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A Guide for Music Citation - Chicago/Turabian Style

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• Since theses and dissertations are unpublished, the title is given in quotation marks rather than italics.
• For a thesis, replace "PhD diss." with "master's thesis."
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Music: Dissertations

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Dissertations on music

Oxford dissertations  have traditionally been deposited in hard-copy in the Bodleian and are treated as manuscripts. All doctoral dissertations now have entries on SOLO  and many more recent theses are available in full-text through Oxford's research repository ORA . Composition degrees also involve the deposit of portfolio submissions or degree 'exercises', many of which (some dating back to the 18th century) are held in the Weston Library.

For general information on accessing theses and dissertations, click here .

The principal published lists of dissertations on music are:

• Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology – Online . DDM  is a free international database of bibliographic records for completed dissertations and new dissertation topics in the fields of musicology, music theory, and ethnomusicology, as well as in related musical, scientific, and humanistic disciplines. Hosted by the American Musicological Society, the database currently containing over 14,000 records, including the corrected and updated contents of all earlier printed editions of Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology and its supplements contributed from musicological centres throughout the world.
• ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (PQDT) is the world's most comprehensive collection of full-text dissertations and theses in all subjects. As the official digital dissertations archive for the Library of Congress and as the database of record for graduate research, PQDTGlobal includes millions of searchable citations to dissertations and theses from 1861 to the present day together with over a million full-text dissertations that are available for download in PDF format. Over 2.1 million titles are available for purchase as printed copies. The database offers full text for most of the dissertations added since 1997 and strong retrospective full-text coverage for older graduate works. It also includes content from PQDT UK & Ireland (aka Index to Theses). 
• EThOS (Electronic Theses Online Service) is a British Library service covering dissertations from most British universities. Search over 500,000 doctoral theses and register for free to download instantly for your research, or order a scanned copy quickly and easily. Hard-copy theses can sometimes be made available in the Bodleian on Inter-Library Loan .
• Archive of Dissertation Abstracts in Music  provides abstracts both to completed dissertations and to those in progress.

Other sources for European dissertations:

• DART-Europe E-theses Portal  provides access to 1,079,176 open access research theses from 570 Universities in 29 European countries.
• Full retrospective lists of German-language dissertations to 1970 will be found in Richard Schaal: Verzeichnis deutschsprachiger musikwissenschaftlicher Dissertationen (Bärenreiter, 1963; with supplement 1974). Retrospective coverage of French dissertations will be found in Jean Gribenski's printed guide: Thèses de doctorat en langue française relatives à la musique (Pendragon Press, 1979).
• Many printed dissertations from European universities, and a small number of American dissertations, are held by the Bodleian. Most can be found on SOLO .
• << Previous: Online Resources
• Next: Collections overview >>
• Last Updated: Apr 24, 2024 11:21 AM
• URL: https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/music

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Dissertations and Theses

• ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global Includes millions of searchable citations to dissertations and theses from 1861 to the present day together with over a million full-text dissertations that are available for download in PDF format. The database offers full-text for most of the dissertations added since 1997 and strong retrospective full-text coverage for older graduate works. It includes the more than 28,000 Yale PhD and MD theses (1861-present). Of these, more than 18,500 are in full-text: almost all since 1960, and selected dissertations back to 1868. It also includes PQDT UK & Ireland content.
• Articles+ Dissertations It can be easier to locate a known dissertation by author and title using Articles+ (which searches against ProQuest Dissertations & Theses) and limiting to dissertations. The link above has already been limited to dissertations.

Search for dissertations in Quicksearch:

The Music Library has purchased many copies of dissertations from other universities.  Most Yale dissertations that are not full-text in ProQuest (above) are available in paper or microfilm for reading, scanning, or printing.

Dissertations can be located in Quicksearch by: (1) Entering the author or title in the Basic Search box. Remember to enclose exact word-by-word phrases in quotation marks.

(2) Using the Quicksearch Books+ Advanced Search:

• To browse all dissertations & theses, leave the search rows empty, enter All fields: music, or enter your search terms in the search boxes
• Limit by Format: Dissertation & Theses
• Limit by Location: Music Library (optional) 

(a) The example below shows a blank search limited to Dissertations & Theses format and Music Library location: 2,713 results.

 (b) Refine your search using the facets on the left of the results screen.

3) If you do not locate a Yale dissertation in Quicksearch, check the card catalog at Manuscripts and Archives. Except for some early dissertations that are not available, the originals of all Yale dissertations are held at Manuscripts and Archives.

Finding Dissertations Online - Additional Resources

• Dart-Europe E-Theses Portal
• Dissertation Express
• Dissertationsmeldestelle der Gesellschaft fur Musikforschung
• Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology
• EDT Digital Library
• Music Theory Online Dissertation Index
• OhioLink ETD Center
• Theses Canada Portal
• WorldCat (OCLC)
• Archive of Dissertation Abstracts in Music (Europe).
• Finding Dissertations on Music (Indiana U guide)

How to get a copy

If you find a dissertation that you need, but there is not a full text link, there are several options: search for it at Yale, borrow a copy through Borrow Direct or Interlibrary Loan (ILL) , or request that the library purchase a copy.  You may also purchase a copy in various formats.

Citing Electronic Resources

There are three major citation styles used in the humanities, social sciences, and some scientific disciplines. Consult one of the following official style manuals :

• APA Style The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA Style Center Website with updates and tips for the Modern Language Association's 8th edition of the MLA Handbook (see entry below). Includes a Quick Guide to works cited, an FAQ, and posts on topics such as URLs and citing ebooks.
• The Chicago Manual of Style online With state-of-the-art recommendations on editorial style and publishing practices in the digital age, The Chicago Manual of Style is the must-have reference for everyone who works with words.
• The Columbia guide to online style Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor. A guide to locating, translating, and using the elements of citation for both a humanities style (i.e., MLA and Chicago) and a scientific style (APA and CBE) for electronically-accessed sources. Access is available to the Yale Community. Often preferred in history and many other disciplines.
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• Last Updated: Feb 22, 2024 1:01 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.yale.edu/music-research

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Music Citation Guide: Dissertations & Theses

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Citation Examples By Format

Need more help.

Dissertations and theses are actually unpublished documents, which is why they aren't cited using the same method used for books. 

Citations include the name of the institution that conferred the degree and the type of degree associated with the document (D.M.A., PhD, Master's, etc.)

Citation Templates and Examples

  print dissertations & theses (apa 7.05).

  Online Dissertations & Theses (APA 7.05.41)

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• Last Updated: Dec 14, 2023 10:40 AM
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Citation Styles for Music

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Web Resources

• Citation Guide - MLA Style (Butler)
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Works Cited

In-text citations.

In MLA Style, parenthetical references are used when quoting or referring to sources consulted in the body of the document.  After a quote or paraphrase, a reference including the author's name and other attributing information will be enclosed in parentheses.   For a complete description of how to compose parenthetical references, consult the following resources.

• MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics (Purdue University)
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Completing and publishing your thesis or dissertation.

• UW Graduate School Thesis/Dissertation Information Page Language and formatting information (including title page template), guidelines for submitting and publishing; FAQ's

Finding Dissertations in Music

Use the following resources to find dissertations on topics in music. Digital Dissertations in Musicology provides citations to music specific dissertations. Dissertations & Theses full text is a good source for downloadable PDFs of many dissertations, especially those completed since 1997.

• Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology Records of dissertations (completed and in progress) in musicology, music theory, and ethnomusicology, as well as in related musical, scientific, and humanistic disciplines . Records include title, author, and school, as well as RILM number and UM number (use this last one, as "Publication/Order no." to find abstract or full text in Dissertations & theses full text ).
• Research Works Search for recent theses and dissertations by UW students. You may also add your own thesis or dissertation to this collection.

Foreign Dissertations

• Center for Research Libraries CRL holds more than 800,000 doctoral dissertations and Habilitationsschriften from universities outside of the U.S. and Canada. The collection was built by deposits from member libraries and exchange or depository arrangements with almost 100 universities.
• EThOS Search across 250,000+ UK theses for free and order full text quickly and easily.
• Theses Canada publicly accessible database of dissertations from Canadian universities
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• Last Updated: Apr 25, 2024 11:43 AM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/musiceducation

Finding Music Materials

Why use dissertations for your research.

Dissertations are excellent sources of trustworthy, thorough, and narrowly-focused research. They represent the cutting-edge of research on music, and provide in-depth analysis of everything for composers' styles, their works, and their lives. For performers, dissertations can be great sources for annotated bibliographies of repertoire, and they can also include detailed examination of specific works that can help with everything from tonal analysis to performance practice. Lastly, they include really helpful bibliographies and lists of references that can help you to find other relevant sources for your own research.

The dissertation databases below represent a range of resources:

• Some provide   full-text access  to PDFs of dissertations (look for the PDF icon or a button that says download PDF)  
• Others list author names and other publication information that you can use to place a request for the item through interlibrary loan . 

Top pick for finding dissertations: ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global

• Dissertations and Theses Global This link opens in a new window Collection of dissertations and theses from around the world, offering millions of works from thousands of universities. Each year hundreds of thousands of works are added. Full-text coverage spans from 1743 to the present, with citation coverage dating back to 1637.

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses should be your first stop for searching for dissertations because:

TIP: Want to see what dissertations are available from other institutions around the world and that you can't access through ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global? Check out the links at the bottom of this page, and contact Jessica Abbazio, Music Librarian, at [email protected] for help!

What to do when you can't access a pdf/the full text of a dissertation.

• Some provide full-text access to PDFs of dissertations (look for the PDF icon or a button that says download PDF)  
• Others list author names and other publication information that you can use to place a request for the item through interlibrary loan . If you locate a dissertation you need but can't access a full-text document, try clicking the maroon and gold M-Find It button (if you see one):

Clicking the M-Find It button will take you to the Libraries catalog, where you should click on the Interlibrary Loan (ILL) link to place a request through the ILL system:

If you don't see an M-Find It button, you can place a request for the item by filling out a form on the the Libraries Interlibrary Loan page:

• Visit the ILL homepage at  lib.umn.edu/interlibraryloan  

• Once you're logged in with your University ID and password, fill out the form with as much information as you have about the dissertation (NOTE: If you found the resource in one of the dissertation databases below, it's helpful to keep that page open in a tab on your browser; all of the information you'll need to complete this form should be available for you to copy and paste from the database.)

Questions? Need help? Contact Jessica Abbazio, Music Librarian, at [email protected]

Find dissertations and conference papers.

• Center for Research Libraries Global Resources Network Looking for a dissertation that was not published in the US or Canada? Search for it in the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) Global Resources Network. Not finding the dissertation you're looking for? Contact Jessica Abbazio, Music Librarian, at [email protected] to learn about options.
• DART Europe e-Theses Portal Access to over 800,00 open access research theses from 617 Universities in 28 European countries.
• Dissertationsmeldestelle der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung Open repository of German-language dissertations from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany. Some publications from other European countries are included. Documents date from 1998 and later.
• Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology The American Musicological Society's Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology (DDM) is an international database of bibliographic records for completed dissertations and new dissertation topics in the fields of musicology, music theory, and ethnomusicology, as well as in related musical, scientific, and humanistic disciplines. The fully searchable database containing over 16,400 records, including the corrected and updated contents of all earlier printed editions of Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology and supplements contributed from musicological centers throughout the world. Records include normal bibliographic information as well as publication details and internet availability (if available). DDM does not include the dissertations themselves.
• ERIC Education (Ebscohost) ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) is a database of full-text education literature and resources. With coverage dating back to 1966, it is essential for education researchers of all kinds.
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations A free catalog of over 5 million electronic theses and dissertations published by an international group of around 175 institutions.
• RILM Abstracts of Music Literature with Full Text RILM Abstracts of Music Literature with Full Text is a comprehensive bibliography of writings about music featuring citations, abstracts, and indexes. It covers over one million publications from the early 19th century to the present on traditional music, popular music, classical music, and related subjects, enhanced with the full text of more than 200 periodicals.
• Theses Canada Portal Free database of over 500,000 Canadian theses dating from 1965 and later. Theses Canada is a collaborative program between Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and nearly 70 universities accredited by Universities Canada. Documents completed in 1998 and later are available in full text; earlier publications are available in microform through interlibrary loan.
• University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy The University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (UDC) is a venue for faculty to deposit open access copies of their scholarly work, a showcase for select student works, such as dissertations and honors theses, a home to the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota (DRUM), and centralized, searchable access to institutional digital records including those of the University of Minnesota Archives.
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How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

A dissertation is a unique type of source. It is a finished, stand-alone work written under the auspices of an institution. In a change from the previous edition of the MLA Handbook ,    we do not distinguish between published and unpublished dissertations. To cite a dissertation, include in the entry the author, title, and date of publication as core elements. As an optional element, list the institution granting the degree and a description of the work.

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.

If you accessed the dissertation through an online repository, include this fact as the title of the second container:

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

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Title: comprehensive causal machine learning.

Abstract: Uncovering causal effects at various levels of granularity provides substantial value to decision makers. Comprehensive machine learning approaches to causal effect estimation allow to use a single causal machine learning approach for estimation and inference of causal mean effects for all levels of granularity. Focusing on selection-on-observables, this paper compares three such approaches, the modified causal forest (mcf), the generalized random forest (grf), and double machine learning (dml). It also provides proven theoretical guarantees for the mcf and compares the theoretical properties of the approaches. The findings indicate that dml-based methods excel for average treatment effects at the population level (ATE) and group level (GATE) with few groups, when selection into treatment is not too strong. However, for finer causal heterogeneity, explicitly outcome-centred forest-based approaches are superior. The mcf has three additional benefits: (i) It is the most robust estimator in cases when dml-based approaches underperform because of substantial selectivity; (ii) it is the best estimator for GATEs when the number of groups gets larger; and (iii), it is the only estimator that is internally consistent, in the sense that low-dimensional causal ATEs and GATEs are obtained as aggregates of finer-grained causal parameters.

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