cricket essay in urdu for class 5

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My favourite game cricket essay in urdu | میرا پسندیدہ کھیل پر ایک مضمون

Today we write my favourite game cricket essay in urdu writing for class 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 and others for boys kids and girls in short and easy wording with PDF

Cricket is one of the most famous games in the world. It has a different position and rules from any other sports played in the world. It is a bat and ball game played between two teams of eleven players each on a field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. A cricket match is completed in one day on the grounds, but can last up to five days in a Test match played at a neutral venue. Dating back to the 16th century, cricket has become one of the most popular sports in the world.

Ten lines essay on cricket in Urdu | اردو میں کرکٹ پر دس

Why cricket is the most popular in Pakistan? | پاکستان میں کرکٹ سب سے زیادہ مقبول کیوں؟

There are many reasons why cricket is the most popular game in Pakistan. For one, cricket is a very exciting and fast-paced sport that is enjoyed by people of all ages.

Additionally, cricket is a relatively simple game to understand and follow, which makes it accessible to a wide range of people. Moreover, cricket is a very social game and is often played in communal settings, which helps to bring people together. Finally, cricket is a game that is steeped in history and tradition in Pakistan, and is thus deeply ingrained in the culture.

پاکستان میں کرکٹ کے مقبول ترین کھیل ہونے کی بہت سی وجوہات ہیں۔ ایک تو کرکٹ ایک بہت ہی دلچسپ اور تیز رفتار کھیل ہے جس سے ہر عمر کے لوگ لطف اندوز ہوتے ہیں۔ مزید برآں، کرکٹ سمجھنے اور پیروی کرنے کے لیے نسبتاً آسان کھیل ہے، جو اسے لوگوں کی ایک وسیع رینج کے لیے قابل رسائی بناتا ہے۔ مزید یہ کہ کرکٹ ایک بہت ہی سماجی کھیل ہے اور اکثر فرقہ وارانہ ماحول میں کھیلا جاتا ہے، جو لوگوں کو اکٹھا کرنے میں مدد کرتا ہے۔ آخر میں، کرکٹ ایک ایسا کھیل ہے جو پاکستان میں تاریخ اور روایت سے جڑا ہوا ہے، اور اس طرح ثقافت میں گہرا جڑا ہوا ہے

In this essay, we write on essay on cricket in Urdu, and we select cricket as my favourite game and others have different passion like badminton , football, hockey, baseball, snooker etc. If you love to play cricket with me, write in a comment section, we will find a neutral venue and play cricket with all of you.

NOTE : you can also read maholiyati aloodgi essay in urdu

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Mera Pasandida Khel Essay in Urdu PDF

Hello everyone! I hope you are all working great. Today, I am so glad because I want to share a file with you. It’s a PDF of an Essay in Urdu about My Favorite Sport / Game titled “Mera Pasandida Khel”. My favorite Sport / Game is Cricket that’s why in this article we will explore my favorite sport, why cricket is my favorite, Impact of cricket on me. Let’s dive into it and explore the world of cricket together.

Why Cricket?

Cricket is a famous and beloved game played all around the world. It’s a team sport where eleven players compete against each other. I have some dreams, and as an average player, I am working hard so that one day I can become a part of the national team.

Mera Pasandida Khel Essay in Urdu PDF:

The article includes:

• An informational article about Mera Pasandida Khel (Cricket).

How to Download:

To download the PDF about the essay on Mera Pasandida Khel (Cricket), click on the “Download” button given above.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, playing sports like cricket will add colors to our lives and provide us with opportunities to exhibit our abilities and turn our dreams into reality. Cricket, my favorite game, has given me such an opportunity that I’ll never forget in my life.

Thanks for investing your time to read this article and PDF. I hope you enjoyed our PDF and article and explored a lot of information about Mera Pasandida Khel (Cricket) why cricket is so special to me? and how did cricket affect me? So, don’t forget to share it with your friends, family members, classmates, nearby, and everyone who has love in his heart for cricket.

More Interesting PDFs:

We have more interesting PDFs available, please take a look at them as well .

• Maholiyati Aloodgi Essay in Urdu .
• Eid ul Adha Essay in Urdu .
• Waldain ka Ehtram Essay in Urdu .
• Ilm ki Ahmiyat Essay in Urdu .
• Ilm ke Faide Essay in Urdu .

We need to play sports like cricket daily to live a healthy life.

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My Favourite Game Cricket Essay

Cricket is not just a game but an emotion for all Indians. We consider it a festival, and it brings us immense happiness. It is sometimes also said that cricket is also the unofficial sport of India. We love it to the extent that we consider cricketers as our own family members. Here are a few sample essays on the topic ‘my favourite game cricket’.

100 Words Essay On My Favourite Game Cricket

Cricket is my favourite game. It is a very famous sport and has immensely evolved during the ages. Cricket is for both men and women. It is an outdoor game which requires a total of 11 players. Two teams play against each other, and the team with the maximum number of runs wins the match. Cricket can be played in three forms - a test match, a twenty-twenty and a one-day game. Cricket has two parts - one is batting, and the other is fielding or bowling. The team that wins the toss gets to choose whether they are willing to bat or bowl. My favourite is batting since I excel in that part. Cricket is also known as the “game of uncertainty”, as the winner cannot be easily predicted until the last ball.

200 Words Essay On My Favourite Game Cricket

I love playing all sports, but a sport that excites me is cricket. Two teams consisting of 11 players each play it. The official body that governs all cricket and organises tournaments is ICC. Cricket has three formats mainly: test format, ODI format, and T20 format. The test match is for five days. The ODI runs for 50 overs, and the T20 game is for 20 overs which is the shortest format.

Cricket has been an integral part of my life since my childhood. Playing gully cricket with my friends on Sunday afternoons is a memory that till now I love to relive. Each six, four, or wicket can bring tears to our eyes, either of joy or sadness. I still remember the world cup winning night in 2011. We were all jumping with happiness, and that six from Dhoni made us cry out of joy. I was also a batsman in a state-level team back then. Every game of cricket makes me happy, and the glee of playing or watching cricket is immeasurable. This game has taught me sportsmanship spirit and to never give up until the game is over. Cricket is not just a game but rather a beautiful emotion.

500 Words Essay On My Favourite Game Cricket

Sports have always been an essential part of my life since childhood. Cricket is my favourite game. Cricket is the national sport of England. The Britishers introduced it before Indian Independence. Since then, it has become an essential sport for survival in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In India, too, cricket is widely played among men and women of all ages. I started watching cricket on television in my childhood. Since then, I have always been mesmerised by this game. Cricket, also known as the “game of uncertainty”, can never be predicted until the last ball. After the ICC Cricket world cup, IPL is considered one of the biggest cricket tournaments. The World Cup is my favourite tournament.

My Favourite Player

My favourite player is Virat Kohli. He is my inspiration and helps me to believe that we can achieve whatever we can if we are determined. His batting style and the attitude he carries on and off the field make me his fan. He plays an integral role in making India a strong competitor in the ICC tournaments. He has already achieved so many things at such a young age that he is known to be one of the most incredible men who have ever played the game of cricket.

About Cricket

Cricket is played between 2 teams; each team consists of 11 members. It has two main parts—the first being batting and the second being bowling or fielding. The team winning the toss can choose whether to bat or bowl first. The team with the maximum number of runs wins the match. A total of 3 umpires are present during a game to give their decision on whether the particular batsman is out, not out, hit a six or hit a four. The third umpire is the one to tackle a difficult situation where critical decisions need to be taken.

Significance Of Cricket

Cricket, also known as the “gentleman’s game”, has emerged as a worldwide sport. Earlier, women were not encouraged by society to play cricket. But over the years, the spirit of cricket has encouraged women to participate in this game too. Nowadays people visit and cheer for women's cricket tournaments. Even though cricket is not the national game of India, it is still considered to be one of the most played sports. India has won the ICC ODI (One Day International) World Cup twice. The first was in 1983, and the second one was in 2011 under the captainship of Kapil Dev and MS Dhoni, respectively. India also won the T20 World Cup in 2007 and the Champions Trophy in 2013. The World Cup is held every four years.

My Love For Cricket

Cricket is my favourite sport. I love batting. Playing with friends in summer and winter evenings is the best part of my day. Virat Kohli is my favourite batsman. It baffles me how much the man has gained at such a young age. He keeps on inspiring me with his skills and talent. Over the years, cricket has enhanced my critical thinking and also developed the qualities of team spirit and hard work. I want to be a great cricketer and represent my country on the international cricket platform.

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نظم کرکٹ اور مشاعرہ

Back to: Class 10 Urdu Notes Sindh Board | Chapterwise Notes

یہ شعر ہماری درسی کتاب کی نظم ”کرکٹ اور مشاعرہ“ سے لیا گیا ہے۔ اس نظم کے شاعر کا نام دلاور فگار ہے۔ یہ نظم کلیاتِ دلاور فگار سے ماخوذ کی گئی ہے۔

تعارفِ شاعر

آپ کا نام دلاور حسین تھا۔ آپ نے شعر گوئی کا آغاز 14 سال کی عمر میں کیا۔ دلاور فگار ایک شاعر ، مزاح نگار اور نقاد تھے۔ آپ کی غزلوں کا مجموعہ “حادثے” اور ایک طویل نظم “ابو قلموں کی مصری” بہت مقبول ہوئی۔ آپ کی مزاحیہ شاعری میں قطعوں اور رباعیوں کا مجموعہ”ستم ظریفیاں” بہت دل چسپ ہے۔

نظم کی تشریح

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ نظم کے پہلے شعر میں شاعر لکھتے ہیں کہ چاہے مشاعرہ ہو چاہے کرکٹ ہو، ان دونوں کے لیے جمائی جانے والی محفل کا مقصد تفریح ہی ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے مشاعرہ بھی کرکٹ کا کھیل ہی ہوتا ہے۔

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ نظم کے اس شعر میں شاعر کہتے ہیں کہ جیسے کرکٹ میں میدان میں کھلاڑی ہوتے ہیں، ویسے ہی مشاعرے میں شاعر ہوتے ہیں اور مشاعرے کا صدر نشیں بالکل کرکٹ کے میدان میں موجود امپائر کی طرح ہوتا ہے۔

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ نظم کے تیسرے شعر میں شاعر کہتے ہیں کہ جیسے کرکٹ میں ریاضِ مسلسل کرنا پڑتا ہے ویسے ہی مشاعرے میں گلے کا کردار بہت اہم ہوتا ہے کیوں کہ مشاعرے میں شاعر کو شعر خود پڑھ کر سنانے پڑتے ہیں تو اس میں گلا ایک اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ اس شعر میں شاعر کہتے ہیں جیسے کرکٹ میں بالر اگر نو بال کرواتا ہے تو اسے فاؤل مانا جاتا ہے بالکل اسی طرح اگر مشاعرے میں شاعر کے اشعار اچھے نہ ہوں تو اسے بھی فاؤل ہی سمجھا جاتا ہے۔

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ نظم کے اس شعر میں شاعر کہتے ہیں کہ کرکٹ میں تو پوری ٹیم کا ایک کپتان ہوتا ہے جو پوری ٹیم کو چلاتا ہے اور ٹیم کی جان ہوتا ہے، جب کہ مشاعرے میں ہر پلئیر یعنی ہر شاعر اپنا کپتان خود ہوتا ہے۔

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ نظم کے اس شعر میں شاعر کہتے ہیں کہ جو لوگ کرکٹ کے کھیل میں اناڑی ہوتے ہیں وہ گراؤنڈ میں صرف وقت ضائع کرنے آتے ہیں اسی طرح مشاعرے میں بھی کچھ شاعر صرف دماغ چاٹنے آتے ہیں یعنی وہ شاعر سے واقف ہی نہیں ہوتے۔

اس نظم میں شاعر کرکٹ اور مشاعرے کا موازنہ کرتے ہوئے دونوں کو ایک جیسا بیان کررہے ہیں۔ نظم کے آخری شعر میں شاعر کہتے ہیں کہ ان کے خیال کو اہلِ نظر سمجھیں گے اور اس بات کو مانیں گے کہ مشاعرہ بھی ایک طرح کا کرکٹ میچ ہی ہوتا ہے اور دونوں بالکل ایک ہی طرح کے ہوتے ہیں۔

سوال نمبر 2 : شاعر نے “شاعر”اور “امپائر” کے الفاظ کس کے لیے استعمال کیے ہیں؟

جواب : شاعر نے شاعر کا لفظ ان لوگوں کے لیے استعمال کیا ہے جو کرکٹ میچ کے کھلاڑی ہوتے ہیں اور مشاعرے میں موجود صدر نشیں کے لیے امپائر کا لفظ استعمال کیا ہے۔

سوال نمبر 3 : اس نظم کا خلاصہ اپنے الفاظ میں لکھیے۔

جواب : اس نظم میں شاعر دراصل مشاعرے اور کرکٹ کو ایک دوسرے سے ملا کر ایک مزاحیہ ماحول پیدا کرنا چاہ رہے ہیں۔ وہ لکھتے ہیں کہ مشاعرے اور کرکٹ دونوں کا مقصد تو تفریح حاصل کرنا ہی ہوتا ہے۔ کرکٹ کے میدان میں جیسے کھلاڑی اور امپائر ہوتے ہیں ویسے ہی مشاعرے میں شاعر اور صدر نشیں ہوتا ہے۔ کرکٹ کی پوری ٹیم ہوتی ہے جس کا ایک کپتان بھی ہوتا ہے لیکن یہاں پر ہر شاعر اپنا کپتان خود ہوتا ہے۔ کرکٹ کے میدان میں ریاضِ مسلسل کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے جب کہ مشاعرے میں گلے کی ضرورت پڑتی ہے۔ وہاں کچھ کھلاڑی جیسے فقط ٹائم پاس کرتے ہیں ویسے ہی یہاں بھی کچھ شاعر صرف دماغ چاٹتے ہیں۔ غرض شاعر یہاں پر مشاعرے اور کرکٹ کی مماثلت کو بیان کرنا چاہتے ہیں۔

سوال نمبر 4 : درج ذیل الفاظ و تراکیب کے معنی لکھیے :

سوال نمبر 5 : درج ذیل جوابات میں سے درست جواب پر (درست) کا نشان لگائیے :.

(الف) اس نظم میں لفظ “مشاعرہ” سے مراد ہے۔

• (۱)شعر سننے سنانے کی محفل ✔
• (۲)کرکٹ کا کھیل
• (۳)صرف تفریح

(ب) کرکٹ کی طرح مشاعرے میں بھی ہوتا ہے :

• (۱)امپائر ✔
• (۳)صدر نشیں

(ج) یہ نظم مضمون کے لحاظ سے ہے۔

• (۳)مزاحیہ ✔

(د) اس نظم میں پلیئر سے مراد ہے :

سوال نمبر 6 : “آپ کا پسندیدہ کھیل” کون سا ہے؟ پانچ سو الفاظ کا مضمون لکھیے۔

میرا پسندیدہ کھیل کرکٹ.

میرا پسندیدہ کھیل کرکٹ ہے۔ میں بچپن سے اپنے دوستوں کے ساتھ روزانہ کرکٹ کھیلتا ہوں۔ کرکٹ ایک ایسا کھیل ہے جو گیارہ کھلاڑیوں پر مشتمل دو ٹیموں کے درمیان کھیلا جاتا ہے۔ یہ کھیل گیند اور بلے کے ذریعے کھیلا جاتا ہے۔ جس میں میدان بیضوی شکل کا ہوتا ہے۔ میدان کے درمیان میں 20 میٹر کا مستقر بنا ہوتا ہے جسے پچ کہا جاتا ہے۔ پچ کے دونوں جانب تین تین لکڑیاں نصب کی جاتی ہیں جنہیں وکٹ کہا جاتا ہے۔ میدان میں موجود ٹیم کا ایک رکن چمڑے سے بنی ایک گیند کو پچ کی ایک جانب سے ہاتھ گھما کر دوسری ٹیم کے بلے باز رکن کی جانب پھینکتا ہے۔ عام طور پر گیند بلے باز تک پہنچنے سے قبل ایک بار اچھلتی ہے اور بلے باز وکٹوں کا دفاع کرتا ہے۔

بلے بازی کرنے والی ٹیم کا ہدف ہوتا ہے زیادہ سے زیادہ دوڑیں یا رنز بنانا۔ ایک دوڑ اس وقت پوری ہوتی ہے جب بلے باز اپنے سے دوسری جانب والی وکٹ پر اپنی کریز تک پہنچے یا اپنا بلا لگالے۔ بلے باز گیند کرائے جانے کے بعد کسی بھی وقت دوڑ بنا سکتا ہے۔ دوڑیں اس وقت بھی بنتی ہیں جب بلے باز گیند کو دائرے کی حد (باؤنڈری) سے باہر پہنچاتا ہے۔

چار دوڑیں اس وقت ملتی ہیں جب گیند دائرے کی حد کے باہر اچھلنے کے بعد پہنچتی ہے، اور چھ دوڑیں اس وقت ملتی ہیں جب گیند دائرے کی حد کے باہر اچھلے بغیر پہنچتی ہے۔ بلے بازی کرنے والی ٹیم کی مجموعی دوڑیں ایک حدف ہوتا ہے جس کو دوسری ٹیم کو سر کرنا ہوتا ہے۔

کرکٹ برطانیہ میں ایجاد ہوا اور اس لیے نو آبادیاتی دور میں برطانیہ کے زیرِ قبضہ تمام علاقوں میں پہنچا۔ جنوبی ایشیا کے ممالک بھارت، پاکستان، بنگلہ دیش اور سری لنکا میں کرکٹ عموماً عوام الناس کا سب سے پسندیدہ کھیل مانا جاتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ یہ انگلینڈ، آسٹریلیا، نیوزی لینڈ، جنوبی افریقہ، زمبابوے اور جزائر کیریبیئن میں بھی مقبولیت رکھتا ہے۔ جزائر کیریبیئن کی مشترکہ ٹیم کو ویسٹ انڈیز کہا جاتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ یہ کھیل نیدرلینڈز، کینیا، نیپال اور ارجنٹائن میں بھی مقبولیت اختیار کر رہا ہے۔

پاکستان میں کرکٹ کی تاریخ ۱۹۴۷ء میں پاکستان کے معرض وجود آنے سے شروع ہوتی ہے۔ موجودہ پاکستان میں شامل علاقوں میں سب سے پہلا میچ ۲۲ نومبر ۱۹۳۵ کو کراچی میں سندھ اور آسٹریلیا کرکٹ ٹیموں کے درمیان میں ہوا۔ اس میچ کو دیکھنے کے لیے کراچی سے ۵۰۰۰ لوگ آئے۔ یہ میچ برطانوی ہندوستان کے دور میں برطانیہ کے زیرِ انتظام کھیلا گیا۔

کرکٹ پاکستان میں سب سے مقبول کھیل ہے۔پاکستان نے بین الاقوامی کرکٹ میں بہت سے قابلِ ذکر بلے باز اور گیند باز کھلاڑی پیدا کیے ہیں۔ ہمارے ملک میں اس کھیل کو ایک غیر معمولی سی مقبولیت حاصل ہے۔ ملک میں بہت مدت بعد کرکٹ واپس آئی ہے، جس پر ہر لب خوش اور پر مسرت ہے۔ اب ہمیں اپنے شہر اور دیہات آباد و شاداب دیکھنے کا موقع ملے گا۔ وطن کا سرمایہ نوجوان بچے اس ملک کو عظیم تر بنانے کے لیے اپنی تمام صلاحیتیں بروئے کار لائیں گے جب ہی پاکستان بڑھے گا۔ اس لیے میرا پسندیدہ کھیل بھی کرکٹ ہے۔

Essay On Cricket for Students and Children

500+ words essay on cricket.

Cricket is a sport that requires the use of a bat and ball. It is easily one of the most prevalent sports in the world. This game consists of two teams that include 11 players each. The main aim of the game is to score the highest number of runs. It is played on a pitch in a field that is well-maintained for the same purpose. Cricket is particularly famous in England and India. There is a lot of potential in Cricket which allows players to earn well. Cricket does not have one single format but various ones. Similarly, each format has a different set of rules and duration.

Formats of Cricket

As Cricket has various formats, it has a different fan base for each of them. Some people like watching test matches because of their intensity and authenticity. While some enjoy Twenty-20, that require minimum engagement and are highly entertaining. Test Match is a format of cricket that is quite traditional.

It lasts up to five days and two countries play against each other in this match. Next up, we have the National League Systems, also called counties in England. Their duration is for three to four days.

Limited Overs Cricket is another type where the number of episodes decides the format and length of the game. Both the teams get to play a single inning and thus results are determined.

However, if it rains, they apply the Duck worth- Lewis Method to attain results. One of the most common formats is One Day International also known as ODI. Two countries play against each other for a total of fifty overs. Finally, this is probably the most entertaining format of cricket, the Twenty-20. It only has 20 overs to play and is quite exciting and engaging.

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The Power of Cricket in India

Despite Hockey being the national sport of the country, it is cricket which rules over the hearts of the citizens. It creates a lot of excitement and frenzy amongst the fans of the game. Cricket is like a religion in India and the players are considered to be demi-gods. It is the most-watched sport in India and people even miss their schools and offices when any major international match is happening.

The undying passion for cricket has many a time proved dangerous for the cricket players. Moreover, fans risk everything to display their anger or affection. Cricket unites Indians like nothing else and from kids to adults; everyone keeps track of the cricket score whenever the Indian team is playing.

Cricket in various formats is enjoyed by people all over the world as well. Even business tycoons are now investing in the game to cash in on the popularity.

The board of cricket is taking various measures to make the games more interesting through organizing the Indian Premier League and more. In short, it is safe to say that cricket is not merely a sport but an emotion in our country. It makes people come together for good. It also strengthens our relationship with other countries and maintains the sportsman spirit.

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case study about good governance

Supporting good governance - a zambian case study.

The future of Zambia is bright. Image:  Unsplash

.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:hover,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:focus,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);} Tim Hanstad

.chakra .wef-9dduvl{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;font-size:1.25rem;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-9dduvl{font-size:1.125rem;}} Explore and monitor how .chakra .wef-15eoq1r{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;font-size:1.25rem;color:#F7DB5E;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-15eoq1r{font-size:1.125rem;}} Geopolitics is affecting economies, industries and global issues

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• Helping governments improve their performance is the surest path to large-scale, lasting impact.
• The best opportunities for philanthropists to help improve government delivery occur when governments are open to new partners and ideas.
• This generally occurs after a political transition when the seeds of potential and growing conditions are most ideal.

There are certain headlines that keep philanthropists and nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders up at night. These headlines are often about pandemics, economic emergencies, natural and man-made disasters, and refugee crises. Over the last two years, there have been many such headlines, sending philanthropists and NGO leaders scrambling to respond.

But there are some headlines that we too often overlook - those about historic political changes that provide new opportunities for progress.

We in the global development sector – NGOs and private donors alike – are so attuned to identifying and responding to crisis events, that we can miss the opportunities to build on hopeful turning points with new governments.

Too often we miss the opportunity for catalytic investments. This is in part because we are not actively looking for opportunities to partner with and improve the performance of governments. Instead, we take as a given that governments – no matter who is in power – don't work. We focus on ameliorating the impact of dysfunctional governments, often by supporting delivery systems that are parallel to government initiatives.

This is a huge mistake on many levels. The focus should be on capacity building rather than a duplication of purpose.

Helping governments improve their performance is the surest path to large-scale, lasting impact. This kind of change could eventually put the global development sector out of a job, which should always be our goal. The best opportunities for philanthropists to help improve government delivery of critical services occur when governments are already motivated, aligned, and open to new partners and ideas. This generally occurs after a political transition when the seeds of potential and growing conditions are most ideal. Call it leveraging the “ Kairos moment ” – the moment of maximum opportunity.

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Girls hold the key to zambia’s future, what is crippling zambia’s economy, these new allies for governments can help attain equitable, lasting change, how governments can leverage policy and blockchain technology to stunt public corruption.

The case of Zambia

Consider the situation in Zambia. Over the last five years, the country appeared to be at a crossroads. Few could predict if it would go in the direction of neighbouring Botswana, a country with less autocracy, greater democracy, and economic policies that attract private investment and facilitate inclusive prosperity, or follow the path of its other neighbour Zimbabwe when it was under former President Robert Mugabe, a well-known repressive kleptocrat.

Under outgoing President Edgar Lungu (2015-2021), Zambia appeared to be lurching toward Zimbabwe’s path. But the country’s mid-August 2021 election provides hope and a Kairos moment for NGOs and philanthropists to step in and help the new government - now led by President Hakainde Hichilema, a former opposition leader - to restore civil liberties, address corruption, and improve the economy.

Hichilema inherits a country beset with challenges well beyond the current COVID-19 health crisis. One of the biggest cities in the country, Kabwe, is known as one of the most polluted places on Earth . It has a population of more than 200,000 residents who have been exposed to heavy metals because of unregulated mining.

This has led to widespread symptoms of lead and cadmium toxicity. The country also endures widespread blackouts as climate change has dried the rivers flowing through the nation’s hydroelectric dams. To make matters worse, Zambia is in the midst of an economic crisis exacerbated by widespread corruption.

But at the same time, there are reasons for optimism. The August 12 election was the third time power has transferred peacefully from a ruling party to an opposition party in post-independence Zambia. Primary school enrolment has reached 98%, up from just 59% in 2000.

Under-five mortality has declined from 180 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 62 per 1000 live births in 2021. And, perhaps most importantly, newly-elected Hichilema has taken early, promising steps to follow through on his campaign promises to address corruption, restore media freedoms, respect human rights, and responsibly reform the economy.

Winds of change

Philanthropists and NGOs should seize this opportunity, and others like it on the continent, where seeds of promise are sprouting. In Niger, for example, President Mahamadou Issoufou stepped down earlier this year following his second 5-year term in office, thereby setting a valuable precedent. It was the first democratic transition between elected leaders in the country’s 60-year post-independence history.

As the Africa Center for Strategic Studies noted recently, “Democracy-building is more than a single event but will require creating a democratic culture, a years-long effort.” But will philanthropists commit to helping these countries transition to vibrant economies and stable democracies over the next decade/s?

African businessman and philanthropist Mo Ibrahim calls good governance the cornerstone of effective development: “Unless you are ruled properly, you cannot move forward. Everything else is secondary. Everything.”

Philanthropists should take note: your efforts to improve education, health outcomes, women’s empowerment, food security and the like can all be on firmer footing and achieve a more durable impact with effective governments at the helm.

Unless you are ruled properly, you cannot move forward. Everything else is second. Everything.

Zambia’s political transition comes at a time when there is an authoritarian slide across parts of Africa (not to mention Europe and the United States ), which makes these rare Kairos moments all the more important.

These moments must be leveraged to support motivated governments as they address corruption, jumpstart moribund economies, and establish the institutions needed for good governance requires. This will involve partnering with local NGOs that engage directly with the government to help build government capacity to deliver services including health care, education, agricultural support, and property rights.

Further support can be offered to help governments establish evidence-based policy-making processes and to build up a strong cadre of public servants. There is also room for civil society to be strengthened to better perform its role as a watchdog.

Lessons learned

In my decades working in the global development sector, I have seen numerous examples where non-profit organizations – with donor support – were able to leverage Kairos moments to deliver timely and practical assistance to effectively build the capacity and improve the performance of motivated governments.

These initiatives achieved land reform in post-Mao China , accelerated the growth and impact of women’s self-help groups in India ; implemented a life-saving motorcycle helmet requirement in Vietnam ; and established a national community health worker programme in post-civil war Liberia , among many others.

What proved effective was a combination of social purpose from organizations focused on varying aspects of good governance that were willing to directly and constructively engage with dedicated government officials at all levels, and donors who were willing to provide the responsive, flexible resources necessary to support the iterative, long-term path to large-scale impact.

Whether you call it “third sector”, “social sector” or “volunteerland”, civil society includes an array of different causes, groups, unions and NGOs. Their combined aim is to hold governments to account, promoting transparency, lobbying for human rights, mobilizing in times of disaster and encouraging citizen engagement.

Ranging from small online campaigns to giants such as Amnesty International and Greenpeace, civil society employs around 54 million full-time workers and has a global volunteer force of over 350 million.

The World Economic Forum is committed to accelerating the impact of civil society organizations. With a view to this, it created Preparing Civil Society for the Fourth Industrial Revolution , a multi-sectoral platform to support the transformation of the social sector and its inclusion in the governance of emerging technologies.

Civil society is a key stakeholder for driving public-private collaboration and advancing the Forum’s mission. Through dialogue series and platform initiatives, civil society actors from a wide range of fields come together to collaborate with government and business leaders on finding and advocating solutions to global challenges.

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CGRI Case Studies

Case studies by Stanford GSB faculty that illustrate concepts and lessons in corporate governance.

Keller Williams Realty (B)

This case is a follow up to HR-29A, and explains the actions taken by Keller Williams in response to the residential real estate market downturn in 2008 and 2009. The case explains the programs and initiatives put in place by the company to boost agent…

Baker Hughes, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

In 2002, Baker Hughes was accused of violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). This case describes the actions taken by the company in response to those accusations. These include hiring a third-party law firm to undertake an independent…

Equity on Demand, the Netflix Approach to Compensation

Netflix was among a small group of Silicon Valley companies to emerge from the technology bubble of the late 1990s a clear winner in terms of growth, market share, and profitability. That Netflix was able not only to prevail over this competition but also…

Multimillionaire Matchmaker, An Inside Look At CEO Succession Planning

This case takes an inside look at CEO succession planning at Energy Corp. The case provides an overview of various models of succession planning, including external search, COO appointment, a horse race, and the inside-outside model. The case then…

Sharks in the Water, Battling an Activist Investor for Corporate Control (A)

In July 2006, Barracuda became the largest investor in Tarco International. In a meeting with management, Barracuda’s managing director advised that strong measures needed to be taken to improve operating performance. If management failed, Barracuda would…

Sharks in the Water, Battling an Activist Investor for Corporate Control (B)

This case is a follow up to CG-20A, and explains the actions taken by Tarco in response to threat from activist investor Barracuda. The case explains how the company relied on an analysis of its shareholder base and predictive proxy voting to inform its…

Royal Dutch/Shell, A Shell Game with Oil Reserves - Governance Overhaul After Scandal (B)

Following the revelation that the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies had overstated its proved oil reserves by over 4 billion barrels, company officials announced dramatic changes to the company’s organizational structure and governance system. These…

Royal Dutch/Shell, A Shell Game with Oil Reserves (A)

In January 2004, the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies announced that it would reduce its estimate of proved oil reserves by nearly 4 billion barrels, or 20 percent. The announcement set off a series of events, including a drop in the company’s share…

Attention Shoppers, Executive Compensation at Kroger, Safeway, Costco and Whole Foods

Retail grocery sales represent a significant portion of the U.S. economy. The industry was highly competitive, with companies operating on low gross and net margins. As a result, grocery stores were generally under significant pressure to reduce their…

Financial Restatements: Methods Companies Use to Distort Financial Performance

Over the last 10 years, the number of publicly traded companies that have had to restate financial results has risen dramatically. Regardless of whether the restatements stemmed from the aggressive application of accounting standards or the need to…

Models of Corporate Governance. Who's the Fairest of Them All?

In 2007, corporate governance became a well-discussed topic in the business press. Newspapers produced detailed accounts of corporate fraud, accounting scandals, excessive compensation, and other perceived organizational failures—many of which culminated…

10b5-1 Plans, Mortgaging a Defense Against Insider Trading

In 2006, David Zucker, chief executive officer of Midway Games, came under fire for selling a significant amount of Midway stock just weeks before a precipitous decline in the company’s share price. One year later, Angelo Mozilo, chairman and chief…

AMB Property Corporation, Financial Reporting in the REIT Industry

AMB Property Corporation set out to be a leader in corporate governance and financial reporting. The company, a publicly traded real estate investment trust (REIT) that acquires, develops, and owns industrial properties, believed that its governance and…

AOL Time Warner (A): Accounting for Goodwill

This case asks students to review the impact of SFAS 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, in the context of the AOL Time Warner merger. Under SFAS 142, companies were required to perform periodic testing to determine whether economic goodwill had…

AOL Time Warner (B): Recognition of Goodwill Impairment

This case reviews the recognition of goodwill impairment taken by AOL Time Warner following the adoption of SFAS 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. This case is the successor of A-196A, AOL Time Warner (A): Accounting for Goodwill.

Corporate Governance Ratings, Got the grade… What was the test?

In 2007, there were three prominent corporate governance ratings firms—The Corporate Library (TCL), Governance Metrics International (GMI), and Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS). These firms assessed the effectiveness and deficiency of the…

Earnings Conference Calls, Hewlett-Packard Company

The case study asks students to evaluate the role that the quarterly conference call plays in a company’s overall communications strategy with investors. In particular, students are asked to assess what additional information they can learn from the…

Executive Compensation at Nabors Industries, Too Much, Too Little, or Just Right?

Eugene Isenberg, CEO of Nabors Industries, was listed in a 2006 Wall Street Journal article as one of the highest paid executives in the U.S. over the previous 14 years. He received this compensation as a result of a unique bonus arrangement and large…

Halliburton Company, Accounting for Cost Overruns and Recoveries

In July 2002, a legal watchdog group, Judicial Watch, announced that it was suing Halliburton Company for overstating revenues during the period 1998 to 2001. The group’s contention was that Halliburton used fraudulent accounting practices to boost…

Keller Williams Realty (A)

The case describes the economic and cultural models that have led to the success of Keller Williams Realty. By 2006 Keller Williams was one of the most profitable real estate companies in the United States (if not the most profitable); in addition it was…

Shareholder Democracy, Does Gretchen Get It Right?

By 2007, Gretchen Morgenson, assistant editor and columnist at The New York Times, had gained significant attention from business leaders, regulators, and academics for her coverage of a wide range of financial and governance issues. Morgenson wrote the…

Sovereign Bancorp and Relational Investors, The Role of the Activist Hedge Fund

The coca-cola company: accounting for investments in bottlers.

In 2001, accounting regulators, especially those in the U.S., began to reconsider the rules of consolidation with a move toward a requirement based on “control,” with much less consideration of the size of the equity stake. The fundamental accounting and…

The Walt Disney Company: Investor Communications Strategy

As the chief financial officer of The Walt Disney Company, Tom Staggs was responsible not only for the financial management of the company, but also for the communication of the company’s financial and strategic objectives to its investor base. Because of…

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Corporate Governance Case Study: Tesla, Twitter, and the Good Weed

Justin Slane, Sharon Makower and Joe Green are editors for the Capital Markets & Corporate Governance Service at Thomson Reuters Practical Law. This post is based on a Practical Law article by Mr. Slane, Ms. Makower and Mr. Green.

Perhaps no company in the world has the perception of its brand being tied to one person more than Tesla Inc. (Tesla) and its CEO and now former chairman of the board, Elon Musk. As at least one journalist phrased it, “ Elon Musk is Tesla. Tesla is Elon Musk .” And Musk is not just the face of Tesla, but a co-founder of PayPal and Solar City, the founder and current CEO of SpaceX and founder of its subsidiary, The Boring Company. He has crafted a “real-life Iron Man” persona, including all the eccentricity, and is undoubtedly one of the most recognizable and polarizing CEOs in the world.

But 2018 has not been the best year for Elon Musk. In what Musk would call negative propaganda pushed by short sellers, Tesla has faced heightened scrutiny and increasingly negative media attention related to a litany of issues, including cash burn , vehicle safety , production capabilities , and a string of employment-related lawsuits and executive exits ( only made worse recently ). Analysts and investors began to publicly cool on Tesla and question its long-term value, which Musk also attributed to short sellers .

In May, citing independence concerns and questioning whether Musk may be stretched too thin, proxy advisory giants Glass, Lewis & Company (Glass Lewis) and Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc. (ISS) opposed the re-election of current Tesla board members and supported splitting Musk’s roles as CEO and chairman.

As the pressure mounted, Musk became increasingly combative, especially on Twitter, lashing out at short sellers and anyone criticizing Tesla or him. Musk’s erratic behavior and obsession with short sellers and critics drew more criticism of his leadership and that of Tesla’s board of directors .

But it all came to a head on August 7, when in the middle of the trading day, without notice or warning to anyone (including other executives and directors at Tesla or contacts at Nasdaq, the exchange on which Tesla’s common stock is listed), Musk tweeted:

Then, for reasons still unknown, nobody took his phone away, and Musk continued tweeting and interacting with shareholders throughout the day:

The public reaction to Musk’s tweets was strong and immediate. Tesla’s stock soared before Nasdaq eventually halted trading for several hours later in the day, and there was instant speculation about whether Musk actually had the funding to take Tesla private (spoiler: he did not).

Musk’s drastic departure from normal public disclosure standards and the subsequent media circus arising from it unsurprisingly captured the attention of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which ultimately resulted in an enforcement action and settlement with Elon Musk over the tweets. Tesla also settled with the SEC. The end results of the settlements include the following:

• Musk must step down as chairman of the board and be replaced by an independent chairman, but Musk will be allowed to remain as CEO. On November 7, 2018, Tesla appointed an independent chairman.
• Musk and Tesla must each pay $20 million in fines.
• Tesla must add two independent directors and create a formal disclosure committee to oversee communications from Musk.
• Tesla must hire an experienced securities lawyer, subject to approval by the SEC Division of Enforcement (Tesla’s current general counsel was Elon Musk’s divorce attorney and worked primarily in family law before joining Tesla).

This post examines this corporate governance cautionary tale, focusing primarily on the Regulation FD (Reg FD) issues raised by Musk’s tweets and public statements. The full article from which this post is excerpted also examines a host of other issues including disclosure controls and procedures, stock exchange requirements, conflicts of interest, board independence, and more, highlighting for each issue where things went wrong and identifying resources that perhaps could have helped avoid this type of mess. To learn more about these issues, the full article can be accessed here .

Complying with Regulation FD

Much of the initial reporting surrounding Musk’s tweets questioned whether the use of his personal Twitter account violated Reg FD. Reg FD, which took effect in 2000, prohibits selective disclosure by requiring that material nonpublic information disclosed to securityholders or market professionals (including research analysts) must also be disclosed to the public in a broad, non-exclusionary manner. And in fact, in finally answering why he tweeted about taking Tesla private, Musk explained in an August 13 blog post that he wanted to have discussions with key shareholders and he felt it “wouldn’t be right to share information about going private with just [Tesla’s] largest investors.” While Musk’s intentions are noble and in line with the basic principle of nearly 20-year-old federal securities law, the reports were correct that Reg FD generally requires more than tweets.

SEC guidance issued in 2008 and 2013 regarding the use of company websites and social media for disclosure suggests that companies can still satisfy Reg FD requirements if they notify investors of where they can expect material information to be disclosed online, making it a “recognized channel of distribution.” In particular, the 2013 guidance dealt with the Netflix CEO disclosing monthly viewing hours on his personal Facebook page.

The SEC stated that disclosing material nonpublic information on the personal social media site of an individual corporate officer, without advance notice to investors that the site may be used for this purpose, is unlikely to satisfy Regulation FD because it is not likely a method “reasonably designed to provide broad, non-exclusionary distribution of the information to the public” that Reg FD requires. The SEC stated this is true even if “the individual in question has a large number of subscribers, friends or other social media contacts, so that the information is likely to reach a broader audience over time.”

The SEC used its 2013 guidance to highlight the concept that whether a Regulation FD violation occurred will turn on whether the investing public was alerted to the channels of distribution a company will use to disseminate material information. The SEC’s 2008 guidance on the use of company websites outlines the factors that indicate whether a particular channel (whether it be a corporate website or a corporate executive’s social media account) is a recognized channel of distribution for communicating with investors.

In this case, Tesla and Musk had a few factors in their favor:

• A Form 8-K filed on November 5, 2013 , encourages investors to follow Elon Musk’s personal Twitter account for material information being disclosed to the public. Ideally the notice would be repeated, including in Tesla’s annual reports on Form 10-K or additional Form 8-K reports, but at least some form of notice was provided to shareholders.
• Elon Musk also has nearly 23 million Twitter followers. His original tweet was widely picked up and further broadcast by major news sources within minutes, and within hours, former SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt was on major cable news networks discussing whether Musk committed securities fraud.

While it was far from a safe use of social media for Reg FD purposes, Musk and Tesla appear to have a decent argument that shareholders had notice that information could be disclosed through Musk’s personal Twitter account and his account was reasonably designed to provide broad, non-exclusionary disclosure of the information.

Most public companies typically adopt formal policies regarding compliance with Reg FD (as well as the use of social media by their employees and executives). A strong Reg FD policy should contain:

• A complete outline of the procedures and practices of the company concerning disclosure of information to the public.
• A formal limitation on which company personnel are permitted to communicate with analysts and securityholders on behalf of the company. These people should be well-versed in Reg FD and familiar with the company’s public disclosures. Ideally these people should also understand the concept of materiality and what may constitute securities fraud under Rule 10b-5.
• A restatement of the company’s policy on confidentiality of information.
• A guide to disclosing material information.

Companies should also address the use of social media by their employees and executives, whether in their Reg FD policies or in separate social media guidelines that cover both personal social media use and social media use as an authorized company spokesperson.

While a Tesla Reg FD policy, set of social media guidelines, or other corporate communications policy addressing these concerns does not seem to be publicly available, the Tesla Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (last revised in December 2017) refers to a “Communication Policy … [that covers] Tesla’s social media guidelines, media relations and marketing guidelines, and the circumstances and the extent to which individuals are allowed to speak on Tesla’s behalf.” Musk should have been aware of Tesla’s communications policy, ideally having been reminded frequently through regular training for Tesla officers regarding the company’s policy and their obligations under Regulation FD, and never tweeted to begin with.

Twitter Was Always a Bad Choice

Musk’s tweets are also an extreme, yet useful, example of why casual social media use and disclosure of material nonpublic information should not be mixed. Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act prohibits material misstatements and omissions of fact, and companies must always avoid making disclosures in informal social media posts that lack material information or the context necessary for investors to be fully informed. If a company decides that there is material information that should be disclosed to the public, it must then determine when that information must be disclosed. Information should only be disclosed when it is definitive, accurate, clear, and specific.

Twitter can be an excellent tool for supplementing more formal corporate disclosure, such as linking to SEC filings, the company’s website, or attaching a press release as an image. However, individual Twitter posts as the sole medium of disclosure might be the worst form of social media use for disclosing material nonpublic information. The primary differentiating factor between Twitter and other social media platforms is it limits user posts to just 280 characters. Musk used 61 characters in his original going private tweet (if you pro rate his $20 million SEC fine to the characters in that tweet, Musk spent over $2.6 million on spaces alone). While some may applaud his succinctness, Musk’s August 7 tweets and blog post are textbook examples of public disclosures that lack context and completeness.

What does “funding secured” and “investor support is confirmed” mean? Who is/are the buyer(s)? How was the $420 per share price calculated? Has the board received or approved a proposal? None of these basic questions had answers. We later learned in the SEC’s civil complaint against Musk:

• A Tesla investor texted Musk’s chief of staff “What’s Elon’s tweet about? Can’t make any sense of it….”
• A reporter emailed Musk to ask if his tweet was a 420 joke and whether “an actual explanation” was coming.
• The following investor relations exchange happened in real life seven hours, ten tweets, and one blog post after Musk’s initial “going private” tweet:

“After Tesla’s head of Investor Relations received another inquiry from another investment bank research analyst at approximately 7:20 PM EDT, he asked whether the analyst had read Tesla’s ‘official blog post on this topic.’ The analyst responded, ‘I did. Nothing on funding though?’ The head of Investor Relations replied, ‘The very first tweet simply mentioned ‘Funding secured’ which means there is a firm offer. Elon did not disclose details of who the buyer is.’ The analyst then asked, ‘Firm offer means there is a commitment letter or is this a verbal agreement?’ The head of Investor Relations responded, ‘I actually don’t know, but I would assume that given we went full-on public with this, the offer is as firm as it gets.'” (see SEC Complaint, par. 52 .)

It took six full days before Musk or Tesla provided any clarification about what Musk meant by “funding secured” and the rest of his going private tweets on August 7.

Corporate Disclosure or Personal Statements?

Musk’s claim he was making statements in his personal capacity as a potential buyer of Tesla as opposed to on Tesla’s behalf as CEO and Chairman adds another element to this case illustrating why disclosure of material nonpublic information requires full context. If his personal Twitter account is both a recognized channel for corporate communications and a means for him to make disclosures as a private individual, how are investors supposed to know what is corporate information and what is personal?

Nothing in the August 7 tweets or blog post definitively stated Musk was not speaking on behalf of Tesla as its CEO and Chairman. In fact, in the investor relations exchange mentioned above, Tesla’s head of Investor Relations says “… I would assume that given we went full-on public with this…” (emphasis added), phrasing that certainly implies he thought the statements were made on Tesla’s behalf.

It is generally good corporate governance practice that if a company discovers a Reg FD violation, to minimize risks, it should promptly disclose the information by a Reg FD-compliant method. For example, if an executive officer selectively discloses material nonpublic information, the company can correct the situation by filing a Form 8-K to disclose the information.

Given the potential confusion for investors resulting from Musk’s initial tweets and his claim that he made the statements in his “personal capacity,” Tesla should have immediately filed a Form 8-K (which also happens to allow for more than 280 characters) to correct any potentially selective or misleading disclosure made by Musk and provide any additional context necessary. No Form 8-K was filed though. Again, it was six days before Musk or Tesla provided any clarification or additional explanation for his statements on August 7.

The SEC Settlement and Ongoing Fallout

The ultimate fallout from Musk’s brief foray into a possible going private transaction is still ongoing:

• Class action lawsuits are still pending.
• The Department of Justice is still investigating Musk’s tweets.
• Significant investors are engaging with Tesla requesting changes to the board of directors (and other corporate governance practices).

Musk doesn’t seem to be fazed by any of this, and could do something tomorrow that turns this all on its head again. But the SEC settlement with Musk has now been approved by the Southern District of New York, and Tesla has settled separately with the SEC without a formal enforcement action. The terms of the settlements bring us full circle to where the year started, with the recognition that Tesla was facing an increasing battle between responsible corporate governance and Elon Musk’s persona. Tesla lost this round. If the added disclosure controls and expanded board continues losing battles, well, who knows? There is always Teslaquilla (or maybe not )!

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Case Studies of Good Corporate Governance

This second fully revised edition of "Case Studies of Good Corporate Governance Practices" presents the experiences of a set of leading companies in Latin America in reforming and improving how their firms are governed, and the results these changes have achieved. Each chapter's contents reflect the views of one company's management and directors of the motivations, challenges, solutions and rewards for devising and putting in place better governance rules and practices.

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Good governance is crucial for cities to deliver on their climate targets. Reaching net-zero means mainstreaming climate action across the city government, and requires effective collaboration between city departments and with stakeholders outside government. This resource explains the key principles of good climate governance, and illustrates them with detailed case studies about the measures and structures already adopted by cities.

The guide begins by explaining ten factors than underpin good climate governance:

• Institutional arrangements, meaning design of the city’s institutional structures and allocation of roles and responsibilities within them.
• Legal frameworks to support climate action, with measures such as acts, bylaws and legally-binding aspects of strategies.
• Mainstreamed climate policy, with climate action integrated across the city through governance structures and systems, policy frameworks and other enabling conditions.
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• Communication and engagement between the city, civil society and others, including engaging key stakeholder groups and sharing information.
• Innovative solutions to capacity and resource challenges in the city.

These factors are then explored through case studies, each of which explains the city’s approach and solutions, and transferable lessons for other cities. Case studies include:

• Johannesburg ’s approach to institutionalising and mainstreaming climate action, including through an institutional review and the creation of new structures.
• Los Angeles ’ approach, in its ‘pLAn’ illustrated below, to establish a set of governance structures to ensure effective and equitable delivery.

Good climate governance categories illustrated in Los Angeles’ ‘pLAn’

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Case Studies of Global Governance for Health Research

• First Online: 14 November 2019

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• Kiarash Aramesh 4  

Part of the book series: Advancing Global Bioethics ((AGBIO,volume 15))

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This chapter is specified to a number of case studies to portray the challenges of Global Health Governance and Global Governance for Health Research in the real-world through historical cases. The fourth chapter begins with a broader scope. In the first case, Zika pandemic, it shows how Global Health Governance uses previous experiences to deal with newly-emerged pandemics. Research integrity in Iran discusses how local practices on research integrity are important at the global scale and should be addressed by Global Governance for Health Research. HIV/AIDS Research in LMICs describes a paradigm case of exploitation in research that contributed to a significant shift in the history of clinical research. Sending Biological Specimens Abroad discusses bio-piracy as a topic within Global Governance for Health Research. Also, it shows how international collaborations may be seen by the weaker sides. Research on Pre-Implantation Human Embryo portrays how different religious and seculars perspectives collectively take part in shaping the ethical grounds for Global Governance for Health Research. The final case study in this chapter, Traditional Medicines, Science-Pseudoscience Debate, and Biopiracy, addresses the globalized aspects of science-pseudoscience debate and Biopiracy by discussing traditional medicines as a paradigm example. By exploring such spectrum of real-world cases, the fourth chapter portrays the existing need of Global Health Governance and Global Governance for Health Research to a comprehensive ethical framework. It also shows how particular challenges or ethical principles are more relevant to each case.

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Hazel J Markwell, and Barry F Brown, “Catholic Bioethics,” 189.

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Aramesh, K. (2019). Case Studies of Global Governance for Health Research. In: An Ethical Framework for Global Governance for Health Research. Advancing Global Bioethics, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31132-2_4

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A CRICKET MATCH English Essay:

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Essay on Cricket

Cricket, an outdoor game that has its history dating back to the 14 th century, is one of the most popular games in the world. Various countries have set out revenues just for the game making it one of the best games to get rewards as well. This game with its importance is also necessary to be understood by students for exams and hence Cricket Essay for Students in English becomes an important topic in English. Here is everything regarding the Cricket Essay for Students in English via Vedantu.

Cricket is a very popular game and is played at both national and international levels. This game originated in England. Cricket was introduced to the Indians by the British in the early 1700s. This game rules in everyone’s heart in India and so it can be called the “king of the games”. Millions of fans watch this game, and there is an air of excitement everywhere. It is enjoyed by the old and young. Over the years, this game has gathered a huge fan-base, who connects emotionally with it in our country.

History of Cricket

The game of cricket goes long back to British times. When it was introduced in India, very few people played this game. The Maharaja of Patiala, Bhupinder Singh brought this game into limelight. He was a great patron of sports. He played cricket and he had his own team. Cricket was his second love after his kingdom. He was the man behind the golden history of cricket due to his passion for the game. His team Patiala XI was the best team during that time and he was the captain of the Indian team. He himself sponsored his teams for the tours to England.

How is Cricket Played?

Cricket is a game played by two teams of eleven players each on a pitch with two sets of three stumps, which are called wickets. The bowler bowls the ball down the pitch to the batsman of the opposing team, who must defend the wickets in front of which he stands. The target of the game is to score as many runs as possible. 

Runs are scored by individual players by running on the playing strip (called pitch) between the wickets, or by hitting a ball that flies outside the boundary of the playground or which falls inside the boundary but bounces or rolls outside. When the balls go directly outside the boundary, the batsman scores six runs, and when the ball falls within the boundary but rolls outside then the batsman scores four runs. The opponent team will bowl and field and their objective is to take the wickets for each of the batsmen playing on the pitch. 

A batsman can be dismissed in one of several ways: by the bowler hitting the wicket with the ball, which is called, bowled; by a fielder catching the ball hit by the batsman before it touches the ground and it is called caught; by the wicket-keeper or another fielder breaking the stumps while the batsman attempts a run and is therefore out of his ground. This is called stumped or run out. A batsman can also be dismissed if the batsman breaks the wicket with his own bat or body and this is called a hit wicket; by a part of the batsman’s body being hit by a ball that would otherwise have hit the wicket is called leg before the wicket or “lbw”. 

A match consists of one or two innings, and each inning ends when the tenth batsman of the batting team is out, when a certain number of overs (an over: a series of six balls bowled) have been played or when the captain of the batting team declares ending the innings voluntarily. 

Forms of Cricket

There are three forms of cricket: Test matches, one-day internationals, and T20 internationals. 

Test matches are played for five days. To play this game, the players have to excel mentally and physically. This game is played in white tees and trousers. In this game, the players have to play for ninety overs each day. 

In one-day internationals, the players play an inning of fifty overs. This kind of cricket is played only for a day. It was introduced in the 1980s.

T20 is the latest format of this game. In a T20 match, they play an inning of only twenty overs. This game is pretty interesting and engaging. 

Achievements by the Indian Team

India won its first world cup in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev. It was a big win in the history of cricket. Next, they won the world cup in 2011 under the captaincy of MS Dhoni. India also won the T20 ICC World trophy and ICC Champions trophy in 2013 under the captaincy of MS Dhoni. Besides these prestigious trophies, India has acclaimed many other victories in world cricket.

Indian Cricket Team

Cricket is played by both men and women. The captain of the women’s national cricket team is Harmanpreet Kaur. Women’s national cricket team made its first debut in 1976. Mithali Raj was the captain during the debut. 

Virat Kohli is the captain of the Indian cricket team (men's). We have some great players from the past who have established themselves internationally and taken India to a very high pedestal in the world of cricket and brought pride to the country. Some of them are Sachin Tendulkar, MS Dhoni, Saurav Ganguly, Rahul Dravid, Sunil Gavaskar, Kapil Dev, Ravi Shastri, and many more.

FAQs on Cricket Essay

1. What are the rules of a cricket game?

There are certain rules that need to be followed while playing cricket and can be provided as follows:

This game is played using bat and ball. There is a need for a 22-yard pitch and there are two teams that play against each other

There are 3 wooden stumps placed with 2 wooden bails being placed on the wicket.

The bowler is the one who throws the ball and the batsman is the one who hits the ball and runs to get a score.

The bowling team will have all the players in the field to protect the field.

The captain tosses a coin to check which team will be batting and which team will be bowling.

When there are 10 of the 11 batsmen out, the team is called All Out.

2. How is the International Cricket game conducted?

The ICC also called the International Cricket Council is the one that operates all the cricket games. Its headquarters is situated in Dubai which is an international institution of cricket. It was founded in the year 1909 by a representative of Australia and South Africa. The ICC will have a total of 104 members. Of the 100 members who play the official test, there will be 34 members who are associate members and 60 will be affiliated members. The organization is the one that is responsible for the conduct, organization, and governance of cricket’s major international tournament, especially the Cricket World Cup.

3. What are the benefits of playing the game cricket?

There are various benefits of playing the game cricket and can be provided as follows:

This game provides good exercise to the body and hence makes kids and adults both quite active.

Children in a particular area can unite with other fans of cricket and hence leading to good bonding between the children.

Due to playing the game, the blood flows fast in the body and hence leads to good heart health. This means cricket is a good cardiovascular exercise.

Students who have lower stamina can increase their stamina by playing the game.

4. How to write 10 lines on a Cricket Essay for Students in English?

Sport is an important part of our life

My favorite game is cricket

It was considered to be a royal game when the first time the game started

There will be 11 team players on each team.

Two teams are required out of which there will be two players of each team playing against each other

There are many types of cricket games such as Test Match, one-day cricket, and T20.

This game is one of the most popular games in a number of countries around the world.

Cricket does not only entertain people but also helps people have a good health

This game needs instruments such as a bat and a ball.

The team that scores the most will be the one declared as the winner

5. Why is it necessary for students to write a Cricket Essay for Students in English?

Cricket Essay for Students in English is an important part of the syllabus and is one of the topics that are most frequently asked in the exams. This means that students need to stay prepared on how to write the Cricket Essay for Students in English and how to get good marks in the same. This can only be achieved if there is proper practice of the Cricket Essay for Students in English. This can now be done by accessing the article on Vedantu by referring to the Vedantu English essay topics for students and hence increasing your chances of getting high marks. 

6. Who is the Father of Indian Cricket?

Sir Ranjit Singh Ji Vabhaji is the father of Indian cricket. The Ranji Trophy was named after him.

7. What is the Game of Cricket?

Cricket is a ball game played by two teams of eleven players on a pitch with two sets of three stumps, which are called wickets. The bowler bowls the ball down the pitch to the batsman of the opponent team, who must defend the wickets in front - where he stands. The target of the game is to score as many runs as possible.

8. What are the Three Forms of Cricket?

There are three formats of cricket are Test match, one-day internationals, and T20 internationals.

9. Who is the Current Vice-Captain of the Indian Team?

Rohit Sharma is the vice-captain of the Indian cricket team currently.

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The Very Brief Life of a World-Class Cricket Stadium on Long Island

Built in 100 days for the Cricket World Cup, the stadium will host nine matches before it is dismantled.

By David Waldstein

John Norton, a retired police officer from Long Island, sat in a folding chair and watched his grandson’s Little League game in East Meadow on Wednesday. The quiet spot is less than a mile from where one of the biggest sporting events in the world would take place in a few days, but Mr. Norton, like many people in the area, was only vaguely aware of the details.

“I saw the stadium from the street,” Mr. Norton said. “I don’t know the first thing about cricket, but I guess it’s going to be pretty crazy over there.”

The stadium he saw — the Nassau County International Cricket Stadium — seemed to have popped up almost overnight. Now it sits on one edge of the 930-acre Eisenhower Park, a massive — if temporary — cricket stadium that was built in sections, like a giant erector set, over the last 100 days. It will host eight matches of the Men’s T20 World Cup, an international cricket tournament expected to draw the attention of hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide, even if most people in New York seem barely aware of its existence.

Matches will also be held in six Caribbean nations along with Dallas and Lauderhill, Fla. The event officially opens on Saturday in Dallas, where the United States plays Canada. The stadium in East Meadow, which can hold 34,000 spectators, will be inaugurated with an exhibition match on Saturday between India and Bangladesh.

The Indian team arrived in New York this week and practiced at a nearby facility in Hicksville. This was all reported with great fanfare in India, a country dotted with cricket grounds of all sizes.

So why go to all the effort to host the event in a quiet park in suburban Long Island? The aim is to make new fans out of people like Mr. Norton or, ideally, his grandson. The International Cricket Council, which runs the event, estimates there are already 200,000 cricket players in the United States (up from 30,000 players 20 years ago). Geoff Allardice, a former professional cricket player from Australia and the chief executive of the I.C.C., said that even with more than a billion fans, cricket can become more popular globally.

“One of the things we are trying to do is take the game to new markets,” he said. “New York is a big step for our sport.”

The most anticipated match in the group stage is the showdown between India and Pakistan on June 9 at East Meadow. That rivalry, between two of the world’s best cricketing nations, has a bitter history on and off the pitch — like the Red Sox against the Yankees on a much larger scale and fraught with decades of geopolitical tensions. The last time the countries played against each other, at a different World Cup event last year, 323 million viewers watched in India alone, more than twice the audience of the last Super Bowl.

“The Indian cricket team would have to be the most popular international sporting team in the world, in terms of the number of followers,” Mr. Allardice said. “It’s not only the No. 1 sport, but it drives passion like nothing else.”

Besides the new stadium, fans in New York can also watch matches live on a video screen at the Oculus near the World Trade Center. Citi Field, home of the New York Mets, will host a viewing party for the India-Pakistan match on June 9.

The I.C.C. is hoping that this event will do for cricket what the 1994 World Cup did for soccer in the United States: crash the dominance that baseball, basketball, football and hockey once held.

Cricket, which originated in England, has a long history in New York. The Staten Island Cricket Club is set to celebrate its 152nd anniversary in July, and the first international cricket match was played 30 years before that in Manhattan, between the United States and Canada on Sept. 24, 1844 .

A traditional cricket match is a notoriously long affair, so much so that there are tea breaks. Games can last most of the day, and then there are five-day internationals. But about 20 years ago, a new format was invented, called Twenty20, or T20 for short, that limited play to around three hours, and its popularity soared globally.

There have been many leagues and clubs in the United States over the decades; last year saw the inception of Major League Cricket, a professional league. New York’s team won the championship, but it plays its games in Texas for now, while hoping to build a permanent stadium in the New York area.

For the World Cup, the I.C.C. initially proposed installing a venue in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, a center for New York area cricket. But local opposition, including from cricketers who did not want to lose their playing fields during construction and play, forced the I.C.C. to look elsewhere. It settled on Eisenhower Park in November, and when word reached media outlets in India, some toured the site and discovered a small, scraggly pitch.

“They were appalled,” said Don Lockerbie, the venue development director, who grew up in nearby Stony Brook on Long Island. “They didn’t know what we were going to build here.”

The playing field, with the rectangular pitch in the middle, was fashioned from special grass grown in Florida. The grandstands are borrowed materials most recently used at Las Vegas’s Formula 1 race and professional golf events. After the last match is held at East Meadow on June 12, the stadium will be dismantled, the parts shipped back to Las Vegas and another golf event, and Eisenhower Park will return to normal, but with a world-class cricket pitch left behind.

Mr. Norton wished the cricket teams good luck in the tournament as he watched his grandson play baseball, but said he had no plans to attend.

“I barely get to any Yankee games,” he said.

Victor Mather contributed reporting.

David Waldstein writes about the greater New York region with an emphasis on sports. More about David Waldstein