list of rizal's essays

Complete Works of Rizal

Jose Rizal was a polymath who excelled in different fields. The following is a list of known works (novels, essays, poems, plays, sculptures, and paintings) by Rizal.

Novels and Essays

• Noli Me Tángere , novel, 1887
• El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tángere
• Alin Mang Lahi (“Whate’er the Race”), a Kundiman attributed to Dr. Jose Rizal
• The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
• Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at Restaurante Ingles, Madrid
• The Diaries of José Rizal
• Rizal’s Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal’s letters to his family members, Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo Pastells and other reformers “Come se gobiernan las Filipinas” (Governing the Philippine islands)
• Filipinas dentro de cien años essay, 1889–90 (The Philippines a Century Hence)
• La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of Filipinos)[51]
• Makamisa unfinished novel
• Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young Women of Malolos
• Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay, 1889, Events in the Philippine Islands)
• A La Juventud Filipina (English translation:  To The Philippine Youth )
• El Canto Del Viajero (English translation:  Song of the Wanderer )
• Briayle Crismarl
• Canto de María Clara (English translation:  Song of Maria Clara )
• Himno Al Trabajo (Dalit sa Paggawa)
• Felicitación  [ Felicitation (English Translation) ]
• Kundiman (Tagalog) [ Kundiman (English Translation) ]
• Me Piden Versos (English translation:  They Ask Me for Verses! )
• Mi Primera Inspiracion
• Mi Retiro  (English translation:  My Retreat )
• Mi Ultimo Adiós  (English translation:  My Last Farewell )
• Por La Educación (Recibe Lustre La Patria)  (English translation:  Education Gives Luster to Motherland
• Sa Sanggol na si Jesus (English translation:  Child Jesus )
• A Mi Musa (English translation: To My Muse)
• Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (English translation:  Memories of My Town )
• A Man in Dapitan
• El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of Gods)
• Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)
• San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the Martyr)
• The Triumph of Science over Death
• Saturnina  Rizal  in oil now being displayed in Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago
• Dapitan church curtains  in oil made in Dapitan in 1984.
• An oil painting on  a pair of mother-of-pearl  shells painted in Dapitan and given as a token to Doña Leonor Valenzuela and later passed on to Doña Margarita Valenzuela
• Water color painting of the  Spanish coat of arms  done during San Rafael fiesta in Calamba in 1867
• Allegory on a pair of porcelain bases of the new year celebration  in oil painted in Berlin in 1886
• Crayon painting of  Christ crucified  done in 1875
• Crayon painting of  Immaculate Conception  made in Manila, 1974
• Crayon painting of  Portrait of Morayta  made in Barcelona, 1885

See also  Rizal’s Paintings .

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Jose Rizal’s Essays and Articles

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Articles in Diariong Tagalog

“El Amor Patrio” (The Love of Country)

This was the first article Rizal wrote in the Spanish soil. Written in the summer of 1882, it was published in Diariong Tagalog in August. He used the pen name “Laong Laan” (ever prepared) as a byline for this article and he sent it to Marcelo H. Del Pilar for Tagalog translation.

Written during the Spanish colonization and reign over the Philippine islands, the article aimed to establish nationalism and patriotism among the natives. Rizal extended his call for the love of country to his fellow compatriots in Spain, for he believed that nationalism should be exercised anywhere a person is. 

“Revista De Madrid” (Review of Madrid)

This article written by Rizal on November 29, 1882 wasunfortunatelyreturned to him because Diariong Tagalog had ceased publications for lack of funds.

Articles in La Solidaridad

“Los Agricultores Filipinos” (The Filipino Farmers)

This essay dated March 25, 1889 was the first article of Rizal published in La Solidaridad. In this writing, he depicted the deplorable conditions of the Filipino farmers in the Philippines, hence the backwardness of the country.

“A La Defensa” (To La Defensa)

This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. Written on April 30, 1889, Rizal’s article refuted the views of Escosura, calling the readers’ attention to the insidious influences of the friars to the country.

“Los Viajes” (Travels)

Published in the La Solidaridad on May 15, 1889, this article tackled the rewards gained by the people who are well-traveled to many places in the world.

“La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All)

This was Rizal’s counter to the Spanish charges that the natives were ignorant and depraved. On May 31, 1889, it was published in the La Solidaridad.  

"Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo”

The first installment of Rizal’s “Vicente Barrantes” was published in the La Solidaridad on June 15, 1889. In this article, Rizal exposed Barrantes’ lack of knowledge on the Tagalog theatrical art.  

“Defensa Del Noli”

The manuscripts of the “Defensa del Noli” was written on June 18, 1889. Rizal sent the article to Marcelo H. Del Pilar, wanting it to be published by the end of that month in the La Solidaridad.

“Verdades  Nuevas”(New Facts/New Truths)

In this article dated July 31, 1889, Rizal replied to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez which was published on July 4, 1889 in ‘La Patria’, a newspaper in Madrid. Rizal addressed Sanchez’s allegation that provision of reforms to the Philippines would devastate the diplomatic rule of the Catholic friars.

“Una Profanacion” (A Desecration/A Profanation)

Published on July 31, 1889, this article mockingly attacked the friars for refusing to give Christian burial to Mariano Herbosa, Rizal’s brother in law, who died of cholera in May 23, 1889. Being the husband of Lucia Rizal (Jose’s sister), Herbosa was denied of burial in the Catholic cemetery by the priests.

“Crueldad” (Cruelty),

Dated August 15, 1889, this was Rizal’s witty defense of Blumentritt from the libelous attacks of his enemies.

“Diferencias” (Differences) 

Published on September 15, 1889, this article countered the biased article entitled “Old Truths” which was printed in La Patria on August 14, 1889. “Old Truths” ridiculed those Filipinos who asked for reforms.

“Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences)

The Spanish Pablo Mir Deas attacked Antonio Luna in the Barcelona newspaper “El Pueblo Soberano”. As Rizal’s defense of Luna, he wrote this article which was published on November 30, 1889.

“Llanto Y Risas” (Tears and Laughter)

Dated November 30, 1889, this article was a condemnation of the racial prejudice of the Spanish against the brown race. Rizal remembered that he earned first prize in a literary contest in 1880. He narrated nonetheless how the Spaniard and mestizo spectators stopped their applause upon noticing that the winner had a brown skin complexion.

“Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos” (The Philippines within One Hundred Years)

This was serialized in La Solidaridad on September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 15, 1890. In the articles, Rizal estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of a hundred years and foretold the catastrophic end of Spanish rule in Asia. He ‘prophesied’ Filipinos’ revolution against Spain, winning their independence, but later the Americans would come as the new colonizer

The essay also talked about the glorious past of the Philippines, recounted the deterioration of the economy, and exposed the causes of natives’ sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule. In the essay, he cautioned the Spain as regards the imminent downfall of its domination. He awakened the minds and the hearts of the Filipinos concerning the oppression of the Spaniards and encouraged them to fight for their right.

Part of the essays reads, “History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.” The Philippines had regained its long-awaited democracy and liberty some years after Rizal’s death. This was the realization of what the hero envisioned in this essay.

Dated January 15, 1890, this article was the hero’s reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they “should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons.” The statement was made as a reaction to Rizal’s project of relocating the oppressed and landless Calamba tenants to North Borneo.

“Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala” (On The New Orthography of The Tagalog Language)

Rizal expressed here his advocacy of a new spelling in Tagalog. In this article dated April 15, 1890, he laid down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography and, with modesty and sincerity, gave the credit for the adoption of this new orthography to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of the celebrated work “El Sanscrito en la Lengua Tagala” (Sanskrit in the Tagalog Language) published in Paris, 1884.

“I put this on record,” wrote Rizal, “so that when the history of this orthography is traced, which is already being adopted by the enlightened Tagalists, that what is Caesar’s be given to Caesar. This innovation is due solely to Dr. Pardo de Tavera’s studies on Tagalismo. I was one of its most zealous propagandists.”

“Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas” (The Indolence of the Filipinos) 

This logical essay is a proof of the national hero’s historical scholarship. The essay rationally countered the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign. It was published in La Solidaridad in five consecutive issues on July (15 and 31), August (1 and 31) and September  1, 1890.

Rizal argued that Filipinos are innately hardworking prior to the rule of the Spaniards. What brought the decrease in the productive activities of the natives was actually the Spanish colonization. Rizal explained the alleged Filipino indolence by pointing to these factors: 1) the Galleon Trade destroyed the previous links of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East, thereby eradicating small local businesses and handicraft industries; 2) the Spanish forced labor compelled the Filipinos to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, thus abandoning their agricultural farms and industries; 3) many Filipinos became landless and wanderers because Spain did not defend them against pirates and foreign invaders; 4) the system of education offered by the colonizers was impractical as it was mainly about repetitive prayers and had nothing to do with agricultural and industrial technology; 5) the Spaniards were a bad example as negligent officials would come in late and leave early in their offices and Spanish women were always followed by servants; 6) gambling like cockfights was established, promoted, and explicitly practiced by Spanish government officials and friars themselves especially during feast days; 7) the crooked system of religion discouraged the natives to work hard by teaching that it is easier for a poor man to enter heaven; and 8) the very high taxes were discouraging as big part of natives’ earnings would only go to the officials and friars.

Moreover, Rizal explained that Filipinos were just wise in their level of work under topical climate. He explained, “violent work is not a good thing in tropical countries as it is would be parallel to death, destruction, annihilation. Rizal concluded that natives’ supposed indolence was an end-product of the Spanish colonization.

Other Rizal’s articles which were also printed in La Solidaridad were “A La Patria” (November 15, 1889), “Sin Nobre”   (Without Name) (February 28, 1890), and “Cosas de Filipinas”   (Things about the Philippines)  (April 30, 1890).

Historical Commentaries Written in London

This historical commentary was written by Rizal in London on December 6, 1888.

“Acerca de Tawalisi de Ibn Batuta”

This historical commentaryis believed to form part of ‘Notes’ (written incollaboration with A.B. Meyer and F. Blumentritt) on a Chinese code in the Middle Ages, translated from the German by Dr. Hirth. Written on January 7, 1889, the article was about the “Tawalisi” which refers to the northern part of Luzon or to any of the adjoining islands.

It was also in London where Rizal penned the following historical commentaries: “La Political Colonial On Filipinas” (Colonial Policy In The Philippines), “Manila En El Mes De Diciembre” (December , 1872), “Historia De La Familia Rizal De Calamba” (History Of The Rizal Family Of Calamba), and “Los Pueblos Del Archipelago Indico (The People’s Of The Indian Archipelago )

Other Writings in London

“La Vision Del Fray Rodriguez” (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez)

Jose Rizal, upon receipt of the news concerning Fray Rodriguez’ bitter attack on his novel Noli Me Tangere, wrote this defense under his pseudonym “Dimas Alang.” Published in Barcelona, it is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between the Catholic saint Augustine and Rodriguez. Augustine, in the fiction, told Rodriguez that he (Augustine) was commissioned by God to tell him (Rodriguez) of his stupidity and his penance on earth that he (Rodriguez) shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In this pamphlet, Rizal demonstrated his profound knowledge in religion and his biting satire.

“To The Young Women of Malolos”

Originally written in Tagalog, this famous essay directly addressed to the women of Malolos, Bulacan was written by Rizal  as a response to Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s request.

Rizal was greatly impressed by the bravery of the 20 young women of Malolos who planned to establish a school where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. The letter expressed Rizal’s yearning that women be granted the same chances given to men in terms of education. In the olden days, young women were not educated because of the principle that they will soon be wives and their primary career would be to take care of the home and children. Rizal however advocated women’s right to education.

            Below are some of the points mentioned by Rizal in his letter to the young women of Malolos: 1) The priests in the country that time did not embody the true spirit of Christianity; 2) Private judgment should be used; 3) Mothers should be an epitome of an ideal woman who teaches her children to love God, country, and fellowmen; 4) Mothers should rear children in the service of the state and set standards of behavior for men around her;5) Filipino women must be noble, decent, and dignified and they should be submissive, tender, and loving to their respective husband; and 6) Young women must edify themselves, live the real Christian way with good morals and manners, and should be intelligent in their choice of a lifetime partner.

Writings in Hong Kong

“Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao” (The Rights Of Man)

This was Rizal’s Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man” which was proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789.

“A La Nacion Espanola”(To The Spanish Nation)

Written in 1891, this was Rizal’s appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs which the Spanish government and clergy had done to the Calamba tenants.

“Sa Mga Kababayan” (To My Countrymen)

This writing written in December 1891 explained the Calamba agrarian situation .

“Una Visita A La Victoria Gaol” (A Visit To Victoria Gaol), March 2, 1892

On March 2, 1892,Rizal wrote this account of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. He contrasted in the article the harsh Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane British prison system.

“Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines” (Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)

This was Rizal’s elucidation of his pet North Borneo colonization project.

“Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos” (Project Of The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)

In this writing, Rizal further discussed the ideas he presented in “Colonization of British North Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands.”

“La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand)

This was a writing printed in sheet form. Written in Hong Kong, the article denounced the frequent outbreaks of fires in Manila.

“Constitution of The La Liga Filipina”

This was deemed the most important writing Rizal had made during his Hong Kong stay. Though it was Jose Ma. Basa who conceived the establishment of Liga Filipina (Philippine League), his friend and namesake Jose Rizal was the one who wrote its constitution and founded it.

Articles for Trubner’s Record

Due to the request of Rizal’s friend Dr. Reinhold Rost, the editor of Trubner’s Record (a journal devoted to Asian Studies), Rizal submitted two articles:

Specimens of Tagal Folklore

Published in May 1889, the article contained Filipino proverbs and puzzles.

Two Eastern Fables (June 1889)

It was a comparative study of the Japanese and Philippine folklore. In this essay, Jose Rizal compared the Filipino fable, “The Tortoise and the Monkey” to the Japanese fable “Saru Kani Kassen” (Battle of the Monkey and the Crab).

Citing many similarities in form and content, Rizal surmised that these two fables may have had the same roots in Malay folklore. This scholarly work received serious attention from other ethnologists, and became a topic at an ethnological conference.

Among other things, Rizal noticed that both versions of the fable tackled about morality as both involve the eternal battle between the weak and the powerful. The Filipino version however had more philosophy and plainness of form whereas the Japanese counterpart had more civilization and diplomacy.

Other Writings

“Pensamientos De Un Filipino” (Reflections of A Filipino)

Jose Rizal wrote this in Madrid, Spain from 1883-1885. It spoke of a liberal minded and anti-friar Filipino who bears penalties such as an exile.

“Por Telefono”

This was a witty satire authored by “Dimas Alang” (one of the hero’s pen names) ridiculing the Catholic monk Font, one of the priests who masterminded the banning of the “Noli”. Published in booklet form in Barcelona, Spain, it narrated in a funny way the telephone conversation between Font and the provincial friar of the San Agustin Convent in Manila. 

This pamphlet showed not only Rizal’s cleverness but also his futuristic vision. Amazingly, Rizal had envisaged that overseas telephonic conversations could be carried on—something which was not yet done during that time (Fall of 1889). It was only in 1901, twelve years after Rizal wrote the “Por Telefono,” when the first radio-telegraph signals were received by Marconi across the Atlantic.

“La Instruccion” (The Town Schools In The Philippines)

Using his penname “Laong Laan”, Rizal assessed in this essay the elementary educational system in the Philippines during his time. Having observed the educational systems in Europe, Rizal found the Spanish-administered education in his country poor and futile. The hero thus proposed reforms and suggeted a more significant and engaging system.

Rizal for instance pointed out that there was a problem in the mandated medium of instruction—the colonizers’ language (Spanish) which was not perfectly understood by the natives. Rizal thus favored Philippine languages for workbooks and instructions.

The visionary (if not prophetic) thinking of Rizal might have been working (again) when he wrote the essay. Interestingly, his call for educational reforms, especially his stand on the use of the local languages for instruction, is part of the battle cry and features of today’s K to 12 program in the Philippines ... continue reading  (© 2013 by  Jensen DG. Mañebog )

Jensen DG. Mañebog , the contributor, is a book author and professorial lecturer in the graduate school of a state university in Metro Manila. His unique textbooks and e-books on Rizal (available online)  comprehensively tackle, among others, the respective life of Rizal’s parents, siblings, co-heroes, and girlfriends. (e-mail:   [email protected] )

Tag:  Jose Rizal’s Essays and Articles

For STUDENTS' ASSIGNMENT, use the COMMENT SECTION here: Bonifacio Sends Valenzuela to Rizal in Dapitan

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The loves of Rizal and other essays on Philippine history, art, and public policy

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Biography of José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, known as José Rizal, lived from 1861 to 1896. He was a Filipino nationalist and writer who is now often regarded as the national hero of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, by trade, he was a key advocate for Filipino freedom from Spain. At only 35, he was executed by the Spanish government for the crime of rebellion after the breakout of the Philippine Revolution, which was partially inspired by his works.

Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Philippines and was one of eleven children. He came from a wealthy family of diverse origins, with Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and indigenous Filipino heritage. Rizal initially planned to study law, but decided to study ophthalmology after learning that his mother was going blind. Without his parents’ knowledge, he traveled to Europe during his college years, where he wrote the novel Noli Me Tángere . In 1887, he returned to the Philippines, but he was targeted by the police there and returned to Europe, writing El Filibusterismo , the novel’s sequel, which was released in 1891. The next year, he returned to the Philippines again, convinced he needed to be in the country to truly effect change. Though he supported nonviolent action, he was exiled to another island in the Philippines. In 1896, Rizal was convicted of treason, despite having no ties to more violent groups, and executed on December 30. His killing created further opposition to Spanish rule in the Philippines.

Despite his short life, Rizal is one of the most famous Filipinos of all time. Early experiences witnessing his mother and Filipino priests being unfairly accused of crimes, as well as the discrimination he faced in school, convinced him of the need for change in the Philippines. Undeterred by the backlash to his politically charged books, Rizal continued to advocate for change throughout his life. His novels were highly influential in raising consciousness in the country. Andres Bonifacio, the leader of a revolutionary group in the Philippines, used Rizal’s novels as a foundation for the revolution and even shouted Rizal’s name as a battlecry. Although Rizal advocated for peaceful change, being associated with more militant groups led to his arrest and execution. Rizal’s life and work continues to have a powerful legacy. In 1956, the Filipino government passed a law requiring his novels, Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo to be taught in all schools across the country.

Study Guides on Works by José Rizal

El filibusterismo josé rizal.

El Filibusterismo was the second novel written by Filipino writer and nationalist José Rizal. He published the book in 1891 as the sequel to his first novel, Noli Me Tangere or The Social Cancer. El Filibusterismo , known in English as The Reign of...

• Study Guide

Noli Me Tangere José Rizal

Noli Me Tángere , known in English as Touch Me Not (a literal translation of the Latin title) or The Social Cancer , is often considered the greatest novel of the Philippines, along with its sequel, El filibusterismo . It was originally written in...

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The philippines:a century hence.

Rizal’s “Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años”

Rizal’s “Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años” (translated as “The Philippines within One Hundred Years” or “The Philippines A Century Hence”) is an essay meant to forecast the future of the country within a hundred years. This essay, published in La Solidaridad of Madrid, reflected Rizal’s sentiments about the glorious past of the Philippines, the deterioration of the Philippine economy, and exposed the foundations of the native Filipinos’ sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule. More importantly, Rizal, in the essay, warned Spain as regards the catastrophic end of its domination – a reminder that it was time that Spain realizes that the circumstances that contributed to the French Revolution could have a powerful effect for her on the Philippine islands. Part of the purpose in writing the essay was to promote a sense of nationalism among the Filipinos – to awaken their minds and hearts so they would fight for their rights.

La Solidaridad, the newspaper which serialized Rizal’s Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años

Causes of miseries, 1. spain’s implementation of her military laws.

Because of such policies, the Philippine population decreased significantly. Poverty became more widespread, and f armlands were left to wither. The family as a unit of society was neglected, and overall, every aspect of the life of the Filipino was retarded.

2. Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino indigenous culture

When Spain came with the sword and the cross, it began the gradual destruction of the native Philippine culture. Because of this, the Filipinos started losing confidence in their past and their heritage, became doubtful of their present lifestyle, and eventually lost hope in the future and the preservation of their race. The natives began forgetting who they were – their valued beliefs, religion, songs, poetry, and other forms of customs and traditions.

3. Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers

One of the most powerful forces that influenced a culture of silence among the natives were the Spanish friars. Because of the use of force and intimidation, unfairly using God’s name, the Filipinos learned to submit themselves to the will of the foreigners.

Rizal's Forecast

What will become of the Philippines within a century? Will they continue to be a Spanish Colony? Spain was able to colonize the Philippines for 300 years because the Filipinos remained faithful during this time, giving up their liberty and independence, sometimes stunned by the attractive promises or by the friendship offered by the noble and generous people of Spain. Initially, the Filipinos see them as protectors but sooner, they realize that they are exploiters and executers. So if this state of affair continues, what will become of the Philippines within a century? One, the people will start to awaken and if the government of Spain does not change its acts, a revolution will occur. But what exactly is it that the Filipino people like? 1) A Filipino representative in the Spanish Cortes and freedom of expression to cry out against all the abuses; and 2) To practice their human rights. If these happen, the Philippines will remain a colony of Spain, but with more laws and greater liberty. Similarly, the Filipinos will declare themselves ’independent’. Note that Rizal only wanted liberty from Spaniards and not total separation. In his essay, Rizal urges to put freedom in our land through peaceful negotiations with the Spanish Government in Spain. Rizal was confident as he envisioned the awakening of the hearts and opening of the minds of the Filipino people regarding their plight. He ‘prophesied’ that the Philippines will be successful in its revolution against Spain, winning their independence sooner or later. Though lacking in weapons and combat skills, the natives waged war against the colonizers and in 1898, the Americans wrestled with Spain to win the Philippines. Years after Rizal’s death, the Philippines attained its long-awaited freedom — a completion of what he had written in the essay, does not record in its archives any lasting domination by one people over another of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.” Indeed, the essay, The Philippines a Century Hence is as relevant today as it was when it was written over a century ago. Alongside Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Rizal shares why we must focus on strengthening the most important backbone of the country – our values, mindsets, and all the beliefs that had shaped our sense of national identity. Additionally, the essay serves as a reminder that we, Filipinos, are historically persevering and strong-minded. The lessons learned from those years of colonization were that all those efforts to keep people uneducated and impoverished, had failed. Nationalism eventually thrived and many of the predictions of Rizal came true. The country became independent after three centuries of abusive Spanish rule and five decades under the Americans.

SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (The Indolence of the Filipinos)

This is said to be the longest essay written by Rizal, which was published in five installments in the La Solidaridad, from July 15 to September 15, 1890. The essay was described as a defense against the Spaniards who charged that the Filipinos are inherently lazy or indolent. The Indolence of the Filipinos is said to be a study of the causes why the people did not, as was said, work hard during the Spanish regime. Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipinos were industrious and hardworking. The Spanish reign brought about a decline in economic activities because of the following causes: First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut-off all previous associations of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result, business was only conducted with Spain through Mexico. Because of this, the small businesses and handicraft industries that flourished during the pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared. Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of work because of the implementation of forced labor. Because of the wars between Spain and other countries in Europe as well as the Muslims in Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, abandoning agriculture, industry, and commerce. Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and pirates. With no arms to defend themselves, the natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands destroyed. As a result of this, the Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost interest in cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the industries that were shut down, and simply became submissive to the mercy of God. Fourth, there was a crooked system of education, if it was to be considered an education. What was being taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other things that could not be used by the students to lead the country to progress. There were no courses in Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were badly needed by the Philippines during those times. Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor. The officials reported to work at noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with their duties. The women were seen constantly followed by servants who dressed them and fanned them – personal things which they ought to have done for themselves. Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those times. Almost everyday there were cockfights, and during feast days, the government officials and friars were the first to engage in all sorts of bets and gambles. Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The friars taught the naïve Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they preferred not to work and remain poor so that they could easily enter heaven after they died. Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a huge portion of what they earned went to the government or to the friars. When the object of their labor was removed and they were exploited, they were reduced to inaction. Rizal admitted that the Filipinos did not work so hard because they were wise enough to adjust themselves to the warm, tropical climate. “An hour’s work under that burning sun, in the midst of pernicious influences springing from nature in activity, is equal to a day’s labor in a temperate climate.” He explained, “violent work is not a good thing in tropical countries as it would be parallel to death, destruction, annihilation.” It can clearly be deduced from the writing that the cause of the indolence attributed to our race is Spain: When the Filipinos wanted to study and learn, there were no schools, and if there were any, they lacked sufficient resources and did not present more useful knowledge; when the Filipinos wanted to establish their businesses, there was not enough capital nor protection from the government; when the Filipinos tried to cultivate their lands and establish various industries, they were made to pay enormous taxes and were exploited by the foreign rulers.

LETTER TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS

Jose Rizal’s legacy to Filipino women is embodied in his famous essay entitled, “To the Young Women of Malolos,” where he addresses all kinds of women – mothers, wives, the unmarried, etc. and expresses everything that he wishes them to keep in mind. On December 12, 1888, a group of 20 women of Malolos petitioned Governor-General Weyler for permission to open a night school so that they may study Spanish under Teodor Sandiko. Fr. Felipe Garcia, a Spanish parish priest in Malolos objected. But the young women courageously sustained their agitation for the establishment of the school. They then presented a petition to Governor Weyler asking that they should be allowed to open a night school (Capino et al, 1977). In the end, their request was granted on the condition that Señorita Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher. Praising these young women for their bravery, Marcelo H. del Pilar requested Rizal to write a letter commending them for their extraordinary courage. Originally written in Tagalog, Rizal composed this letter on February 22, 1889 when he was in London, in response to the request of del Pilar. We know for a fact that in the past, young women were uneducated because of the principle that they would soon be wives and their primary career is to take care of the home and their children. In this letter, Rizal yearns that women should be granted the same opportunities given to men in terms of education. The salient points contained in this letter are as follows: 1. The rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars – not all of the priests in the country that time embodied the true spirit of Christ and His Church. Most of them were corrupted by worldly desires and used worldly methods to effect change and force discipline among the people. 2. The defense of private judgment 3. Qualities Filipino mothers need to possess – as evidenced by this portion of his letter, Rizal is greatly concerned of the welfare of the Filipino children and the homes they grow up in. 4. Duties and responsibilities of Filipino mothers to their children 5. Duties and responsibilities of a wife to her husband - Rizal states in this portion of his letter how Filipino women ought to be as wives, in order to preserve the identity of the race. 6. Counsel to young women on their choice of a lifetime partner

QUALITIES MOTHERS HAVE TO POSSESS

Rizal enumerates the qualities Filipino mothers have to possess: 1. Be a noble wife - that women must be decent and dignified, submissive, tender and loving to their respective husband. 2. Rear her children in the service of the state – here Rizal gives reference to the women of Sparta who embody this quality. Mothers should teach their children to love God, country and fellowmen. 3. Set standards of behavior for men around her - three things that a wife must instill in the mind of her husband: activity and industry; noble behavior; and worthy sentiments. In as much as the wife is the partner of her husband’s heart and misfortune, Rizal stressed on the following advices to a married woman: aid her husband, share his perils, refrain from causing him worry; and sweeten his moments of affliction.

RIZAL’S ADVICE TO UNMARRIED MEN AND WOMEN

Jose Rizal points out to unmarried women that they should not be easily taken by appearances and looks, because these can be very deceiving. Instead, they should take heed of men’s firmness of character and lofty ideas. Rizal further adds that there are three things that a young woman must look for a man she intends to be her husband: 1. A noble and honored name 2. A manly heart 3. A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves.

In summary, Rizal’s letter “To the Young Women of Malolos,” centers around five major points (Zaide &Zaide, 1999): 1. Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, country and fellowmen. 2. Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to offer their sons in defense of their country. 4. Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining their good racial values. 5. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners.

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• The 8 Most Important Literary...

The Most Important Literary Works by Jose Rizal

For Dr. José Rizal , the well-respected national hero of the Philippines, “the pen is mightier than the sword.” Through his literary masterpieces, he voiced strong opposition to the abuse of Spaniards and conveyed messages that he hoped would inspire his fellow countrymen. We round up his best works and uncover the underlying meaning behind them.

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To the Filipino Youth

Rizal wrote this literary poem when he was still studying at the University of Sto. Tomas (UST). Originally written in Spanish ( A la juventud filipina), Rizal submitted this piece for a poem contest organized for Filipinos by the Manila Lyceum of Art and Literature. At the age of 18, this work is beaming with strong messages to convince readers, the youth in particular, that they are the hope of the nation. He also stresses the importance of education to one’s future. Rizal won the first prize and was rewarded with a feather-shaped silver pen and a diploma.

This literary piece gives an insight into the romantic relationship of Rizal and his beloved, Leonor Rivera. The two met when in the province of Dagupan when Rivera was only 13-years-old. Rivera’s parents were not in favor of their relationship and though distance separated them, the two kept in touch by sending letters and photographs to each other. Rizal later found out that her lady love would soon tie the knot with Henry Kipping, and the news definitely disheartened him. The lonely, heartbreaking feelings he felt, resulted in this melancholic poem.

To the Young Women of Malolos

Addressed to the Filipino women, Rizal’s letter entitled To The Young Women of Malolos reflects his inheritance and issues reminders to Filipino women. In his letter, he addresses all kinds of Filipino women – mothers, wives, and even the single women. Throughout this literary piece, he highlights the qualities that Filipino mothers should possess, the duties of wives to their husbands and children, and a counsel on how young women should choose their lifetime partners. The idea behind this letter sparked after he was impressed by the women of Malolos who won the battle they fought. Rizal advises women to educate themselves, protect their dignity and honor, and live with good manners – setting up as a role model.

A kundiman traditionally refers to a love song where a man serenades the woman he loves. For scholars, this word was derived from the Tagalog phrase “Kung Hindi man” (if it should not be so) which suggests that people put their faith in a Higher Being who decides whether or not something is meant for them. But in Rizal’s literary work, he wrote a kundiman to profess his intense love for his motherland. This piece reflects his high hopes that one day, the Philippines would be free from treachery and injustice. At the time, the country faced great threats while he was in Europe. And, through this work, he voices his hopeful thoughts despite being far away from the country.

Junto Al Pasig

When translated into English, the title of this work means Beside Pasig River . In response to the Jesuits’ request, Rizal wrote this one-act play in the Spanish language for the velada – a gala variety program during the principal feast days. The play centers around Leonido (a young Filipino who has a strong faith in the Virgin) and the Diwata/Satan, which symbolizes the Spanish oppression towards Filipinos. Its theme highlights Christianity, good vs. evil, and paganism. The Philippines’ national hero wrote it in honor of the Our Lady of Peace and Voyage of the UST, and the play was staged on December 8, 1880.

Noli Me Tángere

One of the most sought-after books in Philippine literature until today, is Rizal’s famous novel titled Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not). Driven by his undying love for his country, Rizal wrote the novel to expose the ills of Philippine society during the Spanish colonial era. At the time, the Spaniards prohibited the Filipinos from reading the controversial book because of the unlawful acts depicted in the novel. Yet they were not able to ban it completely and as more Filipinos read the book, it opened their eyes to the truth that they were being manhandled by the friars. In this revolutionary book, you’ll learn the story of Crisostomo Ibarra, how he dealt with Spanish authorities, and how he prepared for his revenge, as told in Rizal’s second book, El Filibusterismo.

El Filibusterismo

This is Rizal’s sequel to his first book, Noli Me Tángere. In El Filibusterismo (The Reign of the Greed), the novel exhibits a dark theme (as opposed to the hopeful atmosphere in the first novel) in which it depicts the country’s issues and how the protagonist attempts a reform. The story takes place 13 years after Noli Me Tángere , where revolutionary protagonist Crisostomo Ibarra is now under the guise of Simoun – a wealthy jewelry tycoon. Because the novel also portrays the abuse, corruption, and discrimination of the Spaniards towards Filipinos, it was also banned in the country at the time. Rizal dedicated his second novel to the GOMBURZA – the Filipino priests named Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora who were executed on charges of subversion. The two novels of Rizal, now considered as his literary masterpieces, both indirectly sparked the Philippine Revolution .

Mi último adiós

After being associated with the Katipuneros, Rizal was arrested and later sentenced to death by firing squad for acts of sedition and rebellion. During his final days in Fort Santiago of Manila , Rizal bid farewell to his motherland and countrymen through letters. Mi último adiós or My Last Farewell is one of the few last works that Rizal wrote. Some historical accounts say he wrote it on the eve before his execution, while others claim that he wrote the poem a few days before his death in Manila on December 30, 1896. But, because there was no title ascribed to this poem, his good friend and fellow reformist Mariano Ponce came up with the title. Today, Rizal’s literary works, specifically his two novels, are alive and continuously being analyzed by students and professionals. Colleges and universities in the Philippines even require their students to take a subject which centers around the life and works of Rizal. Through his work, the country’s national hero is always remembered and looked upon with high regard for his contribution towards the Philippine independence.

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Biography of José Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

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José Rizal (June 19, 1861–December 30, 1896) was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos honor as their national hero. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to: medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Despite little evidence, he was martyred by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion when he was only 35.

Fast Facts: José Rizal

• Known For : National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain
• Also Known As: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Born : June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna
• Parents : Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
• Died : December 30, 1896, in Manila, the Philippines
• Education : Ateneo Municipal de Manila; studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; medicine and philosophy at the Universidad Central de Madrid; ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg
• Published Works : Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
• Spouse : Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)
• Notable Quote: "On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no other force but his heart."

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. The family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers.

From an early age, Rizal showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5.

Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at age 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.

Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17. He was granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.

In 1878, the young man enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.

In May 1882, Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department.

Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg for further study in ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828–1890). Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887.

Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years and picked up a number of languages. He could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone he met with his charm, intelligence, and mastery of a range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology , and journalism, among other areas.

During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, " Noli Me Tangere " (Latin for "Touch Me Not"), while living in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, with the Rev. Karl Ullmer.

Rizal wrote "Noli Me Tangere" in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Rizal's position on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the governor-general and had to defend himself against charges of disseminating subversive ideas.

Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled " El Filibusterismo ." When published in English, it was titled "The Reign of Greed."

In his novels and newspaper editorials, Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature, the Cortes Generales .

Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state.

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.

During that period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's progressive organization La Liga , rebel leaders such as Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.

In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church, which had excommunicated Rizal.

The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to travel to Cuba to tend to victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused.

He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence.

He was allowed to marry Bracken two hours before his execution by firing squad in Manila on December 30, 1896. Rizal was just 35 years old.

José Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called " Mi Ultimo Adios " ("My Last Goodbye"), and his two famous novels.

Spurred by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago defeated the Spanish army. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, becoming the first democratic republic in Asia.

• de Ocampo, Estaban A. " Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism ." Journal of Southeast Asian History .
• Rizal, José. "One Hundred Letters of José Rizal." Philippine National Historical Society.
• Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. " Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of José Rizal and José Martí ." Biography .
• Biography of Antonio Luna, Hero of the Philippine-American War
• Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader
• Biography of Apolinario Mabini, Philippines' First Prime Minister
• Profile of Emilio Jacinto of the Philippines
• Revolutionary Heroes of the Philippines
• Biography of Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino Independence Leader
• The Philippines: Facts and History
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• The Philippines: Geography and Fact Sheet
• Biography of Ninoy Aquino, Filipino Opposition Leader
• Spanish-American War: Battle of Manila Bay
• Philippine-American War: Causes and Consequences
• Spanish-American War: Commodore George Dewey
• Biography of Corazon Aquino, First Female President of the Philippines
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A Summary and Reflection on José Rizal's Life and Works by

This is a summary and reflection paper covering Rizal's life and works. The biography "The First Filipino" by Leon Maria Guerrero was used as a reference and approach into the research on Rizal's life and works, focusing solely on the personal details of the national hero. It will cover Rizal's life from childhood up until his death as a revolutionary writer.

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Leon Maria Guerrero y Francisco was born on March 24, 1915, in Manila. He was a Filipino author and a diplomat. He is such a well-known writer for his successful translations of Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and a biography of Rizal. The author of "The First Filipino" believed that Jose Rizal is the First Filipino that shows great patriotism and fondness for his compatriots. The book is a biography of Jose Rizal it completely and creatively covers the various life of Jose Rizal starting from his childhood and education, political and literary activities wherein Guererro explores Rizal's involvement in political movements, his literary works and his impact on Philippine society. It also wholly examines Rizal's tragic end and the enduring influence he left behind.

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Activity No.1: Buhay at Mga Sinulat ni Rizal Write a critical paper summarizing the life and works of Rizal. Reflect on Rizal’s struggles, intellectual development, and protests against Spanish colonialism.

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List of Poems of José Rizal (Updated 2023)

In this article let’s talk about List of Poems of José Rizal. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is a celebrated national hero of the Philippines. Here we have curated List of Poems of José Rizal. He was a polymath who excelled in multiple fields of learning.

He could essay the roles of a diarist, poet, novelist, and correspondent with equal proficiency and craft. What is even more fascinating is that not only was he a prolific writer, but also a true patriot who was a passionate advocator of reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era.

To commemorate this national hero’s contribution to society, the Filipinos celebrate Rizal’s death anniversary as a Philippine holiday aptly called, the Rizal Day. In 1896, after a military trial, Rizal was executed and it is believed that this martyr was the spur for the Philippine Revolution.

Rizal’s two famous novels include Noli me Tangere and El filibusterismo. Let us now, take a look at a list of his poems.

Table of Contents

List of Poems of José Rizal (Poems of Rizal)

• Sa Aking mga Kabata (written by Rizal at the age of 8, dealing with the theme of love for one’s language)
• To the Virgin Mary
• Education Gives Luster to the Motherland
• To Josephine
• To the Philippines Youth
• Song of Maria Clara
• A Poem that has No Title
• Hymn to Labor
• Memories of my Town
• Our Mother Tongue
• To the Philippines
• Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Goodbye – Last Poem of Rizal )
• “Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed,
• Pearl of the Orient Sea, our Eden lost,
• With gladness I give you my Life, sad and repressed;
• And were it more brilliant, more fresh and at its best,
• I would still give it to you for your welfare at most.” – from Mi Ultimo Adios by José Rizal

Exploring Rizal Poems:

José Rizal is one of the most illustrious Filipino figures from history. He was an intellectual, a doctor and a devoted nationalist who penned countless works about his deep-rooted love for his nation and its people; their poetic beauty and insightful depth earning admiration worldwide – some of the greatest Philippine literature crafted by none other than Rizal himself!

One such collection was that of poems which encapsulated all struggles endured – as well as hopes shared – amidst Spanish colonial rule. Have we now departed far enough along our path to truly appreciate these words? What courage they must have taken in order to write them…

Rizal’s poems are a staple in Philippine literature classes now, giving us an exclusive look into his viewpoints on life and the beliefs of Filipinos back then. Using traditional Tagalog or Spanish verse forms like korido and danza makes it easier to understand their message even today – centuries later! How incredible that after all this time these works still have such power…

The topics dealt with in these pieces span from loyalty to love to religion; however all are contemplating some way or another associated with the Philippine history amid colonization and its current status following autonomy from Spain in 1898.

Even though heaps of people find it difficult to admire poetry without knowing what it implies actually – particularly if one cannot speak Tagalog or Spanish – there is plentiful value simply through understanding the allegorical language employed by Rizal over every poem’s narrative curve.

By delving into each poetic creation such an eye towards representation rather than literal meaning alone, readers can gain valuable insight on how he regarded freedom from persecution throughout this period – both actual and figurative – while lauding his aptitude over vocabulary regardless of when was composed!

Delving into the Heart of Rizal Verse:

José Rizal is undoubtedly one of the greatest Filipino heroes, his artistry has truly helped shape Philippine culture. His talent for expressing himself through poetry was awe-inspiring – no wonder so many of his works have been adored for centuries! The sheer passion and feeling he put into every single verse was phenomenal, solidifying him as a powerhouse in Philippine literature… What an inspirational figure!

Rizal’s poems span a whole range of themes and moods, but all share an undeniable beauty and intricacy that really sets them apart. From the lovey-dovey to nature or even social topics with his distinctive take on it – no matter what they are about, Rizal’s verses often come across as a reflection of his personal emotions; making ’em both expressions for individual life experience, while being philosophical musings around society as a wider concept at the same time… Question is: how much did he reveal?

The motifs throughout Rizal’s writings range from love of one’s country to romance; he addressed both lost and found ardour, analysing how the interactions between people can have a bearing on more extensive communal matters such as racism or colonialism.

These themes are reflective not merely of his own individual experiences but also those shared by other Filipinos then – thereby demonstrating just how much José’s art has influenced our culture today. Rizal had an exclusive way with words which is palpable in every poem written by him – beginning with the rich illustrations up until utilising effective metaphors for presenting intricate ideas concisely- making these compositions wholly singular pieces literature!

His acute eye for elucidation made it potential to depict moments accurately whilst still relaying intense emotions through each line; this control over language generated a remarkable collection that will keep inspiring generations in years to come!

Appreciating the Depth and Beauty of José Verse in Philippine Literature

José Rizal is a big deal in Philippine literature – his poems are some of the country’s greatest works. His writing served as an effective way to get across his feelings about freedom from Spain and colonised people’s struggles, never failing to be deep and thought-provoking! He touched on it all – love, death, faith, politics…nature…you name it.

Whilst he was an extraordinary novelist who wrote such classics as Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Subversive), it is for his poetry that Rizal has gained renowned fame in Philippine literary circles.

His poetic prowess extends far beyond the 40 pieces of verse which are said to have been written during his lifetime; more poems unearthed since his death at the hands of Spanish colonial forces in 1896!

The main themes Rizal’s poem delves into are love of country and homesickness for childhood recollections – both potent notions that still have an impact in the Filipino culture today! How does one best express their ardour for national pride? What would we do to recapture those treasured remembrances from our past…? It seems like these ideas, which have been around since then, will continue to exist – just as relevant now as it was back then.

Some examples include “My Final Farewell” which talks about giving up one’s own life for their country; “To My Countrymen” which speaks of freedom from foreign control; “Sa Aking Mga Kababata” (To My Fellow Youth) that celebrates youthful vigor and enthusiasm; and “Mi Ultimo Adios” (My Last Farewell), a stirring call to arms against Spanish tyranny composed on the day prior to Rizal’s execution at Bagumbayan field in Manila Bay by firing squad on 30th December 1896. It was an impassioned plea, still inspiring even today – what incredible courage he must have had!

What’s more, apart from the works of José Rizal that were extensively printed during his lifetime, there are several other creations attributed to him such as “El Amor Patrio” (Love Of Country), “Makamisa” (A Mass To Make) and “Mi Retiro” (My Retirement).

Though these pieces may not be so renowned like the rest of them, they’re equally emotive; however their translation into English or any other language is somewhat elusive – making it even harder for people outside its original setting to savour its entirety.

Thus they remain dormant jewels waiting to be brought back life by new generations in pursuit of excellence emanating Philippine history books – something which Rizal would undoubtedly encourage with all his heart!

It’s crystal clear that José Rizal was a master of writing. His poetic works are some of the most celebrated in Philippine literature, and they continue to be an inspiration for many even now. He wrote about love, patriotism and justice – themes which have meant his poems stay evergreen classics! Whether you’re into poetry or not it’s surely worth taking a look at José Rizal’s work…

These words will always echo in the hearts of people who love their country. The poem also reflects on Rizal’s love for his country men. He is still remembered and revered for his courage, conviction and compassion.

He attempted to fight against tyranny with peace and hope and his martyrdom at the young age of 35 motivated Philippines to continue down the road of struggle.

• Jose Rizal wrote more than 35 known poems during his lifetime.
• His most famous poem is “Mi Último Adiós” (My Last Farewell), written just before his execution.
• Rizal’s poems covered a wide range of themes including patriotism, love, freedom, social issues, and education.
• Rizal wrote his poems primarily in Spanish, which was the language of educated Filipinos during his time.
• “Mi Último Adiós” is a poignant farewell poem that expressed Rizal’s love for his country and his desire for Filipinos to continue the fight for independence.
• Yes, Rizal’s poems served as sources of inspiration for Filipinos during the revolution, urging them to unite against Spanish colonial rule.
• “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” (To My Fellow Youth) emphasizes the importance of education and national pride among the Filipino youth.
• Yes, some of Rizal’s poems were censored by Spanish authorities due to their subversive content that challenged colonial rule.
• Many of Rizal’s poems are available in books, online collections, and historical archives.
• Rizal’s poems remain symbols of patriotism and resilience, reminding Filipinos of their history and inspiring them to uphold their cultural identity and fight for a better future.
• Rizal wrote “Mi Último Adiós” as a farewell to his country before his execution and to inspire his fellow Filipinos to continue the fight for independence.
• Rizal wrote his last poem, “Mi Último Adiós,” while he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago in Manila, Philippines.
• Just before his execution, Jose Rizal said: “Consummatum est,” which means “It is finished”. This statement meant his acceptance of fate and his commitment to the cause he had been fighting for.

We hope that you loved this amazing list of Jose Rizal’s Poems, Do check out our amazing other lists as well

List of Filipino Writers

List of Filipino Short Story Authors

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Colorado ranchers say Polis, wildlife officials are ignoring pleas to kill depredating wolves

The Middle Park Stockgrowers Association said it has been ghosted by Gov. Jared Polis and Colorado Department of Natural Resources and Colorado Parks and Wildlife leadership since sending a letter requesting they authorize the lethal removal of two released wolves responsible for multiple recent cattle kills.

April has seen the most confirmed wolf depredations of any month in the state over the past two-plus years with five cattle killed by released wolves in Grand County.

A calf was killed and another one injured in Jackson County earlier this month, according to Colorado Parks and Wildlife reports. The agency said it was aware of four wolves in the area where the kill took place, including released wolves and a wolf or wolves with known territory in North Park and belonging to the North Park pack.

Ranchers in the area are in the midst of calving season.

The association represents Grand and Summit counties, where 10 wolves were released by the state in late December as part of its voter-mandated reintroduction program.

The association said it didn't hear from the governor or state agencies after sending a letter Thursday, April 18, and it fired off another letter Monday, April 22, once again requesting the "immediate lethal removal for two specific wolves" in Grand County.

The letter further stated: "We are deeply concerned by the lack of response to our initial request on April 18th, 2024. The urgency of this situation demands swift and decisive action."

Tim Ritschard, president of the Middle Park Stockgrowers Association, said he had been in contact with the governor's office and Colorado Department of Natural Resources and Colorado Parks and Wildlife regarding ranchers' concerns.

But since the latest incidents, "I haven't heard boo from those people," he said. "They don’t want to listen to us. But we continue to build a group and we will keep the pressure on. We want to work with them, but it’s going to get ugly, really ugly if we do have another depredation."

That group includes the North Park Stockgrowers Association, which represents Jackson County just to the north of Grand County. That association also sent the governor and state agencies a similar letter Monday. There have been two recent confirmed wolf depredations in Jackson County: on April 2, when a calf was killed, and on April 13, when a calf was injured.

The Larimer County Stockgrowers Association also joined in the letter-writing campaign Monday.

"From wolf selection to post-depredation management, CPW has repeatedly failed the affected producers, community stakeholders and the residents of Colorado by your inability and unwillingness to act in good faith regarding the entire reintroduction process," the letter read in part.

The Coloradoan reached out to Colorado Parks and Wildlife on Monday for a response. The agency said it would share its response letter after it is sent to the Middle Park Stockgrowers directly.

Shelby Wieman, spokesperson for Gov. Polis, said wolf depredations are not a surprise and that state wildlife and agriculture staffs continue to work with Grand County livestock producers and plan to help them employ nonlethal deterrents, including range riders.

"Lethal control of wolves when there are only 12 known wolves in the state is premature,'' she told the Coloradoan. "The cornerstones of the wolf reintroduction program are to establish a viable wolf population and to reduce impacts on ranchers.

“It is widely known that wolves are opportunistic hunters and Colorado voters were fully aware of the diet of wolves and made the decision to reintroduce wolves.''

Rob Edward, president of the Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund, which spearheaded the campaign to pass the 2020 ballot initiative to reintroduce wolves by the end of 2023, said he feels bad for the ranchers who have faced depredations.

He added the key going forward is for ranchers to exhaust nonlethal strategies to deter the wolves.

"This (recent depredations) is not completely unexpected and it's not a signal the reintroduction process is going awry; the sky is not falling," he said. "There have been successes with ranchers using nonlethal strategies to deter wolves in North Park. There is change happening and it requires more work, but this is change ranchers can manage and there are multiple mechanisms to help them prepare for wolves."

What out-of-state wolf experts believe Colorado should do with depredating wolves

Diane Boyd is a Montana-based wolf expert who compiled a report commissioned by the National Wildlife Federation examining 40 years of extensive wolf research from across the country. The report, "Lessons Learned to Inform Colorado Wolf Reintroduction and Management,"  was done in part to help Colorado wildlife leaders plan and manage wolf reintroduction.

She said removal of chronic depredating wolves was part of the mid-1990s wolf reintroduction in the northern Rocky Mountains and Colorado should follow a similar plan, which will help build long-term recovery success.

"Removing wolves is part of the process," she said. "If Colorado doesn't understand that, it will be a continuing challenge. And they don't want a Don Gittleson situation on a statewide basis where these ranchers are stuck with no choices. This new situation (released wolves) offers choices."

Gittleson has had seven cows confirmed killed in the last two years on his leased ranch north of Walden, according to previous Coloradoan reporting . In December, his request for the state to lethally remove the remaining two North Park pack members due to chronic depredation was denied. The North Park pack was here before the state's reintroduction began.

The breeding male of the North Park pack, M2101, is likely to have been involved in 17 of the 21 depredations in the county, according to state wildlife investigation tracking collar identification, reports from ranchers and pack behavior.

The state wildlife agency told the Coloradoan the exact number of depredations by wolf 2101 is not known.

Carter Niemeyer spent three decades killing wolves for the federal government but most recently has helped ranchers with nonlethal means of dealing with depredating wolves. He is retired in Idaho and served on Colorado Parks and Wildlife's Technical Working Group that helped create the state's wolf recovery plan.

He also believes lethal removal should be an option on wolves that continue to depredate, but only after sincere efforts have been made by ranchers to deter wolves with nonlethal measures.

The state's wolf recovery plan encourages Colorado ranchers to first use nonlethal strategies to deter wolves but does not require those methods before legally killing a wolf under the federal 10(j) rule.

The Middle Park Stockgrowers Association letter said Grand County ranchers have been implementing various nonlethal deterrents.

Colorado Parks and Wildlife makes nonlethal tools available to ranchers.

"There are not a lot of happy endings when wolves begin chronically killing livestock," Niemeyer said. "That's why they will have to define chronic pretty darn quickly. But to think this wouldn't happen you would have to be pretty naïve. You need to start with nonlethal means to dissuade wolves from starting or continuing to kill livestock.

"Inevitably, there will be some dead livestock and there will be wolf removals. How you get there is a hard decision."

Colorado Parks and Wildlife told the Coloradoan on Monday staff is working on a definition of chronic depredation with the issue most likely scheduled to be heard by the parks and wildlife commission at its June or July meeting.

Niemeyer said so many recent wolf depredations in one area of Grand County might mean the wolves have started to den in the area. State wildlife officials said several weeks ago they are unsure if the released wolves, which include females mature enough to breed, will produce a litter this year.

"The toughest decision with all of this is what if you have pups in a den right near where those recent depredations took place," he said.

State wildlife agency unwilling to identify by tracking collars what wolves involved in kills

The Coloradoan has repeatedly asked Colorado Parks and Wildlife to identify by collar the wolves involved in all livestock depredations.

The agency has confirmed released wolves were involved in all livestock incidents in April in Grand County. But it has refused to provide the tracking collars, saying doing so would result in a safety concern to the animals.

"We’re not revealing further information because CPW is concerned that if the potentially depredating wolf/wolves is identified this will increase the risk of harm or harassment of the animals," the state wildlife agency said in an email.

The Coloradoan's request is to determine if wolves captured in Oregon were involved in recent depredations in that state and similarly involved in depredations in Colorado. That information could confirm or refute a pattern of chronic depredation by those wolves.

The Coloradoan identified five of the 10 wolves released into Colorado belonged to Oregon packs that had confirmed livestock depredations between July 2023 and being captured in December 2023, according to Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife  wolf depredation reports .

Prior to the reintroduction, Colorado Parks and Wildlife leadership had publicly said it wouldn't release reintroduced wolves that have depredated livestock .

In addition, a state wolf recovery plan says: "No wolf should be translocated that has a known history of chronic depredation, and sourcing from geographic areas with chronic depredation events should not occur."

It is largely agreed by wolf experts and affirmed by studies that once wolves learn to kill livestock , they have a propensity to continue the behavior.

"I was quite shocked to hear they brought in depredating wolves,'' Niemeyer said. "Those aren't the ones you want to build a reintroduction program on. It's bad optics from public perception.''

Wolves learning to kill livestock can lead to chronic depredation, which Colorado's wolf recovery plan does not define.

That lack of definition makes it difficult to lethally remove chronic depredating wolves, which is allowed under Colorado's federal 10(j) rule.

Ranchers and state legislators representing livestock producers have pressured the governor and Colorado Parks and Wildlife to define chronic depredation so a decision can be made on the option of lethal removal.

The Middle Park Stockgrowers Association's Monday letter said the state of Washington's definition of chronic depredation includes three depredations in 30 days or four depredations in a 10-month rolling window and should serve as a benchmark for Colorado.

The association argues the recent depredations exceed that definition with two wolves killing five cattle in three separate incidents over 16 days.

As of Monday, Colorado Parks and Wildlife has confirmed that wolves in the state have accounted for 27 injuries or death to livestock and the animals that herd and guard them.

Depredations have injured or killed 21 cattle, three sheep and three working cattle dogs. All but five cattle involved the North Park pack. Those were the most recent Grand County depredations by the released wolves.

The state has paid out just less than $40,000 since December 2021 in compensation to ranchers for losses to wolves. That does not take into account the livestock losses this month.

Where is Colorado getting wolves from for future releases?

The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation in Washington will provide Colorado with up to 15 wolves for the reintroduction program between December 2024 and March 2025.

Here is a list of confirmed wolf depredations in Colorado and amount paid to the livestock producer

Data provided by Colorado Parks and Wildlife as of April 22, 2024:

• April 18: 1 yearling cattle. Grand County. Compensation pending
• April 17: 3 yearling cattle. Grand County. Compensation pending
• April 13: 1 calf. Jackson County. Compensation pending
• April 8: 1 calf. Jackson County. Compensation pending
• April 5: 1 calf. Grand County. Compensation pending
• Dec. 13: 1 calf, Jackson County. Compensation pending
• Nov. 17: 3 sheep. Jackson County. $489
• March 13: 1 working cattle dog. Jackson County. $15,000
• Nov. 19: 1 calf. Jackson County. $1,106.09
• Oct. 8: 1 calf. Jackson County. $338.62
• Oct. 7: 1 calf. Jackson County. $400
• Aug. 1: 1 calf: Jackson County. $3,000
• May 30: 1 calf. Jackson County. $3,000
• May 2: 1 calf. Jackson County. $2,850
• April 22: 1 calf. Jackson County. $779.52
• March 15: 2 cattle. Jackson County. $1,230
• Jan. 18: 3 cattle. Jackson County. $8,647
• Jan. 9: 2 working cattle dogs. Jackson County. $1,252.72
• Dec. 9: 1 calf. Jackson County. $1,800