holistic approach literature review

A systematic literature review on holistic lifecycle assessments as a basis to create a standard in maritime industry

• LCA FOR MANUFACTURING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Published: 09 January 2024
• Volume 29 , pages 683–705, ( 2024 )

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• Lucas Jacquet   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-3406 1 ,
• Antoine le Duigou 2 &
• Olivier Kerbrat 1  

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Recent decades have seen the emergence of environmental problems such as global warming, partly caused by maritime transport. To tackle environmental problems, the shipping industry has introduced regulations, and, in response, environmental analyses have been carried out. Studies have suggested the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) in the maritime context, but due to the inherent complexity of the products studied, they mainly focus on specific phases of the life cycle, in particular the operational phase. In addition, various modelling assumptions have been used. Hence, result’s reliability can be questioned and a standard to perform LCA in maritime industry could be beneficial. This article analyzes current LCA methodological trends in the maritime sector and aims to be a basis of discussion for a future standard suggestion and answers the research question: How have holistic LCA studies been conducted this far and what could be done so the methodological trends meet European standards? We undertook a systematic literature review to answer this question.

From a sample of around 1400 articles, the systematic review combined with the snowball method identified 32 articles, on which a bibliometric analysis was carried out. Next, key LCA themes were selected for analysis: definition of the functional unit, boundary selection, cutoff rules, approach to the life cycle inventory method, impact categories, databases, life cycle inventory modelling framework, LCA tool, characterization method, temporal and spatial aspects, normalization, weighting, uncertainty, and sensitivity analyses.

Results and discussion

Currently, most of the studies focus on data collection, and methodological shortcomings have been identified concerning 11 key LCA topics. For example, functional units were incomplete in 90% of cases; no consistency was found across boundaries; the studies present a multi-criteria approach in 85% of cases; EcoInvent (28%) and Gabi (28%) are mainly used as databases, Gabi (32%) and SimaPro (21%) as LCA software. The studies cannot therefore be compared. In addition, this highlights the limits of the reliability of the studies, which are still reliable to a certain extent.

For each theme, recommendations in line with the standards of the International Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) have been formulated in order to improve future studies. Future comprehensive studies should be carried out to make proposals on specific LCA methodological topics. In addition, efforts should be made to develop public databases, spatial and temporal characterization factors, life cycle scenarios, and public LCA tools adapted to the maritime context.

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Data availability.

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Functional unit

Greenhouse gases

Gross tonnage

Global warming potential

Heating/ventilation/and air conditioning

International Life Cycle Data System

International Maritime Organization

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle inventory

Life cycle impact assessment

Marine pollution

One at time

Product environmental footprint

Pump to wake

Well to pump

Well to wake

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Jacquet, L., le Duigou, A. & Kerbrat, O. A systematic literature review on holistic lifecycle assessments as a basis to create a standard in maritime industry. Int J Life Cycle Assess 29 , 683–705 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-023-02269-4

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A Holistic Approach to Antiaging as an Adjunct to Antiaging Procedures: A Review of the Literature

Affiliation.

• 1 *Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah;†Goldman, Butterwick, Groff, Fabi & Wu, Cosmetic Laser Dermatology, San Diego, California;‡Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California.
• PMID: 28359075
• DOI: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001027

Background: Aging is a multifactorial process and depends on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Procedural options for diminishing signs of intrinsic aging and cosmetic rejuvenation have expanded dramatically. However, less attention is paid to counseling patients on options for mitigating extrinsic factors related to aging.

Objective: The objective of this study was to review changes that occur with intrinsic and extrinsic aging, and provide evidence-based holistic counseling recommendations that can be used synergistically with aesthetic procedures to maximize antiaging interventions.

Materials and methods: A PubMed search was conducted for articles on intrinsic and extrinsic aging as it relates to skin, fat, muscle, and bone. Key clinical trials and studies on the effect of diet, hormones, exercise, sleep, stress, dental hygiene, smoking, pollution, and oxidative stress on the aging process are reviewed, and treatment recommendations are summarized based on available evidence.

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