othello transformation essay

Shakespeare’s Othello: Essay Samples - Links & Essential Info

If you want to write a paper on any topic related to Othello , this article will be your life-saver. Our team collected various free samples on one page. See what Othello essay interests you and click on the link to read it.

✍ Othello: Essay Samples

Theme of Jealousy in Othello by Shakespeare Genre: Research paper Words: 1643 Focused on: The issues of jealousy, manipulation, and jealousy Characters mentioned: Iago, Othello, Roderigo, Desdemona, Brabantio, Cassio
The Tragedy of Othello Genre: Research paper Words: 1651 Focused on: Othello’s tragedy and whether it was self-inflicted Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio, Desdemona, Roderigo, Brabantio, Emilia, Bianca
Othello by William Shakespeare Genre: Essay Words: 888 Focused on: Catastrophe, race, and misrepresentation Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio, Desdemona
Irony in “Othello” by Shakespeare Genre: Analytical Essay Words: 907 Focused on: How irony drives the plot of Othello Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona, Emilia
Summary about Shakespeare’s Othello Genre: Essay Words: 837 Focused on: Retelling of Othello Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio, Roderigo, Desdemona, Emilia, Brabantio
Othello by William Shakespeare Genre: Term paper Words: 1141 Focused on: Comparison of the play with Tim Nelson’s 2001 movie O Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona, Cassio
Shakespeare’s Othello, the Moor of Venice Genre: Research paper Words: 1404 Focused on: Character traits of Iago and Othello, and how they drive the story Characters mentioned: Iago, Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Roderigo, Emilia
The Downfall of Othello Genre: Essay Words: 1687 Focused on: Comparison of Othello’s and Oedipus’s downfalls Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Brabantio, Cassio, Desdemona
“Othello” by William Shakespeare Genre: Essay Words: 548 Focused on: The role of minor characters in Othello Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio, Emilia
Character of Iago in “Othello” by Shakespeare Analysis Genre: Essay Words: 1080 Focused on: Character analysis of Iago and his evil nature Characters mentioned: Iago, Othello, Cassio, Desdemona, Emilia, Roderigo,
Critical Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello Genre: Essay, Critical Writing Words: 971 Focused on: Stage directions , the play’s modernity, and geographical symbolism Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona
Jealousy in “Othello” by W.Shakespeare Genre: Analytical Essay Words: 1611 Focused on: Good vs. evil as characterized by jealousy Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio, Desdemona, Emilia, Roderigo
Othello as the Outsider Genre: Essay Words: 1356 Focused on: Othello as an outcast in society and how his language and behavior reflect it Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona
Racism in Play “Othello” by William Shakespeare Genre: Essay Words: 867 Focused on: The theme of racism and how it’s shown in the play Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio, Brabantio, Desdemona
Othello and Desdemona: Emotional Strangers Genre: Essay Words: 1243 Focused on: The relationship between Othello and Desdemona Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona, Iago, Cassio
What Can Lawyers Learn From ‘Othello’? Genre: Essay Words: 692 Focused on: Why lawyers should read Othello Characters mentioned: Othello, Cassio, Iago
Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Othello: The Words and Actions of Iago Genre: Essay Words: 1421 Focused on: Why Iago is an excellent villain, comparison of Iago and Joker from The Dark Knight Characters mentioned: Iago, Othello, Cassio
Othello and Snow Country: Personal Opinion Genre: Critical Essay Words: 994 Focused on: Love and passion in Shakespeare’s Othello and Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona
Othello’s Fall from Grace and Redemption at the End of the Play Genre: Essay Words: 1145 Focused on: Themes of jealousy and gullibility Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona, Iago
Othello’s tragedy Genre: Essay Words: 830 Focused on: The cause of Othello’s tragedy Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona, Iago
The issue of racial prejudice Genre: Research paper Words: 2198 Focused on: Racial prejudices, discrimination towards Othello and foreigners in general, cultural and historical context Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Brabantio, Desdemona
Humiliation of Iago (Othello) Genre: Essay Words: 589 Focused on: Possible motives of Iago Characters mentioned: Iago, Othello, Desdemona
Compare and Contrast Shakespeare’s Othello and the Blind Owl by Sedayat Genre: Compare and Contrast Essay Words: 1370 Focused on: Differences and similarities of the plots and themes of Shakespeare’s Othello and the Blind Owl by Sedayat Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona
Remembrance and Redemption Relationship Genre: Essay Words: 1471 Focused on: Theme of redemption in Othello , Mansfield Park, and A Small Place Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Cassio
Treatment of women by Shakespeare and Sophocles Genre: Essay Words: 1895 Focused on: Different treatments of women in Othello and Oedipus Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona, Emilia, Cassio, Roderigo, Brabantio
The Feminist critique Genre: Essay Words: 2062 Focused on: The role of women in Elizabethan society as told by Othello Characters mentioned: Desdemona, Emilia, Bianca, Othello, Iago, Cassio, Duke of Venice, Brabantio
Comparison and Contrast of the Driving Force of Plot in Medea by Euripides, Othello by William Shakespeare, and the Epic of Gilgamesh Genre: Essay Words: 568 Focused on: Heroism in Medea by Euripides, Othello by William Shakespeare, and The Epic of Gilgamesh Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Brabantio, Roderigo
Violence of Shakespeare Genre: Term paper Words: 1701 Focused on: Violent behavior in Titus Andronicus , Hamlet , and Othello Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona
Philosophy of Literature: Shakespearean Tragedy Genre: Essay Words: 1218 Focused on: How tragic incidences make heroes be villains as shown in Othello and Macbeth Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona, Iago
Machiavelli and Othello’s Leadership Skills Essay Genre: Essay Words: 584 Focused on: Leadership skills in Machiavelli’s The Prince and Shakespeare’s Othello Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago
The Life And Work Of William Shakespeare: His Contribution To The Contemporary Theater Genre: Research paper Words: 1371 Focused on: The contribution of William Shakespeare’s works to contemporary theater Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona, Iago
Othello and Oedipus Rex Characters’ Traits Genre: Essay Words: 963 Focused on: Character and tragic traits of Othello and Oedipus Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona
Iago and Othello Relationships Genre: Research paper Words: 1254 Focused on: Iago’s and Othello’s relationships and how it contributes the plot Characters mentioned: Othello, Iago, Desdemona, Emilia
Cultural Diversity in the Play “Othello” Genre: Essay Words: 822 Focused on: The play’s reflection of society and racial prejudices Characters mentioned: Othello, Desdemona, Iago

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Play’s Plot Explored
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Exploring Shakespeare’s Othello: Themes, Characters, and Impact

Explore the profound themes of love, jealousy, and betrayal in Shakespeare’s Othello.

Last Updated on February 2, 2024 by BiblioLifestyle

William Shakespeare’s Othello is a dramatic tale of love, jealousy, and deceit. It is a timeless piece of literature that continues to captivate and challenge readers centuries after it was first performed. Of all the works by Shakespeare that I’ve read, I believe Othello is one of Shakespeare’s most complex and compelling plays. Every time I revisit it, I discover something different, but ultimately, what you’ll discover is that Othello delves into the depths of human emotion, juxtaposing the powerful bond of love with the intricate web of racism, jealousy, and betrayal. So in this article, I will share Othello’s central themes, its pivotal characters, and the play’s profound and enduring impact on the world of literature and beyond.

About Shakespeare’s Othello

William Shakespeare’s “Othello” is a dramatic tragedy that delves into the themes of jealousy, love, betrayal, and racism. Set against the backdrop of Venice and Cyprus during the Ottoman-Venetian war, the story revolves around Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army. Othello secretly marries Desdemona, the daughter of a nobleman, sparking resentment and racial prejudice among those around them. Driven by malice, the envious ensign Iago orchestrates a devious plot to unravel Othello’s life, planting seeds of doubt about Desdemona’s fidelity. Othello’s trust in Iago and his own insecurities lead him down a dark path of jealousy and rage. The tragic arc concludes with the heart-wrenching realization of the truth and the irreversible consequences of jealousy and manipulation, resulting in the deaths of Othello, Desdemona, and Emilia, and the exposure and punishment of Iago. The play is a powerful examination of the destructive power of false appearances and the human propensity for destructive emotions.

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The Historical Tapestry of Othello

Set against the magnificent backdrop of the 16th century, Othello invites us into the vibrant Republic of Venice, a bustling hub of trade and cultural exchange. In this era of great societal upheaval, the play skillfully weaves together the complex tapestry of exploration, colonization, and the burgeoning rise of mercantilism. As the world expanded, we see coming to the surface a clash of cultures and ideas, tensions simmering beneath the surface, and the setting of the stage for the profound conflicts that unfold in the intricately woven plot of Othello.

With its nuanced exploration of power, jealousy, and the destructive forces of prejudice, Shakespeare’s timeless tragedy continues to captivate audiences, offering a profound reflection on the human condition and the timeless themes that resonate across the ages.

Venetian Society and Power Dynamics

In the unique world of the Venetian court, we witness the hierarchical power structures at play. Othello, a highly respected and distinguished Moorish general, challenges the norms of a predominantly white society. His marriage to Desdemona, a young Venetian woman, further underscores the tension between the traditional order and the forces of change.

Military Might and the Subjugation of Others

Othello’s prominence as a war hero cannot be overlooked. His military exploits cement his position within a society that values might and prowess. However, his success also ties into the complex theme of the “other.” As a Moor, Othello represents people who are from different ethnic groups, cultures, and traditions existing on the periphery of traditional European mores. So we see how this duality plays a significant role in the questions of identity, belonging, and prejudice that the play navigates.

Key Characters in Shakespeare’s Othello

The characters in Othello are not merely players on the stage but complex individuals whose lives intersect with fate in a tragic dance of passion and pathos.

Othello: The Tragic Hero

Othello stands as a tragic hero, marked by his honorable status and his ultimate downfall driven by internal and external conflicts. A man of bravery and prowess on the battlefield, Othello is a character high in the military ranks, earned by his valor and leadership. Yet, despite his esteemed position, he is relentlessly subjected to the racial prejudice of the society he serves. His identity as a Moor places him in an unyielding paradox; he is both a revered general and a vulnerable outsider. It is this vulnerability that Iago, with his malevolent cunning, exploits to drive Othello to jealousy and rage. Othello’s character arc demonstrates how even a man of great moral integrity can be dismantled by the strains of insecurity and manipulated by the seeds of suspicion, leading to tragic consequences. His personal journey embodies the timeless struggle between the noblest virtues and the darkest human emotions.

Iago: The Manipulative Villain

Iago stands in stark contrast to Othello as Shakespeare’s incarnation of the quintessential villain. His complex character is driven by an intense malice, cloaked under a facade of loyalty. Iago’s manipulation is not born of impulse but is a deliberate and calculated effort to unravel the lives around him for his twisted satisfaction. The inscrutability of his motives renders him more menacing, as he weaves deceit with finesse, ensnaring his victims in a web of lies and half-truths. What is most striking about Iago is his remarkable understanding of human psychology, which he employs to orchestrate the downfall of those he resents. Charismatic yet sinister, Iago personifies evil in its most intelligent and destructive forms, challenging the moral fabric of the world he inhabits and leaving chaos in his wake.

Desdemona: The Innocent Victim

Desdemona emerges as the embodiment of innocence and the tragic victim within the catastrophic web that unfolds in ‘Othello.’ Her pure and unwavering love for Othello makes her a poignant figure against the backdrop of deceit and treachery. Desdemona’s characterization challenges the gender norms of her time; she is bold in her decision to marry Othello, defying social boundaries and familial expectations. Yet, her assertive nature belies a vulnerability to the manipulations surrounding her. As a symbol of goodness, she stands in stark contrast to the malice and corruption of Iago, representing the light of truth that unfortunately dims as the tragedy progresses. Her unwarranted demise is a powerful indictment of the insidious nature of jealousy and a sobering example of how innocence can be caught in the crossfire of others’ vendettas.

Cassio: The Epitome of Lost Reputation

Cassio, Othello’s loyal lieutenant, emerges as a significant figure whose fate intertwines with the play’s exploration of reputation and honor. Initially portrayed as young, handsome, and charismatic, Cassio possesses all the outward traits that garner respect in Venetian society. However, his vulnerability becomes apparent when Iago cunningly orchestrates a scenario that besmirches his reputation, leading to his demotion and subsequent quest for redemption. Cassio’s downfall is emblematic of how quickly honor can be undone by circumstance and deceit. His character can be seen as a foil to Othello—whereas Othello’s fall is driven by internal turmoil, Cassio’s is due largely to external manipulations, highlighting the damaging and far-reaching impact of Iago’s villainy.

Emilia: The Voice of Reason and Witness to Tragedy

Emilia, Iago’s wife and Desdemona’s attendant, stands out as a crucial but often underrated character in “Othello.” Her journey reflects a sharp intellect and growing disillusionment with the male-dominated world she inhabits. Initially, she may seem to be complicit in Iago’s schemes, particularly when she obtains Desdemona’s handkerchief, an action that significantly contributes to Othello’s doubts. However, as the narrative unfolds, Emilia’s character blooms into that of a moral compass, boldly speaking against gender biases and the unfair treatment of women. In her final act of defiance, Emilia becomes the herald of truth, exposing Iago’s heinous acts despite the grave risks. Her dramatic revelation acts as a catalyst for the ultimate unraveling of Iago’s web, shifting her role from a passive observer to an active participant in seeking justice. Her tragic end, much like Desdemona’s, underscores the grim consequences that can befall those entangled within the destructive cycle of deceit and vengeance.

Themes in Shakespeare’s Othello

Othello is a rich tapestry of themes that reflect the nuances of the human experience. Each strand weaves a deeper understanding of our complexities, weaknesses, and, at times, our monumental failures.

Jealousy and Betrayal

Central to Othello’s devastating arc is the theme of jealousy. Iago, the play’s arch-villain, masterfully manipulates Othello’s love for Desdemona, sowing the seeds of suspicion and mistrust. The transformation of Othello from a confident and loving husband into a jealous and vengeful figure is a testament to the corrosive nature of envy and the fragility of trust.

Racism and Prejudice

The play’s exploration of race is as profound as it is disquieting. Othello’s experience as an ‘outsider’ in Venetian society is fraught with tension. He must navigate a culture that, despite its veneer of openness and civility, harbors deep-seated prejudices. Plus, Shakespeare’s portrayal of Othello as a noble, high-ranking, and dignified character serves to highlight that despite his status in society, he is still viewed as an ‘other,’ a Moor, and not fully accepted by the majority.

Appearance vs. Reality

The theme of appearance versus reality is cunningly played out through the characters’ lives. Nothing is as it seems, and the audience is constantly challenged to discern the truth from the lies. The play serves as a sobering reminder of the dangers of hastily formed perceptions and the not-so-subtle art of deception.

Love and Loyalty

In juxtaposition to the destructive forces of jealousy and betrayal, we see the powerful bond of love between Othello and Desdemona. However, this deep connection is tested by external forces that seek to undermine their relationship. The theme of loyalty also comes to the forefront, with characters forced to choose between their duty and their conscience.

Manipulation and Deception

Iago, the play’s Machiavellian figure, is the epitome of deviousness. His motivations, often debated by readers and scholars, range from personal slights to a generalized disdain for the human condition. Iago’s manipulation of Othello, Cassio, and others is not merely a tool for advancement; it is a game of psychological warfare. His malevolent intelligence and strategic cunning make him one of the most compelling villains in the Shakespearean pantheon.

The Impact of Othello on Literature and Beyond

Since its first performance in 1604, “Othello” has captivated audiences and critics alike, solidifying its place as one of Shakespeare’s greatest works. Its enduring themes and complex characters have stood the test of time, inspiring countless adaptations and interpretations across various forms of literature. The play’s exploration of jealousy, betrayal, racism, and manipulation remains relevant in today’s society and continues to resonate with audiences worldwide.

Beyond its literary impact, “Othello” has also had a profound influence on popular culture. Phrases such as “green-eyed monster,” “the beast with two backs,” and “honest Iago” have become part of the English lexicon, while characters like Othello and Iago are now archetypes in their own right.

In conclusion, Shakespeare’s “Othello” continues to enthrall readers and audiences with its timeless themes, complex characters, and masterful storytelling. It serves as a cautionary tale of the destructive forces of jealousy, betrayal, and manipulation and a testament to the enduring power of love, loyalty, and truth.

Influence on Literature and Theater

“Othello” has exerted a profound influence on literature and theater, inspiring myriad adaptations and reimaginings across different cultures and eras. The themes of jealousy, racism, and manipulation resonate deeply with audiences, making the narrative ripe for exploration through diverse lenses. The central conflicts of “Othello” have been reinterpreted in countless plays, operas, and films, each adding a unique voice to Shakespeare’s original vision. The character arc of the tragic hero, the complexity of the villain, and the innocence of the wronged victim are narrative elements that have been echoed in stories of all genres, underscoring the timeless nature of Shakespeare’s insights into humanity. Moreover, the play has been a touchstone for discussions of power, prejudice, and the destructive potential of trust betrayed, ensuring its enduring relevance and its continued adaptation into modern artistic expressions.

Exploration of Timeless Human Emotions

“Othello” is a masterful exploration of timeless human emotions that continue to resonate with contemporary audiences. At the heart of these emotions lies the eponymous character’s intense jealousy, an emotion that Shakespeare presents not just as a personal weakness, but as something universally human. Othello’s descent into doubt and rage encapsulates the devastating effects of jealousy, transforming love into suspicion and ultimately, tragedy. This powerful portrayal serves as a grim reminder of how even the noblest hearts can fall prey to insecurity, leading to destructive decisions. Meanwhile, the play also delves into the sorrow of betrayal, the sting of prejudice, and the complexity of honor and reputation, painting a vivid picture of the human condition. These emotional undercurrents forge an indelible connection with the audience, affirming the play’s enduring significance in exploring the intricacies of emotion and motivation.

Film Adaptations of Shakespeare’s Othello

Film adaptations of “Othello” have not only brought Shakespeare’s tragic tale to the screen but also reimagined it in varied and innovative settings, thus highlighting the story’s universal relevance and adaptability.

All the Night Long

One intriguing adaptation is Basil Dearden’s 1962 film “All the Night Long” , which sets the drama in the world of London’s underground jazz clubs. In this creative retelling, the stratagems and betrayals play out against a backdrop of smoky rooms and improvisational music, culminating in a unique resolution where the characters analogous to Othello and Desdemona manage to reconcile, offering a glimmer of hope contrary to the original’s tragic conclusion.

Another noteworthy modern interpretation is Tim Blake Nelson’s “O” released in 2001. This adaptation transfers the intense dynamics of jealousy and manipulation into the microcosm of an American high school. The film adeptly uses the context of teenage angst and high school sports to explore the themes of envy, reputation, and the impact of rumor—elements that echo the play’s original concerns. In both adaptations, the essence of Shakespeare’s narrative is preserved, even as the settings and outcomes diverge, proving the timeless nature of the bard’s insight into the human psyche.

Frequently Asked Questions about Othello

What is the story of othello by shakespeare about.

“Othello” by William Shakespeare is a tragic play that explores themes of jealousy, love, betrayal, and racism. It follows the story of Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his secret marriage to Desdemona, which triggers resentment and racial prejudice. As the plot unfolds, Othello’s trust in the manipulative Iago leads to a devastating outcome, highlighting the destructive power of false appearances and destructive emotions.

What is Othello the tragedy of?

Othello is fundamentally a tragedy of human frailty, delving into the catastrophic consequences of jealousy, trust misplaced in deceitful characters, and the corruptive influence of power. The tragic arc is centered around Othello’s transformation from a respected military leader to a man consumed by insecurity and rage, driven by Iago’s cunning manipulations. It’s a tale marked by the tragedy of how Othello’s insecurities are weaponized against him, leading to the ultimate undoing of himself and those he loves. Through Othello’s downfall, Shakespeare examines the darkness of the human soul when it is poisoned by jealousy and the vulnerability of those who, despite their outward strength, cannot shield themselves from the more insidious facets of human nature.

Why is Othello so famous?

“Othello” enjoys enduring fame due to its powerful examination of complex human experiences such as jealousy, love, honor, and betrayal, all interwoven within an impactful narrative. It is Shakespeare’s profound understanding of the human condition that resonates with readers and audiences, transcending time and culture. The character of Iago stands out as one of the most sinister villains in literature, a master manipulator whose actions invite scrutiny into the nature of evil. Furthermore, the character of Othello is notable for its early depiction of a protagonist of color, navigating issues of race and otherness that remain relevant today. The play’s dramatic tension, moral quandaries, and tragic conclusion have captivated the imagination of countless interpreters, making it a staple of classic literature and ensuring its prominent place not just in the pantheon of Shakespeare’s works but also in the wider world of global theater and literature.

What is the meaning of the play Othello?

The play “Othello” conveys multiple meanings as it navigates through layers of human experience and interaction. At its heart, the tragedy grapples with the destructive impact of jealousy—a “green-eyed monster” that ultimately leads to the characters’ downfall. Shakespeare uses the narrative to dissect the complexities of trust, honor, and the consequences of manipulation. Additionally, “Othello” is a poignant commentary on societal issues such as racism and otherness. Othello, as a Moor and an outsider in Venetian society, faces prejudice and struggles with his identity—a theme that reflects on the broader discussions of diversity and inclusion. The play also raises questions about the nature of evil, as seen through Iago’s malicious scheming. On a grander scale, “Othello” is an existential exploration of the human condition, illuminating how easily a noble person can become ensnared in webs of deceit and how easily virtue can be tainted by base emotions. It’s a cautionary tale that teaches about the fragility of the human spirit and the eternal battle between our noble aspirations and our basest impulses.

What is the moral message of Othello?

The moral message of “Othello” resonates with the pernicious effects of jealousy and the critical importance of communication and trust. It serves as a stark reminder that unchecked jealousy can become a self-destructive force, capable of obliterating love, honor, and integrity. The tragedy also warns against the dangers of manipulation and the ease with which a dishonest individual can corrupt the truth and exploit the vulnerabilities of others. Furthermore, the play underscores the impact of racial prejudice and the societal challenges faced by those who are deemed ‘other’. In essence, “Othello” encourages us to reflect on our own susceptibilities to suspicion, the destructive potential of lies, and the tragic outcomes that can arise from failing to see beyond facades and understand the true intentions of those around us.

What is the ultimate message of Othello?

The ultimate message of “Othello” lies in the profound exploration of the dangers that ensue when trust is subverted by treachery. It spotlights the grave repercussions that can arise from allowing insecurities to be manipulated by malevolent forces. Shakespeare poignantly illustrates how noble characters can be driven to unfathomable acts under the influence of mistrust and deceit. The play is a timeless reflection on the need for self-awareness and the perils of allowing our darker impulses to overshadow our better judgment. It serves as a cautionary tale about the fragility of the human spirit, urging audiences to maintain vigilance over the integrity of their relationships and the sincerity of their perceptions.

Othello’s Enduring Presence

As the curtain falls on the tragic tale of Othello, it leaves behind a profound and lasting impact. Shakespeare’s masterful execution of complex themes and multi-dimensional characters has ensured that Othello remains as relevant today as it was in the 17th century. The play serves as a mirror, reflecting the most profound aspects of our humanity and challenging us to confront the green-eyed monster that lurks within us all.

For the literature enthusiast, the Shakespeare connoisseur, and the impassioned reader, Othello offers an unmissable opportunity to experience the transformative power of storytelling at its zenith. As we close the pages of this profound work, we are left with a lasting realization that the more the world changes, the more it stays the same. The echoes of Othello’s themes and characters are as indelible as they are universal, forever etched in the annals of literary history.

To further engage with the world of Othello, consider exploring the play through various film and stage adaptations, re-reading its most revered passages, or partaking in stimulating discussions with fellow enthusiasts. The world of Othello is an ever-expanding universe of thought and feeling, beckoning to those who seek to uncover the profound depths of the human spirit.

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Othello's Character Development

A study of Othello's character developement from a respectable general into a jealous murderer based on four major extracts.

[u][b]Othello's Transformation of Character[/b][/u] The character of Othello transforms during the course of the play from a respected and revered general to a fallen cynical and ?lascivious? shell of a man, due to the unfortunate sequence of events that transpire through both coincidence and Iago?s evil designs. The play is a tragedy, and as such it shows the protagonist?s fall from grace through a fatal flaw, and causes an unnatural transformation in his character. Here, I will explore Othello?s personality at its two extremities, at the start and end of the play. I will look at the transition that occurs through the four extracts that bring about this drastic change in his character. What is most striking about Othello in the first act is his natural charisma and his skill in communicating with the Venetian elite. His speech is long and flowing, using complex sentences and courteous language to convey intelligence and sophistication. Although he may say, ??Rude am I in my speech,? it is false modesty. He uses flattering epithets when addressing certain figures within the court, such as: ?Most potent, grave, and reverend signors.? This shows that, although his primary business as general is battle, he knows a lot about the way Venetian society works, and uses his knowledge to gain the favour of his peers, which is also shown by his discussions with the Duke. There is a lot of commas and semicolons in his speech to the Senate, which suggests that he is talking slowly, calmly, and carefully. Othello also shows wisdom in his clear perception of people?s characters in the first act (a talent which will later fail him concerning ?Honest Iago?). He gives Brabantio a piece of good advice in the following quote: ?Good signor, you shall more command with years Than with your weapons.? This suggests his wisdom and experience, a worldliness the audience might expect from the travels his military position would have taken him on. Even in this stressful situation, with swords drawn at him and facing arrest, Othello keeps his composure and control of the situation. He embarrasses Brabantio in front of his men, disarming him of his authority and confidence, which ultimately relieves the tension of the scene considerably. He demonstrates his self-assurance which probably gained him respect and admiration from his men and the people of Venice. Othello?s confidence is shown in other examples. In the second extract, his speech to the signors of the Duke?s court shows the clear and calculated execution of his speech. It flows almost poetically, and he makes sure his point is well understood by the men. ?That I have ta?en away this old man?s daughter, It is most true; true I have married her; The very head and front of my offending Hath this extent, no more?? Othello admits to the whole truth in this quote. The audience learns earlier that his confidence lays in his importance to the State. He knows that he is needed, especially considering the present hostility from the Turks, as he is an excellent general. This could be perceived as mere self-assurance, or arrogance. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be neither completely good nor completely evil. Perhaps this actually is arrogance, which shows a flaw in his character; a character which, at this stage in the play, seems too good to be true. Also, the quote shows honesty, but that doesn?t necessarily mean Othello is an honest character. He could have been truthful in this instance because he was so sure that he would be acquitted. Also, his advice to the Brabantio could also be perceived as arrogance. There is a void in between extracts two and three, where Othello?s character has undergone the dramatic transformation. There are lots of contrasts which show how Othello?s character has mutated: the tone becomes darker, the language is more metaphorical, and the punctuation is used to stagger the speech, all representing Othello beginning to lose control. Contradicting his earlier statements, Othello later shows a naivety in Act Three when judging the character of Iago. He often calls him ?Honest Iago.? I believe that he sees through Brabantio?s character so well because he is not a Venetian himself, and so can look at their society detachedly. When it comes to Iago, they share a certain feral quality (shown in Iago?s scheming and Othello?s vengefulness), so perhaps Othello cannot judge him in the same manner. He also misjudges Cassio and his wife, Desdemona as a result of Iago?s schemes. ?O, that the slave had forty thousand lives. One is too poor, too weak for my revenge.? Here, Othello shows how easily he has been taken in by Iago?s deceptions. The ?slave? could refer to either Cassio or Desdemona. This quote also shows how he has become consumed by revenge. He believes that one lifetime of punishment for his traitors is not enough to sate his revenge. This does not agree with an earlier portrayal of Othello, who would have risen above such crudeness, such as in dealing with Brabantio. It shows a drastic change in his disposition caused by the exposing of his Achilles? heel. Also, it seems that Iago has made a lasting impression on Othello. Not only does Othello listen to and believe everything he says, he is also contemplating revenge much as Iago did at the start of the play. Another contradiction is his composure shown in Act One, suddenly lost in Act Three. He says ?O, blood, blood, blood!? which shows his pure frustration being vented. His desperation is shown by the repetition, which also serves to bring the point home for the audience. By this point, he has lost control of the situation, contrasting with Act One, where he was always on top. In earlier scenes, Othello takes great care in his speech. However, by now all pretences are thrown out the window. His sentences are short and confused, his speech erratic, and he does not take as long as before to explain his points. Previously, such as when talking to the gentlemen, he made sure there was reason behind his carefully-spoken words. Now he places blame and damnation on many people without justification. ?All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven.? Here, the audience can see how he has condemned himself unnecessarily. In his current temperament, he is too blind to consider the other options. In the third and fourth extracts, he unwittingly sentences many of the people close to him to death. ?Yield up, o love, thy crown and hearted throne To tyrannous hate. Swell, bosom, with thy fraught, For ?tis of aspics? tongues.? This quote portrays Othello?s bleak outlook on his situation. It reveals how he has made his love for Desdemona the most important thing in his life, and thus made it another fatal flaw with which Iago can bring him down. Whereas before, when it was beneficial that his love for Desdemona was his main priority in life, he now finds it a detriment, a trap that has brought him down (which is true, but not in the way he sees it). He also claims metaphorically that his chest is full of the tongues of asps, showing how his heart is poisoned by Desdemona?s betrayal. The swelling seems to represent to the audience the growing paranoia in his heart of Desdemona and her relationship with Cassio, and the descent of Othello?s character before his breaking point. Emphasizing the drastic change in Othello is his sudden change in morals and his standing on many issues. One of these is witchcraft; another is his view on justice. In Venice, before the Duke, he expected a fair and just trial. He expected the infuriated Brabantio to give him a chance to explain his side of the story. ?The very head and front of my offending Hath this extent, no more?? This is what he claims to the Senate: that he loves Desdemona, but was involved in no witchcraft. However, when Iago plants the seeds of Desdemona?s betrayal in Othello?s mind, he takes it in immediately. He sentences the woman he loves to death without question. He is enraged much as Brabantio was, but he has no-one to calm him. It is ironic that he so easily believed Iago?s rumours and took direct action based on them, when if he had done some inquiring first, he could have averted the whole tragedy. As shown here in the third extract, he dismisses his love and accepts that it has gone instantly without any qualms. It shows a transformation that has occurred in his mental health. The changing of scruples shows how his character has been warped by the influence of Iago, who has become his main confidant. ?Now I do see ?tis true. Look here, Iago, All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven. ?Tis gone.? Through examining Othello?s character, I have come to the conclusion that his politeness and humility in front of the gentlemen of Venice was a fa?ade, which fell away when his situation became so desperate he could not hold it up. He tells of his dangerous adventures serving the Venetian Republic, which suggests that he has been exposed to the cruel, untamed side of the world. He tells of his experiences with cannibals and men with heads beneath their shoulders. These encounters must have had some lasting effect on him. He says to the Venetian gentlemen: ??little of this great world can I speak More than pertains to feats of broil and battle.? I believe that beneath Othello?s exterior lies a true character that is savage and wild, created through his experiences with the world. In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare shows discrimination of another minority figure in Venice, this time the Jew, Shylock. However, for Othello, he chooses his protagonist to be a Moor. I don?t think either character is of his race out of coincidence. In Shakespeare?s time, Africa was seen as a wild land, and Othello represents a beast from there, that has had its true nature suppressed by the civilized Venice. With enough provocation, the fa?ade presented in Venice falls away, and the true Othello is shown, crude and uncivilized: ?Damn her, lewd minx! O, damn her, damn her!? Here his background and experiences of savagery have shown their effect. He has dispensed of his polite language and dignity in the transformation, stripped of his outer civilized character, leaving just the animalistic core, venting his raw emotions offensive and unsophisticated language. According to Aristotle, a tragedy should take place in one location at one given time. During the period when Shakespeare wrote Othello, Europe was undergoing a classical revival, and Elizabethan and Jacobean literature were greatly influenced by classic values like those of Aristotle and Euripides. In Othello, Shakespeare uses two entirely different locations, which I think he did purposely, to create a tragedy that doesn?t necessarily adhere to the Aristotle rules that were popular at the time. The play is set when civilized Christian Venice were leaders in the war against uncivilized barbarians such as the Turks. I think the drastic change of location from sophisticated Venice to war-torn Cyprus represents the equally-drastic transformation in Othello?s character. His courteous character seen in Venice has left, and instead a vicious and vengeful person has taken its place in Cyprus. ?Arise, black vengeance, from the hollow hell.? He uses dramatic language as he begins to break down. His vocabulary and speech patterns seem to change gradually in the Cyprus setting. His language in Venice was rich and polite, and it did not contain the same cynical and metaphorical quality seen in extracts three and four. Also supporting this seems to be relevance of witchcraft as a theme. In the distant location of Cyprus the possibility of witchcraft seems much more convincing, as the characters are cut off from the civilization they are used to, and more likely to have irrational thoughts. This point is illustrated in Othello?s position on the matter, and of his views that are distorted by his transformation. When Brabantio accuses Othello of using witchcraft to court Desdemona, he dismisses the idea straight away, as do the Venetian elite. Brabantio is enraged for his daughter?s betrayal, so witchcraft seems very believable to him. However, in Cyprus, Othello himself becomes accustomed to the idea when he thinks Desdemona is betraying him. ??I will withdraw To furnish me with some swift means of death For the fair devil.? He describes Desdemona here as the ?fair devil,? suggesting that she is involved in some kind of witchcraft, and he announces his intent to kill her. This shows a major change in Othello?s character, as he is losing grip, and more capable of irrational thoughts which lead him to evil decisions. ~ I have tried to break some of the stereotypical images of Othello that were in my mind before starting the play: such as Othello as a good, heroic character; that he was a genuine civilized Venetian; that he was honest and assured, and rightly-confident in his decisions. I have tried to view him critically, neither as a good nor a bad character, but merely as Shakespeare?s tool for exploring his themes in a life-like form. Othello is a polite character when conversing with the elite of Venice. He often shows wisdom and composure, but I am inclined to think these qualities have been acquired by him through living with the Venetians, and the savage nature seen in the third and fourth extracts is his Moorish nature coming to the fore. I think Othello shows arrogance in the first and second extracts, which could be another fatal flaw he develops which brings about his downfall. When his arrogance and blind self-sureness is removed by fears of Desdemona?s adultery, he descends into the rage that causes his downfall. I have come to see Othello as quite na?ve by the third and fourth extracts. Although he is a good judge of character concerning the Venetians, this talent fails him when it comes to characters of his own kind, like Iago. He develops a desire for revenge, which would not be anticipated by the reader judging his character in the earlier scenes. He loses control of situations, shown by his erratic and emotional speech, and he becomes very condemning, which is a major change, as in the first two extracts he seems fair and just. Othello changes his stance on witchcraft, and he is shown to become untrusting and unjust towards Desdemona. The transition in his character matches the change in locations. Orderly Venice is changed for tempestuous Cyprus, and Othello?s mind changes from assured and confident to confused and cynical. I have come to see similarities between him and Iago which develop during the play. They both pursue an act of revenge, and both become consumed by hate. I think that, due to the views of Shakespeare?s time, the character?s background as a Moor is significant in his transition. Through the course of writing this essay my picture of Othello has changed dramatically, as I have realized that he is not as simple as he first seems. He is not necessarily good, honest, and well-groomed as shown in the first two extracts (but neither is he evil, emphasized to the audience by the true love he shares with Desdemona). I believe his transformation may not be a drastic change in his personality, but a return to his basic animal nature that is brought out to an extreme by Iago?s exploitations of his ?fatal flaws.?

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William Shakespeare

How and why does Othello's character change during the course of the play? How does Shakespeare present this dramatically?

Jack Conway English ‘Othello’ Coursework

How and why does Othello’s character change during the course of the play? How does Shakespeare present this dramatically?

When Othello is sent to war in Cyprus, the Moor’s character changes over the course of time. His language and attitude towards people, including his innocent wife, begins to differ for the worse. Othello’s wild behaviour worries Desdemona incredibly as he changes a lot from his calm and gentle nature from before. Shakespeare presents this transformation through Othello’s syntax and dramatic irony. His confused logic is evident in his actions whether they are violent or passionate.

When Othello is in his home city of Venice, his attitude towards others is calm, shown when Cassio enters warning him that Brabantio is after him, he replies, “’Tis well I am found by you: I will but spend a word here in the house and go with you.” Othello doesn’t react to the words of Cassio, he stands confidently as he hasn’t done anything wrong. He is a man of bravery and self-assurance. When Brabantio arrives, he orders his officers to seize Othello, but in reply, the Moor says, “Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.” This humorous comment breaks the tense atmosphere and relaxes the viewers’ thoughts on the situation. Shakespeare is clearly trying to show Othello’s confidence and self-control as strangers approach him. This annoys Brabantio, as he feels attacked by Othello with only a witty remark. He follows on, threatening Othello and insulting him. Instead of reacting violently, he maintains his dignity by staying composed and making another smart statement, “Hold your hands, both you of my inclining and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it without a prompter.” With all his quick replies to Brabantio’s arguments, Othello is gaining more and more power over Brabantio and his officers. He is being more listened to and respected each time he says something. After Brabantio’s threats, Othello replies strongly once again and, in the act, gains support from one of Brabantio’s officers, “’Tis true, most worthy signor…” From this, Brabantio is proved wrong and Othello has won the mental war between them both by getting support and using clever language to out step Brabantio’s intimidations. This shows Othello’s individuality and verbal strength in full as he managed to overcome many people without physical action. He is at his peak of his strength at this point in the story. Watching from close by, Iago views what he has to come up against to succeed in his quest of misery.

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Othello is then taken to the Duke and the Venetian senators who consult him about a war taking place in Cyprus. The fact that Othello is being told directly about this event from the senators gives him real authority and dominance over his followers. Brabantio, protesting that Othello has taken his daughter, Desdemona, and forced her to marry him, interrupts the Duke’s speech. Othello stays cool and waits for an appropriate time to speak. His patience gains approval from the senators during this time, because unlike Brabantio, he learns the etiquette in front of the Duke and is persistent. Othello declares his argument, “For such proceedings I am charged withal – I won his daughter.” He admits to the Duke that he is rude when he speaks, which demonstrates his honesty, “Rude am I in my speech…” He then asks for Desdemona to be brought there to prove to Brabantio that Othello’s confession is true, “Send for the lady to the Sagittary, and let her speak of me before her father.” Othello’s self-confidence is so high, that when he speaks it seems that everything is believable with the use of his clever diction. Othello begins to get slightly angry when Brabantio throws horrible remarks at him, “To fall in love with what she feared to look on!” Although Othello doesn’t show it, he is hurt by this comment but holds his dignity and continues with his defence on his love for Desdemona, “She loved me for the dangers I had passed and I loved her, that she did pity them.” When Desdemona proves that Othello’s love is genuine, the senators take into account that he spoke the truth and he shows his honesty and may well believe him again. The Moor is the sort of person who sets a good example and never falters in front of respected people. His solid character is what makes him so successful as a general in war and a husband to Desdemona. Although Brabantio insulted Othello, trying to make his strength crack, he didn’t succeed as verbal abuse won’t get to Othello, only mental abuse which will be revealed deeper into the play.

In Act II, Othello is in Cyprus, far from his home in Venice, but he is with Desdemona, which gives him some support. Because Othello is in an alien surrounding to him, he might feel not as respected and welcomed compared to Venice. Black generals weren’t common in the 17 th century, but Othello was seen as a hero in Italy so the people of Venice have looked him at from a different point of view. He may start to feel insecure and restless. When a fight breaks out between Cassio and Roderigo, which was provoked by Iago, Othello consults witnesses to find out what happened. He doesn’t ask the two culprits what happened, he gets a neutral report from someone else. This gives Othello a sense of logic and understanding, although he thinks he is getting an unbiased view when he asks Iago. However, Iago wants revenge on Cassio because he took Iago’s place as Othello’s lieutenant, so he tells the story in favour of Roderigo. Iago relates it in such a fashion that Othello is forced to remove Cassio of his office, “Cassio, I love thee, but nevermore be officer of mine.” Othello doesn’t do this in a dramatic style, which shows that Othello is not a man for violence. Because Othello asked Iago for his view on the brawl, he feels he can trust Iago in the future. Originally, the Moor would seek advice from Cassio, but now because of the current circumstance, he will refer to Iago. Everything up until now Othello is in control of himself, but as Iago gets more and more involved, Othello slowly looses grasp of his life.

Now closely monitored by Iago, Othello is hidden from the real truth concerning him and his wife. As the Moor and Iago come to terms with each other more often, they become best of friends, with Iago giving him slight nudges of information which aren’t wholly true. Now away from his home, and the loss of his apprentice, the only thing that Othello has to keep himself together is Desdemona. His fragile state of mind enables him to be fooled. Surprisingly, Iago tells Othello that Cassio has been seen alone with Desdemona. Because Othello’s love for Desdemona is so strong and is incredibly protective about her, doubt is struck into his mind. As time continues, this uncertainty about her destroys his sensitive and romantic nature, which is replaced with spite and resentment. Sometimes this is used against the wrong people, shown by, “Excellent wretch!” Othello is currently half good and half evil minded, not sure whether to believe Iago as his fake reports on Cassio and Desdemona get more and more extreme. Iago’s speech, which is based on style over content, manipulates Othello’s mind into turning against Desdemona. It’s the way Iago tells his accounts rather than what he says. Othello’s mind was based on truth, but now it has turned to possibility. Although he still dearly loves her, Othello is upset at what he is hearing and doesn’t want it to be true. Towards the end of Act III, he wants to seek true from other people, as what Iago is saying to him is getting too much for Othello to cope with. Iago is giving the Moor more answers than Othello is asking him questions. His suspicions begin to overwhelm his emotions as he is continuing to wonder how his wife could be so unfaithful. Soon his distress is transformed into anger, as he follows Iago’s ‘wise’ words on his mental roller coaster of denial and fury.

As Othello begins to breakdown mentally, he starts looking for the answers he wants to hear. Othello wants to be told that Desdemona and Cassio have been having an affair, so has more reason to angry with her. As his madness deepens, Iago gives him more and more excessive tales of the ‘secret’ couple. This keeps the Moor’s antagonism high throughout each day. His actions become heavier, as he seeks advice from Iago for severe exploits, shown by, “How shall I murder him, Iago?” Iago gives him pointers at things Othello has missed that Iago thinks that might interest the Moor, when he states, “And did you see the handkerchief?” Othello now becomes completely honest with Iago, telling him how he feels about everything Iago says. This helps the troublemaker in what to say next and how believable he is to Othello. His unreasonable behaviour towards Desdemona (for example, when he slaps her) leads her to suspect that something has gone very wrong as the Moor always treated her with the best of respect. When Desdemona talks to Emilia about Othello’s strange actions, Othello is lead to believe that she is talking behind his back. This adds to his tornado of perplexity, which will soon spin out of control.

Othello’s language begins to sound similar to Iago’s. This could be because the Moor is experiencing the same trauma as Iago when he was turned down as Othello’s lieutenant. The fact that the tragic hero’s mind is full of raging unhappiness and prejudice, he has to express his emotions in his speech. This wildness is articulated as animal imagery by referring to creatures in his speech. When he consults Emilia, he uses persuasive orders to get the answers he wants to hear. After striking Desdemona, Othello talks badly to her using impassion swear words, due to his anger with her believing she has had an affair. He continues to seek answers that he wants to hear rather than being told the truth. Although he has doubt in his mind, this is over-ruled by his determination to hunt for revenge. Now Othello has turned against Desdemona and Cassio, Othello is all he has left and used as an implement of damage by his ancient. Because Othello is so out of control, they have no reason to suspect Iago. Now most of the Moor’s time is spent with Iago, his attitude and language has been inherited by Othello and used to destruction on others, just like Iago used it on the tragic hero. Earlier in the play, Othello’s language was mostly spoken in verse which gave him power over most people using his clever rhymes and jokes. But now he stops speaking in verse, this transition puts him into a lower class position and becomes just like all the other normal people. His rank temporarily fades away whilst Iago takes full advantage.

When Othello gets to his peak of frustration with the world, he vows to murder Desdemona. This shows his love for Desdemona because he is so upset with her betrayal; he is willing to kill his wife out of despair. He also wants to kill her because he believes she is evil, trying to get to grips with the fact that she has done this and he would never do such a thing. Although he speaks about his true and deep feelings for Desdemona, he continues to feel that he has to kill her. From this point his anger weakens and turns into disappointment and depression. When she wakes from her sleep, he feels guilt, but is angry that he feels guilty because he feels it should him being the one who is responsible. He begins to talk to her pleasantly, but the sight of her and Cassio torments his minds and unleashes an irritated tone and spite. After everything that has been going on, Desdemona fears for the worse but still worries for Othello. After their argument, Othello based his actions to kill her on the handkerchief happening, which is the only real evidence Othello uses against his wife. He claims that witnesses have seen Cassio and Desdemona together but she doesn’t believe him. When Desdemona admits to the handkerchief saga, Othello assumes everything is true. Othello chooses to ignore the possibility of misunderstanding and takes every reply from his wife as an offence. Once killed her, Othello’s guilt returns to him and haunts him until he stabs himself. He feels the only way of gaining respect again is by killing himself. After Iago confesses to his troubles he has cause, Othello is surrounded with disbelief and a tremendous sense of anxiety fills the atmosphere.

To conclude, Othello is a man who needs to be in control. He needs to know everything what is going on around him otherwise he changes, as the story demonstrates. Although he is a witty character, Iago is one step ahead of him, and uses Othello constantly throughout the play.

Teacher Reviews

Here's what a teacher thought of this essay.

Laura Gater

This response shows some good level analysis; however the essay is lacking cohesion and structure. To ensure focus on the question make sure that a clear plan is used to direct your response to link points to each other and to the question. There is a clear understanding of the character here - there just needs to be more of a contextual understanding of how the way he changes reflects the tragedy of the play. 4 Stars

How and why does Othello's character change during the course of the play? How does Shakespeare present this dramatically?

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Comparing and Contrasting Desdemona and Othello

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Published: Mar 20, 2024

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Individual traits and motivations, impact on the unfolding tragedy.

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AS and A-level English Literature B 7716; 7717

Aspects of tragedy - exemplar student response and commentary

Below you will find an exemplar student response to a Section B question in the specimen assessment materials, followed by an examiner commentary on the response.

Paper 1A, Section B - Othello

Sample question.

'Othello's virtue and valour ultimately make him admirable.'

To what extent do you agree with this view?

Remember to include in your answer relevant comment on Shakespeare's dramatic methods.

Band 5 response

It is true that in Act 1 of the play, Othello's actions and behaviour, his virtue and valour can be seen as admirable. He is after all a tragic hero, and his position in the tragedy demands that he begins in a position of greatness before he suffers his tragic fall. Shakespeare establishes Othello's greatness through focusing on his military prowess and his valour at the start of the play before charting his hero's descent as he tumbles into chaos. Othello is a soldier for whom the 'big wars' make 'ambition virtue'. By Act 3, however, there is little in him to admire: his valour belongs to a seemingly different world and there is nothing virtuous about a husband who colludes in a plot to destroy his wife.

Although Iago is used by Shakespeare at the start of the play to cast doubt on the magnificence of Othello and to test his virtue, when Othello appears he is impressive. Iago tries to persuade him to run away from the raised father whose daughter Othello has married, but Othello has full confidence in himself and the virtue of his actions. In rhythmic and controlled language he tells Iago he must be found: 'My parts, my title, and my perfect soul/ Shall manifest me rightly'. Although it could be claimed that this smacks of arrogance, Othello commands the stage and perhaps the audience's admiration. When Brabantio comes with bad intent, accusing Othello of theft and witchcraft, Othello is unperturbed; he tells his pursuers and accusers to put up their swords for the dew will rust them; they shall command more with their years than their weapons. His measured language is a sign of his confidence, self-discipline and virtue.

When Othello appears before the Duke he is equally impressive. Shakespeare uses the senators to counteract Iago's attempts to defame Othello, by having them refer to the general as 'valiant' (reminding us of his exploits in the field) and the Duke anyway has more interest to employ Othello against the general enemy Ottoman than listen to Brabantio's claims of sorcery. Even so, Othello's virtuous defence of himself and his love for Desdemona is all the more admirable (and certainly from a feminist perspective) because he asks that Desdemona be called to speak for herself. If Othello is found foul in her report, he says, the Duke should not only take away his trust and office but that sentence should fall upon his life. By twenty first century standards, Othello's affording Desdemona a voice and showing her unwavering respect, is virtuous indeed. There is also perhaps something if not admirable then at least mesmerising in his declaration of love and his story of how he wooed her:

She loved me for the dangers I had passed,

And I loved her that she did pity them.

However, when Shakespeare shifts the scene to Cyprus and the influence of the Venetian state diminishes, Iago, the tragic villain, is able to work his poison on Othello and expose his weaknesses, those aspects of his character that are far from virtuous. Othello's trust in Iago, the ancient he overlooked for lieutenant, shows a terrible lack of judgement. Iago persuades him that Cassio is unworthy and then that Desdemona is unfaithful and from the point that Iago says 'I like not that', Othello's insecurities, raging jealousy and barbaric inclinations are exposed. Having swallowed Iago's poison, Othello damns Desdemona, threatening to 'tear her all to pieces'. It is interesting here to note the dramatic contrast Shakespeare sets up between Othello and the Duke. In Act 1, in Venice, when the Duke is called upon to exercise judgement, he listens to both the accounts of Brabantio and Othello. Here in Cyprus at the outpost of civilization, Othello listens only to the lies of Iago.

There is dramatic contrast too in the different ways Othello speaks. Othello's earlier speeches which contain so much gravitas are now worn down. His love, 'the fountain from the which [his] current runs' is degraded into a 'cistern for foul toads/ to knot and gender in'. He falls under Iago's spell, pulled into the orbit of Iago's filthy linguistic energies and there is not much that is virtuous about his behaviour from now onwards and not much to admire.

His humiliation and public striking of Desemona and his cruel murder of her are all too terrible to forget in the final judgement of him. It is true that when he strikes her there are reminders of his valour and virtue in Lodovico's surprise that he could have misjudged Othello's character so greatly in thinking him good, but these reminders simply intensify the repugnance felt at Othello's actions. It is also impossible to admire the man who strangles his wife believing that he is an honourable murderer. His pride at enacting the hand of Justice makes him detestable – at a point when he hesitiates, he blames her balmy breath for almost persuading Justice to break its sword.

His final speech, when he perhaps understands the appalling consequences of his folly, is seen by some critics as cathartic, a return of the virtuous and valiant Othello of Act 1. Interestingly, in this speech when he judges himself (and tries to shape how others might think), Othello seems to underplay the significance of his valour and contribution to the state. Though he reminds his stage audience that he has done the state some service, he quickly says 'no more of that'. However, it is clear that as the speech goes on, his assessment of himself is ultimately coloured by his pride and his highly developed sense of self worth and, although he has some dignity, there is not ultimately much honour. His concern at the end is for his public image and, as he has done from the start, he uses language to construct an artifice of his own identity. He speaks of himself as if he were legendary or part of a defined myth. The use of the definite article is instrumental in achieving this effect – 'the base Indian', 'the Arabian trees'; only fragments of detail are supplied here but he conveys the idea that these images are huge and famous. His final speech is calm and controlled, but it reaches a crescendo of dramatic impact when he does the most dramatic thing he can do, transferring his construction of his identity of himself into the here and now, and suddenly and climactically ends his life. This is the self dramatizing that Leavis so condemns.

So, while it is true that from the moment Othello first appears he is attractive, by ever increasing degrees as the plot develops, he becomes repellent. As we stand back to make our final judgement on whether his valour and virtue ultimately make him admirable, it is surely not possible to overlook his despicable behaviour. What perhaps should be done in the final evaluation is to reconsider the nature of his virtue and valour at the start of the play and question whether it was always founded on sand. From his words early on 'I fetch my life and bearing/ from men of royal siege' to his final words of the play, 'to die upon a kiss' his sense of his own significance is overwhelming. Othello is certainly not 'ultimately' admirable and the question must be asked, is he ever?

It is also important to note that even when he is most glorious – and apparently admirable, there are many who cannot countenance his 'pride, pomp and circumstance'.

Examiner commentary

This is a very confident and accomplished response, and although the ideas are a bit overpacked at times and the argument a little overdone, the candidate writes in an assured way.

The response is well structured and the task is always in the candidate's mind. The candidate argues perceptively with a strong and assured personal voice. There is a confident use of literary critical concepts and terminology and the written expression is very secure. Quotation is neatly woven into the argument.

There is perceptive understanding that Shakespeare has constructed this drama to shape meanings. Comment here is often implicit, but there is valid discussion of the structure of the play in relation to the task and on language choices.

Contextual understanding is clear with a sharp focus on military and gender contexts. These are well linked to the tragic genre.

As the candidate fully engages with the task and valour and virtue, there is perceptive exploration of the tragic genre thereby implicitly establishing connections across literary texts.

There is perceptive and confident engagement with the debate here and the candidate clearly knows the text well and selects appropriate material for the argument. The candidate is really thinking about the task and offers some complexity in the answer, well aware of the ambiguities that the play and task set up.

This response seems consistent with the band 5 descriptors.

This resource is part of the Aspects of tragedy resource package .

Document URL https://www.aqa.org.uk/resources/english/as-and-a-level/english-literature-b/teach/tragedy-b-exemplar-student-response-commentary-band-5

Last updated 16 Dec 2022

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Othello's Analysis

Othello's Analysis - Essay Example

Subject: Literature
Type: Essay
Level: Undergraduate
Pages: 3 (750 words)
Downloads: 3
Author: creminelliot

Extract of sample "Othello's Analysis"

Iago does not hold with notions of love and fidelity. He sees the relationship between Othello and Desdemona simply in terms of passion and lust. He is judging them by the standards of his own character. He thinks that Desdemona will soon be tired of the exotic Moor and that she is just captivated for the time being because they are both young.

He is advising Roderigo not to take things so seriously, and to forget about drowning himself and to make money and enjoy himself instead because times will soon change. Othello questions part two.1. Iago is angry because Cassio has been promoted by Othello, and Iago wanted that job.2. Brabantio is a senator of Venice and the father of Desdemona. Roderiuo and Iago wake him up to tell him that his daughter has been taken away to be the wife of Othello. 3. Iago is duty-bound to work for Othello, and so he cannot be seen stirring up trouble about Othello’s marriage to Desdemona.

He rushes off to make it look as if he is supporting Othello.4. Roderigo is in love with Desdemona, but her father Brabantio has already told Roderigo that Desdemona is not for him.5. Brabantia is not happy about the marriage. He thinks it is a betrayal of him because Othello is a Moor and not the kind of husband he wanted for his daughter. His first instinct is to look for weapons to take revenge.6. The Duke is having a council meeting and wants all his loyal people to be there, including Othello.7. The Turks, also known as Ottomans, are advancing towards Venice in boats, and they have got as far as Cyprus. 8. The Duke sends for Desdemona in order to find out who is telling the truth.9. Roderigo is in despair because he knows he has lost Desdemona to Othello, and he wants to kill himself by drowning.

Iago tells him it is not worth it, and that Desdemona will soon tire of the Moor.10. Othello is a Moor with dark skin. This means he is not a Christian and is despised by the established courtiers in Venice. The Duke respects him because he has fought valiantly for Venice and is loyal to the Duke.11. Brabantio tells Othello that Desdemona has betrayed her father, and so she is likely also to betray Othello.12. They seem to love each other very much, and so it looks like they will stay together.13. Iago says that Desdemona will not be faithful because she will soon tire of Othello.

He thinks that she loves him only for reasons of lust, and it is possible also that even at this early stage he is thinking of ways to make sure that she does not stay married to Othello. 14. Iago hates Othello for a lot of different reasons. Othello is more successful in the court than Iago, and he is also evidently more successful with the ladies. Iago resents this and thinks Othello is a hypocrite because he puts on airs and graces as an honourable member of Venetian society. Iago thinks Othello is an outsider and does not deserve this high status.

He is jealous and does not want to carry on serving Othello.15. Iago is very insensitive to Othello and he shows that he is intolerant of Othello’s cultural and racial origins. Usually, he refers to Othello in a way that stresses his difference, for example, calling him “the Moor” and making analogies such as an old black ram, or a Barbary horse. These are disrespectful references referring to the colour of Othello’s skin and suggesting that he is an animal, and not a proper human being.

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The Use of Animal Imagery in Describing Othello and His Transformation

Words: 797 | Pages: 4

Introduction to Animal Imagery in "Othello"

From the onset, characters such as Iago use animal imagery to invoke a sense of otherness and barbarity in describing Othello, setting a tone that resonates throughout the play. Phrases like "an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe" or referring to Othello and Desdemona's union with "you'll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse," are not just indicative of racial prejudice but also serve to dehumanize Othello, reducing him to mere animalistic instincts. This imagery starkly contrasts with Othello’s eloquent speech and dignified behavior, showcasing Shakespeare's mastery in utilizing animal symbolism to reflect internal and external conflicts. As Othello’s narrative arc progresses from calm rationality towards uncontrollable passion, so does the intensity of animal imagery associated with him, symbolizing his transformation and internal turmoil. This literary technique enriches the text, offering insights into character dynamics while highlighting the destructive power of unfounded jealousy and societal discrimination.

The Symbolism of Predatory Animals in Othello's Characterization

As Othello’s transformation progresses under the weight of Iago’s machinations, the use of predatory animal imagery intensifies, mirroring his descent into baseless jealousy and violence. The once dignified and rational general becomes likened to a wild creature acting on instinct rather than reason. This is most poignantly illustrated when Othello confronts Desdemona about her fidelity; he is described as "striking her" much like a predatory animal would lash out when cornered or provoked. Here, Shakespeare masterfully uses these images to reflect Othello's inner turmoil and loss of control over his emotions. The transformation from a respected leader to a man led by irrational jealousy and capable of murder is underscored by these continuous animalistic references, highlighting how deeply internalized societal prejudices can lead to self-destruction and tragedy.

Transformation through Animal Imagery: From Noble Moor to Jealous Beast

By the climax of the play, Othello fully embodies the animalistic traits earlier ascribed to him by others, completing his tragic arc. The imagery that once served to unfairly categorize him now illustrates his self-perception and actions. In a heartrending moment of realization before his demise, he compares himself to a "base Indian," who threw away a pearl richer than all his tribe. Here, Shakespeare employs animal imagery not only as a tool for others to impose upon Othello but also as a lens through which Othello views himself—a transformation that underscores the play’s exploration of identity, otherness, and the destructive power of internalized racism. Through this intricate web of symbolism, Shakespeare masterfully demonstrates how societal prejudice can lead to personal downfall, making 'Othello' a timeless study of human nature and societal dynamics.

Racial and Cultural Implications of Animal Imagery in Describing Othello

The animal imagery used to describe Othello reflects on the cultural implications of his identity as a Moor in Venice. His distinguished career and noble character initially set him apart; however, the relentless application of beastly metaphors serves to culturally alienate him, marking him as fundamentally different and inferior. This deliberate othering through language not only mirrors the societal attitudes towards race and ethnicity in Elizabethan England but also comments on the timeless issue of how language can be weaponized to enforce racial hierarchies. Through this complex interplay of race, culture, and language, Shakespeare’s 'Othello' challenges audiences to reflect on their own perceptions and biases, making it a profoundly relevant piece for examining the roots and repercussions of racial discrimination.

Animal Imagery as a Tool for Manipulation by Iago

Iago's exploitation of animal imagery extends beyond mere descriptions; it acts as a psychological trigger for Othello. Each reference to beasts and predators serves to ignite primal fears and insecurities, effectively manipulating Othello to question his worthiness and Desdemona’s fidelity without direct accusations. This indirect form of manipulation is particularly insidious because it allows Iago to maintain his facade of honesty while leading Othello to draw his own conclusions from the seeded suggestions. As these images accumulate, they distort Othello’s reasoning and perception, turning him into the very beast that Iago insinuates he is. Thus, Shakespeare uses animal imagery not just as a thematic element but as a dynamic instrument of manipulation within the narrative, showcasing its power to transform perception and incite action.

Conclusion: The Impact of Animal Imagery on the Tragedy of Othello

The use of animal imagery in "Othello" underscores Shakespeare's critique of Elizabethan society’s racial prejudices and the dehumanization of the 'other.' By tracing Othello's descent through the lens of predatory and base animals, Shakespeare lays bare the psychological impact of such imagery on individuals who internalize these societal prejudices. "Othello" stands as a profound exploration of the human condition, examining how words and images can shape our actions, perceptions, and ultimately our fates. Through its tragic narrative, "Othello" warns against the dangers of allowing societal biases to dictate personal identity and destiny, a lesson that remains relevant across centuries.

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But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness.

"At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident."

"On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue."

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Secondary Education
English Advanced
Modules (2001-2018)
Module A: Comparative Study of Texts and Context

The play Othello, and the movie Othello (2001). Transformation Essay? Confused.

Thread starter jana--x
Start date Mar 25, 2009

Well, It has been 8 weeks of Year 11 and i'm still in Year 10 mode of writing essays. I have an in-class essay next friday and i plan to write my essay tomorrow so i can be prepared for next week. Ever since Year 8 english, i am so used to writing essays based on Themes etc. But now i have to write an essay based on values. I don't get what the difference is cause.. values and themes are too similar.. well i think they are =/ but anyways. my essay question is Discuss how Andrew Davies in his Othello (2001) has transformed the values from Shakespeare's Othello into a contemporary context. I have 45 minutes to do the essay. The values that i have done with my class are - Jealousy - Revenge - Idealised love - Honesty and Deception I'm thinking of doing jealousy and idealised love because i find them appealing the most =] But i really don't know the concept of values because i'm scared that on the day, i'll write an essay based on themes instead of values of the movie and the play..

Absolutezero

Real human bean.

To be honest, there really isn't much difference. They're is a lot of crossover between the two. A value is generally something the get be held emotively by the individual, such as 'revenge'. A theme is an overarching concept, generally metaphysical, such as 'globalisation'. If you stick to the values you've listed, you'll be fine. However, I do believe you should spend your time on each of them, as it shows broader understanding of the whole text.

Hey, We have just finished Othello.. second year in a row i have done it.. but honestly GUN it with Jealousy and Idealised Love honestly.. because Jealous is the main key in it. IM not sure what the values are.. but what the other person reply.. he kinda has it right on cue.. theme and Values are pretty much the same thing with Minor differences... Be glad you didnt take Extention English.. im still in year 10 mode and ive had to write essays like every second night. it sucks. Good Luck

Okay thanks, guys ^^ lol. i was about to pick extension english but i was too lazy =P and anyways i picked extension maths over english hehhhhehhe thanks again =D

Don't mean to sound rude, this is an HSC page, why are you talking yr 11 on it? Go to prelimiary and you will get more responses.

I think the themes of love and jealousy are great to work with. Perhaps you can tie them in with Christian values which place emphasis on honesty and sexual morality. Something interesting to note here: Othello kills Desdemona because he thinks she is "dishonest/false" and unchaste, while Iago kills Emilia because she is honest. Just some ideas for you to play around with - hope it helps.

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Monica Lewinsky: from Scandal to Social Activist – a Journey of Transformation

This essay about Monica Lewinsky traces her transformation from being embroiled in a national scandal to becoming a respected social activist. It discusses how she overcame intense public scrutiny to advocate against cyberbullying and for dignity in digital communication, leveraging her painful experiences for societal good. The narrative highlights her role in shifting public perception through her continuous commitment to fostering understanding and empathy.

How it works

Monica Lewinsky’s journey from the center of a national scandal to a respected social activist is a compelling narrative of resilience, redemption, and transformation. Her story provides insight into the complexities of personal growth and the pursuit of a life dedicated to the betterment of society after enduring public scrutiny.

In the late 1990s, Monica Lewinsky found herself at the epicenter of a media frenzy that would define a significant portion of her life. As a young intern at the White House, her affair with then-President Bill Clinton thrust her into the limelight, a place fraught with harsh judgment and ridicule.

The scandal dominated global news and painted Lewinsky as a mere footnote in a larger political drama. However, the narrative that unfolded in the years following the scandal showcases a woman who is much more than a character in a presidential controversy.

Emerging from the shadows of her past, Lewinsky took a path less anticipated but immensely powerful. She moved beyond the identity crafted for her by the media and the public, pursuing educational endeavors and exploring professional avenues. Despite the potential for a quiet life away from public attention, Lewinsky chose a more challenging and impactful route: becoming a vocal advocate against cyberbullying and for the rights and dignities of individuals harassed online.

Lewinsky’s transformation into a social activist began with her recognition of the parallels between her experiences and those of countless others suffering in silence. The internet, a burgeoning force during the time of her scandal, had grown into a double-edged sword by the early 21st century, offering tools for both connection and cruelty. Recognizing this, Lewinsky found her calling in addressing the darker aspects of digital communication. Her work primarily focuses on the devastating effects of cyberbullying, leveraging her platform to push for change in both social attitudes and legal frameworks.

Her advocacy is rooted in personal experience, informed by the isolation and trauma of being globally humiliated. Lewinsky’s efforts have been channeled into public speaking, writing, and participation in various campaigns aimed at reducing stigma and promoting a more compassionate society. Her articles and public talks often delve into themes of shame, privacy, and the personal impact of public exposure, drawing on her own experiences to advocate for a kinder, more empathetic approach to public discourse.

Moreover, Lewinsky’s work extends into producing, where she engages with projects that resonate with her mission to combat bullying and foster understanding. Her involvement in projects like the television series “American Crime Story,” which revisited the events of the scandal through a more sympathetic lens, reflects her commitment to changing narratives and influencing perceptions.

What makes Lewinsky’s journey particularly noteworthy is her resilience in the face of ongoing challenges. Despite years removed from the events of the late 1990s, she still encounters public and personal reminders of her past. Yet, she continues to use her story as a powerful tool for social change, demonstrating the potential to convert personal hardship into a broader societal contribution.

Through her public engagements and advocacy, Lewinsky has gradually reshaped her identity in the public consciousness, from a vilified figure to a respected voice in the fight against online harassment. Her journey underscores the profound impact of personal transformation, highlighting how individual experiences, when shared and leveraged for a greater good, can lead to significant societal progress.

Monica Lewinsky’s transition from scandal-involved individual to social activist is not just a personal victory but a public testament to the power of human resilience and the possibility of redemption. Her story is a reminder that one’s past does not have to dictate their future and that with courage and conviction, it is possible to make a meaningful impact on the world.

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Monica Lewinsky: From Scandal to Social Activist – A Journey of Transformation. (2024, May 12). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/monica-lewinsky-from-scandal-to-social-activist-a-journey-of-transformation/

"Monica Lewinsky: From Scandal to Social Activist – A Journey of Transformation." PapersOwl.com , 12 May 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/monica-lewinsky-from-scandal-to-social-activist-a-journey-of-transformation/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Monica Lewinsky: From Scandal to Social Activist – A Journey of Transformation . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/monica-lewinsky-from-scandal-to-social-activist-a-journey-of-transformation/ [Accessed: 17 May. 2024]

"Monica Lewinsky: From Scandal to Social Activist – A Journey of Transformation." PapersOwl.com, May 12, 2024. Accessed May 17, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/monica-lewinsky-from-scandal-to-social-activist-a-journey-of-transformation/

"Monica Lewinsky: From Scandal to Social Activist – A Journey of Transformation," PapersOwl.com , 12-May-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/monica-lewinsky-from-scandal-to-social-activist-a-journey-of-transformation/. [Accessed: 17-May-2024]

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Guest Essay

Press Pause on the Silicon Valley Hype Machine

By Julia Angwin

Ms. Angwin is a contributing Opinion writer and an investigative journalist.

It’s a little hard to believe that just over a year ago, a group of leading researchers asked for a six-month pause in the development of larger systems of artificial intelligence, fearing that the systems would become too powerful. “Should we risk loss of control of our civilization?” they asked.

There was no pause. But now, a year later, the question isn’t really whether A.I. is too smart and will take over the world. It’s whether A.I. is too stupid and unreliable to be useful. Consider this week’s announcement from OpenAI’s chief executive, Sam Altman, who promised he would unveil “new stuff” that “ feels like magic to me.” But it was just a rather routine update that makes ChatGPT cheaper and faster .

It feels like another sign that A.I. is not even close to living up to its hype. In my eyes, it’s looking less like an all-powerful being and more like a bad intern whose work is so unreliable that it’s often easier to do the task yourself. That realization has real implications for the way we, our employers and our government should deal with Silicon Valley’s latest dazzling new, new thing. Acknowledging A.I.’s flaws could help us invest our resources more efficiently and also allow us to turn our attention toward more realistic solutions.

Others voice similar concerns. “I find my feelings about A.I. are actually pretty similar to my feelings about blockchains: They do a poor job of much of what people try to do with them, they can’t do the things their creators claim they one day might, and many of the things they are well suited to do may not be altogether that beneficial,” wrote Molly White, a cryptocurrency researcher and critic , in her newsletter last month.

Let’s look at the research.

In the past 10 years, A.I. has conquered many tasks that were previously unimaginable, such as successfully identifying images, writing complete coherent sentences and transcribing audio. A.I. enabled a singer who had lost his voice to release a new song using A.I. trained with clips from his old songs.

But some of A.I.’s greatest accomplishments seem inflated. Some of you may remember that the A.I. model ChatGPT-4 aced the uniform bar exam a year ago. Turns out that it scored in the 48th percentile, not the 90th, as claimed by OpenAI , according to a re-examination by the M.I.T. researcher Eric Martínez . Or what about Google’s claim that it used A.I. to discover more than two million new chemical compounds ? A re-examination by experimental materials chemists at the University of California, Santa Barbara, found “ scant evidence for compounds that fulfill the trifecta of novelty, credibility and utility .”

Meanwhile, researchers in many fields have found that A.I. often struggles to answer even simple questions, whether about the law , medicine or voter information . Researchers have even found that A.I. does not always improve the quality of computer programming , the task it is supposed to excel at.

I don’t think we’re in cryptocurrency territory, where the hype turned out to be a cover story for a number of illegal schemes that landed a few big names in prison . But it’s also pretty clear that we’re a long way from Mr. Altman’s promise that A.I. will become “ the most powerful technology humanity has yet invented .”

Take Devin, a recently released “ A.I. software engineer ” that was breathlessly touted by the tech press. A flesh-and-bones software developer named Carl Brown decided to take on Devin . A task that took the generative A.I.-powered agent over six hours took Mr. Brown just 36 minutes. Devin also executed poorly, running a slower, outdated programming language through a complicated process. “Right now the state of the art of generative A.I. is it just does a bad, complicated, convoluted job that just makes more work for everyone else,” Mr. Brown concluded in his YouTube video .

Cognition, Devin’s maker, responded by acknowledging that Devin did not complete the output requested and added that it was eager for more feedback so it can keep improving its product. Of course, A.I. companies are always promising that an actually useful version of their technology is just around the corner. “ GPT-4 is the dumbest model any of you will ever have to use again by a lot ,” Mr. Altman said recently while talking up GPT-5 at a recent event at Stanford University.

The reality is that A.I. models can often prepare a decent first draft. But I find that when I use A.I., I have to spend almost as much time correcting and revising its output as it would have taken me to do the work myself.

And consider for a moment the possibility that perhaps A.I. isn’t going to get that much better anytime soon. After all, the A.I. companies are running out of new data on which to train their models, and they are running out of energy to fuel their power-hungry A.I. machines . Meanwhile, authors and news organizations (including The New York Times ) are contesting the legality of having their data ingested into the A.I. models without their consent, which could end up forcing quality data to be withdrawn from the models.

Given these constraints, it seems just as likely to me that generative A.I. could end up like the Roomba, the mediocre vacuum robot that does a passable job when you are home alone but not if you are expecting guests.

Companies that can get by with Roomba-quality work will, of course, still try to replace workers. But in workplaces where quality matters — and where workforces such as screenwriters and nurses are unionized — A.I. may not make significant inroads.

And if the A.I. models are relegated to producing mediocre work, they may have to compete on price rather than quality, which is never good for profit margins. In that scenario, skeptics such as Jeremy Grantham, an investor known for correctly predicting market crashes, could be right that the A.I. investment bubble is very likely to deflate soon .

The biggest question raised by a future populated by unexceptional A.I., however, is existential. Should we as a society be investing tens of billions of dollars, our precious electricity that could be used toward moving away from fossil fuels, and a generation of the brightest math and science minds on incremental improvements in mediocre email writing?

We can’t abandon work on improving A.I. The technology, however middling, is here to stay, and people are going to use it. But we should reckon with the possibility that we are investing in an ideal future that may not materialize.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Open access
Published: 08 May 2024

The digital transformation in pharmacy: embracing online platforms and the cosmeceutical paradigm shift

Ahmad Almeman ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6521-9463 1

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition volume 43 , Article number: 60 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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In the face of rapid technological advancement, the pharmacy sector is undergoing a significant digital transformation. This review explores the transformative impact of digitalization in the global pharmacy sector. We illustrated how advancements in technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and online platforms are reshaping pharmacy services and education. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the growth of online pharmacy platforms and the pivotal role of telepharmacy and telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it discusses the burgeoning cosmeceutical market within online pharmacies, the regulatory challenges faced globally, and the private sector’s influence on healthcare technology. Conclusively, the paper highlights future trends and technological innovations, underscoring the dynamic evolution of the pharmacy landscape in response to digital transformation.

Introduction

Digital technology is driving a massive shift in the worldwide pharmacy industry with the goal of improving productivity, efficiency, and flexibility in healthcare delivery. In the pharmacy industry, implementing digital technologies like automation, computerization, and robotics is essential to cutting expenses and enhancing service delivery [ 1 ]. With a predicted 14.42% annual growth rate, the digital pharmacy market is expanding significantly and is expected to reach a market volume of about $35.33 billion by 2026. This expansion reflects the pharmacy industry’s growing reliance on and promise for digital technologies [ 2 ].

Pharmacy services have always been focused on face-to-face communication and paper-based procedures. However, the drive for more effective, transparent, and patient-centered healthcare is clear evidence of the growing need for digital transformation. Breakthroughs like mobile communications, cloud computing, advanced analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are reshaping the healthcare sector. These breakthroughs have the potential to greatly improve patient care and service delivery, as demonstrated in other industries including banking, retail, and media [ 3 ].

In the pharmacy industry, a number of significant factors are hastening this digital transition. Important concerns include the desire for cost-effectiveness, enhanced patient care, and more transparency and efficiency in medication development and manufacture. This change has been made even more rapid by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has highlighted the necessity for digital solutions to address the difficulties associated with providing healthcare in emergency situations [ 4 ].

In terms of specific technologies being adopted, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are playing a pivotal role. The McKinsey Global Institute estimates that AI in the pharmaceutical industry could generate nearly $100 billion annually across the U.S. healthcare system. The use of AI and machine learning enhances decision-making, optimizes innovation, and improves the efficiency of research and clinical trials. This results in more effective patient care and a more streamlined drug development process [ 5 ].

The digital transformation in the pharmacy sector represents a pivotal shift in the delivery and experience of healthcare services. This evolution is more than a transient trend; it’s a fundamental alteration in the healthcare landscape [ 6 ]. The adoption of digital technologies is reshaping aspects of healthcare, including patient engagement and medication adherence, leading to enhanced healthcare outcomes. Research indicates that digital tools in pharmacy practices have resulted in more individualized and efficient patient care. Telehealth platforms, exemplified by companies like HealthTap, are being increasingly incorporated by pharmacies to augment patient care via technological solutions. The contribution of digital health technology to medication adherence is notable, employing a variety of tools such as SMS, mobile applications, and innovative devices like virtual pillboxes and intelligent pill bottles. These advancements are pivotal in addressing the critical issue of medication nonadherence in healthcare. Furthermore, digital health tools are empowering pharmacists with expanded clinical responsibilities, particularly in the management of chronic diseases like diabetes, where apps and smart devices provide essential features such as blood glucose tracking and medication reminders. This comprehensive integration of digital health into pharmacy practice signifies a transformative era in healthcare delivery and patient management [ 7 ].

Online platforms are being used increasingly by the pharmaceutical sector and educational institutions to improve efficiency, flexibility, and accessibility. The telepharmacy program at CVS Pharmacy is an example of how telepharmacy services, which provide remote counseling and prescription verification, bring pharmaceutical care to underprivileged communities [ 8 ]. Prescription accuracy and drug management are enhanced by e-prescribing software like Epic’s MyChart and digital health apps like Medisafe [ 9 ; 10 ]. Blockchain technology is also being investigated for transparent and safe supply chain management. Continuous learning and professional networking are made possible in education by Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) like Moodle [ 11 ], simulation software like SimMan 3G Plus [ 12 ], Continuing Professional Development (CPD) platforms like the American Pharmacists Association [ 13 ], and online conference platforms, as shown in Fig. 1 . While these platforms offer significant benefits like enhanced access and cost-effectiveness, they also present challenges, including addressing the digital divide and ensuring the quality and credibility of online services to maintain professional standards and patient safety.

In this review, we summarized the digital transformation in the pharmacy sector, emphasizing the integration of online platforms and the emerging significance of cosmeceuticals. We discussed the global shift towards digital healthcare, including telehealth and online pharmacy services, and how these changes have been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also examined the impact of digital technologies on pharmacy practice and education, with a focus on telepharmacy services, e-prescribing software, and digital health apps. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and opportunities presented by this transformation, including regulatory and safety concerns, and the need for continuous professional development in the digital era.

Comprehensive overview of different platforms in the pharmaceutical industry and education illustrating purposes and exemplary cases

The global impact of online pharmacy platforms

In recent years, the landscape of pharmacy practice and education has undergone a significant transformation, driven by technological advancements and catalyzed by the global COVID-19 pandemic. A study highlighting the increasing consumer trust in online medication purchases pre, during, and post-pandemic reveals a shift in consumer behavior towards online pharmacies [ 14 ]. This trend underscores a greater reliance on these platforms, where the perceived benefits significantly outweigh the perceived risks, indicating a positive reception and growing trust in digital healthcare solutions.

The adoption of telehealth, including telepharmacy, exemplifies this shift. In the United States, patient adoption of telehealth services surged from 11% in 2019 to 46%, with healthcare providers expanding their telehealth visits [ 15 ]. This shift is a reflection of how adaptable the healthcare sector is to digital platforms and how customer acceptance is increasing. The epidemic has also served as a catalyst, hastening the creation and uptake of online telepharmacy services throughout the world. The “new normal” has forced the addition of new platforms to support established sources of health information. The creation and evaluation of an online telepharmacy service in the Philippines during the pandemic serves as an example of this, demonstrating how quickly the global pharmacy industry adopted digital solutions. These services are essential for providing and elucidating pharmaceutical information within the context of primary healthcare delivery; they are not merely supplementary [ 16 ].

Simultaneously, pharmacist-led companies such as MedEssist and MedMehave, innovated digital platforms to facilitate services like flu shots or COVID-19 tests, reflecting a move towards customer-centric, digital-first services [ 17 ]. This transition enhances convenience and access to care but also introduces significant regulatory challenges. As the growth of online medicine sales disrupts traditional pharmacy markets, navigating these challenges becomes crucial for maintaining patient safety, quality standards, and fostering a trustworthy online healthcare environment [ 18 ].

Parallel to the practice changes, educational platforms for pharmacy have also evolved, especially under the impetus of the pandemic. These platforms have integrated a mix of traditional and student-centered teaching methodologies, including remote didactic lectures and on-site experiential training. The implementation of blended learning approaches, which combine remote lectures with on-site laboratory classes, reflects a broader educational trend towards hybrid models. This approach aims to leverage the advantages of both online and traditional methods, offering a more flexible and potentially more effective educational experience [ 19 ].

It takes more than just implementing new tools to integrate educational technology into pharmacy education, it also requires understanding how these technologies affect instruction and student learning. To effectively improve the educational experience, their utilization must have a purpose. There is an increasing amount of scholarly interest in this field, as evidenced by systematic reviews of the effects of new technologies on undergraduate pharmacy teaching and learning [ 20 ]. These digital platforms will probably become more significant in the future of pharmacy education, helping to mold the profession and guaranteeing that pharmacists are equipped to fulfill the ever-changing demands of the healthcare system. This development is indicative of a larger trend in the healthcare industry toward a more flexible, patient-focused, and technologically advanced environment [ 21 ].

Digital transformation in global healthcare

The recent advancements in digital transformation within global healthcare are significantly reshaping the landscape of healthcare and pharmacy services. These transformations are largely driven by the integration of digital technologies, which are redefining the tools and methods used in health, medicine, and biomedical science, ultimately aiming to create a healthier future for people worldwide [ 22 ]. In a 2018 report [ 23 ], Amazon’s potential entry into the $500 billion U.S. pharmacy market, the second-largest retail category, through mail-order and online pharmacies was highlighted as a significant industry disruptor. With licenses in at least 12 states in the US and a strategy focused on bypassing middlemen, Amazon’s historical success positions it to transform the pharmacy landscape, promising enhanced efficiency and cost savings for consumers.

One of the critical areas identified in recent research is the establishment of five priorities of e-health policy making: strategy, consensus-building, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation. These priorities emerged from stakeholders’ perceptions and are crucial for the effective integration and adoption of digital health technologies [ 24 ]. This holistic approach is increasingly relevant for scholars and practitioners, suggesting a focus on how multiple stakeholders implement digital technologies for management and business purposes in the healthcare sector [ 25 ]. The deployment of technological modalities, encompassed within five distinct clusters, can facilitate the development of a digital transformation model. This model ensures operational efficiency through several dimensions: enhanced operational efficacy by healthcare providers, the adoption of patient-centered methodologies, the integration of organizational factors and managerial implications, the refinement of workforce practices, and the consideration of socio-economic factors [ 25 ].

Studies focusing on value creation through digital means suggest healthcare as a consumer-centric realm ripe for center-edge transformations, characterized by self-service and feedback cycles. These transformations are vital in addressing inherent tensions between patients and physicians, steering the focus towards value co-creation and service-dominant logic [ 26 ]. Participatory design and decision-making approaches are emphasized for enhancing health information technology’s performance and institutional healthcare innovation. Such approaches are particularly crucial in developing national electronic medical record systems and improving chronic disease treatment through electronic health records. Additionally, telehealth research integrates patients’ perceptions, contributing to the understanding of technology, bureaucracy, and professionalism within healthcare [ 27 ].

The impact of health information technology (HIT) on operational efficiencies is profound. Empirical studies, such as those by Hong and Lee [ 28 ], Laurenza et al. [ 29 ], and Mazor et al. [ 30 ], demonstrate positive correlations between HIT and patient satisfaction, quality of care, and operational efficiency. However, challenges remain, as Rubbio et al. [ 31 ] highlight deficiencies in resilience-oriented practices for patient safety. Organizational and managerial factors in digital healthcare transformation also receive significant attention. Hikmet et al. [ 32 ] and Agarwal et al. [ 33 ] investigate the role of organizational variables and barriers in HIT adoption, whereas Cucciniello et al. [ 34 ] delve into the interdependence between implementing electronic medical records (EMR) systems and organizational conditions. Further, Eden et al. [ 35 ] and Huber and Gärtner [ 36 ] explore workforce adaptations and the implications of health information systems in hospitals that can increases transparency of work processes and accountability. Lastly, examining healthcare financialization and digital division provides an international perspective, contrasting the regulated environment in the EU with the US’s use of online medical crowdfunding as a potential solution to reduce bankruptcy [ 37 ; 38 ]. Collectively, these studies suggest a comprehensive model where stakeholders leverage digital transformation for management, enhancing operational efficiency in healthcare service providers.

Marques and Ferreira [ 39 ] performed a systematic literature review of digital transformation in healthcare, spanning the period from 1973 to 2018. Utilizing the SMARTER (Simple Multi-attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks) method, 749 potential articles were analyzed, culminating in the prioritization and selection of 53 articles for detailed examination. The literature was organized into seven thematic areas: (1) Integrated management of IT in healthcare, (2) Medical images, (3) Electronic medical records, (4) IT and portable devices in healthcare, (5) Access to e-health, (6) Telemedicine, and (7) Privacy of medical data. It was observed that the predominant focus of research resides in the domains of integrated management, electronic medical records, and medical images. Concurrently, emerging trends were identified, notably the utilization of portable devices, the proliferation of virtual services, and the escalating concerns surrounding privacy. See Fig. 2 for visual representation of multifaceted digital transformation in healthcare.

Visual representation of multifaceted digital transformation in healthcare: a synthesis of provider-patient dynamics, HIT impact, and strategic management. HIT; health information technology, HC; healthcare, EMR; electronic medical records. IT; information technology, Pt.; patient

Telehealth and online pharmacy advancements in pandemic management

In the realm of online pharmacies and telehealth, digital health technologies have been instrumental in managing the COVID-19 pandemic through surveillance, contact tracing, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. These technologies ensure that healthcare, including pharmacy services, is delivered more effectively, addressing the challenges of accessibility and timely care. The role of telemedicine and e-pharmacies, in particular, has been emphasized in improving access to care worldwide. By enabling remote consultations and drug delivery, these platforms are making healthcare more accessible, especially in regions where traditional healthcare infrastructure is limited or overstretched [ 40 ].

The Canadian Virtual Care Policy Framework advocates for the swift adoption and integration of virtual care, propelled by the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes enhancing access and quality, ensuring equity and privacy, and devising appropriate remuneration models, employing a collaborative, patient-centered approach while addressing digital disparities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Canadian provinces and territories rapidly adopted virtual health care, leading to 60% of visits being virtual by April 2020, up from 10 to 20% in 2019. However, these implementations were often temporary and not fully integrated into healthcare systems. By August 2020, virtual visits decreased to 40%, with variations across regions, while provinces and territories used temporary billing codes for these services. The framework’s “Diagnostique” provides a thorough analysis of policy enablers and strategies for virtual care, underscoring the need for comprehensive policy and partnership engagement [ 41 ]. In the context of digital transformation in pharmacy, the Hospital News article outlines the application and infrastructure of telepharmacy services in Canada, highlighting the geographical challenges and the early adoption of telepharmacy in certain regions since 2003. It notes the use of various technologies like Medication Order Management, Videoconferencing, and Remote Camera Verification. Although lacking specific quantitative data, the article underscores the necessity for expanded telepharmacy services to ensure uniform care quality across diverse locations [ 42 ].

Similarly, Telehealth offers extensive resources for patients and providers in the United States, emphasizing programs like the Affordable Connectivity Program and Lifeline to facilitate access. The Health Resources and Services Administration enhances telehealth through support services, research, and technical assistance, reflecting a significant outreach impact [ 43 ]. The Office for the Advancement of Telehealth (OAT) under Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) works to improve access to quality health care through integrated telehealth services in the US. It supports direct services, research, and technical assistance, with over 6,000 telehealth technical assistance requests sent to Telehealth Resource Centers and approximately 22,000 patients served [ 44 ].

Internationally, In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) spearheads digital health and care, providing significant innovation opportunities through vast data management. Support for digital health spans various stages, from discovery with organizations like Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Intelligent Data Analysis (IDA) research group, to development with networks such as Catapults and CPRD, and delivery with entities like the Academic Health Science Networks (AHSNs) and DigitalHealth.London. Regulatory bodies like the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and NICE ensure safety and efficacy. The collaborative ecosystem involves academic, healthcare, and industry stakeholders, aiming to enhance health and care services through technology and innovation [ 45 ].

In Australia, the government’s investment of over $4 billion into COVID-19 telehealth measures has facilitated universal access to quality healthcare. This initiative has provided over 85 million telehealth services to more than 16 million patients, with approximately 89,000 healthcare providers engaging in this service delivery. From 1 January 2022, telehealth services, initially introduced in response to COVID-19, will become an ongoing part of Medicare. This will allow eligible patients across Australia continued access to general practice (GP), nursing, midwifery, and allied health services via telehealth, deemed clinically appropriate by the health professional [ 46 ].

European nations such as the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy are at the forefront of implementing cross-organizational patient records, significantly enhancing telehealth communication and facilitating cross-border healthcare. The role of strong government support in advancing telehealth is pivotal. Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, has been a prominent advocate for eHealth. She proposed the establishment of a European Health Data Space to streamline health data exchange across member states. France, a leader in telehealth legislation for nearly a decade, has pioneered a public funding scheme for tele-expertise at a national scale. Despite these advancements, challenges like legislative barriers and the lack of consistent political direction continue to impede progress in the telehealth domain [ 47 ].

The Asia-Pacific region anticipates a surge in telehealth adoption driven by digital demand and pandemic-induced behavioral changes, while South East Asia exhibits widespread telehealth growth across healthcare aspects [ 48 ]. The telehealth adoption across the Asia-Pacific region has shown remarkable growth between 2019 and 2021 and is projected to continue rising by 2024. China’s adoption nearly doubled to 47% and is expected to reach 76%. Indonesia’s usage more than doubled to 51%, with a forecast of 72%. Malaysia and the Philippines both anticipate reaching a 70% adoption rate, increasing from 30% to 29%, respectively. India’s adoption is projected to more than double to 68%, while Singapore, which had a significant increase from 5 to 45%, is expected to achieve a 60% adoption rate. This trend indicates a robust uptake of telehealth services in the region [ 48 ].

Global telemedicine and E-pharmacy policy dynamics

In the context of telemedicine and e-pharmacy regulations within South East Asia, a notable distinction emerges with Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia being the only countries to have formalized legal frameworks governing both telemedicine practices and the dissemination of electronic information. In these countries, tele-consultation is restricted to patients already under the care of healthcare practitioners or as part of ongoing treatment, specifically in Singapore and Malaysia. Additionally, for scenarios requiring more intensive medical intervention, such as new referrals, emergency cases, or invasive procedures, both Malaysia and Indonesia mandate physical presence and face-to-face consultations, emphasizing a cautious and regulated approach to remote healthcare. In Malaysia, the regulations further stipulate that online prescriptions, excluding narcotics and psychotropic substances, are permissible solely under the continuation of care model, reflecting a judicious use of digital prescription services [ 49 ].

In Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), telemedicine has experienced substantial growth, primarily catalyzed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated rapid advancements in technology and alterations in healthcare practices. The region’s robust digital infrastructure, coupled with the innovative drive of local companies and the challenges posed by an aging demographic, has significantly contributed to this expansion. According to the European Commission’s Market Study on Telemedicine, the global telemedicine market was projected to grow annually by 14% by 2021, a rate that was likely surpassed due to the pandemic’s impact. More specifically, the Europe Telehealth Market, valued at US $6,185.4 million in 2019, is anticipated to witness an annual growth rate of 18.9% from 2020 to 2030. This trend underscores the increasing reliance on and potential of telemedicine in addressing healthcare needs in the CEE region [ 50 ].

In the Middle East, telehealth and telepharmacy, have seen varied degrees of adoption and progress. Despite attempts to reform healthcare delivery in the region, the progress of telemedicine has been somewhat slow, with certain expectations yet to be fully realized. However, there has been notable development in the use and adoption of these technologies [ 51 ]. In a survey comparing the utilization of digital-health applications in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it was observed that a higher percentage of Saudi participants have utilized online pharmacy services (48%) compared to the UAE (36%). Conversely, awareness of teleconsultation services without prior use was higher in the UAE (43%) than in Saudi Arabia (35%). Retention data indicates that a significant proportion of users in both countries continue to engage with these services, with 80% of Saudi participants and 71% of UAE participants using teleconsultations at varying frequencies. Notably, a substantial majority of users in Saudi Arabia reported regular use of online pharmacies (90%), slightly higher than the UAE (78%), reflecting robust ongoing engagement with these digital health modalities. Notably, consumer adoption of telehealth products is primarily driven by time savings (48%) and convenience (47%), with 24-hour accessibility and efficacy both influencing 34% of users. Affordability and personal recommendations are also notable factors, while a wide range of options and quality are lesser but relevant considerations [ 52 ].

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 391 licensed community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates to assess the adoption and impact of telepharmacy services. The study revealed a predominant use of telepharmacy services, particularly via phone (95.6%) and messaging applications (80.0%). The findings highlighted that pharmacies with more pharmacists and those operating as part of a group or chain were more likely to implement a diverse range of telepharmacy services. The study identified significant barriers to telepharmacy adoption in individual pharmacies, including limited time, inadequate training, and financial constraints. There was a noticeable shift in service provision during the lockdown, with an increased reliance on telepharmacy, especially among pharmacies serving 50–100 patients per day. However, a reduction in services such as managing mild diseases and selling health products was observed during the lockdown period. The study concluded that telepharmacy played a pivotal role in supporting community pharmacies during the pandemic, with its expansion facilitated by the UAE’s advanced internet infrastructure, supportive health policies, and widespread digital connectivity [ 53 ]. Collectively, these insights reflect a global shift towards integrating and enhancing telehealth services as a response to emerging healthcare needs and technological advancements.

Unni et al. [ 54 ] provided an extensive review of telepharmacy initiatives adopted globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Predominantly, virtual consultations were utilized to enable at-risk patients and others to remotely access pharmacists, thereby monitoring chronic illnesses, optimizing medication usage, and providing educational support [ 55 ]. Home delivery of medicines was widely implemented to decrease the necessity for in-person visits and mitigate exposure risks [ 56 ]. Additionally, patient education was prioritized to ensure effective management of health conditions from a distance [ 57 ]. Notably, a network of hospitals in China developed cloud-pharmacy care, allowing patients to consult pharmacists via text and the internet, while Spain utilized information and communication technologies for remote pharmaceutical care [ 58 ; 59 ]. Zero-contact pharmaceutical care, introduced in China, facilitated online medication consultations, eliminating direct contact [ 60 ]. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other regions adapted new e-tools and teleprescriptions to enhance service accessibility [ 61 ]. The U.S. focused on credentialing pharmacists for telehealth to ensure competent service provision, and New Zealand implemented hotline numbers for phone consultations to further reduce physical visits [ 62 ; 63 ]. These initiatives reflect a significant shift towards innovative, technology-driven solutions in pharmaceutical care during a global health crisis. Refer to Fig. 3 for a graphical depiction of the worldwide distribution and applications of telepharmacy initiatives.

The global distribution of telepharmacy programs with an analysis of geographical distribution, technological applications, and associated benefits

Tracing the Private Sector’s Impact on Healthcare’s Technological Transformation

The role of the private sector in the fourth industrial revolution.

The World Economic Forum underscores the private sector’s leading role in digital inclusion and the acceleration of actions pertinent to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This revolution affects economies, industries, and global issues profoundly, indicating the private sector’s critical role in driving technological advancements and digital platforms that deliver impactful healthcare solutions [ 64 ].

Mapping digital transformation in healthcare

A comprehensive analysis performed by Dal Mas et al. [ 65 ] meticulously maps the intricate terrain of digital transformation in healthcare, spotlighting the private sector’s instrumental role. Initially, the investigation encompassed an extensive array of diverse studies, leading to the identification of five main areas of digital technologies: smart health technologies, data-enabled and data collection technologies, Industry 4.0 tools and technologies, cognitive technologies, and drug & disease technologies. These domains frame the future research pathways, primarily steered by the private sector’s innovative drive. A significant proportion of the literature addresses healthcare broadly, suitable for both private and public sectors, yet a notable segment specifically focuses on the private sector’s endeavors, with a pronounced emphasis on the pharmaceutical domain [ 66 ; 67 ].

Public-private partnerships in healthcare delivery

The highlighted technologies, including digital platforms and telemedicine, exemplify the private sector’s trailblazing contributions to digital healthcare advancements. For instance, public-private partnerships (PPP) in India have emerged as a pivotal model for realizing universal healthcare (UHC), especially against the backdrop of acute healthcare shortages and urban-rural divides. Notably, mega PPP projects have successfully deployed technology-enabled remote healthcare (TeRHC), demonstrating its feasibility and impact in reaching isolated communities. These initiatives, overcoming various challenges, serve as a compelling example for global adoption, underscoring the transformative role of PPP in healthcare delivery [ 68 ].. Furthermore, a considerable majority of the literature in telemedicine underscores the necessity for profound research implications, yet a significant minority suggests policy implications [ 69 ; 70 ], reflecting a complex synergy between the private and public sectors in sculpting the digital healthcare framework [ 71 ]. This synthesis underscores the private sector’s critical influence in propelling the digital transformation in healthcare, charting a course that progressively fuses technological innovation with healthcare provision.

A study highlights Indonesia’s strategic initiatives to capitalize on telehealth business opportunities, driven by the Ministry of Research and Technology’s robust support for Technology-Based Start-up Company schemes [ 72 ]. With a demographic boon of 298 million from 2020 to 2024, escalating non-communicable diseases (71%), and a growing base of 222.4 million JKN participants, the stage is set for transformative growth. Despite a critical shortage of health workers (0.4 doctors per 1000 population), the enthusiasm for telemedicine is evident, with 71% satisfaction in hospital telemedicine and 32 million active telehealth users. The Ministry’s foresight in fostering technology start-ups, exemplified by the TEMENIN platform with its 11 health platforms, is steering Indonesia towards a future where high-quality healthcare is accessible and sustainable.

Lab@AOR: a model for PPPs in healthcare sector

The “Lab@AOR” initiative stands as a paradigmatic example of PPPs effectuating digital transformation within the healthcare sector. This strategic collaboration, between the University Hospital of Marche and Loccioni [ 73 ], a private entity, underscores the capacity of PPPs to navigate intricate challenges, stimulate international cooperation, and contribute to the development of sustainable, patient-centric healthcare solutions. Specifically, Lab@AOR was instituted to confront the nuanced challenges associated with the robotization of healthcare service delivery, highlighting the initiative’s role in fostering technological advancement through public and private sector synergy [ 74 ]. The project illustrates the evolution of Lab@AOR through three main phases: the pioneering stage, where groundwork for collaboration was laid; the nurturing stage, where collaborative exchanges were fostered; and the harvesting stage, wherein the potential of the PPP was fully unleashed. In the pioneering stage, Lab@AOR focused on a critical healthcare service component: the in-hospital preparation of medications for oncological patients. The University Hospital of Marche identified a need for innovation to improve service quality, efficiency, and safety, while Loccioni sought a real-life setting to test and refine its robotized system, APOTECAchemo [ 75 ]. This convergence of needs led to a symbiotic partnership aiming to enhance healthcare delivery through technological advancement.

During the nurturing stage, the partnership expanded the scope of APOTECAchemo to include non-oncological medications and developed additional tools like APOTECAps for manual preparation support. This phase was characterized by intensive collaboration, knowledge sharing, and continuous innovation, demonstrating the dynamic capability of the PPP to adapt and evolve in response to emerging healthcare challenges. The harvesting stage marked the international expansion of Lab@AOR, transforming it from a local initiative to an international community focused on leveraging digitalization and robotization to improve care quality and patient-centeredness. The PPP’s growth was catalyzed by its open perspective and inclusive approach, engaging entities from various cultural and institutional contexts, and fostering a network of 31 nodes across 19 countries and 3 continents.

Advancements in telehealth business models and frameworks

In their investigative study, Velayati et al. [ 76 ] delved into the articulation of emergent business models in telehealth and scrutinized the deployment of established frameworks across a variety of telehealth segments. The research spanned an extensive range of sectors, notably telemonitoring, telemedicine, mobile health, and telerehabilitation, alongside telehealth more broadly. The scope further extended to encompass niche areas such as assisted living technologies, sensor-based systems, and specific fields like mobile teledermoscopy, teleradiology, telecardiology, and teletreatment, presenting a thorough analysis of the telehealth landscape. Within the telemedicine and telehealth services sector, Barker et al. [ 77 ] introduced the Arizona Telemedicine Program (ATP) Model, a quintet-layer approach aimed at efficiently distributing telemedicine services throughout Arizona. Complementing this, Lee and Chang [ 78 ] proposed a four-component model specifically tailored for mobile health (mHealth) services pertaining to chronic kidney disease, focusing on offering a cost-effective platform for disease support and management. In the realm of telemonitoring, Dijkstra et al. [ 79 ] utilized the Freeband Business Blueprint Method (FBBM), which includes service, technological, organizational, and financial domains, to facilitate multiple telemonitoring services. Furthermore, the systemic and economic differences were explored in care coordination through Business to customer (B2C) and business (B2B) models for telemonitoring patients with chronic diseases, with the B2C model’s economic advantages were highlighted [ 80 ].

General telemedicine frameworks also received attention. Lin et al. [ 81 ] constructed a six-component framework analyzing major telemedicine projects in Taiwan, while Peters et al. [ 82 ] developed the CompBizMod Framework in Germany, encompassing value proposition, co-creation, communication and transfer, and value capture, designed to evaluate and enhance competitive advantages in telemedicine. In the specialized field of telecardiology, a comprehensive nine-component sustainable business model was crafted to facilitate mutual benefits for service providers and patients. This model emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach in ensuring the longevity and effectiveness of healthcare delivery within this domain [ 83 ]. Meanwhile, Mun et al. [ 84 ] presented a suite of five teleradiology business models aimed at providing effective, high-quality, and cost-efficient diagnoses.

The teletreatment sector saw innovative models from Kijl et al. [ 85 ], who designed a model for treating patients with chronic pain, focusing on the interrelation of components in the value network and the role of information technology. Complementarily, Fusco and Turchetti [ 86 ] introduced four models for telerehabilitation post-total knee replacement, emphasizing partnerships between care units and equipment suppliers to reduce costs and waiting lists. The mHealth and assisted living technology sector witnessed the introduction of a wearable biofeedback system model by Hidefjäll and Titkova [ 87 ], which employed Alexander Osterwalder’s Business Model Canvas and focused on a comprehensive commercialization process. Additionally, Oderanti and Li [ 88 ] presented a seven-component sustainable business model for assisted living technologies, aimed at encouraging older individuals to invest in eHealth services while reducing the pressure on health systems. These diverse clusters and models reflect the multifaceted nature of telehealth, each tailoring its approach to meet the unique demands of its domain. They collectively aim to optimize service delivery, stakeholder involvement, cost efficiency, and patient care quality, marking significant strides in the ongoing evolution of digital healthcare.

Challenges and biases in healthcare technology

One key aspect is the emergence of novel medical technologies and their potential biases. These biases are often a result of insufficient consideration of patient diversity in the development and testing phases. For example, disparities in the performance of medical devices like pulse oximeters among different racial groups have been observed, potentially due to a lack of diverse representation in clinical trials. This indicates a tendency for the development of healthcare technologies that may not adequately serve all patient populations [ 89 ]. A study on the profitability and risk-return comparison across health care industries highlights the use of return on equity (ROE) as a measure of profitability from a shareholder’s perspective. This measure combines profit margin, asset utilization, and financial leverage. The study analyzed financial data of publicly traded healthcare companies, providing insights into the financial dynamics of the healthcare sector. It revealed that while companies like Pfizer Inc. and UnitedHealth Group reported similar profitability, they had substantial differences in profit margin and asset utilization, indicating diverse financial strategies within the healthcare sector. This study underscores the complexity of financial performance in healthcare, where profitability measures need to be balanced with risk assessment and the broader impact on healthcare provision [ 90 ].

Additionally, an article discusses the benefits, pitfalls, and potential biases in healthcare AI. It emphasizes that as the healthcare industry adopts AI, machine learning, and other modeling techniques, it is seeing benefits for both patient outcomes and cost reduction. However, the industry must be mindful of managing the risks, including biases that may arise during the implementation of AI. Lessons from other industries can provide a framework for acknowledging and managing data, machine, and human biases in AI. This perspective is crucial in understanding how the integration of advanced technologies in healthcare can be influenced by the drive for profitability and efficiency, possibly at the expense of equitable and patient-centered care [ 91 ; 92 ].

Cosmeceuticals in the online pharmacy market

Cosmeceuticals, a term derived from the combination of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, refer to a category of products that are formulated to provide both aesthetic improvements and therapeutic benefits. These products, typically applied topically, are designed to enhance the health and beauty of the skin, going beyond the mere cosmetic appearance. The exploration of cosmeceuticals in the online pharmacy market reveals a multifaceted and rapidly expanding industry. Bridging the gap between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, they form a significant portion of the skincare industry. Cosmeceuticals are formulated from various ingredients, with their main categories being constantly discussed and analyzed in the scientific community [ 93 ]. They have taken a considerable share of the personal care industry globally, constituting a significant part of dermatologists’ prescriptions worldwide [ 94 ]. This surge is further fueled by increasing consumer demand for effective and safe products, including anti-aging skincare cosmeceuticals, a need which has been intensified by concerns over pollution, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic [ 95 ].

The global cosmeceuticals market is experiencing robust growth. Valued at USD 56.78 billion in 2022, it’s projected to expand to USD 95.75 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.45%. This growth trajectory is propelled by the innovative integration of bioactive ingredients known for their medical benefits [ 96 ]. Another report confirms this upward trend, indicating the market was worth $45.56 billion in 2021 and is on a path of significant growth to USD 114 billion by 2030. The global disease burden is significantly impacted by various skin diseases, with dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne vulgaris among the most prevalent, contributing 0.38%, 0.19%, and 0.29% respectively. The pervasive nature of these conditions drives a substantial demand for effective treatments, propelling the integration of cosmeceuticals into the online pharmacy market. This integration not only offers convenient access to a range of therapeutic skincare products but also caters to the rising consumer inclination towards self-care and preventive healthcare. As a result, the online availability of cosmeceuticals is not just addressing the immediate needs of individuals suffering from skin conditions but is also reshaping the landscape of personal healthcare by making specialized treatments more accessible and customizable [ 97 ]. See Fig. 4 .

The left panel presents the market share distribution for key segments in the cosmeceuticals industry in 2021, including Skin Care Segment, and Supermarket & Specialty Stores, for Asia Pacific Revenue, with percentages for each category. The right panel displays the market value progression over time from 2021 to the projected value in 2030, with bold numbers indicating the value in billion USD for each year. The lower horizontal bar chart depicts the percentage contribution of various skin diseases to the global disease burden

Several factors are contributing to this expansion of the cosmeceuticals market. The market is driven by innovation in natural ingredients and a significant penetration of internet, smartphone, and social media applications, which attract potential consumer populations and reflect constantly changing consumer behavior [ 98 ]. The cosmeceuticals market’s robust CAGR and revenue share, especially in regions like Asia Pacific, further signify its burgeoning presence and potential within the global market [ 99 ]. Integration into online pharmacies is a key aspect of this market’s evolution, offering easier access to these products for a wider customer base. As the market continues to grow, it’s anticipated that the blend of cosmeceuticals with online pharmaceutical platforms will become increasingly seamless, offering consumers a diverse range of accessible, effective, and beneficial skincare and health products. This integration is likely to be driven by the growing trend of e-commerce and digitalization in healthcare and personal care sectors.

The landscape of online pharmacies, particularly concerning cosmeceuticals, is evolving. While the overall penetration for non-specialty drugs in mail-order and online pharmacies is low, they represent a significant portion of specialty prescription revenues at 37%. Despite this, only 13% of consumers consider these as their primary pharmacy choice, indicating a growing but still emerging market. Strategies are in place to enhance the market appeal of these pharmacies, focusing on speed, convenience, and personalized experiences, such as video telehealth visits, to attract a broader consumer base [ 100 ].

The dissertation “L’Oréal Portugal: A Digital Challenge for the Active Cosmetics Division” authored by Ascenso [ 101 ] provides an in-depth examination of the impact of digital evolution on the Portuguese cosmeceutical sector and its implications for L’Oréal, a significant cosmetics company. It posits that while L’Oréal has foundational digital competencies, the rapidly evolving digital landscape presents a broad spectrum of potential risks and opportunities. The study details the operations of L’Oréal’s Active Cosmetics Division, which manages brands predominantly sold in pharmacies and parapharmacies, and explores the potential repercussions of digitalization on L’Oréal Portugal’s strategic and operational frameworks. Furthermore, the thesis highlights the expanding role of e-pharmacies and the need for legal reforms to facilitate their operation. It discusses the prevalent trends in the cosmetic industry, such as the increasing demand for natural, male-focused, and environmentally friendly products. The dissertation scrutinizes L’Oréal’s strategic pillars, including innovation, acquisition, and regional growth, emphasizing the need for the company to integrate advanced technologies and recalibrate its business methodologies in light of digital progression [ 101 ]. Although L’Oréal has initiated some digital strategies targeting consumers and pharmacies, there’s a recognized need for an intensified focus on digital marketing aimed at clients. An exploratory attempt by L’Oréal to implement an online ordering platform for pharmacies did not meet success, indicating possible industry unreadiness for such advancements. This case study serves as a critical examination of how traditional companies in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics sectors must adapt to the digital age’s challenges and opportunities [ 101 ].

In a collaborative endeavor with L’Oréal, an associated digital agency provided a comprehensive suite of services that encompasses the full management of social media pages, the development of e-commerce websites, the establishment of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) platforms tailored for pharmacies, and the execution of digital campaigns leveraging QR codes, SMS marketing, and newsletters. These digital tools confer a competitive edge, facilitating a deeper comprehension of consumer behavior and the potential to augment value extraction from customer interactions. For the laboratories, particularly those associated with cosmetics, the advantages are twofold: an increase in sell-out figures, thereby enhancing direct sales to end consumers, and a boost in sell-in metrics, reflecting a rise in transactions to pharmacies or wholesalers. The online ordering feature, as noted by João Roma, a manager at La Roche-Posay, could result in a cacophony of processes if laboratories were to individually develop distinct methods. He advocates for the utilization of pre-existing platforms, such as the established e-learning infrastructure, to spearhead ventures into the online marketplace [ 101 ].

A survey conducted specifically for L’Oréal’s e-learning platform, cosmeticaactiva.pt [ 102 ], across the Portuguese landscape garnered responses from 324 participants, comprising 71% general pharmacists, 13% technical assistants, 8% directors, 7% individuals responsible for procurement from laboratories, and 2% beauty/cosmetic advisors. The findings from this survey underscore the pervasive adoption of digital tools within the pharmacy sector: 82% of respondents affirmed the presence of their pharmacies on social media platforms, 80% reported the use of basic management software, 64% indicated the deployment of advanced management systems, 61% were conversant with online ordering systems directed at laboratories, 38% utilized a store locator, 28% had an established website presence, and a smaller segment of 12% offered online shopping facilities.

Another survey conducted within this study to evaluate the significance of dermocosmetic products in pharmacies yielded a mean importance rating of 4.38 out of 5, indicating that a majority of pharmacists consider these products to be highly important to their business operations. Factors critical to the differentiation of a proficient laboratory/supplier were innovation and cost-effectiveness, with mean scores of 1.9 and 2.7 respectively, on a scale from 1 (most important) to 5 (least important). A substantial majority of pharmacists, amounting to 81.8%, perceive their pharmacies as beacons of innovation and modernity. Detailed interviews elucidated that digital tools are indispensable in augmenting sales for cosmeceutical products by catalyzing demand—a dynamic not feasible with medicinal products. These tools are paramount in managing customer loyalty, facilitating enhanced communication with existing clients via online and mobile channels. Despite the challenges posed by digitalization, particularly in the realms of logistics and human resources, the management at L’Oréal is well-equipped to swiftly adapt to the evolving business landscape, as evidenced by the proactive adoption and integration of these digital strategies [ 101 ] as illustrated in Fig. 5 .

Results from Ascenso [ 101 ] survey assessing digital challenges for L’Oréal in the Portuguese cosmeceutical sector. Digital Tools Usage in Pharmacies (upper left) : the bar chart showing the percentage of respondents using various digital tools in pharmacies. Suppliers’ Choosing Factors (upper right) : the bar chart displaying the mean scores of factors that distinguish a good laboratory/supplier. General Pharmacists Opinion (lower left) : A line chart illustrating the mean ratings of pharmacists’ opinions on whether the pharmaceutical sector is modern, changing, conducive to innovations, adapted to consumer needs, and more developed than other sectors. Importance of Digital Development Tools for Pharmacies (lower right) : A vertical bar chart demonstrating the mean scores for the importance of different digital development tools for pharmacies

The digital transformation strategies, exemplified by companies like L’Oréal, extend beyond the mere targeting of end consumers, encompassing the perspectives of various stakeholders, including retailers. This broadened focus reflects a holistic and integrated approach to digital marketing and customer engagement, indicative of a larger trend within the market. The significance of digital channels in facilitating comprehensive customer interaction and brand development is increasingly recognized. The distinction of organizations such as L’Oréal in their digital initiatives highlights the competitive advantage that can be garnered through innovative digital strategies.

The receptiveness of industry professionals, such as pharmacists, to emerging digital trends, along with the readiness of companies to engage in non-face-to-face sales models, marks a paradigm shift in traditional sales and distribution methods. This shift is reflective of a broader market trend where digital platforms are becoming integral to the customer journey. Furthermore, the potential for online sales in specialized sectors, such as dermocosmetics, and the benefits that organizations derive from the technological advancement of their client base, underscore an escalating acknowledgment of e-commerce and digital tools as crucial elements of a business strategy. This trend, with L’Oréal as a prime example, emphasizes the broader market movement towards digital transformation, not merely as an option but as a necessity for maintaining relevance and competitiveness in an ever-evolving market landscape.

The global regulatory landscape for cosmeceuticals

Sophisticated regulatory legislation and enforcement mechanisms characterize many developed countries such as the USA, EU Member States, Canada, and Japan. These nations, along with influential organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), significantly shape international market rules and regulations due to their market size and regulatory capacity [ 103 ]. The WHO is particularly noted for its crucial role in setting global standards, with a focus on developing and promoting international standards related to food, biological, pharmaceutical, and similar products [ 104 ]. In contrast to pharmaceuticals, the cosmetic industry necessitates a more advanced international regulatory framework due to consumers’ extensive exposure to these products. The distinction between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals varies significantly across different countries, with the USA employing a voluntary registration system for cosmetics and the EU and Japan requiring mandatory product filings prior to marketing [ 105 ]. Concerns over the safety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products are highlighted, with an increasing consumer focus on “natural, ecological, and clean” products [ 106 ]. However, the lack of a regulatory framework for these categories underscores the need for more advanced regulations to mitigate health risks.

Intergovernmental cooperation is emphasized, with the US and EU portrayed as dominant players in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, respectively. Regulatory capacity, which is essential for defining, implementing, and monitoring market rules, varies among countries and markets. This capacity depends on several factors, including staff expertise, statutory sanctioning authority, and the degree of centralization of regulatory authority [ 103 ]. The regulatory systems of the EU and US are explored, focusing on their unique approaches to medicine authorization and regulation. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the EU and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US serve as pivotal regulatory bodies [ 107 ; 108 ]. The EMA’s centralized procedure and the FDA’s premarket approval process are detailed, along with subsequent postmarket regulatory procedures. For instance, EU and US cosmetic regulations are compared, revealing differences in their approaches and the evolution of the EU’s regulatory landscape through various amendments and directives. In particular, directive 76/768/EC has been superseded by Regulation (EC) N° 1223/2009, serving as the principal regulatory framework for finished cosmetic products in the EU market. This regulation enhances product safety, optimizes the sector’s framework, and eases procedures to promote the internal cosmetic market. Incorporating recent technological advancements, including nanomaterials, it maintains an internationally acknowledged regime focused on product safety without altering existing animal testing prohibitions [ 109 ].

The Eurasian Economic Union’s (EAEU) regulatory framework for medicines and medical devices is detailed, including the legal framework established for regulating the circulation of these products. The conformity assessment methods, such as the EAC Declaration and the State Registration process, are required for manufacturers to demonstrate their products’ compliance with the standards [ 110 ]. Armenia is also part of the EAEU’s legal framework, which aims to unify regulations for the production and registration of pharmaceuticals and medical products by 2025. This unification is expected to reduce administrative costs for manufacturers and improve medicinal products for patients. Despite significant developments in the cosmetics industry, Armenia does not have an extensive regulatory framework for it. Prior to joining the EAEU, the only regulation concerning cosmetic products was the Order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Armenia on “Hygiene Requirements of the Production and Safety of Perfume-Cosmetic Products.” Since joining the EAEU, Armenia has unified its national legislation with EAEU regulations, but there are challenges and gaps in the direct applicability of the EAEU’s technical regulations in the country [ 111 ].

In the context of the necessity for clear regulatory framework stems from two reasons. Firstly, cosmeceuticals - products straddling cosmetics and drugs - demand intensified regulatory attention. Examples include the 2007 FDA seizure of Jan Marini’s Age Intervention Eyelash, which contained the drug ingredient bimatoprost, and products boasting human stem cell cultured media, which claim rejuvenating effects but may pose safety risks due to minimal oversight [ 112 ]. A noted 1450% increase in FDA warnings (from 4 to 62 letters) between 2007 and 2011 and 2012–2017, with 8 targeting stem cell ingredient promotions, underscores the growing concern [ 113 ]. The FDA’s limited capacity to identify and assess potential drug-adulterated cosmetics raises concerns.

The second aspect focuses on the necessity for a more comprehensive and unbiased scientific and medical perspective in the FDA’s ingredient review process. The Personal Care Products Safety Act proposes a balanced committee formation including industry, consumer, and medical representatives, yet advocates for the inclusion of specialized professionals like chemists, dermatologists, toxicologists, and endocrinologists. Specific ingredients like diazolidinyl urea and quarternium-15, although effective antimicrobials, are flagged for potential skin allergy risks and formaldehyde release. The preservative 4-methylisothiazolinone, banned in Europe for rinse-off products, is noted for increasing allergic contact dermatitis cases in the US [ 114 ]. The lag in US cosmetic regulation compared to the EU is acknowledged, with the Personal Care Products Safety Act considered a significant advancement, albeit in need of further refinement [ 115 ].

The importance of consumer safety in the global regulatory landscape for cosmeceuticals, particularly for products that blur the line between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, is a critical issue due to several key factors. Firstly, the cosmeceutical market is expanding rapidly, driven by new ingredients promising various skincare benefits like anti-aging and photoprotection. This growth necessitates clear regulatory guidelines to ensure that these products are safe and their claims are clinically proven. The FDA, for instance, differentiates between cosmetics and cosmeceuticals based on their intended use, particularly if a product is marketed as a cosmetic but functions in a way that affects the structure of the human body, classifying it as a cosmeceutical [ 116 ].

Secondly, the legal and regulatory distinctions between drugs and cosmetics are significant. Drugs are subject to FDA approval based on their intended use in treating diseases or affecting the body’s structure or function, whereas cosmetics are not. This difference becomes crucial when products are marketed with drug-like claims but are not regulated as drugs, potentially leading to consumer safety issues. For example, botanical cosmeceuticals, which contain natural ingredients like herbal extracts, need thorough evaluation to ensure consistency in therapeutic effects [ 117 ]. Additionally, cosmeceutical manufacturers must be careful with marketing and advertising claims to avoid legal implications. Misleading claims can lead to lawsuits and regulatory actions, as seen in past cases where companies faced consequences for unfounded product claims. Moreover, the FDA advises cosmeceutical manufacturers to follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to reduce the risk of misbranding or mislabeling. These guidelines include production practices and specific warning statement guidelines, emphasizing the importance of substantiating the safety of these products [ 118 ].

The global regulatory landscape for online pharmacy

Online pharmacies pose various risks to consumers, including the potential health hazards from counterfeit or substandard medications and the inappropriate use of prescription drugs. The regulatory landscape for these pharmacies varies significantly across nations, with some countries like the United States implementing specific laws, while others, such as France, have instituted outright bans [ 119 ]. The European Union, for instance, has implemented a mandate effective from 1 July 2015, which requires member states to adhere to legal provisions for a common logo specific to online pharmacies. This is coupled with an obligation for national regulatory authorities to maintain a registry of all registered online medicine retailers, as detailed by the European Medicines Agency [ 120 ]. Furthermore, the sale of certain medications online within the EU is permissible, contingent upon the registration of the pharmacy or retailer with respective national authorities [ 121 ]. Additionally, the Council of Europe’s MEDICRIME Convention introduces an international treaty that criminalizes the online sale of counterfeit medicinal products, enforcing prosecution irrespective of the country in which the crime is perpetrated [ 122 ].

Switzerland presents a unique stance, where Swissmedic strongly advises against the online purchase of medicines due to the high risk of illegal sourcing and poor quality. However, Swiss mail-order pharmacies with a valid cantonal license to operate a mail-order business are exempted from this advisory [ 123 ]. The Swiss Mail-Order Pharmacists Association and its affiliates, such as Zur Rose AG and MediService AG, actively advocate for a modern and equitable regulation of mail-order medicine sales [ 124 ]. The legislative framework is further bolstered by the Federal Act on Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, which regulates therapeutic products to guarantee their quality, safety, and efficacy [ 125 ]. In the Middle East, community pharmacy practice is predominantly governed by national Ministries of Public Health or equivalent governmental entities, with most community pharmacies being privately owned [ 126 ]. The region’s involvement in the Global Cooperation Group, which encompasses various international regulatory bodies like the EMA and USFDA, signifies a collaborative approach towards drug regulatory affairs in the MENA region [ 127 ]. Despite these advances in regulatory collaboration, it is notable that currently no specific regulations have been detected for online purchases from online pharmacies in the Middle East, highlighting a significant area for potential regulatory development. Furthermore, a notable transition is observed in pharmacy education across several Middle Eastern nations, with an inclination towards introducing Pharm.D degrees to replace traditional pharmacy degrees, reflective of evolving educational standards in the pharmaceutical field [ 128 ]. This shift in education parallels the need for updated regulatory frameworks, especially in the context of the burgeoning online pharmacy sector.

Furthermore, Australia permits the sale of both Prescription-Only Medicines (POMs) and Over-the-Counter (OTC) medications online, provided that brick-and-mortar pharmacies comply with all relevant laws and practice standards [ 129 ]. In contrast, South Korea maintains a stringent stance, prohibiting the online sale of both POMs and OTC medicines, with sales confined exclusively to physical stores registered with the Regulatory Authority (RA) [ 130 ]. China, Japan, Russia, Singapore, and Malaysia exhibit a more selective regulatory framework. China and Russia allow the online sale of OTC medicines only, with China imposing additional restrictions on third-party e-commerce platforms and Russia having introduced a draft law in December 2017 to formalize this practice [ 131 ; 132 ]. Japan permits the online sale of certain OTC medicines, explicitly excluding specific substances such as fexofenadine and loratadine [ 133 ]. Similarly, Singapore and Malaysia endorse the online sale of specific OTC medicines only, adopting a “buyers beware” approach to caution consumers about the associated risks [ 134 ; 135 ]. Lastly, the legal landscapes in India and Indonesia remain ambiguous. India’s RA has effectively banned the online sale of medicinal products, yet this prohibition lacks legislative backing. Indonesia, too, grapples with unclear regulations, leaving the legal status of online pharmacies indeterminate [ 136 ].

In response to these risks, several initiatives have been developed to guide and certify online pharmacies. In the United States, LegitScript offers certification to online pharmacies that comply with criteria such as appropriate licensing and registration [ 137 ]. Similarly, the Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites (VIPPS) program, accredited by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, ensures pharmacies adhere to licensing requirements in the states where they dispense medications [ 138 ]. Internationally, the Health On the Net Foundation has introduced the HONcode, an ethical standard for health websites globally. This code certifies sites that provide transparent and qualified information. However, due to the absence of international harmonization, the HONcode’s certification is limited to US and Canadian pharmacies verified by VIPPS [ 139 ]. The lack of a harmonized international approach presents significant challenges. Consumers do not have access to a comprehensive, global repository of all certified pharmacies. The diverse certification schemes are not well articulated or interconnected, leading to consumer unawareness about their significance or existence. Moreover, enforcing standards across different legal jurisdictions is complex without a unified agreement. To enhance consumer protection, it is imperative to develop and promote a standardized, minimal international code of conduct for online pharmacies. Such a code would unify requirements and allow all initiatives to clarify their roles under a common framework. Adequate oversight in the borderless online pharmacy market can only be achieved through collaborative efforts. To visualize the infographic of the global regularity landscape for the online pharmacy see Fig. 6 .

Comprehensive representation of the regulatory landscape for global online pharmacies, detailing international and national initiatives, certification programs, and conventions aimed at minimizing risks associated with the purchase of medications via online platforms

Technological innovations and Future trends in global pharmacy

The global pharmacy sector is undergoing a transformative shift, driven by the rapid advancement of technological innovations. As the world becomes increasingly digital, the integration of cutting-edge technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain is setting the stage for a new era in pharmaceutical care and management. These advancements promise to revolutionize the industry by enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and security, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and a more streamlined healthcare experience [ 140 ].

Walgreens, in partnership with Medline, a telehealth firm, has developed a platform for patient interaction with healthcare professionals via video chat. AI’s role extends to inventory management in retail pharmacies, allowing pharmacists to predict patient needs, stock appropriately, and use personalized software for patient reminders. Although not all inventory management software in retail pharmacies utilizes AI, some, like Blue Yonder’s software developed for Otto group, demonstrate the potential of AI in predicting product sales with high accuracy, thus enhancing supply chain efficiency [ 141 ; 142 ]. At the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center, robotic technology is employed to improve patient safety in medication preparation and tracking. This technology has prepared medication doses with a notable error-free record and surpasses human capabilities in accuracy and efficiency. It prepares both oral and injectable medicines, including chemotherapy drugs, freeing pharmacists and nurses to focus on direct patient care. The automated system at UCSF receives electronic medication orders, with robotics handling the picking, packaging, and dispensing of individual doses. This system also assembles medications on bar-coded rings for 12-hour patient intervals and prepares sterile preparations for chemotherapy and intravascular syringes [ 143 ].

In the realm of global pharmacy, blockchain technology emerges as a pivotal force, driving advancements across various facets of healthcare and pharmaceuticals. At the forefront of its application is the enhancement of supply chain transparency [ 144 ]. Blockchain’s immutable ledger ensures the provenance and legitimacy of medical commodities, offering an unprecedented level of visibility from manufacturing to distribution. This is particularly vital in areas plagued by counterfeit drugs, where systems like MediLedger are instrumental in verifying the legality and essential details of medicines [ 145 ].

The utility of blockchain extends to the implementation of smart contracts — scripts processed on the blockchain that bolster transparency in medical studies and secure patient data management [ 146 ]. These contracts find extensive use in advanced medical settings, as evidenced by a blockchain-based telemonitoring system for remote patients and Dermonet, an online platform for dermatological consultation [ 147 ].

Furthermore, blockchain is revolutionizing patient care through patient-centric Electronic Health Records (EHRs). By decentralizing EHR maintenance, blockchain empowers patients with secure access to their historical and current health records [ 148 ]. Prototypes like MedRec and systems such as MeD Share exemplify how blockchain can provide complete, permanent access to clinical documents and facilitate the sharing of medical data between untrusted parties, respectively, ensuring high information authenticity and minimal privacy risks [ 149 ; 150 ]. In verifying medical staff credentials, blockchain again proves invaluable. Systems like ProCredEx, based on the R3 Corda blockchain protocol, streamline the credentialing process, offering rapid verification while allowing healthcare entities to leverage their existing data for enhanced transparency and assurance about medical staff experience [ 151 ].

The integration of blockchain with Internet of Things devices for remote monitoring marks another leap forward, significantly bolstering data security. By safeguarding the integrity and privacy of patient data collected by these devices, blockchain mitigates the risk of tampering and ensures that only authorized parties can access sensitive information [ 152 ]. Besides, a blockchain-based drug supply chain initiative, PharmaChain, utilizes AI for approaches against drug counterfeit and ensures the drug supply chain is more traceable, visible, and secure. For online pharmacies, this means a more reliable supply chain and assurance of drug authenticity, crucial for maintaining trust and safety [ 153 ].

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the PharmaGo platform has emerged as an innovative solution in Sri Lanka, revolutionizing the delivery of pharmacy services. As traditional pharmacies grapple with the challenges of meeting all customer needs in one location, PharmaGo addresses this by providing a comprehensive online pharmaceutical service. It allows customers to access a wide range of medications through a single platform, reducing the need to visit multiple pharmacies. Utilizing image processing technology, pharmacy owners can accurately identify prescribed medicines, while the system’s predictive analytics forecasts future drug demands, enhancing stock management. Additionally, PharmaGo’s AI-powered medical chatbot offers real-time guidance, ensuring a seamless and efficient customer experience. This platform represents a significant advancement in healthcare accessibility and pharmacy service delivery in the pandemic era [ 154 ]. In the same context, ontology-based medicine information system, enhancing search relevance through a chatbot interface was presented by Amalia et al. [ 155 ]. Addressing conventional search engines’ limitations in interpreting data relationships, it employs semantic technology to represent metadata informatively. The ontology as a knowledge base effectively delineates disease-medicine relationships, with evaluations indicating a 90% response validity from the chatbot, offering a robust reference for medical information retrieval and its semantic associations.

Future trends for the digital transformation of in the pharmaceutical sector

Future trends for the digital transformation of pharmacies globally are heavily influenced by the transformative impact of digital technologies on healthcare delivery. The integration of telemedicine, electronic health records, and mobile health applications is pivotal in enhancing patient care. These technologies are instrumental in improving data sharing and collaboration among healthcare professionals, increasing the efficiency of healthcare services. Additionally, they offer significant potential for personalized medicine through data analytics and play a crucial role in patient engagement and self-management of health. The importance of these technologies in creating a more connected and efficient healthcare system is underscored, marking a significant shift in the global healthcare landscape [ 156 ].

In the pharmaceutical sector, the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed a significant shift towards Pharmaceutical Digital Marketing (PDM), particularly for over-the-counter drugs. This shift focuses on utilizing online pharmacies and digital platforms for targeted advertising, directly reaching consumers. The trend towards purchasing OTC drugs online has grown, driven by the convenience and efficiency of digital channels. While PDM faces challenges like regulatory constraints and the need for digital proficiency, it offers substantial opportunities in enhancing customer engagement and precise marketing. The future of PDM is poised to be more consumer-centric, integrating advanced technologies like AI, and emphasizing personalized marketing strategies to strengthen brand engagement and customer interaction [ 157 ].

Artificial intelligence holds immense potential to revolutionize the field of pharmacy, offering numerous benefits that can significantly enhance efficiency and patient care. One of the primary applications of AI in this sector is the automation of routine tasks. By utilizing AI, pharmacies can automate critical processes such as prescription processing, checking for drug interactions, and managing inventory. This automation not only streamlines operations but also minimizes the likelihood of human error, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of pharmacies [ 158 ].

Furthermore, AI can play a pivotal role in personalized medication management. This is particularly beneficial for patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes who require careful management of their insulin dosages, as fluctuations in blood sugar levels can lead to serious complications. AI systems can monitor patients continuously, provide timely reminders for medication intake, and dynamically adjust treatment plans based on individual health data. Such personalized management ensures that patients receive optimal care tailored to their specific needs, potentially improving treatment outcomes. Incorporation of AI into electronic health records presents another significant advancement. By integrating AI with EHRs, healthcare providers can access real-time patient data. This integration empowers healthcare professionals to make more informed care decisions, enhancing the quality of patient care. Moreover, it significantly reduces the likelihood of medication errors, a critical concern in healthcare.

Likewise, AI’s capability to analyze extensive patient data is invaluable. It can identify patterns and trends in medication adherence, detect potential drug interactions, and pinpoint adverse drug reactions. These insights are crucial for healthcare professionals and researchers. By understanding these patterns, they can develop more effective medication adherence strategies and support systems, contributing to better patient outcomes and advancing the overall field of pharmaceutical care.

In the expansive realm of chemical space, the pharmaceutical industry faces the continual challenge of identifying new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for diverse diseases [ 159 ]. High throughput screening (HTS), despite its advancements in recent decades, remains resource-intensive and often yields unsuitable hits for drug development. The failure rate of investigational compounds remains high, with a study citing only a 6.2% success rate for orphan drugs progressing from phase I to market approval [ 160 , 161 ].

Machine learning presents a transformative approach to this challenge. It offers an alternative to manual HTS through in silico methodologies. ML-driven drug discovery boasts several advantages: it operates continuously, surpasses the capacity of manual methods, reduces costs by decreasing the number of physical compounds tested, and early identifies negative characteristics of compounds, such as off-target effects and sex-dependent variability [ 162 ].

A substantial advancement in the realm of machine learning has emerged from major pharmaceutical entities, notably AstraZeneca, in conjunction with research institutions. This progress is evidenced by the development of an innovative algorithm that demonstrates both time efficiency and effectiveness in the sphere of drug discovery. The recent introduction of this algorithm significantly enhances the process of determining binding affinities between investigational compounds and therapeutic targets. It surpasses traditional in silico methods in terms of performance. The application of this algorithm underscores the remarkable potential of machine learning in accelerating the identification and development of novel therapeutic agents [ 163 ].

Moreover, the proficiency of machine learning in managing vast and intricate datasets has rendered it indispensable in research focused on cancer targets, utilizing diverse and extensive datasets. This approach is fundamental in numerous drug discovery initiatives, especially those targeting various forms of cancer. A wide array of ML techniques, ranging from supervised to unsupervised learning, are employed to discern chemical attributes that are indicative of potential therapeutic efficacy against a spectrum of cancer targets. This methodology is crucial in identifying novel compounds that could be effective in cancer treatment, leveraging the rich and complex data available in oncological research [ 164 ].

The digital transformation in the pharmacy sector is significantly reshaping healthcare delivery, driven by the integration of cutting-edge technologies like Artificial Intelligence and blockchain. This transformation is marked by a substantial growth in the digital pharmacy market, with a projected annual growth rate of 14.42%, leading to a market volume of approximately $35.33 billion by 2026.

One major aspect of this transformation is the growing reliance on online pharmacy platforms, largely influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Consumer trust in online medication purchases has significantly increased, indicating a shift towards digital healthcare solutions. The adoption of telehealth services, including telepharmacy, has surged, with patient adoption in the United States increasing from 11% in 2019 to 46%. This shift towards digital-first services enhances convenience and access to care but also introduces regulatory challenges, particularly in maintaining patient safety and quality standards in the rapidly evolving online healthcare environment.

The cosmeceuticals market, a segment within online pharmacies, is experiencing robust growth. Cosmeceuticals, which bridge the gap between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, have become a significant part of the skincare industry. The market, valued at USD 56.78 billion in 2022, is projected to expand to USD 95.75 billion by 2030. This expansion is driven by factors like innovation in natural ingredients and significant penetration of internet, smartphone, and social media applications. Despite the growth, the overall penetration for non-specialty drugs in mail-order and online pharmacies remains low, representing a significant portion of specialty prescription revenues. The evolving landscape of online pharmacies in the cosmeceuticals sector reflects a trend towards more accessible and customizable personal healthcare solutions.

Technological innovations are setting the stage for a new era in pharmaceutical care and management. AI’s role extends to areas like inventory management in retail pharmacies, where it predicts patient needs and enhances supply chain efficiency. Blockchain technology enhances supply chain transparency and legitimizes medical commodities, especially crucial in areas affected by counterfeit drugs. Blockchain also plays a vital role in patient-centric Electronic Health Records and telemonitoring systems. For instance, PharmaGo, an innovative platform developed in response to the pandemic, provides a comprehensive online pharmaceutical service, demonstrating the significant advancements in healthcare accessibility and pharmacy service delivery.

These technological advancements are instrumental in improving data sharing and collaboration among healthcare professionals. They offer significant potential for personalized medicine through data analytics, playing a crucial role in patient engagement and self-management of health. The future trends in the pharmaceutical sector, particularly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, indicate a shift towards Pharmaceutical Digital Marketing (PDM) and a more consumer-centric approach. AI’s potential in revolutionizing pharmacy includes automation of routine tasks, personalized medication management, real-time patient data access, and the identification of patterns in medication adherence and potential drug interactions.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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The researcher would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Qassim University for funding the publication of this project.

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Almeman, A. The digital transformation in pharmacy: embracing online platforms and the cosmeceutical paradigm shift. J Health Popul Nutr 43 , 60 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00550-2

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The handkerchief, a token of Othello's love for Desdemona, becomes a potent symbol of identity and trust. When Iago uses it to 'prove' Desdemona's infidelity, it signifies the fragility of the evidence upon which Othello's perception of himself and his wife rests. The handkerchief's transformation from a symbol of love to one of betrayal mirrors Othello's own transformation from a loving ...
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I, I, I: Iago's name unfolds from the Italian io, Latin ego; and the injured "I" is his signature, the ground of his being and the ground, I will argue, of the play. For Iago calls up the action ...
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2. The transformation of Othello's character: As the play unfolds, Othello's character undergoes a dramatic transformation under the influence of jealousy. Initially, Othello is portrayed as a respected military general, admired for his noble qualities. However, as his jealousy intensifies, we witness a gradual erosion of these virtues.
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Introduction: "Othello," a timeless tragedy penned by William Shakespeare, stands as a poignant exploration of jealousy, manipulation, and the destructive power of unchecked emotions. Written in the early 17th century, the play delves into the complexities of human nature, exposing the fragility of trust and the devastating consequences of deceit. . This essay explores the themes, characters ...
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Shakespeare presents this transformation through Othello's syntax and dramatic irony. His confused logic is evident in his actions whether they are violent or passionate. ... This response shows some good level analysis; however the essay is lacking cohesion and structure. To ensure focus on the question make sure that a clear plan is used to ...
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Othello's Transformation. Throughout the play Othello transitions from a confident and well respected general to a man who confirms society's assumptions of black people. There are many inequalities that Othello faces because of his race, but he still believes he should be treated the same as any other Venetian man withe the same status as him.
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Iago is angry because Cassio has been promoted by Othello, and Iago wanted that job.2. Brabantio is a senator of Venice and the father of Desdemona. Roderiuo and Iago wake him up to tell him that his daughter has been taken away to be the wife of Othello. 3. Iago is duty-bound to work for Othello, and so he cannot be seen stirring up trouble ...
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Exploring Shakespeare’s Othello: Themes, Characters, and Impact

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About Shakespeare’s Othello

The Historical Tapestry of Othello

Venetian Society and Power Dynamics

Military Might and the Subjugation of Others

Key Characters in Shakespeare’s Othello

Othello: The Tragic Hero

Iago: The Manipulative Villain

Desdemona: The Innocent Victim

Cassio: The Epitome of Lost Reputation

Emilia: The Voice of Reason and Witness to Tragedy

Themes in Shakespeare’s Othello

Jealousy and Betrayal

Racism and Prejudice

Appearance vs. Reality

Love and Loyalty

Manipulation and Deception

The Impact of Othello on Literature and Beyond

Influence on Literature and Theater

Exploration of Timeless Human Emotions

Film Adaptations of Shakespeare’s Othello

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What is Othello the tragedy of?

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Othello's Character Development

How and why does Othello's character change during the course of the play? How does Shakespeare present this dramatically?

How and why does Othello’s character change during the course of the play? How does Shakespeare present this dramatically?

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