resume cover letter definition

What Is a Cover Letter? Definition, Purpose, and Types

When you’re applying for jobs, your goal is to present yourself and your work in the most positive (and accurate) light possible. Your résumé shows potential employers your background, employment history, skill set, and certifications. But it doesn’t show your personality, how you work with a team, challenges you’ve faced and learned from, or why you made the career choices you did.

That’s where a cover letter comes in. A cover letter is a valuable part of a job application because it answers the “why” and “how” questions an employer might have when reading your résumé.

What is a cover letter?

A cover letter is a letter containing three to four paragraphs that a job seeker or an internship applicant shares with their prospective employer when applying for a job. A cover letter is submitted alongside the applicant’s résumé and in many ways complements it. While a résumé lists the applicant’s employment and education history and describes their specific skills , certifications, and experience, a cover letter showcases their personality and why they’re a good fit for the role for which they’re applying. This is why every cover letter you write should be tailored to the position you’re seeking. If you’re new to the workforce and the job search , learning how to write a cover letter is a critical skill that will serve you for decades.

A cover letter doesn’t need to be long—400 words or fewer is ideal. A cover letter’s purpose is to supplement an applicant’s résumé by filling in any gaps and answering any questions an employer might have after reading their résumé. For example, your cover letter might explain why you spent a few years working outside your industry, or how your unique background would make you an asset to the company.

When do you need a cover letter?

When you’re applying for jobs, you may notice that many listings say a cover letter is optional.

Technically, this may be true, but if you want an employer to view you as a serious applicant, write a cover letter . Your cover letter is your opportunity to make a connection with an employer and leave a positive impression on them, which can increase your likelihood of being called for an interview.

Of course, if a listing says a cover letter is required, write a cover letter. Yes, this means putting more time and effort into each application, but according to RésuméLab, 83 percent of HR professionals say cover letters play an important role in their hiring decisions. The same number also reports that a strong cover letter can help an applicant with a weak résumé land an interview. You can streamline the cover-letter-writing process by using a template and keeping a few “career highlight” sentences ready to fit into each letter between a strong opening paragraph and an effective closing paragraph.

The only time you shouldn’t submit a cover letter with an application is when a job listing explicitly tells you not to submit one.

3 types of cover letters

The goal of most cover letters is to help the author secure an interview and, ideally, a new position. But there are different types of cover letters an applicant can write, each of which addresses specific topics.

1 Application cover letter

This is the most well-known type of cover letter. This cover-letter format summarizes the applicant’s work experience and showcases how this experience makes them a strong candidate for the role they’re seeking.

2 Referral cover letter

This type of cover letter is similar to an application letter, but it includes an important piece of information: the name of the employee who referred you to the role. By mentioning the contact who referred you, your cover letter can make you stand out among applicants.

3 Value proposition

A value proposition is a short (one to two paragraphs) cover letter that explains your skills, experience, and accomplishments. Typically, you’d submit a value proposition instead of a full-length cover letter as a résumé summary, or when an online application only offers a limited number of characters for your cover letter.

Cover letter vs. résumé

A cover letter is formatted like a friendly letter and speaks directly to its reader. A résumé has a more technical format and simply lists the applicant’s skills, certifications, past roles, and volunteer or community experience, when relevant.

Cover letter vs. letter of interest

A letter of interest is a bit different from other types of cover letters. Instead of submitting it in response to a job listing, a job seeker sends a letter of interest to a company to inquire about potential job openings. It similarly details the individual’s experiences and qualifications, but without being tailored to a specific position.

Cover letter vs. personal statement

While a cover letter focuses on an applicant’s skills and experiences in relation to the position they’re seeking, a personal statement focuses on them as an individual. It might detail how their educational background led them to a certain career path, or how they’re pivoting their career after a personal experience.

Cover letter FAQs

A cover letter is a short letter that details why a job applicant is a good fit for the role for which they’re applying.

What’s its purpose?

The purpose of a cover letter is to showcase and expand on an applicant’s qualities in a way their résumé can’t. For example, a cover letter might detail how they navigated a challenging merger, or why they chose to spend two years doing volunteer work.

Cover letter vs. résumé: What’s the difference?

A cover letter is formatted like a letter and addressed directly to a hiring manager. A résumé has a more technical format and lists the applicant’s skills, education credentials, past professional positions, and volunteer experience.

Resume builder

Cover Letter vs. Resume: What’s the Difference?

There are many steps to getting the perfect job — and creating a compelling job application is one of them. Having a well-written resume and an eye-catching cover letter can take a lot of stress and uncertainty out of the job-hunting process.

Today, we are looking into the differences between a resume and cover letter and exploring some of the key practices for making these documents the best they can be.

Table of Contents

Cover letter vs. resume: what’s the difference?

A resume and cover letter typically come hand in hand. You need both these documents to successfully apply for a job. So, what is the difference between a cover letter and a resume and what information should you include in each one?

A resume is a document that summarizes your professional experience as a job candidate. The word “resume” actually comes from the French “résumé” and means “summary”. It focuses on your qualifications (work experience, skills, accomplishments, etc.) and helps showcase your abilities to convince the hiring manager that you are the right person for the job.

A typical resume includes five main parts

• Contact details : this is where you list the best ways to get in touch with you. This section generally includes your full name and professional credentials, email and phone number and, possibly, a link to your professional social media or portfolio.
• Summary : here, you can focus on your knowledge and experience and include your most valued skills that are relevant to the position you are applying for.
• Professional experience : in this section, you will need to list your previously held positions: starting with your latest job.
•   Educational background : this part of your resume explains your academic qualifications: degrees, professional certificates, awards, etc.
• Additional information : here, you can include any other relevant information that doesn’t fit into the sections above. A lot of HR professionals suggest using this section for references, professional achievements and awards.

Resume example

Learn more about how to write a resume .

A cover letter is a document that you send together with your resume that aims to introduce you to the hiring manager and briefly summarize your most important skills and professional experience. A good cover letter will get the HR professional interested in the rest of your application and make you stand out among other applicants.

A typical cover letter is about one page long and includes the following sections

• Header : this is where you include your contact details including your full name and professional credentials, phone number and email and links to your professional special networks or portfolio (optional)
• Introduction : here, you should get the HR professional “hooked” and make them interested in you as a job candidate. Mention your most relevant qualifications and skills and explain (briefly) why you see yourself as the best candidate for the job.
• Main body : after a condensed introduction highlighting your key skills, you can get into a bit more detail about your expertise in the main body of the cover letter. Here, you can go on to mention that you are aware of all the responsibilities that come with the job and have the capacity to handle them excellently.
• Conclusion : a cover letter should generally end with a call to action. You can mention when you will be able to start the new job and say that you are waiting for feedback on your application. Don’t forget to thank the hiring manager for their time for reading your letter.

Cover letter example

Learn more about how to write a cover letter .

Is it OK to send a resume without a cover letter?

While a cover letter is often looked at as an optional addition to the resume, it’s not quite the case. In fact, most job ads these days require a cover letter — and a failure to include one will probably result in your application being rejected. Even if it’s not specifically stated in the job ad that a cover letter is needed, you should definitely include one with your application. Not having a cover letter is simply a missed opportunity as it gives you extra “space” to make your case that you are the best candidate for the job.

Do you put a resume or cover letter first?

Most employers will scan your resume first. They will do so to make sure you have the relevant skills and experience for the position you are applying for. This is especially true for fields that require a specific set of hard skills like IT and engineering. While they may look at your resume first, a cover letter can help them fill in the blanks and get a more comprehensive picture of who you are as a professional. It can also be what makes you stand out among other candidates and actually gets you the job.

Is the cover letter part of the resume?

As we’ve mentioned above, a cover letter is a one-page document that goes alongside your resume — not inside of it or instead of it. You shouldn’t insert your cover letter into your resume and it should always go as a separate document with its own title. A typical cover letter is 250 to 400 words long.

Do you still need a cover letter in 2023?

Yes, cover letters are still important. Even if the employer doesn’t open your cover letter, they will still appreciate it being attached to your application. A cover letter is a good way to highlight that you are really serious about the job you are applying for. And, as we’ve mentioned earlier, it gives you an extra opportunity for self-presentation.

Letter of interest vs. cover letter

Quite often, when you read about cover letters, you may also come across the term “letter of interest”. While these are sometimes used interchangeably, there are actually quite a few differences between the two.

A letter of interest is sent to a company and indicates that you are interested in working for them. It doesn’t have to be sent to an open job offer — in fact, there may actually be no open positions at the company at the time. A letter of interest, true to its name, expresses your interest in a company.

A cover letter, on the other hand, is typically sent out together with your resume in response to a specific job offer advertised by the company. It’s an essential part of your job application.

To learn more about cover letters and letters of interest, take a look at this article: Letter of Interest vs. Cover Letter: Difference, Tips and Examples .

Tips for writing your resume and cover letter

Here are a few quick tips for writing a good cover letter and resume.

Tips for writing a resume

• Use the keywords from the job ad. These days, a lot of companies use resume-filtering software before going through the applications by hand. To make sure your resume doesn’t get blocked by such programs, use the same key phrases that are used in the job description if they are in line with your expertise and background.
• Highlight key points. Hiring managers are generally very busy people that have to look at tens or even hundreds of resumes every day. Make their job easier by formatting your resume in a way that highlights your most relevant skills and experience.
• Be strategic. Think what information to include in your resume and make sure it’s relevant to the position you are applying for. It’s best to keep your resume as concise as possible and list work experience that best matches the expertise required for the new job.

Tips for writing a cover letter

• Customize your cover letter for the job you are applying for. One of the biggest mistakes you can make is making a “one-size-fits-all” cover letter and sending it out to all the companies you are applying to. What is the purpose of a cover letter? The main purpose of a cover letter is to make a positive impression on the hiring manager — and the only way to do that is by writing a letter that is targeted for the position you are applying for.
• Don’t be vague. Your cover letter is a document that needs to impress your potential employer. This means that it’s best not to use general phrases and instead focus on specifics. Include examples, achievements from your previous jobs, numbers and more.
• Keep it brief. A cover letter should be a one-page document and acts as a concentrated introduction of your best professional qualities. Make sure to only include the most important and relevant information. Read over your cover letter before you send it out and remove any non-essential text. 

Cover letter vs Resume. Summing things up

Both a resume and a cover letter are essential elements of a successful job application. A resume is a summary of your professional life, while a cover letter is an introduction of your skills and qualities that best match the position you are applying for.

Even if the job description doesn’t specifically mention that you need to include a cover letter with your application, it’s best to have one ready and send it out together with your resume. It will demonstrate to the employees the seriousness of your intent and give you the opportunity to explain why you are the best choice for this position.