undercutting and underfunding neighborhood associations. "Before I came (to the Jefferson Westside neighborhood association) there were three staff people that were dedicated full-time. Now we're down to one."

Kashinsky also said she would seek feedback from people directly. "The type of people who can spend their Tuesday night at a neighborhood association meeting or Monday night commenting at city council are not necessarily representative of the city," she said. "You have to be able to go to them to figure out what they need."

Housing affordability

When asked how they would improve housing affordability, Clevenger and Kashinsky both said they wanted to increase housing supply with deregulation, with Clevenger emphasizing construction rules while Kashinsky focused more on land use. Coopman instead called for an expansion of housing to currently undeveloped parts of Eugene's urban growth boundary.

Clevenger said to improve housing affordability he would reduce the red tape that he said currently gets in the way of development. Clevenger said carpenters have told him Eugene rules are difficult to work with. "Sometimes it's about red tape. Sometimes it's about jumping through hoops. And that is why folks don't work on development projects in Eugene sometimes," he said.

Coopman said to improve housing affordability he would work to expand infrastructure to the parts of the urban growth boundary that don't already have it. "The only way you're going to drop the price of homes is the same way that we made housing affordable after the Second World War, and that's at massive scale," he said. He criticized current leadership, which he said is overly focused on infill instead of affordable housing.

Kashinsky said the main reason housing is expensive is exclusionary zoning and that she's been working to combat this, and that to further improve housing access, she would look for more barriers in the city's rules. "What are the other things that are in our codes and our practices that make it hard for people to create homes in Eugene?" she said.

Homelessness

When asked for their strategies to address homelessness, Coopman called for state and county-funded sanctioned camping, Kashinsky said the city should do more to support housing and shelter development, and Clevenger added a desire to increase mental health resources.

Coopman said he would use the city council platform to push for sanctioned camping paid for by the state and county. "It is the county and the state's fiscal, statutory responsibility to provide housing for the unhoused, for mental health, and for physical health and they have fallen down tragically," he said. "Sanctioned camping is the answer. It is the only answer, and that should be coupled with removing the possibility for street camping."

Kashinsky said she disagreed with the idea homelessness isn't the city's problem. "Passing the buck on whose problem homelessness is is not going to solve it," she said. Kashinsky said that working with the state and city is part of the answer, but also that the city should work more to create more housing and provide more shelter while assessing how people become homeless and working to combat that.

Clevenger said he agreed with both, saying the city should keep funding its Safe Sleep Sites while pushing the state and county to fund a share of those sites. He also said the state could reduce homelessness by increasing access to mental health resources. "We need to be partnering with folks at the state to make sure that this is an attractive place for people who work in that industry to come here and set up shop," he said.

To listen to the full forum featuring the Ward 1 and Ward 2 Eugene City Council candidates, visit  https://www.klcc.org/show/city-club-of-eugene/2024-04-01/city-club-of-eugene

Alan Torres covers local government for the Register-Guard. He can be reached over email at  [email protected]  or on X  @alanfryetorres .

This article originally appeared on Register-Guard: Where these Eugene City Council candidates stand on housing, homelessness, budget, other topics