cambridge phd thesis repository

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PhD Students (and the following Doctoral students: Doctor of Business, Doctor of Engineering, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Medicine under Special Regulations) are required to deposit an electronic copy of their thesis in the University of Cambridge's institutional repository, Apollo. This has been a requirement since 1st October 2017, when the Board of Graduate Studies introduced the requirement that these students deposit both a hard copy and an electronic copy of their thesis. For the avoidance of doubt, the requirement to deposit an electronic thesis in Apollo applies irrespective of when the degree commenced. 

These pages contain information for Doctoral students about requirements to deposit their theses and advice on how to manage this process. They also contain information for potential researchers and readers of theses.Information about  submitting hardbound copies  can be found on the Student Registry's website.

Any alumni who wish to have their thesis digitised and made open access are  can find guidance here.

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This project is a joint initiative of Cambridge University Library and the Research Strategy Office .

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You can access undergraduate and graduate student dissertations in Anthropology and Archaeology via the Haddon Library. You must be a current member of the University to access student dissertations. When you find a dissertation that you'd like to read, please request it by emailing us or asking at the front desk.

• List of Archaeology/BioAnth (undergraduate) dissertations available to view online,  2020-Present (Google Sheet)   
• List of Social Anthropology (undergraduate) dissertations available to view online,  2020-Present (Google Sheet) 

Please note that as of April 2024 , all requests for online access to dissertations will be granted for seven calendar days , so use your reading time wisely. If you require access past this time, you will need to submit a new request.

Print dissertations are for use in the library only and cannot be borrowed.

• List of Social Anthropology/Archaeology/BioAnth (undergraduate/graduate) dissertations in print , up to 2019 (Excel)   

Recently completed Cambridge PhD theses are available via Apollo , the University Repository (unless under embargo). 

You can also search for the full text of PhD theses across the UK using the British Library's EThOS service  or browse the Proquest Dissertations and Theses database for research across 700 academic institutions worldwide.

You can request theses from other institutions via the University Library's Inter-Library Loan service .

Related Links

• Cambridge PhD Theses on Apollo
• British Library EThOS service

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Submitting your thesis for examination (PhD, EdD, MD, BusD, MLitt, MSc)

Format of the thesis, the thesis must:.

be written in British English, apart from quotations and recognised technical formulae

be in A4 portrait format

use one-and-a-half spaced type

include any photographs or other illustrations scanned into the text

be saved in the electronic format and naming style specified by your Degree Committee

Examiners are not expected to edit work. They will deal with errors of fact and typographical errors that affect the meaning of your work, as well as larger structural issues. The extent to which the text has or has not been properly prepared may influence their recommendation concerning the award of the degree. You are therefore advised to check your thesis thoroughly prior to submission to ensure clear, formal British English has been used throughout and that there are minimal typing and/or spelling mistakes.

How and when to present the thesis for examination

You must submit an electronic copy of your thesis for examination, and any required accompanying documents, to your Degree Committee by your submission deadline (which can be found under 'Thesis Submission details' on the Academic tile in your CamSIS self-service). If you are not a self-funded student, the terms and conditions of your funding may require you to submit your thesis earlier than the date shown in CamSIS. If you are unsure what your funder-expected submission date is, you should contact your Funding Administrator. You are required to submit your thesis for examination by your deadline even if the date falls over a weekend or holiday period.

Your Degree Committee should provide you with guidance for electronic submission; please contact them directly if you require any assistance.

The thesis you submit to your Degree Committee will be the thesis forwarded to the examiners for examination. It is not possible to 'retract submission' or to send a revised copy directly to your examiners. Therefore you should carefully check the file(s) you upload when submitting your thesis.

Postgraduate students must keep a minimum number of terms of research before they can submit (for example, 9 for the full-time PhD or 15 for the part-time PhD or EdD) unless they have been granted an allowance or exemption of terms . If you attempt to submit too early and have not had an allowance or exemption of terms approved, your thesis submission will not be accepted or will be kept on hold and not forwarded to your examiners until the first day of your 9th (full-time) or 15th (part-time) term.

Requirements

You must include the following bound inside your thesis:

Please ensure the pages are in the correct order. This is very important - if these preliminary pages are in a different order in your final hardbound thesis to your thesis submitted for examination, this could cause problems and delay approval for your degree.

1. A title page displaying:

the full title of the thesis

your full legal name (as it appears on your passport, marriage certificate or deed poll)

your college

the date of submission (month and year)

a declaration stating: "This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy/Doctor of Education/Doctor of Business/Doctor of Medicine/Master of Science/Master of Letters (as appropriate)."

2. A declaration in the preface stating:

'This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any work that has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted, for any degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee.'

The declaration does not need to be signed . For more information on the word limits for the respective Degree Committees see Word Limits and Requirements of your Degree Committee )

3. An abstract/summary of your thesis

4. [if applicable] the list of additional materials that were approved for submission alongside the thesis

You must also submit the following documents (not included inside the thesis):

Required: One declaration form

Optional: Research Impact Statement If pandemic, war/conflict, or natural disaster have significantly impacted on your research, you are invited to submit a Research Impact Statement with your thesis using the template provided. The purpose of the statement is for you to describe any restrictions or difficulties experienced in undertaking your research as a result of pandemic, war/conflict, or natural disaster, and to provide details of any alternative arrangements made to complete the work for your thesis. Further details for students and supervisors can be found in the Research Impact Statement guidance  and the Research Impact Statement form can be downloaded here . 

Inclusion of additional materials

Students other than those in the Faculty of Music must seek permission through their  CamSIS Self Service page if they wish to submit additional materials for examination alongside their thesis. Additional materials are integral to the thesis but in a format that cannot be easily included in the main body of the thesis (for example, 3D graphics). You should refer to the ' Policy on the inclusion of additional materials with a thesis ' before making an application to include additional materials. This process should be initiated prior to the thesis submission. If a thesis is submitted with additional materials and without permission to include them, it will be held by the Degree Committee until approval is confirmed.

Please bear in mind that if you are granted permission to submit additional materials, you are required to upload the same materials to the University repository, Apollo , when you submit your approved thesis  post-examination (doctoral candidates only). Therefore, the inclusion of additional material that contains uncleared third-party copyright or sensitive material may affect the access level that is most appropriate for your thesis.

Submitting a revised thesis

If you are resubmitting your thesis following a viva outcome of being allowed to revise and resubmit the thesis for examination for a doctoral degree, you need to follow the same procedure as for the original thesis submission .

What happens following submission of the thesis for examination 

When you submit your thesis for examination the Degree Committee will check the submission, acknowledge receipt, and inform Student Registry you have submitted. The Student Registry will update your CamSIS record.

The Degree Committee will forward your thesis to your examiners. If you have not received confirmation of the date of your viva (oral examination) within six weeks of submitting your thesis, or if you have any questions with regard to your thesis at this stage, you should contact your Degree Committee. 

Your Examiners should not ask you for a printed copy of your thesis or other material in advance of your viva (oral examination). If they do, please seek advice from your Degree Committee.

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Preparing to submit your PhD thesis

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1. Notice of intention to submit

At least two months before you intend to submit your thesis you need to inform the Degree Committee of your proposed title, expected submission date and provide a short summary. Your expected submission date should be on or before your submission deadline (you can find this in your CamSIS self-service or talk to your Department Postgraduate Office if you are unsure of your submission deadline). You will also have the opportunity to state your preference for an in-person viva (default) or viva by video conference at this stage.The intention to submit form initiates the Examiner appointment process and will open the submission portal to you, so it is very important that you remember to do this.

Your intention to submit notice will be normally be acknowledged within 4 working days. The acknowledgement includes a link to the Moodle course to which you will submit your thesis. The Degree Committee Office will then approach your supervisor for nominations of potential examiners.

If you do not give any/sufficient notice before submitting your thesis your examination will be delayed.

Online form: Intention to submit a research thesis

2. Examination access arrangements (optional)

Should you wish to make a voluntary disclosure of any disability/chronic illness that might affect the conduct of your viva please complete and email the disclosure form to the Degree Committee Office before you submit. We invite you to do this up to two months in advance to allow us time to consult with the DRC and make appropriate access arrangements . Please download the form, complete and sign it, then email back to us in the Degree Committee office.

Form for download: disclosure form

3. Confidential Research (optional)

If your research is confidential (e.g. you are sponsored by industry and they claim rights over your findings), you may apply for a confidentiality agreement to be put in place for the examination. Contact the Degree Committee Office at least one month before you intend to submit your thesis. You will also want to give consideration to the appropriate level of access that should be applied to your final hardbound and e-thesis when depositing to the University library (see Cambridge Students information on Final thesis submission ).

4. Complete your thesis

Word limit : Be aware of the word limit and what is/is not included. Candidates are often confused as to how to include equations and formulas in the word count. We recommend you count them as as having the same number of words that text occupying the same area would have, using an average of 13 words per line or 350 words per page (at the 1.5 line spacing).

Format: The PhD thesis is submitted electronically in A4 portrait format. See the Cambridge Students website for details on all aspects of formatting the text etc . You are strongly advised to check your thesis carefully prior to submission for typing errors, spelling mistakes and poor English. Number the pages consecutively and ensure work is fully referenced. Remember, the Examiners must be left in no doubt as to which parts of your submitted work are your own original work and which are not .

Including additional material : You may seek permission though your CamSIS Self-Service page if you wish to submit additional materials alongside your thesis (e.g. video files). Datasets supplied as a separate item or an additional volume connected to the thesis but not included within it require this permission. This process should be initiated and ideally approved prior to you submitting your thesis. If you submit additional material without permission your examination will be delayed.

Published papers: University guidance on including published material can be found here . If you are unsure please discuss with your supervisor who should be able to advise you how to present your published work in context or contact us for advice. You will need to make sure any included publications form part of the overall narrative of your thesis by writing an introduction to each included paper to show how it fits in to the thesis, states where it was published, and makes clear exactly what your own contribution was if there is more than one author. Your final approved thesis will be available through an online repository so you must ensure you have appropriate copyright to include any published material, including part or all of any manuscript where you are the sole or co-author (see the Apollo website for more information). 

Compulsory inclusions : the Cambridge Students website details what must be included in the thesis, and in what order.

Electronic copy : Please remember the electronic version of the PhD thesis you submit is the only document that can be examined. You should not attempt to send any additional documents to your Examiners as they cannot be taken into consideration. If the Examiner makes any request for additional documents to you directly please contact the Degree Committee Office.

COVID-19: If your progress was impeded by coronavirus, please see Research Impact Statement and extension information on our Coronavirus pages .

Ukraine: If your progress was impacted by the situation in Ukraine, please see Research Impact Statement and extension information on our Coronavirus pages . The guidance only refers to COVID-19 but now also applies to the situation in Ukraine.

If you can't find the page you are looking for or find a broken link do let us know (please use the email link in the 'Contact us' section below).

Ukraine - University resources

Coronavirus advice from the University

Office closures

The Degree Committee for the Faculty of Physics & Chemistry will be closed from 5pm on Thursday 28 March 2024 and will reopen again on Tuesday 2 April 2024. Research degree theses should still be submitted by your submission deadline even if that falls over the holiday period.

Meetings schedule

Meetings of the Degree Committee and Degree Ceremonies

Essential Links

Cambridge Students portal

Code of Practice for Postgraduate Students

International Students Office

Student Registry (for staff)

Degree Committee for Physics & Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, 17 Mill Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1RX. Tel: 01223 746764 / 746766

[email protected]

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Properties of expanding universes

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Some implications and consequences of the expansion of the universe are examined. In Chapter 1 it is shown that this expansion creates grave difficulties for the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravitation. Chapter 2 deals with perturbations of an expanding homogeneous and isotropic universe. The conclusion is reached that galaxies cannot be formed as a result of the growth of perturbations that were initially small. The propagation and absorption of gravitational radiation is also investigated in this approximation. In Chapter 3 gravitational radiation in an expanding universe is examined by a method of asymptotic expansions. The 'peeling off' behaviour and the asymptotic group are derived. Chapter 4 deals with the occurrence of singularities in cosmological models. It is shown that a singularity is inevitable provided that certain very general conditions are satisfied.

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This thesis has been made openly available with the kind permission of Professor Stephen Hawking.

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A LaTeX document class that conforms to the Computer Laboratory's PhD thesis formatting guidelines.

cambridge/thesis

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a LaTeX thesis template for Cambridge PhD students

Quick start

Clone this repository.

Start adding contents of your thesis into thesis.tex .

Build the PDF by running the following in the command line:

Open thesis.pdf .

Pro tip: you can use one of the samples in the Samples directory.

How will the thesis look like?

Your thesis document will look something like this:

Plain (PDF)

If you use the clean sample, which can be found in ./Samples/clean , it will look like this:

Sample Clean (PDF)

The template also supports DVI and PS formats. All three formats can be generated with the provided Makefile .

Producing PDF , DVI and PS documents

Build your thesis.

To build the PDF version of your thesis, run:

This build procedure uses pdflatex and will produce thesis.pdf .

To produce DVI and PS versions of your document, you should run:

This will use the latex and dvips commands to build the document and will produce thesis.dvi and thesis.ps documents.

Clean unwanted files

To clean unwanted clutter (all LaTeX auto-generated files), run:

Usage details

Class options.

cam-thesis supports all the options of the standard report class (on which it is based).

It also supports some custom options.

techreport : formats the document as a technical report (here's a sample ). Here is a list of formatting points in which the technical report differs from a normal thesis (see guidelines for more information):

• different margins (left and right margins are 25mm, top and bottom margins are 20mm),
• normal line spacing (instead of one-half spacing),
• no custom title page,
• no declaration,
• page count starts with 3,
• if the hyperref package is used, the option pdfpagelabels=false will be passed to it.

firstyr : formats the document as a first-year report (here's a sample ). This option removes some unneeded elements and modifies the submission note. Here is a list of formatting points in which the first year report differs from a normal thesis:

• an appropraite subtitle is added,
• the submission note is changed appropriately,
• no standalone abstract,
• no acknowledgements.

secondyr : formats the document as a second-year report (here's a sample ). Similarly to firstyr , this style modifies the submission note and removes unneeded elements. Specially, an abstract is retained (as for this report, research is often in a more "stable" state). Here is a list of formatting points in which the second year report differs from a normal thesis:

times : tells the class to use the times font.

glossary : puts the glossary after the TOC. The glossary contains a list of abbreviations, their explanations etc. Describe your abbreviations and add them to the glossary immediately after you introduce them in the body of your thesis. You can use the following command for this:

After that, you can reference particular glossary entries like this:

You can also change the glossary style. For example, try putting this on the very top of the preamble (even before you define the document class with \documentclass[glossary]{cam-thesis} ):

Further instructions can be found on LaTeX Wikibooks or the user manual at CTAN .

Note : glossaries is the package used to create the glossary.

withindex : build the index, which you can put at the and of the thesis with the following command (it will create a new unnumbered chapter):

Instructions on how to use the index can be found here .

Note : the package makeidx is used to create the index.

backrefs : Add back references in the References section (here's a sample ). In other words, for each reference, it adds the page(s) where it is cited.

Note : the package backref is used to create the back references.

Troubleshooting

Q1 : i found a bug in the template. where do i report bugs.

You can report issues through our GitHub repository .

You can also mail the maintainers directly.

Q2 : Where can I find the thesis formatting guidelines this class is based on?

The University of Cambridge submission guidelines:

https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/your-course/examinations/graduate-exam-information/submitting-and-examination/phd-msc-mlitt/submit

The University of Cambridge final submission guidelines:

https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/your-course/examinations/graduate-exam-information/after-examination/degree-approval-and-1

The Computer Laboratory guidelines:

https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/local/typography/phd/

The Computer Laboratory guidelines for technical reports:

https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/submission.html

Q3 : Can I use my own Makefile?

By all means. Previously we used the horrendously complex Makefile at

http://code.google.com/p/latex-makefile/

Q4 : But what if I don't want the template files in my thesis directory?

Put the files and folders listed below into a directory where LaTeX can find them (for more info see [1] ):

[1] You can put these files either into the standard LaTeX directory for classes [2] , or a directory listed in your TEXINPUTS environment variable. [2] The location of the standard LaTeX class directory depends on which LaTeX installation and operating system you use. For example, for TeX Live on Fedora 14 it is /usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/base . In any case, after this, LaTeX will still not be able find your class. You will have to rebuild the package index. This procedure also depends on your installation specifics, but for TeX Live you have to run the texhash command. For more comprehensive information refer to LaTeX Wikibooks .

Q5 : Where can I find newer versions of the University of Cambridge logo?

The university updates its logo every now and then. You can find up-to-date logos on this page (subject to change without notice).

Download and exchange the new logos with CUni.eps and/or CUni.pdf .

Q6 : My college's shield/coat of arms/crest is not a vector-based image. Why u no include it?

If you find a distributable vector-based image of your college's shield you can report it as an issue or mail it to contributors directly (refer to question Q1 above).

Q7 : Where can I find extra fonts (like Adobe Sabon, Adobe Utopia etc.)?

The Computer Laboratory provides some .

After you've installed the fonts, add somewhere in the preamble (before \begin{document} ) the following command:

Q8 : How should I count the number of words in my thesis?

There is a page on the Computer Lab's web site. They recommend using this command:

Q9 : How can I change the College Shield?

In thesis.tex use \collegeshield{CollegeShields/<college>} with <college> as your your desired college name, as found in CollegeShields .

Alternatively, \collegeshield{CollegeShields/CUniNoText} can be used to display the University of Cambridge shield design.

Contributors 14

• Python 4.0%
• Makefile 2.4%