mcdonalds case study book

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McDonald's Corporation

By: Frank T. Rothaermel, John Kim

The case is written from the perspective of McDonald's CEO Steve Easterbrook. Easterbrook assumed office in March 2015, and the case highlights the company's recent and dramatic decline in…

• Length: 23 page(s)
• Publication Date: Sep 28, 2017
• Discipline: Strategy
• Product #: MH0050-PDF-ENG

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The case is written from the perspective of McDonald's CEO Steve Easterbrook. Easterbrook assumed office in March 2015, and the case highlights the company's recent and dramatic decline in performance amidst increasing competition. In addition, the case details Easterbrook's strategic initiatives in an attempted turnaround of McDonald's' fortunes. With some $25 billion in sales (in 2017) and some 45,000 restaurants globally (thereof 27,000 in the U.S.), McDonald's remains the largest quick-service restaurant (QSR) chain. At the same time, McDonald's has been struggling on several fronts in recent years. Attempting to be "everything for everybody," McDonald's fell victim to being "stuck-in-middle," without a clear strategic position. With such a large global installed base of restaurants and franchisees, any changes coming from the McDonald's headquarters require significant leadership, investment, and potential risk.

Learning Objectives

Vision, mission, and values; Core competency; Business model; Business unit and corporate strategy; Industry and competitor analysis.

Sep 28, 2017

Discipline:

Geographies:

United States

Industries:

Restaurants and food service industry

McGraw-Hill Education

MH0050-PDF-ENG

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Fast and Pluribus: Impacts of a Globalizing McDonald’s

The expansion of McDonald’s in the twentieth century brought the fast food chain to more than 100 countries. But how well did it integrate into its new home(s)?

The connection between globalization and McDonald’s is a tale of scholarly metonymy. There’s no textual shortage of evidence that references the now-global fast food chain’s success in other countries , often linking it to themes of self-sufficiency, post-industrial stability, and democracy-formed capitalism.

Among these chunks of research is a more endogenous angle that examines the impact McDonald’s has had within offshore cultures; namely, how the American fast food model has been diffused across different countries. Such case studies, which look at individual cultural phenomena and their direct applications to globalization activity, refines not only the framework of McDonald’s in theories, but overall globalization processes and strategies as well.

Japan’s stylish renditions of fast food practices, for one, existed long before McDonald’s came to the country. Given the existing popularity of convenient and on-the-go meals—including conveyor belt sushi and street vendor meals—American fast food chains were bound to succeed. Scholars John W. Traphagan and L. Keith Brown investigate this supposition by employing an ethnographic model of research, building the argument that Japan not only assimilated—but basically swallowed whole—the McDonald’s dining model , to the point that younger people especially believe McDonald’s is a Japanese company.

Traphagan and Brown emphasize that, rather than “styles of preparation or ingredients,” fast food is defined by “a style of selling food.” Essentially, McDonald’s brought no real paradigm shifts to Japan—but rather constructed a space in which already-formed Japanese cultural practices could continue.

Their case study contrasts with that of geographers Ray Oldakowski and John McEwen, who similarly investigate McDonald’s and its cultural assimilation—but in Ecuador. Their evidence shows that the integration of American fast food dining followed a different path , and McDonald’s remains an obviously foreign establishment in the cityscape. McDonald’s didn’t attempt to adapt to Japanese or Ecuadorian culture (for McDonald’s, “the strategy has been one of consistency, i.e. McDonald’s prefers not to change its way of doing business to adapt to foreign cultures, rather, it changes local cultures to meet its own needs,” they note), but Ecuadorians clearly viewed the fast food chain as a deviation from local tastes, unlike Japanese consumers.

“[A] comparison of exterior designs revealed that the McDonald’s in Guayaquil [Ecuador] were very similar to the typical McDonald’s restaurants in the United States,” write the authors. Moreover, the menus were also similar. Only 2 percent of those polled considered the food served at McDonald’s similar to Ecuadorian food. In contrast, very few interviewees considered Kentucky Fried Chicken—another American fast food establishment—different from Ecuadorian food. Eighty-four percent reported that KFC was the most similar to Ecuadorian food, and 68 percent said it was actually where they dined regularly.

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“Those results suggest that McDonald’s might gain new customers, and more visits from existing customers, if they also offered menu items more typical of Ecuadorian food,” conclude the authors.

In neither Japan nor Ecuador did McDonald’s actively work to adapt itself to the tastes of the host countries, but the depth of integration into local dining customs differed between the two nations. Such observations could prompt additional nation-specific analyses and possibly reveal additional adaptations to the “strategy of consistency” associated with McDonald’s. However, the study of the globalization of fast food from a micro-cultural angle requires challenging assumptive attitudes around American businesses and classical theories, with one of the most popular—and infamously controvertible—examples being the Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention , built on tropes of democratic peace through development. Globalization and its effects could also be examined in light of McDonald’s cultural impacts on its origin country of America, opening a conversation on socio-economics and class .

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McDonald's Plan to Win (A)

• Format: Print
• | Pages: 23

About The Author

Ramon Casadesus-Masanell

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Table of Contents

Mcdonald's consumer profile, mcdonald's advertising strategy , promotion for broadcast, billboard ads, outdoor ambient marketing, mcdonald's digital marketing strategy, become a digital marketer in 2022, mcdonald's marketing strategy - a case study.

In 1940, California was where the first McDonald's opened. It became well-known quickly for its tasty hamburgers and friendly service. Eight years later, it was one of the first places to switch from traditional table service to fast food. It added new kinds of burgers and milkshakes to its menu. The success of the development led the company to sign its first franchise agreement in 1952, which led to rapid growth worldwide. The company runs about 40,031 restaurants worldwide, and sales in other countries brought in about $21.076 billion in 2019.

McDonald's marketing strategy has helped the company achieve the success it commands today. From the start of its growth, the company wanted to build strong brand recognition and market penetration to help promote its growing franchise business. As the company's number of customers grew, they did more research on demographics to help them target easily. McDonald's marketing strategy includes investing in online and offline marketing methods that spread its clear, brand-centered messages to a large audience and using other channels like its dedicated mobile app to reach and keep loyal customers.

Learn All the Tricks of the Marketing Trade

McDonald's has a wide range of customers because it uses mass marketing and has low prices at fast-food restaurants. Most of the chain's customers are between 35 and 54. Buyers, both men and women, often have low to average incomes. They are known as brand-loyal casual diners who spend an average of $7.79 each time they eat.

Many of these customers are parents of young children who like that the brand's atmosphere and food are good for families. This market group was first targeted in 1979 when Happy Meal, a set of children's meals with a free-themed toy, was introduced. 

McDonald's website wants to create a "pleasant, entertaining environment for everyone to enjoy." This shows how many different kinds of people it wants to attract. The brand does primary market research to determine how to market itself and make sure it fits the demographics of the people it wants to reach. McDonald's uses surveys and questionnaires in stores, on social media, and through its mobile app to find out how happy customers are with the food, service, delivery, and other things. McDonald's Community and other digital channels are always being watched to keep track of what customers say and do.

McDonald's spends a lot of money on billboards and TV ads. In 2018, the company spent nearly $1.5 billion on advertising in the US alone. Outdoor, TV, and radio ads aren't likely to reach many people, so digital marketing strategies are used to send consistent information to people who aren't likely to see or hear the ads.

McDonald's marketing strategy uses TV and radio to get the word out about its brand and promote new menu items, meal discounts, and charitable work. Its broadcast channels and times are chosen so that most people will watch or listen. In November 2018, when the NFL season was at its peak popularity, McDonald's is expected to have spent $52.9 million on TV ads in the United States. This shows the importance of the fast-food chain getting the most prominent broadcast ad positions.

McDonald's has a lot of traditional billboard ads, which have the same marketing goals and content as its TV ads. With billboards that range from static to digitally interactive and are placed in high-visibility, high-traffic areas, the company tries to keep its target demographic and other connected consumer groups thinking positively about its brand.

This is a great example of how multiple ways to promote the same goals can make the campaign more successful compared to campaigns that only use one method.

McDonald's also does creative and interesting outdoor ambient marketing. Ambient advertising is when promotional materials are put in places or on things that are very unusual or unexpected or that aren't usually used for advertising. McDonald's is using this type of guerrilla marketing to make more of an impact on customers. McDonald's campaign shows this for its "Massive McMuffin Breakfast." During the whole year of 2010, the company put up big paper takeout bags with the name of its new breakfast item on major streets in New Zealand. The unexpected and hard-to-miss image got a lot of attention from people walking by, as shown by the many photos of the scene people took and shared on social media. This helped promote the McMuffin breakfast.

The brand's street markings at pedestrian road crossings are another example. They are meant to look like fries sticking out of a McDonald's-branded package of fries.

Online advertising helps the brand reach its goals of building brand awareness and creating demand. The information used online is similar to what you might see in a McDonald's TV ad or on a billboard. However, both the language and the graphics are made to work best on the social media platforms used, such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. By asking customers to post pictures of their meals online, McDonald's takes advantage of the growing food photography trend. In fact, between September 2018 and February 2019, 4,9 million logos of McDonald's were posted on Twitter around the world. This made McDonald's the second most pictured brand.

The company also works on search engine optimization (SEO), but its "organic" SEO method does better than "sponsored" promotion. As of December 2019, 90.7% of the search traffic to mcdonalds.com came from natural search results, while 9.3% came from sponsored keywords.

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McDonald's marketing strategy in the digital medium includes customer interactions through social media like Facebook and Instagram. The customers interact with the brand and with each other on social media. Also, the company offers various discounts and coupons through their social media pages and the company app. McDonald's was one of the few companies that performed well during the 2000s recession. The reason for the success was that the company communicated its strategy to the consumers.

McDonald's digital marketing strategy allowed the company to fight back rumours circulating on social media in 2018. The company got  a Long Term Excellence Award from the Marketing Society. The company responded directly to the allegations that it faced and was able to get its message out in the open. 

McDonald's marketing strategy across the various offline and online methods has allowed the company to maintain its leadership position in the fast-food business. The target audience is families that allow most of the population to feel comfortable at the restaurant. McDonald's marketing strategy across the digital channels helps the company communicate clearly and directly.

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Strategy & Execution

McDonald's Corporation

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Publication Date: January 14, 2016

Source: McGraw-Hill Education

Steve Easterbrook became CEO in March 2015 after it became clear that his predecessor's turnaround strategy was not working. Financially, McDonald's is struggling, with declining sales growth, a 15 percent decrease in net income, and stock prices below their 2012 price point, while the overall market is on the rise. The company is not benefiting from the economic recovery, as consumer preferences (and especially millennials) are shifting toward healthier options for dining out. Meanwhile, competition is fierce, with several direct competitors (e.g., Wendy's), higher-end burger joints (e.g., In-and-Out Burger), and fast casual chains (e.g., Panera) all outperforming the burger giant. Internally, the company is struggling with defining its strategic identity. Menu diversification has increased operational complexity which has slowed service times. Efforts to attract new customers by adding higher-end items have shifted McDonald's price points upward, while customer perceptions of quality (and willingness to pay) are at an all-time low. McDonald's size makes it an easy target for labor activists and health advocates, further compounding its public perception issues. By trying to be all things to all people, McDonald's finds itself in a classic "stuck-in-the-middle" strategic dilemma. Easterbrook must find a way to be a strategic leader who is willing to make tough decisions and transform McDonald's into a "modern, progressive burger company."

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Business Case Study 2024

The McDonald's Business Case Study 2024 Edition is an in-depth look at how McDonald's successfully operate more than 40 000 stores globally. 

"The McDonalds case study book was an instrumental aspect of my success in the Business Studies HSC" - Grace Losco - equal first, 2023 Business Studies HSC

The book is full colour, easy to read, up-to-date and will help students gain a greater understanding of how business theories are used by a real business in the real world.

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Comments from teachers.

It’s current and very relevant especially in marketing I don’t know a student that has no experience of Maccas!

It's completely comprehensive and straightforward for students to understand. The syllabus structure allows a direct connection to what they are studying and need to be able to apply the case study to.

It is well written and gives students of all abilities access.

Students can relate to it - makes sense to them and there are several examples that are relevant to our syllabus. 

The students work at Maccas so can readily relate to it.  It is also readable, not too wordy, and an easy to handle book that is pretty robust.

I love how it is aligned with syllabus outcomes, it is easy to access and understand. It is excellent how it is updated each year with new and improved information. It is relatable for students - it has more of a local focus, unlike the other commercially produced case studies which tend to be loftier and more globalised and political.

A lot of my students work there so it is accessible and relevant.

The case study connects to all syllabus dot points and includes up to date statistics and images. Students can relate to the level that it is pitched at and it also incorporates terminology.

It's relatable to the students. Many of the kids work at Maccas, they have all been in a store, so its easier for them to remember details. The book links their 'working knowledge' to the theory.

The Maccas Case study is accessible to all students regardless of academic ability, social economic status or location because it is easy for them to connect with the business examples given.

Its related directly to the syllabus headings and dot points. It is written at the level suitable for Yr 12 students. Colourful and set out really well. As a lot of students work or have worked at McDonalds they are able to relate well to the information provided.

Easy to understand for the students. Students are engaged better with this case study as many actually work for the Maccas. Visuals and engagement with the syllabus assist students clearly understand the link between business and course work.

It's very user friendly, the images make great discussion points in the classroom. A lot of students can easily connect with the content. It follows the stupid syllabus well.

Very useful - lots of information that students can relate to and use in their studies .

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McDonald’s Business Studies Case Study

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Resource Description

role of operations management ● strategic role of operations management – cost leadership, good/service differentiation

Operations → business processes that involve transformation/production – Production = conversion of inputs into outputs

Customer focus → minimising waste, fair value for labour, low cost, reflect changes in consumerism Profit centres → aspects of the business that derive revenue and profits Cost centres → areas which cost is attributed

Cost Leadership → aiming to have the lowest cost & be most price-competitive

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → Mcdonald’s invested in a global training program (Hamburger University) to ensure efficiency and reduce overall costs

goods and/or services in different industries

Goods/Services Differentiation

Standardisation → making products that are all the same

Product Differentiation → distinguishing products

Differentiating Goods Differentiating Services

– Product features – Product quality – Augmented features (add-ons or benefits) – Time spent on a service – Level of expertise – Qualifications and expertise of the service provider – Quality of the materials/technology used in service delivery

Goods Differentiation Perishable goods → short lead times, distributed fast

Non-perishable goods → operations similar in all industries, more durable goods

Self-service → encouraging customers to take initiative

● interdependence with other key business functions

Interdependence → mutual dependency on one another

Interdependence with… Marketing → producing goods based on market needs, marketing based on cost, product design affects transformation

Finance → cost of production, labour costs

Human Resources → staff needed for production, technology changing operations, outsourcing specialists influences

● globalisation, technology, quality expectations, cost-based competition, government policies, legal regulation, environmental sustainability

Globalisation → removal of trade barriers between nations, operating on an international scale & develop international influence

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → McDonalds has 37,000 restaurants in 120 countries → in 2018, McDonald’s ranked 11th on Forbes list of most valuable brands → 2017 report showed US$91billion in sales, showing success in maintaining competitive advantage by adapting to global conditions

Supply chain management → managing the flows of goods and services, including transformation. – Businesses need a reliable supply chain that is responsive to changes

Technology → the design, construction and application of innovation devices, methods and machinery in the operations process.

– Administrative level → organisation, planning, decision making – Processing level → manufacturing, logistics, quality management, inventory management

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → digital menu boards, automatic drink dispensers, online ordering apps

Quality → how well designed, made and functionable goods are. – Expectations that people have of business determines the way products are designed, created and delivered.

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → after complaints of coffee quality, McDonalds made a promise in 2011 that coffee would be barista made. → in 2018, Mcdonalds started using fresh (not frozen) beef patties, despite taking longer to cook, quality was improved

Cost-based Competition → derived from the breakeven point Fixed costs = costs that do not change regardless of business activity Variable costs = costs that vary in relation to business activity/level of production

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → in 2015, Mcdonalds dominated western Europe, other businesses attempted to compete by lowering their prices → close focus on cost, helps them to maximise profits Government policies & Legal Regulation → Work Health and Safety Act 2011, Fair Work Act 2009, Superannuation Guarantee Act 1992, Racial Discrimination Act 1975, Taxation Act 1953 → influence business operations

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → McDonalds is bound by obligations in relation to marketing, advertising, product safety and quality guarantees (Australian Consumer Law 2010) → they must ensure conscionable conduct at a local, state and federal level Environmental Sustainability → business operations shaped around sustainable practices

CASE STUDY: McDonald’s → in 2012, McDonalds opened the Australia’s first Green star accredited restaurant in VIC

● corporate social responsibility CSR → doing more than just complying with the law, but having higher respect for people, community and environment Triple Bottom Line → financial profitability, social impact and environmental impact of a business.

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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

A new compositional microscopic degree of freedom at grain boundaries in complex compounds: a case study in spinel.

The accurate computational treatment of polycrystalline materials requires the rigorous generation of grain boundary (GB) structures as many quantities of interest depend strongly on the specifics of the macroscopic and microscopic degrees of freedom (DoFs) used in their creation. In complex materials, containing multiple sublattices and where atomic composition can vary spatially through the system, we introduce a new microscopic DoF based on this compositional variation which we find governs observable properties. In spinel - a wide class of complex oxides where this compositional variation manifests as cation inversion - we exploit this DoF to generate and analyze low-energy microstates of two GBs with three spinel chemistries (FeCr 2 O 4 , NiCr 2 O 4 and MgAl 2 O 4 ). This treatment is found to allow for the co-redistribution of cations at the GBs which acts to modify the spatial charge distribution, defect segregation energy and defect transport through these regions. Additionally, we generate low-energy metastable microstates of the GB system with an induced cation disorder, simulating those which may develop as a result of damage events. These are then analyzed to discover their composition and defect transport properties which depend strongly on the amount of induced damage. We conclude that considering this new DoF is important in describing the properties of GBs in complex materials.

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Money blog: Gary Neville's hotel named among best places for hospitality jobs

A magazine has released its annual list detailing the top picks for hospitality jobs. Read about this and all the latest consumer and personal finance news in the Money blog - and leave a comment or your money problem in the box below.

Friday 17 May 2024 19:16, UK

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The Body Shop’s administrators are to launch an auction of the chain after concluding that an alternative restructuring of one of Britain’s best-known high street retailers was not viable.

Sky News has learnt that FRP Advisory, which has been overseeing the collapsed business since January, is to begin formally sounding out potential buyers in the coming weeks.

The move raises the prospect of new owners taking control of The Body Shop, which was founded nearly half a century ago.

Read more here ...

The UK's mega rich are dwindling - in a sign Britain's "billionaire boom has come to an end", according to the latest Sunday Times Rich List.

Published today, the list reveals the largest fall in billionaires in the guide's history - from a peak of 177 in 2022 to 165 this year.

While the combined wealth of the list's 350 wealthiest individuals amounts to more than £795bn - larger than the GDP of Poland - the guide's compiler says time will tell what impact a drop in billionaires could have.

"This year's Sunday Times Rich List suggests Britain's billionaire boom has come to an end," Robert Watts said.

"Many of our home-grown entrepreneurs have seen their fortunes fall and some of the global super rich who came here are moving away."

Top of the list is British-Indian businessman Gopi Hinduja and his family, whose wealth of £37.2bn is the largest fortune in the ranking's history.

But other familiar names in the list saw their riches fall, with Sir Richard Branson's total dropping by £2.4bn, which is back to his 2000 level.

Last year's top climber Sir Jim Ratcliffe, who bought a stake in Manchester United this year, fell two positions with a decline of £6.1bn.

Euan Blair, Tony Blair's eldest son, made the list for the first time, as did Sir Lewis Hamilton.

It comes as the UK continues to deal with a cost-of-living crisis, with new figures this week revealing a record 3.1 million food bank parcels were distributed over the course of a year.

The top 10:

• Gopi Hinduja - £37.2bn
• Sir Leonard Blavtanik - £29.2bn
• David and Simon Reuben and family - £24.9bn
• Sir Jim Ratcliffe - £23.5bn
• Sir James Dyson and family - £20.8bn
• Barnaby and Merlin Swire and family - £17.2bn
• Idan Ofer - £14.9bn
• Lakshmi Mittal and family - £14.9bn
• Guy, George, Alannah and Galen Weston and family - £14.4bn
• John Fredriksen and family - £12.8bn

A group of social media influencers have been charged in relation to promoting an unauthorised investment scheme.

The Only Way Is Essex (TOWIE) original cast member Lauren Goodger, 37, former Love Island star Biggs Chris, 32, and Celebrity Big Brother winner Scott Timlin, 36, also known as Scotty T, are among seven TV personalities alleged to have been paid to promote the scheme to their combined 4.5 million Instagram followers.

The others charged by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) include former Love Islanders Rebecca Gormley, 26, Jamie Clayton, 32, and Eva Zapico, 25 and TOWIE member Yazmin Oukhellou, 30.

The UK's financial watchdog brought the charges in a crackdown on "finfluencers" who use their online platforms to offer advice and information on various financial topics.

It alleges that between 19 May 2018 and 13 April 2021 Emmanuel Nwanze, 30, and Holly Thompson, 33, used an Instagram account to provide advice on buying and selling investments known as contracts for difference (CFDs) when they were not authorised to do so.

The watchdog said CFDs were high-risk investments used to bet on the price of an asset, in this case the price of foreign currencies.

It previously warned that 80% of customers lost money when investing in CDFs.

Mr Nwanze has been charged with running the scheme. He faces one count of breaching the general prohibition of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, and one count of unauthorised communications of financial promotions.

Ms Thompson, Mr Chris, Mr Clayton, Ms Goodger, Ms Gormley, Ms Oukhellou, Mr Timlin and Ms Zapico each face one count of unauthorised communications of financial promotions.

All nine will appear at Westminster Magistrates Court on 13 June.

The FCA asked anyone who believed they had sustained a loss due to the scheme to contact its consumer contact centre.

A hotel part-owned by Gary Neville and other ex-Manchester United legends has been named one of the best places to work in hospitality. 

Each year, The Caterer releases its top 30 best places for employees in the sector, with the top six featuring some familiar names.

The list is compiled via anonymous employee survey - with no input from managers or owners. 

Hotel Football, the only hotel with a rooftop five-a-side pitch, was among the top six venues selected by employees across the UK. 

The hotel's benefits package was particularly well-praised by those who work there - given that it "prioritises the financial wellbeing of employees during the cost of living challenge".

Management at the hotel, which is situated next to Manchester United's Old Trafford stadium, was also praised for enhanced maternity, paternity, parental and adoption leave policies and a strong belief in diversity and inclusion. 

The other five to make up the top six are The Biltmore in Mayfair, Cycas Hospitality (which has 18 locations across the UK), Dalata (which boasts some 1,000 employees), Gleneagles Hotel in Edinburgh and Nobu Hotel in Shoreditch, London. 

The energy price cap is set to fall by about 7% in July, a leading thinktank has said. 

Cornwall Insights said: "For a typical dual fuel household, we predict the July price cap to be £1,574 per annum" - a drop from £1,690.

Looking further ahead, it forecasted the cap to rise again slightly in October, before falling again in January next year. 

Reacting to the news, Uswitch said the predicted drop was "clearly good news". 

"The future still remains uncertain, and with the price cap changing every three months – currently expected to rise in October before falling slightly in January –  it's crucial not to be complacent," Richard Neudegg, director of regulation, said. 

However, "a predicted 7% drop in energy prices in July is clearly good news, with the price cap looking likely to hit its lowest level in over two years", he said. 

He also urged  households who want to lock in rates for price certainty to run a comparison to see what energy tariffs are available to them.

"There are many 12-month fixed tariffs available at rates cheaper than the current price cap, and even some that are 2% below these new predicted July rates," he said. 

Cristiano Ronaldo has topped Forbes' list of highest-paid athletes for the fourth time in his career.

Ronaldo became the world's highest-paid athlete after his move to Saudi Arabian side Al Nassr and Forbes said the 39-year-old's estimated total earnings were around $260m (£205m) - an all-time high for a football player.

His on-field earnings amounted to $200m (£158m) while off-field he earned $60m (£47m) thanks to sponsorship deals where brands make use of his 629 million Instagram followers.

Spanish golfer Jon Rahm took second place following his switch to Saudi-backed LIV Golf.

Rahm earned $218m (£172m) and joins Ronaldo as the only two athletes to earn over $200m.

Third on the list is record eight-time Ballon d'Or winner Lionel Messi, who switched to Major League Soccer team Inter Miami, which helped the Argentine World Cup winner earn $135m (£107m).

The 36-year-old earned $65m (£51m) in on-field earnings but $70m (£55m) off it from deals with major sponsors such as Adidas and Apple.

Los Angeles Lakers forward LeBron James came in fourth at $128m (£101m), while fellow NBA star Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks made fifth with $111m (£88m).

France football captain Kylian Mbappe dropped down to sixth with $110m (£87m).

French striker Karim Benzema, who also moved to Saudi Arabia, is eighth on the list with $106m (£84m), followed by Golden State Warriors guard Stephen Curry with $102m (£80m).

Lamar Jackson is the only NFL player on the list, in 10th place with $101m (£80m), thanks to the signing bonus negotiated into his new Baltimore Ravens contract last year.

The number of new pupils joining private schools has fallen by  2.7% since last year, according to the latest figures.

Data from the Independent Schools Council (ISC) shows families are now paying more than £18,000 a year on average to send their children to private school.

This is an 8% rise in school fees for the 2023-2024 academic year compared with the year before.

But as fees soar, figures show a 2.7% drop in the number of new pupil applications - this is the biggest fall since the ISC started collecting data in 2011.

Every Friday we get an overview of the mortgage market with independent experts from  Moneyfactscompare.co.uk . Today, finance expert Rachel Springall outlines what's been happening within the buy-to-let market…

A handful of lenders moved to tweak the fixed rates they charge on buy-to-let mortgages over the past week. 

Paragon Bank launched some new "portfolio" and "green" fixed mortgages, and Aldermore pulled its limited edition five-year fixed rates, max 65% loan-to-value. 

Buckinghamshire Building Society also launched new deals onto the market, and Claire Askham, head of mortgage sales said: "The decision to increase our BTL lending to 80% represents a positive move for the sector as we continue to see landlords appraising their portfolios through divesting, refinancing and taking advantage of a variety of property-related opportunities as they arise."

Week on week, there has been minor moves to the overall average fixed buy-to-let rates, with the two-year remaining unchanged at 5.62% and the five-year falling by 0.02% to 5.59%.

This week the lowest two-year fix for buy-to-let customers at 75% loan-to-value comes from Metro Bank, priced at 4.19%, which charges a percentage booking fee of 5.00% of the mortgage advance and is available to second-time buyers and remortgage customers borrowing a maximum of £2m. 

There is another option from the same lender which carries an incentive package just for remortgage customers, but it has a lower maximum advance of £1.5m.

If you are looking to borrow more, then Suffolk Building Society has the lowest two-year fix for buy-to-let customers at 80% loan-to-value priced at 4.79% for second-time buyers and remortgage customers. 

The deal charges a percentage completion fee of 3.00% of the mortgage advance as well as a flat £199 booking fee.

Remortgage customers will receive a free valuation and free legal fees incentive.

A five-year fixed buy-to-let mortgage may be more appealing for you to guarantee your monthly repayments for longer. 

If you looking to borrow at 75% loan-to-value, HSBC has a deal for remortgage customers priced at 4.33%, which carries a free valuation and free legal fees incentive package but charges a flat £3,999 product fee.

If you are looking to borrow more, then Furness Building Society has the lowest five-year fixed buy-to-let deal at 80% loan-to-value priced at 5.39% for second-time buyers and remortgage customers. It charges a booking fee of £995 and includes an £250 cashback incentive. 

Remortgage customers will also receive a free valuation. This deal also happens to be a Best Buy for a five-year fixed deal at 80% loan-to-value.

Best Buy alternatives

The lowest buy-to-let rates may carry both a flat product fee and an arrangement fee which is based on a percentage of the mortgage advance, so a Best Buy package may be more suitable if you are looking to save on the upfront cost of any deal. 

You might also want a deal to cover a valuation or legal fees. A Best Buy buy-to-let mortgage could be the most cost-effective choice in this instance, but it's worth seeking advice before entering any arrangement.

This week the top packages on a two-year fixed buy-to-let deal at 75% loan-to-value comes from HSBC, priced at 4.69%, which comes with a free valuation and charges a £3,999 product fee and is available to second-time buyers. 

If you want a loan with a lower upfront fee, then HSBC also has a Best Buy deal priced at 4.94% at 75% loan-to-value, which carries a free valuation and charges a £1,999 product fee and is available to second-time buyers.

If you are looking to borrow more, then Furness Building Society has a Best Buy two-year fixed buy-to-let deal priced at 5.73% at 80% loan-to-value for second-time buyers and remortgage customers. It charges a fee of £995 and includes a £250 cashback incentive. Remortgage customers will also receive a free valuation.

A five-year fixed buy-to-let mortgage may be more appealing for you to guarantee your monthly repayments for longer. If you looking to borrow at 75% loan-to-value, HSBC has a Best Buy deal priced at 4.39%, which carries a free valuation and charges a £3,999 product fee. 

If you want a loan with a lower upfront fee, then HSBC also has a Best Buy deal priced at 4.64% at 75% loan-to-value, which carries a free valuation and charges a £1,999 product fee.

If you are looking to borrow more, then Furness Building Society has a Best Buy five-year fixed buy-to-let deal priced at 5.39% at 80% loan-to-value for second-time buyers and remortgage customers. 

It charges a booking fee of £995 and includes an £250 cashback incentive. Remortgage customers will also receive a free valuation. This deal also happens to be the lowest rate on a five-year fixed deal at 80% loan-to-value.

By James Sillars , business reporter

A lack of strong corporate updates did for the FTSE 100 on Thursday.

A flat end to the day has been followed by a flat end to the week, with the index falling almost 0.1% to 8,433 in early deals on Friday.

Very little around for investors to ponder.

Developments this morning included pharmaceutical firm GSK saying it had raised £1.25bn from selling its entire remaining stake in Haleon.

The consumer healthcare firm was spun out of GSK almost two years ago.

One other announcement of note came from Sainsbury's.

It revealed a five-year strategic partnership with Microsoft that will see generative AI used to boost personalised shopping experiences for consumers, improve search functions and make staff working practices more efficient.

The financial terms were not disclosed. Its shares were 0.4% higher.

Away from the equity markets, it's worth taking a quick look at how oil is finishing the week.

Brent crude is trading above $83 a barrel on evidence of rising demand.

Prices at these levels should not have an impact at the fuel pumps but small recent declines in average costs could be reversed if the upwards oil price trend continues.

Greggs will open eight stores in the next few weeks, as the company continues its expansion plans 

The bakery said it would open a total of 180 new branches before the end of this year. 

We were told earlier this year that the famous sausage roll-seller would open new stores in London, Cambridge and Sale, but Greggs has now revealed where its next eight new branches will be. 

Here are the locations of the eight new sights, revealed by the bakery to The Sun:

• Saffron Walden, Market Place, England
• Bangor, Carnarfon Road, Wales
• Birmingham Prime Park, England
• Brierley Hill, Merryhill, England
• Consett Delves Lane Drive Thru, County Durham, England
• Edinburgh, 60-61 Seafield Road, Scotland
• Glasgow, Argyle St, Scotland
• Porth, U3C Geilligron IE, Wales

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Strongest Characters in The Case Study of Vanitas: Vanitas, Noe, & More

T he Case Study of Vanitas is a story based in a fictional 19th-century Paris where humans and vampires share the city. The story revolves around Vanitas and his companion, Noe Archiviste. They are on a quest to heal cursed vampires through the Book of Vanitas. It goes into detail about the Vampire born under the Blue Moon. He was isolated because of their fear, and thus, he swore vengeance against the vampires born under the Red Moon. His name was none other than Vanitas. The narrative is a memoir from the eyes of Noe Archiviste. He delves into how he came to meet Vanitas, their journey together, and how it eventually ends.  

Vanitas 

While he derives his name from an old vampire and uses his grimoire The Book of Vanitas. One wouldn't be harshly criticized if they had mistaken Vanitas for a vampire. And that speaks for Vanitas himself, who is a human first and foremost. While he isn't physically weak, he compensates for his lack of strength with his intelligence and grimoire. A combination of these two allows him to manipulate the actual names of vampires, making him a formidable presence within the series.

Noe Archiviste 

The sole survivor of the Archiviste clan, Noe is the narrator of the series and accompanies Vanitas on his journey of curing Vampires. While one may argue that Noe has been defeated several times within the series. It might be accurate, but his compassion and kindness prevent him from having a severe physical altercation.

Despite being a vampire himself, Noe treats vampires and humans as equally good creatures. It’s this good virtue that pulls him down from time to time. But make no mistake, with his ability to relive memories just by drinking the respective person's blood. It is safe to say one wouldn't want to get on his wrong side.

Lucius Oriflamme

He is one of the most powerful and influential characters in The Case Study of Vanitas. Despite his young age, he serves as the Grand Duke to the Vampire Queen herself. He's an aristocrat through and through.

Despite his childlike demeanor, he's quite skilled at manipulating others with his strategic ploys and engagement in political scenarios to further his motive and maintain his clan's position of power. To top it off, he holds Jeanne as his Chevalier.

Prolific, Revered, and the guardian of Lucius Oriflamme, Ruthven is often considered one of the most essential characters in The Case Study of Vanitas. Playing a pivotal role in ending the war between humans and vampires, he now finds himself as a member of the Senate and is well-known amongst humans as well.

He sought peace between humans and vampires during the war, even acting as a peacemaker. Having been betrayed by his students, he no longer shares the same passion and is ready to use any means to seek his desires. Cold, ruthless, and feared by vampire society, with his powers yet to be showcased, he's just a testament to the man that is Ruthven.

Jean-Jacques Chastel

Chastel is the protector and longtime companion of Chloe d'Apchier and the last surviving member of the d'Apchiers. His loyalty knows no bounds, as he goes on to sign a contract with the devil itself just to realize Chloe's wish. He turns himself into the very beast the village feared in exchange for his actual name. He wreaks havoc on anyone who tries to hurt Chloe, a symbol of his genuine and sincere feelings towards her.

The post Strongest Characters in The Case Study of Vanitas: Vanitas, Noe, & More appeared first on ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV & Streaming News, and More .

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Special counsel accused of 'grotesquely dishonest' exhibits in Hunter Biden case

Sarah K. Burris

Senior editor, sarah burris is a long-time veteran of political campaigns, having worked as a fundraiser and media director across the united states. she transitioned into reporting while working for rock the vote, future majority and wiretap magazine, covering the millennial generation's perspective during the presidential elections. as a political writer, burris has had bylines at cnn, salon.com, bnr, and alternet and serves as a senior digital editor for rawstory.com..

Women in Media Cente

National security expert Marcy Wheeler has been closely following the Hunter Biden case while the world is captivated by the ongoing Donald Trump saga unfolding in Manhattan.

Wheeler argued that special counsel David Weiss is continuing to try to block Biden's full book from being admitted into evidence. Instead, he wants only certain excerpts admitted — and that, she says, twists the narrative.

Biden stands accused of violating laws that restrict drug users from purchasing a gun. He allegedly checked a box saying he was not on drugs while making a purchase — and later wrote in his book that he was.

Weiss submitted a motion to admit only portions of the book and audiobook and to exclude what he characterized as "self-serving statements," court documents show.

"The selections are not surprising. But in two ways, they are grotesquely dishonest. First, the chosen excerpts misleadingly lead from something that happened in August 2018," wrote Wheeler.

Read Also: Hunter Biden wants to testify openly — but Republicans won’t let him

The excerpt talks about how things were going well until Biden relapsed in Aug. 2018. Weiss then jumps to a story of Biden staying in a number of seedy motels off of I-95. As Wheeler explained, one would assume that these two events happened directly after each other.

The reality is that in the book, they're six months apart, and Weiss takes an excerpt from another part of the book, putting in an ellipsis.

Weiss included the excerpt: “I returned [to the East Coast] that fall of 2018, after my most recent relapse in California, with the hope of getting clean through a new therapy . . . Neither happened.”

The reality is that Biden's comment, "neither happened," came before he said he was going to try a new therapy and related to his reconciliation with his wife after the relapse.

"Next on my agenda was getting clean," the book says. "I drove up to Newburyport, Massachusetts, an old New England shipbuilding-turned-tourist town thirty-five miles north of Boston. A therapist ran a wellness center where he practiced a drug addiction therapy known as ketamine infusion. I would make two trips up there, staying for about six weeks on the first visit, returning to Maryland, then heading back for a couple weeks of follow-up in February of the new year."

At another point, Weiss misrepresents the timeline again, saying that it was the fall of 2018 when Biden was smoking crack in a Massachusetts Super 8 motel room . It was in Feb. 2019.

According to Wheeler, at no point in the book does Biden describe his "state of mind when he was in Delaware, when he owned the gun."

Weiss also wants to exclude a part of the book that talks about the "new therapy" making his condition much worse.

"The therapy’s results were disastrous," Biden says. "I was in no way ready to process the feelings it unloosed or prompted by reliving past physical and emotional traumas. So I backslid."

Wheeler assessed, "I get what self-serving hearsay is. This is not it (though Judge Noreika has thus far been wildly favorable to Weiss’ misrepresentations)."

Read her full details here.

Stories Chosen For You

Should trump be allowed to run for office, fury hits gop as it claims democratic ex-soldier with jewish children is backing hamas.

The Republican congressional committee that supports incumbent GOP members has accused a Democratic former soldier of supporting Hamas.

Due to redistricting, Rep. Pat Ryan (D-NY) is now in a race against a colleague, Rep. Anthony D’Esposito (R-NY) In a post, the GOP is claiming that Ryan said, "I support Hamas."

The Friday blog post from the National Republican Campaign Committee attributes the statement as a direct quote from Ryan, and tries to justify it by saying that Ryan voted against a bill that would condemn President Joe Biden for pausing the aid package to ensure human rights laws are being followed.

Only 16 Democrats voted for the bill. Ryan supported the funding and arms package for Israel in the April vote.

Read Also: 'Pretty dismissive': Republican says most House colleagues don't back MTG's speaker fight

But the NRCC claims that voting against the GOP's condemnation bill is the same as saying he supports Hamas.

The GOP's problem is that Ryan, a West Point graduate, has a history of fighting antisemitism because his children have been raised Jewish.

Eight months before Hamas kidnapped and killed hundreds of people in Israel, Ryan was talking to Jewish Insider in Feb. 2023 about his efforts "to combat antisemitism, counter Iranian malign activities and support the U.S.-Israel relationship."

Ryan explained on X that, beyond the love of his family, he fought groups like Hamas directly. The New York lawmaker served two tours in Iraq as a military intelligence officer and spent two years in Afghanistan working for a military subcontractor.

For him, comments like these are personal because terrorist groups like Hamas killed friends and colleagues while he was in combat, his congressional biography says .

"I put my life on the line for our country, and lost friends and fellow soldiers in combat to Iran-backed terror groups like Hamas. I read their names daily on the memorial bracelet I wear," Ryan wrote.

He then called on D’Esposito, "If you have any respect for our veterans," that he demanded the "shameful lie" be taken "down immediately" by the Republican Party site.

D’Esposito never served in the military, but he was a New York Police Department officer, where he received complaints of excessive force and had charges filed against him for an improper search, ProPublica reported .

Nancy Pelosi pleads for 'very long' prison sentence for husband's hammer attacker

Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) is asking a court to impose a "very long" sentence of the conspiracy theorist who broke into her home and brutally attacked her elderly husband.

The former House speaker's husband Paul Pelosi says he still suffers from dizziness, headaches, balance problems, nerve pain and walking challenges after David DePape attacked him with a hammer in October 2022, just before the midterm elections, reported CBS News .

"A violent man broke into our home, threatened to kidnap me and – in his own words – made my husband Paul 'take the punishment' in my absence with a near-fatal attack with a hammer," the veteran lawmaker wrote to the court. "Paul and I have not discussed the events of that horrible night. Paul doesn't want to undergo revisiting it, and the doctors' advice is that discussing the vicious assault would only renew his trauma."

Her chief of staff Terri McCollough wrote a separate letter reminded the sentencing judge that rioters had broken into the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, and many of them can be heard chanting, "Where's Nancy?" as they sought to prevent the certification of Joe Biden's election win over Donald Trump .

ALSO READ: Federal Election Commission kills anonymous donor proposal

"We could not imagine anything worse could happen in our world," McCullough wrote. "Yet I did, because of this defendant's actions. 'Where's Nancy?' he asked. After the brutal attack of Mr. Pelosi in October 2022, we knew the Speaker and her family were not safe in their own homes."

The Justice Department is seeking 40 years in prison for Depape, 44, who was convicted late last year on charges of attempted kidnapping of a federal official and assault on the immediate family member of a federal official.

DePape testified during his trial that he broke into the couple's San Francisco home intending to hold the then-speaker hostage and "break her kneecaps" if she lied to him, and he admitted to bludgeoning her husband with the hammer after police arrived.

Revealed: Data breach exposes staggering sums gambled by GOP legislator

Michigan state Rep. Matt Hall, an election denier and now House minority leader, placed more than $2,200 in bets a day on an online gambling website, according to a new report.

A Democratic source provided Rolling Stone with screenshots showing the Republican legislator's account on the Action Network sports gambling website, where he placed roughly $73,000 in bets for a net loss of $9,000, with most of that activity happening within his first month of opening the account in January 2018.

The amount Hall wagered in those 33 days is more than the entire yearly salary of a state legislator, which at that time was $71,685. The bets were made eight months before he was elected and nearly two years before Democratic Gov. Gretchen Whitmer signed legalized gambling into law in December 2019.

“This accusation, stemming from before Leader Hall was even in the Legislature, is blatantly untrue,” said Greg Manz, spokesman for the Michigan House Republican Campaign Committee.

“Sadly, Rolling Stone would rather employ tabloid tactics, act as liberal activists, and do the bidding of feckless House Democrats, than practice journalistic integrity," the spokesman added. "Michigan House Democrats, who fielded their weakest recruitment class in decades, reek of desperation because come January 2025 when Leader Hall is Speaker Hall, they will no longer be able to dole out corporate welfare, raise taxes on working families, and keep low-income students trapped in failing schools.”

Hall's gambling habits have been previously reported after his then-girlfriend called 911 in September 2019 to report that he was driving dangerously fast in a rush to place bets across the state line in Indiana.

“Maybe you shouldn’t gamble so much,” the girlfriend said in a recording she made of the incident, and Hall reportedly told her to "shut up."

Hall initially refused to take his girlfriend home, saying his gambling was more important, and after he eventually dropped her off police recommended charging him with domestic assault, malicious destruction of property, and interfering with a 911 call for damaging her phone, but he was never arrested.

The state legislator said that getting legalized sports gambling passed was one of the main reasons he had run for office, but shortly after he was elected he invited Donald Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani to testify about false election fraud conspiracy theories in a lengthy hearing lampooned on "Saturday Day Night Live."

Hall's gambling history was revealed after a data breach at the Action Network site he used to track his bets across five separate sports books.

When it comes to 'rage' of rural voters, liberals may not be asking the right question

Democratic congressman commits massive stock law violation, delay, delay: lauren boebert keeping personal finances secret until after gop primary.

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Simulation of the sulfide phase formation in a KhN60VT alloy

• Simulation of Metallurgical and Thermal Processes
• Published: 23 September 2017
• Volume 2017 , pages 447–453, ( 2017 )

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• I. V. Kabanov 1 ,
• E. V. Butskii 1 ,
• K. V. Grigorovich 2 &
• A. M. Arsenkin 2  

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The conditions of the existence of sulfide phases in Fe–Ni–S alloys and four-component Fe–50 wt % Ni–0.001 wt % S– R ( R is an alloying or impurity element from the TCFE7 database) systems are studied using the Thermo-Calc software package and the TCFE7 database. The modification of nickel superalloys by calcium or magnesium is shown to increase their ductility due to partial desulfurization, the suppression of the formation of harmful sulfide phases, and the uniform formation of strong sulfides in the entire temperature range of metal solidification. The manufacturability of superalloys can decrease at a too high calcium or magnesium content because of the formation of intermetallics with a low melting temperature along grain boundaries.

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CALPHAD-Based Modeling and Experimental Validation of Silicon Effect on the Solidification Behavior of Novel SiNb Cast Irons

H.-P. Chen, R. K. Kalia, E. Kaxiras, G. Lu, A. Nakano, N. Kenichi, A.C.T. van Duin, P. Vashishta, and Z. Yuan, Physical Review Letters, No. 104, 155502 (2010).

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On the Centenary of Plant “Elektrostal”

Original Russian Text © I.V. Kabanov, E.V. Butskii, K.V. Grigorovich, A.M. Arsenkin, 2017, published in Elektrometallurgiya, 2017, No. 3, pp. 13–21.

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Kabanov, I.V., Butskii, E.V., Grigorovich, K.V. et al. Simulation of the sulfide phase formation in a KhN60VT alloy. Russ. Metall. 2017 , 447–453 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029517060106

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Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

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This study illustrates the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth and land use changes in Samara city, Russia from 1975 to 2015. Landsat satellite imageries of five different time periods from 1975 to 2015 were acquired and quantify the changes with the help of ArcGIS 10.1 Software. By applying classification methods to the satellite images four main types of land use were extracted: water, built-up, forest and grassland. Then, the area coverage for all the land use types at different points in time were measured and coupled with population data. The results demonstrate that, over the entire study period, population was increased from 1146 thousand people to 1244 thousand from 1975 to 1990 but later on first reduce and then increase again, now 1173 thousand population. Builtup area is also change according to population. The present study revealed an increase in built-up by 37.01% from 1975 to 1995, than reduce -88.83% till 2005 and an increase by 39.16% from 2005 to 2015, along w...

Elena Milanova

Land use/Cover Change in Russia within the context of global challenges. The paper presents the results of a research project on Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) in Russia in relations with global problems (climate change, environment and biodiversity degradation). The research was carried out at the Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University on the basis of the combination of remote sensing and in-field data of different spatial and temporal resolution. The original methodology of present-day landscape interpretation for land cover change study has been used. In Russia the major driver of land use/land cover change is agriculture. About twenty years ago the reforms of Russian agriculture were started. Agricultural lands in many regions were dramatically impacted by changed management practices, resulted in accelerated erosion and reduced biodiversity. Between the natural factors that shape agriculture in Russia, climate is the most important one. The study of long-term and short-ter...

Annals of The Association of American Geographers

Land use and land cover change is a complex process, driven by both natural and anthropogenic transformations (Fig. 1). In Russia, the major driver of land use / land cover change is agriculture. It has taken centuries of farming to create the existing spatial distribution of agricultural lands. Modernization of Russian agriculture started fifteen years ago. It has brought little change in land cover, except in the regions with marginal agriculture, where many fields were abandoned. However, in some regions, agricultural lands were dramatically impacted by changed management practices, resulting in accelerating erosion and reduced biodiversity. In other regions, federal support and private investments in the agricultural sector, especially those made by major oil and financial companies, has resulted in a certain land recovery. Between the natural factors that shape the agriculture in Russia, climate is the most important one. In the North European and most of the Asian part of the ...

Ekonomika poljoprivrede

Vasilii Erokhin

Journal of Rural Studies

judith pallot

In recent decades, Russia has experienced substantial transformations in agricultural land tenure. Post-Soviet reforms have shaped land distribution patterns but the impacts of these on agricultural use of land remain under-investigated. On a regional scale, there is still a knowledge gap in terms of knowing to what extent the variations in the compositions of agricultural land funds may be explained by changes in the acreage of other land categories. Using a case analysis of 82 of Russia’s territories from 2010 to 2018, the authors attempted to study the structural variations by picturing the compositions of regional land funds and mapping agricultural land distributions based on ranking “land activity”. Correlation analysis of centered log-ratio transformed compositional data revealed that in agriculture-oriented regions, the proportion of cropland was depressed by agriculture-to-urban and agriculture-to-industry land loss. In urbanized territories, the compositions of agricultura...

Open Geosciences

Alexey Naumov

Despite harsh climate, agriculture on the northern margins of Russia still remains the backbone of food security. Historically, in both regions studied in this article – the Republic of Karelia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – agricultural activities as dairy farming and even cropping were well adapted to local conditions including traditional activities such as horse breeding typical for Yakutia. Using three different sources of information – official statistics, expert interviews, and field observations – allowed us to draw a conclusion that there are both similarities and differences in agricultural development and land use of these two studied regions. The differences arise from agro-climate conditions, settlement history, specialization, and spatial pattern of economy. In both regions, farming is concentrated within the areas with most suitable natural conditions. Yet, even there, agricultural land use is shrinking, especially in Karelia. Both regions are prone to being af...

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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