how to write research paper in engineering

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Guide to writing an engineering research paper.

However, many students in application-based fields like engineering are much more comfortable with numbers than they are with words. Because of this, research papers can be challenging for them. Fortunately, there are a few key steps you can take to make sure your next engineering research paper truly shines.

• Plan your research early: Many students who are less comfortable with research paper writing tend to wait to research as they write, but this creates problems. First, it means that you are wasting time going back and revising each new piece of information rather than starting with a complete understanding of your topic. Second, it also means that you will be scrambling to research as you write, costing you time through inefficiency and redundancy. Instead, the better choice is to start your research process as quickly as possible in order to give yourself time to analyze and digest what you are reading and to develop original ideas about what the research has to say about your topic. Separating the research process from the writing process will help you to develop stronger ideas and prepare for the writing process, making the actual writing of your paper that much faster and more efficient.
• Use only the most current research: While there are some cases where historical articles can be important for understanding the development of an idea, you will want to use current research to support your analysis. Current research keeps you abreast of the latest information in your field. This is especially important because of the changing nature of engineering. New information and new approaches can render older ways of doing things obsolete. You want to ensure that your paper is the strongest it can be, which means that you need to stay current to ensure your paper is on the cutting edge.

• Select data by quality, not by quantity: Many engineering students rightly value numbers and data because this is the raw material used in engineering. However, a research paper is a little different from other types of engineering work. In a research paper, you should focus on high-quality data, not simply the volume of data you can pack into your paper. In a research paper, focusing on the best and most important information is paramount. Extraneous information, redundant data, or irrelevant data don’t make a manuscript stronger, even if they make it longer. They are a distraction and can undercut the power of your main points.
• Discuss the theory, not just the results: Because engineering is an applied discipline, many students minimize or ignore theory in favor of discussing results. While results are important, in a research paper it’s also essential to talk about the methodology and theory used to obtain those results. By explaining the background of a theory and the underpinnings that demonstrate why it is true, you show the reader that you know what you are talking about and have considered the strengths and weaknesses of the approach you have used to obtain your results. It also shows that you have an understanding of the conventions and requirements of academic writing.
• Remember to explain your hypothesis: When you have explained the theories behind your work, you will need to tell the reader what your paper will investigate and what you hope to demonstrate or prove. Outlining the hypothesis is important to make sure that the audience understands why you have chosen to present specific data, and what it all means.

Writing an engineering research paper doesn’t have to be hard! It just takes a little bit of work and a bit of mindfulness about how to employ and deploy research to support and defend your great ideas. Before you know it, you’ll have an excellent engineering research paper! If you still need professional assistance from academic experts in the engineering field, don’t hesitate to address a research paper writing service that will help you immediately with your project.

Syed Zain Nasir

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Writing a Research Paper

Asme journals digital submission tool guidelines and information, writing a research paper or technical brief.

Only original contributions to the engineering literature are accepted for publication; work should incorporate substantial information not previously published.

Permissions

If a submission contains excerpts from other copyrighted material (including without limitation any diagrams, photographs, figures or text), it is the responsibility of the authors to acquire in writing all necessary rights from third parties to include those materials in a submission. In addition, appropriate credit for that third-party material must be included in footnotes, figure/table captions, Acknowledgements, References or Bibliography. This is part of the Terms and Conditions of the Copyright Transfer Agreement required form each author prior to publication of an accepted submission.

Resources The Office of Research Integrity has the following guide that may be a useful reference: Avoiding Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism, and Other Questionable Writing Practices: A Guide to Ethical Writing.

Accuracy It is of the greatest importance that all technical, scientific, and mathematical information contained in the paper be checked with the utmost care.

It is ASME policy that SI units of measurement be included in all papers. When U.S. customary units are given preference, the SI equivalent should be provided in parentheses or in a supplementary table. When preference is given to SI units, the U.S. customary units should be provided in parentheses or in a supplementary table.

A research paper should not exceed 12,000 words. Beyond this amount, a mandatory excess-page charge can be assessed. These charges are described here: Publication Charges .

To estimate figures and tables:

• 1 journal page = 1000 words
• Half-journal page or a single column = 500 words
• Half-column = 250 words
• Quarter column = 125 words.

The Editor reserves the right to send papers that exceed the length limitation back to the author(s) for shortening before initiating the review process.

Elements of a Paper

The basic elements of a paper or brief are listed below in the order in which they should appear:

• author names and affiliations
• body of paper
• acknowledgments
• nomenclature
• figures and tables

Text: 9 or 10 pt. Times Roman medium (or equivalent typeface), justified, with single line spacing

The title of the paper should be concise and definitive.

Author Names and Affiliations

It is ASME policy that all those who have participated significantly in the technical aspects of a paper be recognized as co-authors or cited in the acknowledgments. Author name should consist of first name (or initial), middle initial, and last name. The author affiliation should consist of the following, as applicable, in the order noted:

• university or company (with department name or company division)
• mailing address
• city, state, zip code
• country name (other than the U.S.)
• e-mail (university or company email addresses should be used whenever possible)

An abstract (250 words maximum) should open the paper or brief. The purpose of the abstract is to give a clear indication of the objective, scope, and results so that readers may determine whether the full text will be of particular interest to them.

The text should be organized into logical parts or sections. The purpose of the paper should be stated at the beginning, followed by a description of the problem, the means of solution, and any other information necessary to properly qualify the results presented and the conclusions. The results should be presented in an orderly form, followed by the author'/s conclusions.

Headings and subheadings should appear throughout the work to divide the subject matter into logical parts and to emphasize the major elements and considerations. Parts or sections may be numbered, if desired, but paragraphs should not be numbered.

Equations should be numbered consecutively beginning with (1) to the end of the paper, including any appendices. The number should be enclosed in parentheses and set flush right in the column on the same line as the equation. It is this number that should be used when referring to equations within the text. Equations should be referenced within the text as "Eq. (x)." When the reference to an equation begins a sentence, it should be spelled out, e.g., "Equation (x)."

Formulas and equations should be created to clearly distinguish capital letters from lowercase letters. Care should be taken to avoid confusion between the lowercase "l"(el) and the numeral one, or between zero and the lowercase "o." All subscripts, superscripts, Greek letters, and other symbols should be clearly indicated.

In all mathematical expressions and analyses, any symbols (and the units in which they are measured) not previously defined in nomenclature should be explained. If the paper is highly mathematical in nature, it may be advisable to develop equations and formulas in appendices rather than in the body of the paper.

All figures (graphs, line drawings, photographs, etc.) should be numbered consecutively and have a caption consisting of the figure number and a brief title or description of the figure. This number should be used when referring to the figure in text. Figure references should be included within the text in numerical order according to their order of appearance. Figures should be referenced within the text as "Fig. 1." When the reference to a figure begins a sentence, the abbreviation "Fig." should be spelled out, e.g., "Figure 1." A separate list of figure numbers and their respective captions should be included at the end of the paper (for production purposes only). ASME accepts .tiff (.tif) or .eps file formats for figures.

• TIFF (Tag Image File Format) is for bitmap images (spatially mapped array of bits).
• EPS (Encapsulated Postscript) is for vector graphics (mathematical expressions of geometrical primitives).

Images created in Word can opened in Adobe Acrobat and saved as .tif or .eps

Figure files greater than 15MB should be checked to see if layers were merged.

All tables should be numbered consecutively and have a caption consisting of the table number and a brief title. This number should be used when referring to the table in text. Table references should be included within the text in numerical order according to their order of appearance. Tables should be inserted as part of the text as close as possible to its first reference — with the exception of those tables included at the end of the paper as an appendix. A separate list of table numbers and their respective captions should be included at the end of the paper (for production purposes only).

Video Files

Currently, the ASME Journal Tool does not accommodate the submission of video files. Authors can contact the Editor by email if they have video files. If accepted by the Editor for review, ASME will provide information for transferring the files by FTP.

Video files should augment a figure that is included in the paper since they will be included as part of the peer-review of the paper, and if accepted for publication, part of the archival version of the paper.

The following file formats can be accepted for video files:

Supplemental Material

Go to “ Supplemental Material ” for information on this.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments may be made to individuals or institutions not mentioned elsewhere in the work who have made an important contribution.

Funding Information

Funding information provided will be placed at the end of the Acknowledgment section.

Nomenclature

Nomenclature should follow customary usage. For reference, consult American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recommendations. The nomenclature list should be in alphabetical order (capital letters first, followed by lowercase letters), followed by any Greek symbols, with subscripts and superscripts last, identified with headings.

Sample Nomenclature

• Pages must be paginated.
• Highly technical terms or phraseology must be explained and defined.
• The use of the first person and reference to individuals should be made in such a manner as to avoid personal bias.
• Company names should be mentioned only in the acknowledgments.
• All papers should be concise regardless of length.
• Long quotations should be avoided by referring to sources.
• Illustrations and tables must be kept to a practicable minimum.
• Detailed drawings, lengthy test data and calculations, and photographs not integral to the understanding of the subject, should be omitted.
• Equations should be kept to a reasonable minimum, and built-up fractions within sentences should be avoided.
• Spell out all acronyms on first use. Put the acronym in parentheses immediately after the spelled-out term.
• All lines of the initial submission must be numbered.

Within the text, references should be cited in numerical order according to their order of appearance. The numbered reference citation within text should be enclosed in brackets.

Example: It was shown by Prusa [1] that the width of the plume decreases under these conditions.

All references must include a DOI.

In the case of two citations, the numbers should be separated by a comma [1,2]. In the case of more than two references, the numbers should be separated by a dash [5-7].

Note: ASME primarily uses the Chicago Manual of Style for reference format. Authors are encouraged to seek out precise instructions via: http://www.ChicagoManualofStyle.org. ASME does not allow references to Wikipedia.

Sample References

References should be listed together at the end of the paper; footnotes should not be used for this purpose.

References should be arranged in numerical order according to the sequence of citations within the text. Each reference should include the last name of each author followed by initials.

Website Content

• [2] Wayne, John “John Cowboy Videos 2009,” YouTube video, 7:00, November 13, 2009, http://www.you tube.com/ watch?v= aBcDeFgH9yz.
• [3] “Apple Privacy Policy,” last modified February 4, 2009, accessed July 19, 2010, http://www.apple.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
• [17] “WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String Variable,” revision 1.3, Microsoft Help and Support, last modified November 23, 2006, http://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730.
• Note: If a site ceases to exist before publication, or if the information is modified or deleted, this must be included: [8] As of February 22, 2013, Sullivan was claiming on her website that … (a claim that had disappeared from her page by March 4, 2013).

Journal Articles and Papers in Serial Publications

• [3] Adams, Z., 2014, “Bending of an Infinite Beam on an Elastic Substrate,” ASME J Appl. Mech., 3, pp. 221-228.
• [9] Zhang, T. W., Khun, C., Liu, Q., and Miller, A. P., 2011, “Self-Healing Techniques,” Nature, 332(6662), pp. 888-892.

Textbooks and Monographs

• [10] Gibson, T.A., and Tucker, M. T., 2008, The Big Book of Cellular Studies, John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Chapter Within a Book

• [32] Stevens, T. T., 1999, “Stochastic Fields and Their Digital Simulation,” Stochastic Methods. T. A. Sulle, and M. Siiu, eds., Martinius Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany, pp. 22-36.

Individual Conference Papers/Papers in Compiled Proceedings/Collection of Works by Numerous Authors

• [21] Wions, T. T., and Mills, C. D., 2006, “Structural Dynamics in Parallel Manipulation,” Proceedings of the IDETC/CIE, New Orleans, LA, September 10-13, 2005, ASME Paper No. DETC2005-99532, pp. 777-798.

Theses and Technical Reports

• [1] Oligaria, T. T., Fredy, C. W., Popullo, A. Z., and Tucker, M. A., 20111, “Characterization of PKM Dynamics,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2011-02-8345, 07ATC-96.
• [25] Mollen, T., P., 2014, “Use of General Nonlinear Material in Articulated Systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Boston, Boston, MA.
• [27] Clinton, D., 2013, “Review of Rocket Technology,” NASA Report No. NASA RE-8842.

Books Consulted Online

• [23] Smith, John, 2014, A Dog’s Life in Berlin. Oxford University Press, New York. Doi: 10.1055/acprof.oso/97890.0394.000.

Citing ASME Journal Titles

In order to improve the accuracy of citation data collection, ASME is standardizing on the following abbreviations for the titles in the ASME Journal Program. Authors should use these abbreviations for ASME titles in their references:

Journal Statements:

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16: How to Write a Research Paper

• Last updated
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• Page ID 14878

• Nikolaus Correll
• University of Colorado at Boulder

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The final deliverable of a robotics class often is a write-up on a “research” project, modeled after research done in industry or academia. Roughly, there are three classes of papers:

• Original research

The goal of this chapter is to provide guidelines on how to think about your project as a research project and how to report on your results as original research.

• 16.1: Original
• 16.2: Hypothesis- Or, What Do We Learn From this Work?
• 16.3: Survey and Tutorial
• 16.4: Writing it up!

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Guide to Writing a Professional Engineering Research Paper

Writing a research paper in engineering is a challenging task that requires attention, diligence, time, efforts and even luck. We’ve asked professional academic writers to share practical tips on how to write a stellar research paper on Engineering. They have agreed, but mentioned, that the most complicated part of engineering research or term paper is a practical part. Students often know how to deal with other chapters, but practical parts break their spirit. So we’ve decided to concentrate on tips related to writing a practical part of a research paper.

Writing a Practical Part of Engineering Research Paper

The content of the practical section depends entirely on the branch of science and the research topic. For example, the practical part in the research paper written by construction engineers is drawings or models made with the help of professional design programs like ArchiCAD, SolidWorks, KOMPAS 3D, Pro / ENGINEER. For accountants or bankers, this is an analysis of financial activities conducted on 1C, for lawyers – a review of court practice, for mathematicians – calculations for Mathcad, symbolic calculations for Maple. Whatever the subject of the survey, the material in the practical part of the generally accepted pattern is in the following order:

• the beginning is a detailed description of the object and its problems;
• the goals and objectives are undertaken to disclose the research topic of the development; techniques involved and their rationale;
• description of the experiment or actions taken to collect information and evaluation of the information collected;
• data processing;
• problem-solving;

Almost all the practical part is devoted to the analysis of available data. Actual calculations, statistics, digital indicators are grouped, compared, clearly presented in tables, charts, graphs. The research paper with the practical part is ideally written then, in order to make certain improvements to the object of study, therefore it is logical to conclude the chapter with conclusions to give the brief, reasonable recommendations on the application of the results obtained, reasonably predict the positive effect of their use. Conclusions on the practical part should confirm the achievement of the goal and the implementation of the objectives stated in the introduction. If the coursework does not have a pronounced applied nature, but the manual still specifies the mandatory presence of an empirical section, then it should include:

• a critical understanding of the provisions of the first chapter;
• illustration of the possibility of translating theoretical approaches into practice;
• reflection of the connection made with modern realities.

The practical part of the research paper or thesis reflects the depth of the student’s acquisition of practical skills acquired, his ability to think outside the box, make decisions, act . It indicates the readiness of the student for future professional activities. When writing it, the student tries to apply his knowledge, analyze the results of his actions, invent, create new ideas, modernize. Here the student is revealed as a brilliant experimenter, demonstrating the facets of his skill and individuality.

When checking a research paper the professors or committees attention focuses mainly on its practical part. The lion’s share of time on defense is dedicated to the details examination of the practical part. Therefore, it should be performed almost perfectly. The questions asked are: “And what could he have done on this topic?”, “What new successful turnaround took place?”, “What has he achieved in this direction?”, “What do these studies show?” All this and much more interests the examiners. Therefore, it is important to make a masterpiece in a unique creative execution of your engineering research paper’s practical part .

If you have any doubts about your ability to create a stellar practical part or the whole research paper on time, it is better to entrust writing specialists with dealing with this assignment. You can write the entire paper on your own and finding someone experienced to proofread it and give you ideas on formatting and content, or you can address expert writers to compose the most difficult chapters for you or with you. Your key goal is to pay the utmost attention to your professor’s recommendations and submit a comprehensive engineering research paper on time.

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ENGINEERING

Tips for writing a good quality engineering research paper.

Before you start writing a good quality research engineering paper, let us first understand what one is. A engineering research paper is a paper written by professionals, scholars and scientists, who are strongly associated with research engineering and information technology in general, which may be a research study. If you are novel to this field, then you can consult with your supervisor or guide.

Techniques for writing a good quality engineering research paper:

Choosing the topic: In most cases, the topic is selected by the interests of the author, but it can also be suggested by the guides. You can have several topics, and then judge which you are most comfortable with. This may be done by asking several questions of yourself, like "Will I be able to carry out a search in this area? Will I find all necessary resources to accomplish the search? Will I be able to find all information in this field area?" If the answer to this type of question is "yes," then you ought to choose that topic. In most cases, you may have to conduct surveys and visit several places. Also, you might have to do a lot of work to find all the rises and falls of the various data on that subject. Sometimes, detailed information plays a vital role, instead of short information. Evaluators are human: The first thing to remember is that evaluators are also human beings. They are not only meant for rejecting a paper. They are here to evaluate your paper. So present your best aspect.

Think like evaluators: If you are in confusion or getting demotivated because your paper may not be accepted by the evaluators, then think, and try to evaluate your paper like an evaluator. Try to understand what an evaluator wants in your research paper, and you will automatically have your answer. Make blueprints of paper: The outline is the plan or framework that will help you to arrange your thoughts. It will make your paper logical. But remember that all points of your outline must be related to the topic you have chosen.

Ask your guides: If you are having any difficulty with your research, then do not hesitate to share your difficulty with your guide (if you have one). They will surely help you out and resolve your doubts. If you can't clarify what exactly you require for your work, then ask your supervisor to help you with an alternative. He or she might also provide you with a list of essential readings.

Use of computer is recommended: As you are doing research in the field of research engineering then this point is quite obvious. Use right software: Always use good quality software packages. If you are not capable of judging good software, then you can lose the quality of your paper unknowingly. There are various programs available to help you which you can get through the internet.

Use the internet for help: An excellent start for your paper is using Google. It is a wondrous search engine, where you can have your doubts resolved. You may also read some answers for the frequent question of how to write your research paper or find a model research paper. You can download books from the internet. If you have all the required books, place importance on reading, selecting, and analyzing the specified information. Then sketch out your research paper. Use big pictures: You may use encyclopedias like Wikipedia to get pictures with the best resolution. At Global Journals, you should strictly follow here .

Bookmarks are useful: When you read any book or magazine, you generally use bookmarks, right? It is a good habit which helps to not lose your continuity. You should always use bookmarks while searching on the internet also, which will make your search easier.

Revise what you wrote: When you write anything, always read it, summarize it, and then finalize it.

Make every effort: Make every effort to mention what you are going to write in your paper. That means always have a good start. Try to mention everything in the introduction—what is the need for a particular research paper. Polish your work with good writing skills and always give an evaluator what he wants. Make backups: When you are going to do any important thing like making a research paper, you should always have backup copies of it either on your computer or on paper. This protects you from losing any portion of your important data.

Produce good diagrams of your own: Always try to include good charts or diagrams in your paper to improve quality. Using several unnecessary diagrams will degrade the quality of your paper by creating a hodgepodge. So always try to include diagrams which were made by you to improve the readability of your paper. Use of direct quotes: When you do research relevant to literature, history, or current affairs, then use of quotes becomes essential, but if the study is relevant to science, use of quotes is not preferable.

Use proper verb tense: Use proper verb tenses in your paper. Use past tense to present those events that have happened. Use present tense to indicate events that are going on. Use future tense to indicate events that will happen in the future. Use of wrong tenses will confuse the evaluator. Avoid sentences that are incomplete.

Pick a good study spot: Always try to pick a spot for your research which is quiet. Not every spot is good for studying.

Know what you know: Always try to know what you know by making objectives, otherwise you will be confused and unable to achieve your target.

Use good grammar: Always use good grammar and words that will have a positive impact on the evaluator; use of good vocabulary does not mean using tough words which the evaluator has to find in a dictionary. Do not fragment sentences. Eliminate one-word sentences. Do not ever use a big word when a smaller one would suffice.

Verbs have to be in agreement with their subjects. In a research paper, do not start sentences with conjunctions or finish them with prepositions. When writing formally, it is advisable to never split an infinitive because someone will (wrongly) complain. Avoid clichés like a disease. Always shun irritating alliteration. Use language which is simple and straightforward. Put together a neat summary.

Arrangement of information: Each section of the main body should start with an opening sentence, and there should be a changeover at the end of the section. Give only valid and powerful arguments for your topic. You may also maintain your arguments with records.

Never start at the last minute: Always allow enough time for research work. Leaving everything to the last minute will degrade your paper and spoil your work.

Multitasking in research is not good: Doing several things at the same time is a bad habit in the case of research activity. Research is an area where everything has a particular time slot. Divide your research work into parts, and do a particular part in a particular time slot.

Never copy others' work: Never copy others' work and give it your name because if the evaluator has seen it anywhere, you will be in trouble. Take proper rest and food: No matter how many hours you spend on your research activity, if you are not taking care of your health, then all your efforts will have been in vain. For quality research, take proper rest and food.

Go to seminars: Attend seminars if the topic is relevant to your research area. Utilize all your resources.

Refresh your mind after intervals: Try to give your mind a rest by listening to soft music or sleeping in intervals. This will also improve your memory. Acquire colleagues: Always try to acquire colleagues. No matter how sharp you are, if you acquire colleagues, they can give you ideas which will be helpful to your research.

Think technically: Always think technically. If anything happens, search for its reasons, benefits, and demerits. Think and then print: When you go to print your paper, check that tables are not split, headings are not detached from their descriptions, and page sequence is maintained.

Adding unnecessary information: Do not add unnecessary information like "I have used MS Excel to draw graphs." Irrelevant and inappropriate material is superfluous. Foreign terminology and phrases are not apropos. One should never take a broad view. Analogy is like feathers on a snake. Use words properly, regardless of how others use them. Remove quotations. Puns are for kids, not grunt readers. Never oversimplify: When adding material to your research paper, never go for oversimplification; this will definitely irritate the evaluator. Be specific. Never use rhythmic redundancies. Contractions shouldn't be used in a research paper. Comparisons are as terrible as clichés. Give up ampersands, abbreviations, and so on. Remove commas that are not necessary. Parenthetical words should be between brackets or commas. Understatement is always the best way to put forward earth-shaking thoughts. Give a detailed literary review.

Report concluded results: Use concluded results. From raw data, filter the results, and then conclude your studies based on measurements and observations taken. An appropriate number of decimal places should be used. Parenthetical remarks are prohibited here. Proofread carefully at the final stage. At the end, give an outline to your arguments. Spot perspectives of further study of the subject. Justify your conclusion at the bottom sufficiently, which will probably include examples.

Upon conclusion: Once you have concluded your research, the next most important step is to present your findings. Presentation is extremely important as it is the definite medium though which your research is going to be in print for the rest of the crowd. Care should be taken to categorize your thoughts well and present them in a logical and neat manner. A good quality research paper format is essential because it serves to highlight your research paper and bring to light all necessary aspects of your research.

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Parts of a Technical Paper

The basic parts of a scientific or technical paper are:

Title and Author Information Abstract Introduction Literature Review Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References and Appendices

Detailed Explanation for Each Part

Title and Author Information:

The title of your paper and any needed information about yourself (usually your name and institution).

A short (usually around 250-400 words) description of the paper. Should include what the purpose of the paper is (including the basic research question/problem), the basic design of your project, and the major findings.

Introduction:

A general introduction to your topic and what you expect to learn from your project or experiment. Your research question should be found here.

Literature Review:

An analysis of what has already been published about your chosen topic. Should be able to show how your research question fits into the context of your field.

A description of everything you did in your experiment or project, step-by-step. Needs to be detailed enough so that any reader would be able to repeat each step exactly on their own.

What actually happened during your project or what you found at the end of your experiment. This is usually the best part to include the majority of your graphs, photos, tables, and other visual aids, as long as they help explain the results of your work.

Discussion:

An analysis of the results that integrates what you found into the wider body of research in your field. Can also include future hypotheses to be tested or future projects to build from your own.

Conclusion:

Can be included in the discussion if necessary. A final summary of the paper, including whether or not you were able to answer your original research question.

References and Appendices:

The reference page(s) is a list of all the sources you used to research and create your project/experiment, including everything cited in the literature review and methods sections. Remember to use the same citation style throughout the paper. An appendix would include any additional information about your work that you were not able to include within the body of your paper (like large datasets and figures) that would help readers better understand your results.

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How to Write an Engineering Research Paper

Overview of how to write an engineering research paper .

Engineering research papers are a key course requirement for scholars in the engineering field.

As a physical science, engineering approaches research in a different manner.

Its research is more application oriented and less theory focused.

While it is essential to explain the theory behind data collected, the physical results are considered more important than explanations of the respective theoretical dispositions.

For this reason the  steps for writing a research paper  in engineering are slightly different from such fields as social sciences. 

Features of a Good Engineering Research Paper

Although writing engineering research papers may appear basic and less encompassing, the process should pay extensive attention to a number of elements that determine the accuracy and appropriateness of the entailed research.

These elements include:

a)  Well Thought-out Research Message:  The message is a core element in an engineering research paper. You must understand what you intend to achieve in your research and stick to it to the end.

Generally, engineering research papers seek to change people’s views towards a particular issue.

Achieving this requires you to ensure that the problem being addressed is interesting, is complicated, and that you found an appropriate solution.  

You must ensure that the message is suitable for your target audience and that the solution is original.

b)  Proper Organization and Clarity of Results:  Organization and clarity are two essential elements when it comes to how to write an engineering research paper.  

About proper organization and clarity of results, your engineering research paper must ensure that the message being communicated is clearly stipulated from the word go.

All paper parts must successively do so while providing adequate details. Importantly, no new set of information should be introduced along the way.

This is important in ensuring that the research paper is quite predictable.

Per se, appropriate approach requires that you start by making the point and then proceed to provide supporting data. This is for all paper sections and paragraphs.

c)  Provide Theoretical Support for Data Used:  This involves providing the reasons for collection and state of data used in the engineering research paper.

Since such papers are inclined towards scholarship endeavors, it is important to explain the theory behind the data.

This helps illuminate the scientific inquiry nature of the research paper.

Theoretical explanations can be provided by exploring all data’s possible interpretations and explanations, referring to past studies, and developing a hypothesis that is supported by data collected.

d) Being Concise and Using Figures Effectively:  It is very important to be brief and concise when writing an engineering research paper.

You should avoid words or sentences that do not add value to the point being made. You must be on point and ensure that all parts of the research paper serves their expected purpose.

To ensure this, you should rely more on tables in figures in relaying data and relevant information.

You should also, strive to support your mathematical and textual presentations with tables and graphs. 

The Structure of an Engineering Research Paper

Paper structure should feature significantly whenever you explore how to write an engineering research paper. Per se, such structure has a profound impact on your audience’s perception of the paper.

Such a structure should be elaborate and simple at the same time. It should be as illustrated below.

a) Introduction : the introduction looks at the background of your research. The history of the study being undertaken should be provided in a concise but detailed manner.

You should highlight the research hypothesis or question being studied. Also, stipulate the motivation behind the research study and expected outcomes. Importantly, provide accurate and credible references.

b) Materials and Methods : this part explains the equipment, processes, and techniques used to generate the engineering research paper results.

This section should be detailed and well organized to ensure that the reader understands how the research results were derived. 

It should also stipulate any complex computer programs used in data collection or analysis. Notably, this part is critical in the duplication of the study, which is a key element of a scientific study.

c) Results : this part encompasses presentation of all the data used. It is mainly in the form of figures. In this part, you should only include tables and graphs that show results and attach the rest of the figures in the appendix.

The figures should be brief and clear, well numbered and labelled, and containing accurate units.

d) Discussion : this is one of the most important sections of an engineering research paper. It examines the research findings.

This section requires you to make sense of the research data presented in the results section.  In doing so, you should compare and contrast the findings with your expectations.

You should therefore critically analyze how the research results proved your hypothesis. All the relevant relationships should explained here. As well, you should explore opportunities for further research.

e) Conclusion : this part summarizes the research findings and provides the parting statement on the engineering research paper results.

In this, all the key points forming respective arguments should be highlighted in this section. It is also important to ensure that the conclusion recoups the thesis statement.

f)   References : this part encompasses all the sources used in the research paper. It should follow the stipulated format. IEEE is usually the most preferable referencing style for engineering research papers.

However, you could be required to use other formats like APA, Harvard, or MLA. It is therefore important to familiarize yourself with the other various referencing styles. 

g )  Appendices : it covers all the figures with raw data and calculations that could not have been included in the body of the research paper. Only the not so essential data should be included in this section.  

How to write and publish engineering papers and reports

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Engineering (Basic)

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• Where to Find ...
• Academic Integrity
• Formulating questions w/PICO

Researching an Engineering Topic, Part 1: Introduction

Researching an engineering topic, part 2: pick a good topic, researching an engineering topic, part 3: build a strong foundation, researching an engineering topic, part 4: know where to look, researching an engineering topic, part 5: search strategies, get organized - it saves time, style manuals and citation guides.

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The ASU Library purchases access to the types of information that your instructors want you to use and what you'll be expected to use when you become a professional engineer.    To find this information you'll need to know where to look and what to look for.    Here's how to do it ...

• Pick a Good Topic
• Build a Strong Foundation
• Know Where to Look
• Using the PICO method

Has your instructor given you the option to pick your own research topic?  

A good topic: 

• Is interesting.  The more you enjoy the topic, the more pleasant the work will be; you may find that it's not really work at all.  
• If whole books have been written about the topic, it's too broad for a short paper or talk; narrow the scope by looking for a specific issue within that topic.  Instead of writing about bridges in general, how about writing on "bridge failures in the United States"?   
• On the other hand, if very little has been published on the topic, it's too narrow; try broadening the topic by taking a step (or two) back.  So, instead of studying "suspension bridge failures in Phoenix", what about "bridge failures in Arizona"?    
• Is something on which you can do an analysis and make a recommendation. Writing a paper or giving a talk is more than just paraphrasing what you found when researching your topic.  You'll need to draw conclusions that are supported by your research.   If your paper is about the Interstate-35 bridge collapse in Minnesota, don't just give a timeline of what happened.  You should address such issues as what has been learned and what still needs to be studied.   

Having trouble coming up with a good topic?  Try these engineering sites to get ideas:

• Grand Challenges for Engineering
• WTOP Radio Archives
• Science Daily
• Discovery News: Tech & Gadgets

The books and and journal articles you'll be using in college are written for people who are already knowledgeable about the subject.  Just as every structure needs a good foundation, you'll need to learn the basics about a topic so you'll be able to understand what your research finds. 

You can get an introduction to just about any engineering concept via encylopedias and handbooks ;  use these to read about your topic before you start your research. For example, if your topic is about bridges, do you know what the different types of bridges are?  What forces are at play in each type? What materials are typically used in each?  

In addition,  dictionaries  can be used to determine what a technical term means.  Whether in print or online, always have a technical dictionary for the field you're researching on-hand to help you decifer what you're reading.

As an undergraduate, you'll use primarily two types of resources:

• Books  for a broad treatment of a topic, and
• Journal Articles  for an in-depth treatment of a specific aspect of a topic.

Use the "Books" and "Journal Articles" links above to discover what library resources will help you find appropriate books and journal articles for your topic.

Most research at this level will require that you use more than one resource as each resource will cover different parts of the literature.  (Even Google can't find everything.)  Also, you may find that you have to try several times before you find the best combination of words for searching that resource.  What words you use for searching and how you ask the computer to combine them will directly affect your results, so it pays to use different word combinations and strategies. 

So how do you know what are the best words for your search?  

• Start with the words you use to describe the topic  
• Look for other terminology the authors are using in their titles and abstracts (summaries) to describe the same topic.  
• If available, look in the left or right columns on the results screen for subject faceting (sometimes called "refine options")  to see what wording is appearing most frequently.  
• After you have found other terminology for your topic, redo your search using these new words; you'll retrieve more books/articles that are on your topic.  
• Some people find the PICO method helpful in formulating search strategies.

Keep in mind that literature research is a not a linear process; it's not "search, read, write, turn it in".  It's more "search, read, refocus, search again ..." as many times as is necessary before you can write your paper. It may take two or three cycles of "search, read, refine" before you have what you need to write. 

If your paper or talk is relatively short and only requires a few supporting pieces of documentation, you can probably keep your book and journal articles citations written down on paper.  Be sure to keep complete "citations" for everything you read - check those citations before you return the book to the library or before you leave the photocopy/printer with your article.  

For books a complete citation includes the:

• book title,
• publisher of the book, 
• place where the publisher is headquartered, and
• date of publication.
• If you will be citing only portions of the book, be sure to keep track of the page numbers.

For journal articles a complete citation includes the:

• author(s) of the article,
• title of the article,
• title of the journal,
• volume number,
• issue number,
• pages the article appeared on, and
• Some citations styles, such as APA, are now requiring the DOI (digital object identifier) of the article; DOIs are found on the online versions and look something like this:
• doi:10.1016/j.espr.2011.08.016
• doi/10.1063/1.3457141

Both style manuals and citation guides explain how to format bibliographies; a bibliography is the list of books and journal articles you cited in your paper or talk.  Your instructor will tell you in what style or format s/he wants your bibliography.   In college, the two most popular styles are MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American Psychological Association) with the later style being preferred for many areas of engineering.   

For more information about MLA and APA styles, see the libguide Citation Styles .

If your instructor specifies a different style, see the Advanced Guide for that engineering area to find links to guides for that format.

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• Tips for writing your first scientific literature review article Practical tips published in ASBMB Today magazine of the American Society of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology.
• Handbook of Scientific Propsal Writing This book describes a "hands-on approach" designed for researchers developing research ideas. more... less... Published (C)2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Scientific Writing Manuals

ORCiD provides a persistent digital identifier that distinguishes you from every other researcher and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between you and your professional activities ensuring that your work is recognized.

• Register for an ORCiD

Online Scientific Writing Sources

• The Plain English Campaign A series of guides (PDF format) from the United Kingdom on writing crystal-clear communications. Available since 1979.
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• Style Writer 4 StyleWriter is a editing and proofreading software to help write in a clear, concise and readable style. There is a fee involved for purchase.

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