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Emerging Research Areas in 5G Network Technology

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What is 5G?

Short for “fifth generation,” 5G is the latest version of mobile internet connection and an upgrade from the 4G network. Compared to earlier generations, it’s designed to be better at handling large amounts of data consumption and deployment when people are trying to access the same mobile service at the same time. New 5G also provides faster browsing and download speeds—up to 20 times faster than the 4G or LTE mobile networks, according to 5G research.

5G also promises lower latency than LTE and other mobile networks for connected devices, which can boost the performance of digital experiences such as video streaming, automated cars, virtual reality, smart factories, online gaming, and more.

Given these improvements it’s no wonder that, since hitting the market in 2019, 5G is already making a major impact around the globe. In fact, the number of 5G users is expected to hit 3 billion by 2025 , according to reports by Statista.

5G has the potential to create a smarter and more connected world, but it’s still a relatively new technology and much research is being done to understand it. This article explores the emerging research in 5G technology and its potential impact on today’s organizations.

What are Challenges Facing 5G Research?

While the future for this emerging technology seems promising, realizing its potential has come with its own set of challenges. Here are some of the obstacles facing 5G research:

5G research and development is expensive to coordinate and administer, and the potential benefits aren’t certain. On top of that, 5G wireless networks and improved tech cost billions to build. Global spending on 5G network infrastructure will total 19.1 billion in 2021—up 39% from 2020 according to 5G research. In countries like China, governments are taking some of the strain off operators to fund the upfront costs. But in the United States, mobile operators like AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile have greater pressure to sign on customers to cover the cost of a 5G buildout.

Technological Deficiencies

It’s difficult to study 5G capabilities when the technology needed to do so isn’t fully developed. Two technologies in particular—high-band technology and end-to-end network slicing—are important for network performance but aren’t yet fully developed. It's also difficult to know how the tech will work in real time, what bandwidth is truly needed to make the technology worthwhile, and more.

5G means more data—which introduces new modes of cyberattacks and expands the potential of security breaches. This presents an additional challenge for researchers to come up with solutions that will be to safely move forward with 5G technology.

Misinformation

Since the emergence of 5G, there has been misinformation regarding its safety—namely, the possible health effects of radio-frequency (RF) energy transmitted by 5G base stations. However, a 2019 review of environmental levels of RF signals in the environment did not find an increase in overall levels since 2012 despite the rapid increase of wireless communications. Currently, there is no solid evidence that 5G causes negative health effects in humans or animals, especially compared to LTE and other existing technologies.

What is the Importance of 5G Research?

5G research and technology has paved the way for a powerful new communication standard that can connect billions of devices and sensors to the internet. This is referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT allows devices to communicate and share data faster than ever before, empowering industries such as healthcare, education, automotive, and more.

5G’s faster network speeds and higher bandwidth not only save organization’s time and money, but in the case of the healthcare industry, this improved technology has the power to save lives. For example, 5G allows doctors to treat patients remotely and provide care—and even robotic surgery—to remote areas.

Another industry that’s benefitting from 5G technology and research is automotive.

According to a recent article by Forbes , “Vehicle automation is expected to be a top use case for the adoption of 5G in IoT applications. This includes the capability to deliver autonomous vehicles that can guide themselves, as well as new services based on the collection of more real-time and granular data about the health and performance of a vehicle.“

5G research has also helped develop safer and more efficient cars. In fact, many of 5G’s applications relate to safety, such as automatic notifications that alert drivers to cars traveling in the wrong direction on one-way roads.

Areas for Further Research in 5G Technology

When most of us think of 5G we think of its obvious uses—smartphones and mobile devices. However, there are other important areas and industries that 5G research is currently exploring.

Healthcare organizations use telehealth more than ever before, and 5G research and technology has played a large role in empowering that growth.

According to a study by Market Research Future, telemedicine is expected to grow by 16.5% by 2023. The research determined this growth is due in large part to the increased demand for healthcare in rural areas. With more telehealth systems in place that are powered by 5G technology, healthcare systems can reach more patients and help them get them treated sooner.

Small Cells

Researchers are currently focusing on small cells to meet the higher data capacity demands of 5G networks. Small cells are low-powered portable base stations that can be placed throughout small geographical areas to improve mobile communication. Because they’re capable of handling high data rates, as well as IoT devices, small cells are well equipped to handle more 5G rollouts.

Research suggests that the speed and reliability of 5G network connectivity will enable more cost-effective and reliable energy transmission. With smart power grids, the energy industry can more effectively manage power consumption and distribution based on need. This will allow them to tap into more off-grid energy sources such as windmills and solar panels.

Smart Cities

Research into 5G and IoT is looking at the potential to create smart city networks that can benefit the lives of citizens. An article by Forbes describes an IoT-equipped smart city powered by 5G where “sports fans driving to a sold-out game could receive real-time notifications of available parking locations while they’re en route.” The article goes on to add, “Integrating video analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) could result in adjustments to traffic signals and traffic flows, reducing congestion and travel times. Minimizing the time cars idle at red lights could save time and frustration while increasing safety and lowering pollution by reducing peak traffic on roadways.”

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is becoming a major area of focus for 5G research. Because this new technology makes everything more software based, the rollout of 5G opens more opportunities for organizations and IT teams to enhance security measures and combat cybercriminals. Additionally, the use of 5G-enabled technologies such as AI, IoT, and cloud computing will help IT pros prevent new cybersecurity threats and operate entire business networks more securely.

5G research is also exploring ways to improve farm efficiency. By using artificial intelligence (AI) combined with 5G technology, farmers get faster, more accurate information from their fields. For example, farm equipment coupled with ground sensors, will be able to give farmers instant updates on the health and performance of their crops. Researchers are also looking into self-driving tractors paired with drones that could guide their work.

Keep in mind these are just the latest areas that researchers and IT experts are exploring. But just like any new technology, the future of 5G is changing every day. With the right training, current and prospective IT experts may easily discover even more ways to use 5G. 

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Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review

Ramraj dangi.

1 School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University Bhopal, Bhopal 466114, India; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (P.L.)

Praveen Lalwani

Gaurav choudhary.

2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; moc.liamg@7777yrahduohcvaruag

3 Department of Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea

Giovanni Pau

4 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; [email protected]

Associated Data

Not applicable.

In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.

1. Introduction

Most recently, in three decades, rapid growth was marked in the field of wireless communication concerning the transition of 1G to 4G [ 1 , 2 ]. The main motto behind this research was the requirements of high bandwidth and very low latency. 5G provides a high data rate, improved quality of service (QoS), low-latency, high coverage, high reliability, and economically affordable services. 5G delivers services categorized into three categories: (1) Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It is a nonstandalone architecture that offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. (2) Massive machine type communication (eMTC), 3GPP releases it in its 13th specification. It provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. (3) ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. [ 3 ].

1.1. Evolution from 1G to 5G

First generation (1G): 1G cell phone was launched between the 1970s and 80s, based on analog technology, which works just like a landline phone. It suffers in various ways, such as poor battery life, voice quality, and dropped calls. In 1G, the maximum achievable speed was 2.4 Kbps.

Second Generation (2G): In 2G, the first digital system was offered in 1991, providing improved mobile voice communication over 1G. In addition, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile (GSM) concepts were also discussed. In 2G, the maximum achievable speed was 1 Mpbs.

Third Generation (3G): When technology ventured from 2G GSM frameworks into 3G universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) framework, users encountered higher system speed and quicker download speed making constant video calls. 3G was the first mobile broadband system that was formed to provide the voice with some multimedia. The technology behind 3G was high-speed packet access (HSPA/HSPA+). 3G used MIMO for multiplying the power of the wireless network, and it also used packet switching for fast data transmission.

Fourth Generation (4G): It is purely mobile broadband standard. In digital mobile communication, it was observed information rate that upgraded from 20 to 60 Mbps in 4G [ 4 ]. It works on LTE and WiMAX technologies, as well as provides wider bandwidth up to 100 Mhz. It was launched in 2010.

Fourth Generation LTE-A (4.5G): It is an advanced version of standard 4G LTE. LTE-A uses MIMO technology to combine multiple antennas for both transmitters as well as a receiver. Using MIMO, multiple signals and multiple antennas can work simultaneously, making LTE-A three times faster than standard 4G. LTE-A offered an improved system limit, decreased deferral in the application server, access triple traffic (Data, Voice, and Video) wirelessly at any time anywhere in the world.LTE-A delivers speeds of over 42 Mbps and up to 90 Mbps.

Fifth Generation (5G): 5G is a pillar of digital transformation; it is a real improvement on all the previous mobile generation networks. 5G brings three different services for end user like Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. Massive machine type communication (eMTC), it provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. 5G faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability and scalability, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ]. 5G mainly divided in two parts 6 GHz 5G and Millimeter wave(mmWave) 5G.

6 GHz is a mid frequency band which works as a mid point between capacity and coverage to offer perfect environment for 5G connectivity. 6 GHz spectrum will provide high bandwidth with improved network performance. It offers continuous channels that will reduce the need for network densification when mid-band spectrum is not available and it makes 5G connectivity affordable at anytime, anywhere for everyone.

mmWave is an essential technology of 5G network which build high performance network. 5G mmWave offer diverse services that is why all network providers should add on this technology in their 5G deployment planning. There are lots of service providers who deployed 5G mmWave, and their simulation result shows that 5G mmwave is a far less used spectrum. It provides very high speed wireless communication and it also offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next generation mobile network.

The evolution of wireless mobile technologies are presented in Table 1 . The abbreviations used in this paper are mentioned in Table 2 .

Summary of Mobile Technology.

Table of Notations and Abbreviations.

1.2. Key Contributions

The objective of this survey is to provide a detailed guide of 5G key technologies, methods to researchers, and to help with understanding how the recent works addressed 5G problems and developed solutions to tackle the 5G challenges; i.e., what are new methods that must be applied and how can they solve problems? Highlights of the research article are as follows.

• This survey focused on the recent trends and development in the era of 5G and novel contributions by the researcher community and discussed technical details on essential aspects of the 5G advancement.
• In this paper, the evolution of the mobile network from 1G to 5G is presented. In addition, the growth of mobile communication under different attributes is also discussed.
• This paper covers the emerging applications and research groups working on 5G & different research areas in 5G wireless communication network with a descriptive taxonomy.
• This survey discusses the current vision of the 5G networks, advantages, applications, key technologies, and key features. Furthermore, machine learning prospects are also explored with the emerging requirements in the 5G era. The article also focused on technical aspects of 5G IoT Based approaches and optimization techniques for 5G.
• we provide an extensive overview and recent advancement of emerging technologies of 5G mobile network, namely, MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), mmWave, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and optimization. Also, a technical summary is discussed by highlighting the context of current approaches and corresponding challenges.
• Security challenges and considerations while developing 5G technology are discussed.
• Finally, the paper concludes with the future directives.

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products.

2. Existing Surveys and Their Applicability

In this paper, a detailed survey on various technologies of 5G networks is presented. Various researchers have worked on different technologies of 5G networks. In this section, Table 3 gives a tabular representation of existing surveys of 5G networks. Massive MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beamforming, and MEC are the six main pillars that helped to implement 5G networks in real life.

A comparative overview of existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks.

2.1. Limitations of Existing Surveys

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. The numerous current surveys focused on various 5G technologies with different parameters, and the authors did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network in detail with challenges and recent advancements. Few authors worked on MIMO (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) NOMA, MEC, small cell technologies. In contrast, some others worked on beamforming, Millimeter-wave (mmWave). But the existing survey did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network from a research and advancement perspective. No detailed survey is available in the market covering all the 5G network technologies and currently published research trade-offs. So, our main aim is to give a detailed study of all the technologies working on the 5G network. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products. This survey article collected key information about 5G technology and recent advancements, and it can be a kind of a guide for the reader. This survey provides an umbrella approach to bring multiple solutions and recent improvements in a single place to accelerate the 5G research with the latest key enabling solutions and reviews. A systematic layout representation of the survey in Figure 1 . We provide a state-of-the-art comparative overview of the existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks in Table 3 .

Systematic layout representation of survey.

2.2. Article Organization

This article is organized under the following sections. Section 2 presents existing surveys and their applicability. In Section 3 , the preliminaries of 5G technology are presented. In Section 4 , recent advances of 5G technology based on Massive MIMO, NOMA, Millimeter Wave, 5G with IoT, machine learning for 5G, and Optimization in 5G are provided. In Section 5 , a description of novel 5G features over 4G is provided. Section 6 covered all the security concerns of the 5G network. Section 7 , 5G technology based on above-stated challenges summarize in tabular form. Finally, Section 8 and Section 9 conclude the study, which paves the path for future research.

3. Preliminary Section

3.1. emerging 5g paradigms and its features.

5G provides very high speed, low latency, and highly salable connectivity between multiple devices and IoT worldwide. 5G will provide a very flexible model to develop a modern generation of applications and industry goals [ 26 , 27 ]. There are many services offered by 5G network architecture are stated below:

Massive machine to machine communications: 5G offers novel, massive machine-to-machine communications [ 28 ], also known as the IoT [ 29 ], that provide connectivity between lots of machines without any involvement of humans. This service enhances the applications of 5G and provides connectivity between agriculture, construction, and industries [ 30 ].

Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): This service offers real-time management of machines, high-speed vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity, industrial connectivity and security principles, and highly secure transport system, and multiple autonomous actions. Low latency communications also clear up a different area where remote medical care, procedures, and operation are all achievable [ 31 ].

Enhanced mobile broadband: Enhance mobile broadband is an important use case of 5G system, which uses massive MIMO antenna, mmWave, beamforming techniques to offer very high-speed connectivity across a wide range of areas [ 32 ].

For communities: 5G provides a very flexible internet connection between lots of machines to make smart homes, smart schools, smart laboratories, safer and smart automobiles, and good health care centers [ 33 ].

For businesses and industry: As 5G works on higher spectrum ranges from 24 to 100 GHz. This higher frequency range provides secure low latency communication and high-speed wireless connectivity between IoT devices and industry 4.0, which opens a market for end-users to enhance their business models [ 34 ].

New and Emerging technologies: As 5G came up with many new technologies like beamforming, massive MIMO, mmWave, small cell, NOMA, MEC, and network slicing, it introduced many new features to the market. Like virtual reality (VR), users can experience the physical presence of people who are millions of kilometers away from them. Many new technologies like smart homes, smart workplaces, smart schools, smart sports academy also came into the market with this 5G Mobile network model [ 35 ].

3.2. Commercial Service Providers of 5G

5G provides high-speed internet browsing, streaming, and downloading with very high reliability and low latency. 5G network will change your working style, and it will increase new business opportunities and provide innovations that we cannot imagine. This section covers top service providers of 5G network [ 36 , 37 ].

Ericsson: Ericsson is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company, investing around 25.62 billion USD in 5G network, which makes it the biggest telecommunication company. It claims that it is the only company working on all the continents to make the 5G network a global standard for the next generation wireless communication. Ericsson developed the first 5G radio prototype that enables the operators to set up the live field trials in their network, which helps operators understand how 5G reacts. It plays a vital role in the development of 5G hardware. It currently provides 5G services in over 27 countries with content providers like China Mobile, GCI, LGU+, AT&T, Rogers, and many more. It has 100 commercial agreements with different operators as of 2020.

Verizon: It is American multinational telecommunication which was founded in 1983. Verizon started offering 5G services in April 2020, and by December 2020, it has actively provided 5G services in 30 cities of the USA. They planned that by the end of 2021, they would deploy 5G in 30 more new cities. Verizon deployed a 5G network on mmWave, a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave is a faster and high-band spectrum that has a limited range. Verizon planned to increase its number of 5G cells by 500% by 2020. Verizon also has an ultra wide-band flagship 5G service which is the best 5G service that increases the market price of Verizon.

Nokia: Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications company which was founded in 1865. Nokia is one of the companies which adopted 5G technology very early. It is developing, researching, and building partnerships with various 5G renders to offer 5G communication as soon as possible. Nokia collaborated with Deutsche Telekom and Hamburg Port Authority and provided them 8000-hectare site for their 5G MoNArch project. Nokia is the only company that supplies 5G technology to all the operators of different countries like AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile US and Verizon in the USA, Korea Telecom, LG U+ and SK Telecom in South Korea and NTT DOCOMO, KDDI, and SoftBank in Japan. Presently, Nokia has around 150+ agreements and 29 live networks all over the world. Nokia is continuously working hard on 5G technology to expand 5G networks all over the globe.

AT&T: AT&T is an American multinational company that was the first to deploy a 5G network in reality in 2018. They built a gigabit 5G network connection in Waco, TX, Kalamazoo, MI, and South Bend to achieve this. It is the first company that archives 1–2 gigabit per second speed in 2019. AT&T claims that it provides a 5G network connection among 225 million people worldwide by using a 6 GHz spectrum band.

T-Mobile: T-Mobile US (TMUS) is an American wireless network operator which was the first service provider that offers a real 5G nationwide network. The company knew that high-band 5G was not feasible nationwide, so they used a 600 MHz spectrum to build a significant portion of its 5G network. TMUS is planning that by 2024 they will double the total capacity and triple the full 5G capacity of T-Mobile and Sprint combined. The sprint buyout is helping T-Mobile move forward the company’s current market price to 129.98 USD.

Samsung: Samsung started their research in 5G technology in 2011. In 2013, Samsung successfully developed the world’s first adaptive array transceiver technology operating in the millimeter-wave Ka bands for cellular communications. Samsung provides several hundred times faster data transmission than standard 4G for core 5G mobile communication systems. The company achieved a lot of success in the next generation of technology, and it is considered one of the leading companies in the 5G domain.

Qualcomm: Qualcomm is an American multinational corporation in San Diego, California. It is also one of the leading company which is working on 5G chip. Qualcomm’s first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016, and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017. Qualcomm mainly focuses on building products while other companies talk about 5G; Qualcomm is building the technologies. According to one magazine, Qualcomm was working on three main areas of 5G networks. Firstly, radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to; secondly, creating more extensive ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces; and thirdly, a set of services for internet applications.

ZTE Corporation: ZTE Corporation was founded in 1985. It is a partially Chinese state-owned technology company that works in telecommunication. It was a leading company that worked on 4G LTE, and it is still maintaining its value and doing research and tests on 5G. It is the first company that proposed Pre5G technology with some series of solutions.

NEC Corporation: NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ZTE also started their research on 5G, and they introduced a new business concept. NEC’s main aim is to develop 5G NR for the global mobile system and create secure and intelligent technologies to realize 5G services.

Cisco: Cisco is a USA networking hardware company that also sleeves up for 5G network. Cisco’s primary focus is to support 5G in three ways: Service—enable 5G services faster so all service providers can increase their business. Infrastructure—build 5G-oriented infrastructure to implement 5G more quickly. Automation—make a more scalable, flexible, and reliable 5G network. The companies know the importance of 5G, and they want to connect more than 30 billion devices in the next couple of years. Cisco intends to work on network hardening as it is a vital part of 5G network. Cisco used AI with deep learning to develop a 5G Security Architecture, enabling Secure Network Transformation.

3.3. 5G Research Groups

Many research groups from all over the world are working on a 5G wireless mobile network [ 38 ]. These groups are continuously working on various aspects of 5G. The list of those research groups are presented as follows: 5GNOW (5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveform for Asynchronous Signaling), NEWCOM (Network of Excellence in Wireless Communication), 5GIC (5G Innovation Center), NYU (New York University) Wireless, 5GPPP (5G Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership), EMPHATIC (Enhanced Multi-carrier Technology for Professional Adhoc and Cell-Based Communication), ETRI(Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute), METIS (Mobile and wireless communication Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society) [ 39 ]. The various research groups along with the research area are presented in Table 4 .

Research groups working on 5G mobile networks.

3.4. 5G Applications

5G is faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability, greater scalablility, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ].

There are lots of applications of 5G mobile network are as follows:

• High-speed mobile network: 5G is an advancement on all the previous mobile network technologies, which offers very high speed downloading speeds 0 of up to 10 to 20 Gbps. The 5G wireless network works as a fiber optic internet connection. 5G is different from all the conventional mobile transmission technologies, and it offers both voice and high-speed data connectivity efficiently. 5G offers very low latency communication of less than a millisecond, useful for autonomous driving and mission-critical applications. 5G will use millimeter waves for data transmission, providing higher bandwidth and a massive data rate than lower LTE bands. As 5 Gis a fast mobile network technology, it will enable virtual access to high processing power and secure and safe access to cloud services and enterprise applications. Small cell is one of the best features of 5G, which brings lots of advantages like high coverage, high-speed data transfer, power saving, easy and fast cloud access, etc. [ 40 ].
• Entertainment and multimedia: In one analysis in 2015, it was found that more than 50 percent of mobile internet traffic was used for video downloading. This trend will surely increase in the future, which will make video streaming more common. 5G will offer High-speed streaming of 4K videos with crystal clear audio, and it will make a high definition virtual world on your mobile. 5G will benefit the entertainment industry as it offers 120 frames per second with high resolution and higher dynamic range video streaming, and HD TV channels can also be accessed on mobile devices without any interruptions. 5G provides low latency high definition communication so augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) will be very easily implemented in the future. Virtual reality games are trendy these days, and many companies are investing in HD virtual reality games. The 5G network will offer high-speed internet connectivity with a better gaming experience [ 41 ].
• Smart homes : smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high-speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network as it offers very high-speed low latency communication.
• Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps develop smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy-saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.
• Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance, and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost-effective, and energy-saving industrial IoT operations.
• Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role in agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation, pest, insect, and electricity control.
• Autonomous Driving: The 5G wireless network offers very low latency high-speed communication, significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects, and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is essential for autonomous vehicles, decision-making is done in microseconds to avoid accidents.
• Healthcare and mission-critical applications: 5G technology will bring modernization in medicine where doctors and practitioners can perform advanced medical procedures. The 5G network will provide connectivity between all classrooms, so attending seminars and lectures will be easier. Through 5G technology, patients can connect with doctors and take their advice. Scientists are building smart medical devices which can help people with chronic medical conditions. The 5G network will boost the healthcare industry with smart devices, the internet of medical things, smart sensors, HD medical imaging technologies, and smart analytics systems. 5G will help access cloud storage, so accessing healthcare data will be very easy from any location worldwide. Doctors and medical practitioners can easily store and share large files like MRI reports within seconds using the 5G network.
• Satellite Internet: In many remote areas, ground base stations are not available, so 5G will play a crucial role in providing connectivity in such areas. The 5G network will provide connectivity using satellite systems, and the satellite system uses a constellation of multiple small satellites to provide connectivity in urban and rural areas across the world.

4. 5G Technologies

This section describes recent advances of 5G Massive MIMO, 5G NOMA, 5G millimeter wave, 5G IOT, 5G with machine learning, and 5G optimization-based approaches. In addition, the summary is also presented in each subsection that paves the researchers for the future research direction.

4.1. 5G Massive MIMO

Multiple-input-multiple-out (MIMO) is a very important technology for wireless systems. It is used for sending and receiving multiple signals simultaneously over the same radio channel. MIMO plays a very big role in WI-FI, 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE-A networks. MIMO is mainly used to achieve high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency but it was not up to the mark MIMO provides low throughput and very low reliable connectivity. To resolve this, lots of MIMO technology like single user MIMO (SU-MIMO), multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and network MIMO were used. However, these new MIMO also did not still fulfill the demand of end users. Massive MIMO is an advancement of MIMO technology used in the 5G network in which hundreds and thousands of antennas are attached with base stations to increase throughput and spectral efficiency. Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used in massive MIMO to increase the transmission rate and spectral efficiency. When multiple UEs generate downlink traffic simultaneously, massive MIMO gains higher capacity. Massive MIMO uses extra antennas to move energy into smaller regions of space to increase spectral efficiency and throughput [ 43 ]. In traditional systems data collection from smart sensors is a complex task as it increases latency, reduced data rate and reduced reliability. While massive MIMO with beamforming and huge multiplexing techniques can sense data from different sensors with low latency, high data rate and higher reliability. Massive MIMO will help in transmitting the data in real-time collected from different sensors to central monitoring locations for smart sensor applications like self-driving cars, healthcare centers, smart grids, smart cities, smart highways, smart homes, and smart enterprises [ 44 ].

Highlights of 5G Massive MIMO technology are as follows:

• Data rate: Massive MIMO is advised as the one of the dominant technologies to provide wireless high speed and high data rate in the gigabits per seconds.
• The relationship between wave frequency and antenna size: Both are inversely proportional to each other. It means lower frequency signals need a bigger antenna and vise versa.

Pictorial representation of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO).

• MIMO role in 5G: Massive MIMO will play a crucial role in the deployment of future 5G mobile communication as greater spectral and energy efficiency could be enabled.

State-of-the-Art Approaches

Plenty of approaches were proposed to resolve the issues of conventional MIMO [ 7 ].

The MIMO multirate, feed-forward controller is suggested by Mae et al. [ 46 ]. In the simulation, the proposed model generates the smooth control input, unlike the conventional MIMO, which generates oscillated control inputs. It also outperformed concerning the error rate. However, a combination of multirate and single rate can be used for better results.

The performance of stand-alone MIMO, distributed MIMO with and without corporation MIMO, was investigated by Panzner et al. [ 47 ]. In addition, an idea about the integration of large scale in the 5G technology was also presented. In the experimental analysis, different MIMO configurations are considered. The variation in the ratio of overall transmit antennas to spatial is deemed step-wise from equality to ten.

The simulation of massive MIMO noncooperative and cooperative systems for down-link behavior was performed by He et al. [ 48 ]. It depends on present LTE systems, which deal with various antennas in the base station set-up. It was observed that collaboration in different BS improves the system behaviors, whereas throughput is reduced slightly in this approach. However, a new method can be developed which can enhance both system behavior and throughput.

In [ 8 ], different approaches that increased the energy efficiency benefits provided by massive MIMO were presented. They analyzed the massive MIMO technology and described the detailed design of the energy consumption model for massive MIMO systems. This article has explored several techniques to enhance massive MIMO systems’ energy efficiency (EE) gains. This paper reviews standard EE-maximization approaches for the conventional massive MIMO systems, namely, scaling number of antennas, real-time implementing low-complexity operations at the base station (BS), power amplifier losses minimization, and radio frequency (RF) chain minimization requirements. In addition, open research direction is also identified.

In [ 49 ], various existing approaches based on different antenna selection and scheduling, user selection and scheduling, and joint antenna and user scheduling methods adopted in massive MIMO systems are presented in this paper. The objective of this survey article was to make awareness about the current research and future research direction in MIMO for systems. They analyzed that complete utilization of resources and bandwidth was the most crucial factor which enhances the sum rate.

In [ 50 ], authors discussed the development of various techniques for pilot contamination. To calculate the impact of pilot contamination in time division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO system, TDD and frequency division duplexing FDD patterns in massive MIMO techniques are used. They discussed different issues in pilot contamination in TDD massive MIMO systems with all the possible future directions of research. They also classified various techniques to generate the channel information for both pilot-based and subspace-based approaches.

In [ 19 ], the authors defined the uplink and downlink services for a massive MIMO system. In addition, it maintains a performance matrix that measures the impact of pilot contamination on different performances. They also examined the various application of massive MIMO such as small cells, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes, massive MIMO IEEE 802, 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications, and higher frequency bands. They considered their research work crucial for cutting edge massive MIMO and covered many issues like system throughput performance and channel state acquisition at higher frequencies.

In [ 13 ], various approaches were suggested for MIMO future generation wireless communication. They made a comparative study based on performance indicators such as peak data rate, energy efficiency, latency, throughput, etc. The key findings of this survey are as follows: (1) spatial multiplexing improves the energy efficiency; (2) design of MIMO play a vital role in the enhancement of throughput; (3) enhancement of mMIMO focusing on energy & spectral performance; (4) discussed the future challenges to improve the system design.

In [ 51 ], the study of large-scale MIMO systems for an energy-efficient system sharing method was presented. For the resource allocation, circuit energy and transmit energy expenditures were taken into consideration. In addition, the optimization techniques were applied for an energy-efficient resource sharing system to enlarge the energy efficiency for individual QoS and energy constraints. The author also examined the BS configuration, which includes homogeneous and heterogeneous UEs. While simulating, they discussed that the total number of transmit antennas plays a vital role in boosting energy efficiency. They highlighted that the highest energy efficiency was obtained when the BS was set up with 100 antennas that serve 20 UEs.

This section includes various works done on 5G MIMO technology by different author’s. Table 5 shows how different author’s worked on improvement of various parameters such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency with 5G MIMO technology.

Summary of massive MIMO-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.2. 5G Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

NOMA is a very important radio access technology used in next generation wireless communication. Compared to previous orthogonal multiple access techniques, NOMA offers lots of benefits like high spectrum efficiency, low latency with high reliability and high speed massive connectivity. NOMA mainly works on a baseline to serve multiple users with the same resources in terms of time, space and frequency. NOMA is mainly divided into two main categories one is code domain NOMA and another is power domain NOMA. Code-domain NOMA can improve the spectral efficiency of mMIMO, which improves the connectivity in 5G wireless communication. Code-domain NOMA was divided into some more multiple access techniques like sparse code multiple access, lattice-partition multiple access, multi-user shared access and pattern-division multiple access [ 52 ]. Power-domain NOMA is widely used in 5G wireless networks as it performs well with various wireless communication techniques such as MIMO, beamforming, space-time coding, network coding, full-duplex and cooperative communication etc. [ 53 ]. The conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) used by 3GPP in 4G LTE network provides very low spectral efficiency when bandwidth resources are allocated to users with low channel state information (CSI). NOMA resolved this issue as it enables users to access all the subcarrier channels so bandwidth resources allocated to the users with low CSI can still be accessed by the users with strong CSI which increases the spectral efficiency. The 5G network will support heterogeneous architecture in which small cell and macro base stations work for spectrum sharing. NOMA is a key technology of the 5G wireless system which is very helpful for heterogeneous networks as multiple users can share their data in a small cell using the NOMA principle.The NOMA is helpful in various applications like ultra-dense networks (UDN), machine to machine (M2M) communication and massive machine type communication (mMTC). As NOMA provides lots of features it has some challenges too such as NOMA needs huge computational power for a large number of users at high data rates to run the SIC algorithms. Second, when users are moving from the networks, to manage power allocation optimization is a challenging task for NOMA [ 54 ]. Hybrid NOMA (HNOMA) is a combination of power-domain and code-domain NOMA. HNOMA uses both power differences and orthogonal resources for transmission among multiple users. As HNOMA is using both power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA it can achieve higher spectral efficiency than Power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA. In HNOMA multiple groups can simultaneously transmit signals at the same time. It uses a message passing algorithm (MPA) and successive interference cancellation (SIC)-based detection at the base station for these groups [ 55 ].

Highlights of 5G NOMA technology as follows:

Pictorial representation of orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA).

• NOMA provides higher data rates and resolves all the loop holes of OMA that makes 5G mobile network more scalable and reliable.
• As multiple users use same frequency band simultaneously it increases the performance of whole network.
• To setup intracell and intercell interference NOMA provides nonorthogonal transmission on the transmitter end.
• The primary fundamental of NOMA is to improve the spectrum efficiency by strengthening the ramification of receiver.

State-of-the-Art of Approaches

A plenty of approaches were developed to address the various issues in NOMA.

A novel approach to address the multiple receiving signals at the same frequency is proposed in [ 22 ]. In NOMA, multiple users use the same sub-carrier, which improves the fairness and throughput of the system. As a nonorthogonal method is used among multiple users, at the time of retrieving the user’s signal at the receiver’s end, joint processing is required. They proposed solutions to optimize the receiver and the radio resource allocation of uplink NOMA. Firstly, the authors proposed an iterative MUDD which utilizes the information produced by the channel decoder to improve the performance of the multiuser detector. After that, the author suggested a power allocation and novel subcarrier that enhances the users’ weighted sum rate for the NOMA scheme. Their proposed model showed that NOMA performed well as compared to OFDM in terms of fairness and efficiency.

In [ 53 ], the author’s reviewed a power-domain NOMA that uses superposition coding (SC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the transmitter and the receiver end. Lots of analyses were held that described that NOMA effectively satisfies user data rate demands and network-level of 5G technologies. The paper presented a complete review of recent advances in the 5G NOMA system. It showed the comparative analysis regarding allocation procedures, user fairness, state-of-the-art efficiency evaluation, user pairing pattern, etc. The study also analyzes NOMA’s behavior when working with other wireless communication techniques, namely, beamforming, MIMO, cooperative connections, network, space-time coding, etc.

In [ 9 ], the authors proposed NOMA with MEC, which improves the QoS as well as reduces the latency of the 5G wireless network. This model increases the uplink NOMA by decreasing the user’s uplink energy consumption. They formulated an optimized NOMA framework that reduces the energy consumption of MEC by using computing and communication resource allocation, user clustering, and transmit powers.

In [ 10 ], the authors proposed a model which investigates outage probability under average channel state information CSI and data rate in full CSI to resolve the problem of optimal power allocation, which increase the NOMA downlink system among users. They developed simple low-complexity algorithms to provide the optimal solution. The obtained simulation results showed NOMA’s efficiency, achieving higher performance fairness compared to the TDMA configurations. It was observed from the results that NOMA, through the appropriate power amplifiers (PA), ensures the high-performance fairness requirement for the future 5G wireless communication networks.

In [ 56 ], researchers discussed that the NOMA technology and waveform modulation techniques had been used in the 5G mobile network. Therefore, this research gave a detailed survey of non-orthogonal waveform modulation techniques and NOMA schemes for next-generation mobile networks. By analyzing and comparing multiple access technologies, they considered the future evolution of these technologies for 5G mobile communication.

In [ 57 ], the authors surveyed non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) from the development phase to the recent developments. They have also compared NOMA techniques with traditional OMA techniques concerning information theory. The author discussed the NOMA schemes categorically as power and code domain, including the design principles, operating principles, and features. Comparison is based upon the system’s performance, spectral efficiency, and the receiver’s complexity. Also discussed are the future challenges, open issues, and their expectations of NOMA and how it will support the key requirements of 5G mobile communication systems with massive connectivity and low latency.

In [ 17 ], authors present the first review of an elementary NOMA model with two users, which clarify its central precepts. After that, a general design with multicarrier supports with a random number of users on each sub-carrier is analyzed. In performance evaluation with the existing approaches, resource sharing and multiple-input multiple-output NOMA are examined. Furthermore, they took the key elements of NOMA and its potential research demands. Finally, they reviewed the two-user SC-NOMA design and a multi-user MC-NOMA design to highlight NOMA’s basic approaches and conventions. They also present the research study about the performance examination, resource assignment, and MIMO in NOMA.

In this section, various works by different authors done on 5G NOMA technology is covered. Table 6 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of various parameters such as spectral efficiency, fairness, and computing capacity with 5G NOMA technology.

Summary of NOMA-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.3. 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave)

Millimeter wave is an extremely high frequency band, which is very useful for 5G wireless networks. MmWave uses 30 GHz to 300 GHz spectrum band for transmission. The frequency band between 30 GHz to 300 GHz is known as mmWave because these waves have wavelengths between 1 to 10 mm. Till now radar systems and satellites are only using mmWave as these are very fast frequency bands which provide very high speed wireless communication. Many mobile network providers also started mmWave for transmitting data between base stations. Using two ways the speed of data transmission can be improved one is by increasing spectrum utilization and second is by increasing spectrum bandwidth. Out of these two approaches increasing bandwidth is quite easy and better. The frequency band below 5 GHz is very crowded as many technologies are using it so to boost up the data transmission rate 5G wireless network uses mmWave technology which instead of increasing spectrum utilization, increases the spectrum bandwidth [ 58 ]. To maximize the signal bandwidth in wireless communication the carrier frequency should also be increased by 5% because the signal bandwidth is directly proportional to carrier frequencies. The frequency band between 28 GHz to 60 GHz is very useful for 5G wireless communication as 28 GHz frequency band offers up to 1 GHz spectrum bandwidth and 60 GHz frequency band offers 2 GHz spectrum bandwidth. 4G LTE provides 2 GHz carrier frequency which offers only 100 MHz spectrum bandwidth. However, the use of mmWave increases the spectrum bandwidth 10 times, which leads to better transmission speeds [ 59 , 60 ].

Highlights of 5G mmWave are as follows:

Pictorial representation of millimeter wave.

• The 5G mmWave offer three advantages: (1) MmWave is very less used new Band, (2) MmWave signals carry more data than lower frequency wave, and (3) MmWave can be incorporated with MIMO antenna with the potential to offer a higher magnitude capacity compared to current communication systems.

In [ 11 ], the authors presented the survey of mmWave communications for 5G. The advantage of mmWave communications is adaptability, i.e., it supports the architectures and protocols up-gradation, which consists of integrated circuits, systems, etc. The authors over-viewed the present solutions and examined them concerning effectiveness, performance, and complexity. They also discussed the open research issues of mmWave communications in 5G concerning the software-defined network (SDN) architecture, network state information, efficient regulation techniques, and the heterogeneous system.

In [ 61 ], the authors present the recent work done by investigators in 5G; they discussed the design issues and demands of mmWave 5G antennas for cellular handsets. After that, they designed a small size and low-profile 60 GHz array of antenna units that contain 3D planer mesh-grid antenna elements. For the future prospect, a framework is designed in which antenna components are used to operate cellular handsets on mmWave 5G smartphones. In addition, they cross-checked the mesh-grid array of antennas with the polarized beam for upcoming hardware challenges.

In [ 12 ], the authors considered the suitability of the mmWave band for 5G cellular systems. They suggested a resource allocation system for concurrent D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems, and it improves network efficiency and maintains network connectivity. This research article can serve as guidance for simulating D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems. Massive mmWave BS may be set up to obtain a high delivery rate and aggregate efficiency. Therefore, many wireless users can hand off frequently between the mmWave base terminals, and it emerges the demand to search the neighbor having better network connectivity.

In [ 62 ], the authors provided a brief description of the cellular spectrum which ranges from 1 GHz to 3 GHz and is very crowed. In addition, they presented various noteworthy factors to set up mmWave communications in 5G, namely, channel characteristics regarding mmWave signal attenuation due to free space propagation, atmospheric gaseous, and rain. In addition, hybrid beamforming architecture in the mmWave technique is analyzed. They also suggested methods for the blockage effect in mmWave communications due to penetration damage. Finally, the authors have studied designing the mmWave transmission with small beams in nonorthogonal device-to-device communication.

This section covered various works done on 5G mmWave technology. The Table 7 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of various parameters i.e., transmission rate, coverage, and cost, with 5G mmWave technology.

Summary of existing mmWave-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.4. 5G IoT Based Approaches

The 5G mobile network plays a big role in developing the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will connect lots of things with the internet like appliances, sensors, devices, objects, and applications. These applications will collect lots of data from different devices and sensors. 5G will provide very high speed internet connectivity for data collection, transmission, control, and processing. 5G is a flexible network with unused spectrum availability and it offers very low cost deployment that is why it is the most efficient technology for IoT [ 63 ]. In many areas, 5G provides benefits to IoT, and below are some examples:

Smart homes: smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network, as it offers very high speed low latency communication.

Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps in developing smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.

Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost effective, and energy-saving industrial operation for industrial IoT.

Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role for agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers to track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation control, pest control, insect control, and electricity control.

Autonomous Driving: 5G wireless network offers very low latency high speed communication which is very significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is important for autonomous vehicles, decision taking is performed in microseconds to avoid accidents [ 64 ].

Highlights of 5G IoT are as follows:

Pictorial representation of IoT with 5G.

• 5G with IoT is a new feature of next-generation mobile communication, which provides a high-speed internet connection between moderated devices. 5G IoT also offers smart homes, smart devices, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart industries, etc., for end-users to make them smarter.
• IoT deals with moderate devices which connect through the internet. The approach of the IoT has made the consideration of the research associated with the outcome of providing wearable, smart-phones, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart devices, washing machines, tablets, etc., and these diverse systems are associated to a common interface with the intelligence to connect.
• Significant IoT applications include private healthcare systems, traffic management, industrial management, and tactile internet, etc.

Plenty of approaches is devised to address the issues of IoT [ 14 , 65 , 66 ].

In [ 65 ], the paper focuses on 5G mobile systems due to the emerging trends and developing technologies, which results in the exponential traffic growth in IoT. The author surveyed the challenges and demands during deployment of the massive IoT applications with the main focus on mobile networking. The author reviewed the features of standard IoT infrastructure, along with the cellular-based, low-power wide-area technologies (LPWA) such as eMTC, extended coverage (EC)-GSM-IoT, as well as noncellular, low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies such as SigFox, LoRa etc.

In [ 14 ], the authors presented how 5G technology copes with the various issues of IoT today. It provides a brief review of existing and forming 5G architectures. The survey indicates the role of 5G in the foundation of the IoT ecosystem. IoT and 5G can easily combine with improved wireless technologies to set up the same ecosystem that can fulfill the current requirement for IoT devices. 5G can alter nature and will help to expand the development of IoT devices. As the process of 5G unfolds, global associations will find essentials for setting up a cross-industry engagement in determining and enlarging the 5G system.

In [ 66 ], the author introduced an IoT authentication scheme in a 5G network, with more excellent reliability and dynamic. The scheme proposed a privacy-protected procedure for selecting slices; it provided an additional fog node for proper data transmission and service types of the subscribers, along with service-oriented authentication and key understanding to maintain the secrecy, precision of users, and confidentiality of service factors. Users anonymously identify the IoT servers and develop a vital channel for service accessibility and data cached on local fog nodes and remote IoT servers. The author performed a simulation to manifest the security and privacy preservation of the user over the network.

This section covered various works done on 5G IoT by multiple authors. Table 8 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of numerous parameters, i.e., data rate, security requirement, and performance with 5G IoT.

Summary of IoT-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.5. Machine Learning Techniques for 5G

Various machine learning (ML) techniques were applied in 5G networks and mobile communication. It provides a solution to multiple complex problems, which requires a lot of hand-tuning. ML techniques can be broadly classified as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Let’s discuss each learning technique separately and where it impacts the 5G network.

Supervised Learning, where user works with labeled data; some 5G network problems can be further categorized as classification and regression problems. Some regression problems such as scheduling nodes in 5G and energy availability can be predicted using Linear Regression (LR) algorithm. To accurately predict the bandwidth and frequency allocation Statistical Logistic Regression (SLR) is applied. Some supervised classifiers are applied to predict the network demand and allocate network resources based on the connectivity performance; it signifies the topology setup and bit rates. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and NN-based approximation algorithms are used for channel learning based on observable channel state information. Deep Neural Network (DNN) is also employed to extract solutions for predicting beamforming vectors at the BS’s by taking mapping functions and uplink pilot signals into considerations.

In unsupervised Learning, where the user works with unlabeled data, various clustering techniques are applied to enhance network performance and connectivity without interruptions. K-means clustering reduces the data travel by storing data centers content into clusters. It optimizes the handover estimation based on mobility pattern and selection of relay nodes in the V2V network. Hierarchical clustering reduces network failure by detecting the intrusion in the mobile wireless network; unsupervised soft clustering helps in reducing latency by clustering fog nodes. The nonparametric Bayesian unsupervised learning technique reduces traffic in the network by actively serving the user’s requests and demands. Other unsupervised learning techniques such as Adversarial Auto Encoders (AAE) and Affinity Propagation Clustering techniques detect irregular behavior in the wireless spectrum and manage resources for ultradense small cells, respectively.

In case of an uncertain environment in the 5G wireless network, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are employed to solve some problems. Actor-critic reinforcement learning is used for user scheduling and resource allocation in the network. Markov decision process (MDP) and Partially Observable MDP (POMDP) is used for Quality of Experience (QoE)-based handover decision-making for Hetnets. Controls packet call admission in HetNets and channel access process for secondary users in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Deep RL is applied to decide the communication channel and mobility and speeds up the secondary user’s learning rate using an antijamming strategy. Deep RL is employed in various 5G network application parameters such as resource allocation and security [ 67 ]. Table 9 shows the state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

The state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

Highlights of machine learning techniques for 5G are as follows:

Pictorial representation of machine learning (ML) in 5G.

• In ML, a model will be defined which fulfills the desired requirements through which desired results are obtained. In the later stage, it examines accuracy from obtained results.
• ML plays a vital role in 5G network analysis for threat detection, network load prediction, final arrangement, and network formation. Searching for a better balance between power, length of antennas, area, and network thickness crossed with the spontaneous use of services in the universe of individual users and types of devices.

In [ 79 ], author’s firstly describes the demands for the traditional authentication procedures and benefits of intelligent authentication. The intelligent authentication method was established to improve security practice in 5G-and-beyond wireless communication systems. Thereafter, the machine learning paradigms for intelligent authentication were organized into parametric and non-parametric research methods, as well as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning approaches. As a outcome, machine learning techniques provide a new paradigm into authentication under diverse network conditions and unstable dynamics. In addition, prompt intelligence to the security management to obtain cost-effective, better reliable, model-free, continuous, and situation-aware authentication.

In [ 68 ], the authors proposed a machine learning-based model to predict the traffic load at a particular location. They used a mobile network traffic dataset to train a model that can calculate the total number of user requests at a time. To launch access and mobility management function (AMF) instances according to the requirement as there were no predictions of user request the performance automatically degrade as AMF does not handle these requests at a time. Earlier threshold-based techniques were used to predict the traffic load, but that approach took too much time; therefore, the authors proposed RNN algorithm-based ML to predict the traffic load, which gives efficient results.

In [ 15 ], authors discussed the issue of network slice admission, resource allocation among subscribers, and how to maximize the profit of infrastructure providers. The author proposed a network slice admission control algorithm based on SMDP (decision-making process) that guarantees the subscribers’ best acceptance policies and satisfiability (tenants). They also suggested novel N3AC, a neural network-based algorithm that optimizes performance under various configurations, significantly outperforms practical and straightforward approaches.

This section includes various works done on 5G ML by different authors. Table 10 shows the state-of-the-art work on the improvement of various parameters such as energy efficiency, Quality of Services (QoS), and latency with 5G ML.

The state-of-the-art ML-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.6. Optimization Techniques for 5G

Optimization techniques may be applied to capture NP-Complete or NP-Hard problems in 5G technology. This section briefly describes various research works suggested for 5G technology based on optimization techniques.

In [ 80 ], Massive MIMO technology is used in 5G mobile network to make it more flexible and scalable. The MIMO implementation in 5G needs a significant number of radio frequencies is required in the RF circuit that increases the cost and energy consumption of the 5G network. This paper provides a solution that increases the cost efficiency and energy efficiency with many radio frequency chains for a 5G wireless communication network. They give an optimized energy efficient technique for MIMO antenna and mmWave technologies based 5G mobile communication network. The proposed Energy Efficient Hybrid Precoding (EEHP) algorithm to increase the energy efficiency for the 5G wireless network. This algorithm minimizes the cost of an RF circuit with a large number of RF chains.

In [ 16 ], authors have discussed the growing demand for energy efficiency in the next-generation networks. In the last decade, they have figured out the things in wireless transmissions, which proved a change towards pursuing green communication for the next generation system. The importance of adopting the correct EE metric was also reviewed. Further, they worked through the different approaches that can be applied in the future for increasing the network’s energy and posed a summary of the work that was completed previously to enhance the energy productivity of the network using these capabilities. A system design for EE development using relay selection was also characterized, along with an observation of distinct algorithms applied for EE in relay-based ecosystems.

In [ 81 ], authors presented how AI-based approach is used to the setup of Self Organizing Network (SON) functionalities for radio access network (RAN) design and optimization. They used a machine learning approach to predict the results for 5G SON functionalities. Firstly, the input was taken from various sources; then, prediction and clustering-based machine learning models were applied to produce the results. Multiple AI-based devices were used to extract the knowledge analysis to execute SON functionalities smoothly. Based on results, they tested how self-optimization, self-testing, and self-designing are done for SON. The author also describes how the proposed mechanism classifies in different orders.

In [ 82 ], investigators examined the working of OFDM in various channel environments. They also figured out the changes in frame duration of the 5G TDD frame design. Subcarrier spacing is beneficial to obtain a small frame length with control overhead. They provided various techniques to reduce the growing guard period (GP) and cyclic prefix (CP) like complete utilization of multiple subcarrier spacing, management and data parts of frame at receiver end, various uses of timing advance (TA) or total control of flexible CP size.

This section includes various works that were done on 5G optimization by different authors. Table 11 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of multiple parameters such as energy efficiency, power optimization, and latency with 5G optimization.

Summary of Optimization Based Approaches in 5G Technology.

5. Description of Novel 5G Features over 4G

This section presents descriptions of various novel features of 5G, namely, the concept of small cell, beamforming, and MEC.

5.1. Small Cell

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes which work in the range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells play a very important role in implementation of the 5G wireless network. Small cells are low power base stations which cover small areas. Small cells are quite similar with all the previous cells used in various wireless networks. However, these cells have some advantages like they can work with low power and they are also capable of working with high data rates. Small cells help in rollout of 5G network with ultra high speed and low latency communication. Small cells in the 5G network use some new technologies like MIMO, beamforming, and mmWave for high speed data transmission. The design of small cells hardware is very simple so its implementation is quite easier and faster. There are three types of small cell tower available in the market. Femtocells, picocells, and microcells [ 83 ]. As shown in the Table 12 .

Types of Small cells.

MmWave is a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave has lots of advantages, but it has some disadvantages, too, such as mmWave signals are very high-frequency signals, so they have more collision with obstacles in the air which cause the signals loses energy quickly. Buildings and trees also block MmWave signals, so these signals cover a shorter distance. To resolve these issues, multiple small cell stations are installed to cover the gap between end-user and base station [ 18 ]. Small cell covers a very shorter range, so the installation of a small cell depends on the population of a particular area. Generally, in a populated place, the distance between each small cell varies from 10 to 90 meters. In the survey [ 20 ], various authors implemented small cells with massive MIMO simultaneously. They also reviewed multiple technologies used in 5G like beamforming, small cell, massive MIMO, NOMA, device to device (D2D) communication. Various problems like interference management, spectral efficiency, resource management, energy efficiency, and backhauling are discussed. The author also gave a detailed presentation of all the issues occurring while implementing small cells with various 5G technologies. As shown in the Figure 7 , mmWave has a higher range, so it can be easily blocked by the obstacles as shown in Figure 7 a. This is one of the key concerns of millimeter-wave signal transmission. To solve this issue, the small cell can be placed at a short distance to transmit the signals easily, as shown in Figure 7 b.

Pictorial representation of communication with and without small cells.

5.2. Beamforming

Beamforming is a key technology of wireless networks which transmits the signals in a directional manner. 5G beamforming making a strong wireless connection toward a receiving end. In conventional systems when small cells are not using beamforming, moving signals to particular areas is quite difficult. Beamforming counter this issue using beamforming small cells are able to transmit the signals in particular direction towards a device like mobile phone, laptops, autonomous vehicle and IoT devices. Beamforming is improving the efficiency and saves the energy of the 5G network. Beamforming is broadly divided into three categories: Digital beamforming, analog beamforming and hybrid beamforming. Digital beamforming: multiuser MIMO is equal to digital beamforming which is mainly used in LTE Advanced Pro and in 5G NR. In digital beamforming the same frequency or time resources can be used to transmit the data to multiple users at the same time which improves the cell capacity of wireless networks. Analog Beamforming: In mmWave frequency range 5G NR analog beamforming is a very important approach which improves the coverage. In digital beamforming there are chances of high pathloss in mmWave as only one beam per set of antenna is formed. While the analog beamforming saves high pathloss in mmWave. Hybrid beamforming: hybrid beamforming is a combination of both analog beamforming and digital beamforming. In the implementation of MmWave in 5G network hybrid beamforming will be used [ 84 ].

Wireless signals in the 4G network are spreading in large areas, and nature is not Omnidirectional. Thus, energy depletes rapidly, and users who are accessing these signals also face interference problems. The beamforming technique is used in the 5G network to resolve this issue. In beamforming signals are directional. They move like a laser beam from the base station to the user, so signals seem to be traveling in an invisible cable. Beamforming helps achieve a faster data rate; as the signals are directional, it leads to less energy consumption and less interference. In [ 21 ], investigators evolve some techniques which reduce interference and increase system efficiency of the 5G mobile network. In this survey article, the authors covered various challenges faced while designing an optimized beamforming algorithm. Mainly focused on different design parameters such as performance evaluation and power consumption. In addition, they also described various issues related to beamforming like CSI, computation complexity, and antenna correlation. They also covered various research to cover how beamforming helps implement MIMO in next-generation mobile networks [ 85 ]. Figure 8 shows the pictorial representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

Pictorial Representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

5.3. Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) [ 24 ]: MEC is an extended version of cloud computing that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user. When we talk about computing, the very first thing that comes to our mind is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a very famous technology that offers many services to end-user. Still, cloud computing has many drawbacks. The services available in the cloud are too far from end-users that create latency, and cloud user needs to download the complete application before use, which also increases the burden to the device [ 86 ]. MEC creates an edge between the end-user and cloud server, bringing cloud computing closer to the end-user. Now, all the services, namely, video conferencing, virtual software, etc., are offered by this edge that improves cloud computing performance. Another essential feature of MEC is that the application is split into two parts, which, first one is available at cloud server, and the second is at the user’s device. Therefore, the user need not download the complete application on his device that increases the performance of the end user’s device. Furthermore, MEC provides cloud services at very low latency and less bandwidth. In [ 23 , 87 ], the author’s investigation proved that successful deployment of MEC in 5G network increases the overall performance of 5G architecture. Graphical differentiation between cloud computing and mobile edge computing is presented in Figure 9 .

Pictorial representation of cloud computing vs. mobile edge computing.

6. 5G Security

Security is the key feature in the telecommunication network industry, which is necessary at various layers, to handle 5G network security in applications such as IoT, Digital forensics, IDS and many more [ 88 , 89 ]. The authors [ 90 ], discussed the background of 5G and its security concerns, challenges and future directions. The author also introduced the blockchain technology that can be incorporated with the IoT to overcome the challenges in IoT. The paper aims to create a security framework which can be incorporated with the LTE advanced network, and effective in terms of cost, deployment and QoS. In [ 91 ], author surveyed various form of attacks, the security challenges, security solutions with respect to the affected technology such as SDN, Network function virtualization (NFV), Mobile Clouds and MEC, and security standardizations of 5G, i.e., 3GPP, 5GPPP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In [ 92 ], author elaborated various technological aspects, security issues and their existing solutions and also mentioned the new emerging technological paradigms for 5G security such as blockchain, quantum cryptography, AI, SDN, CPS, MEC, D2D. The author aims to create new security frameworks for 5G for further use of this technology in development of smart cities, transportation and healthcare. In [ 93 ], author analyzed the threats and dark threat, security aspects concerned with SDN and NFV, also their Commercial & Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO) 5G vision and new security innovations with respect to the new evolving architectures of 5G [ 94 ].

AuthenticationThe identification of the user in any network is made with the help of authentication. The different mobile network generations from 1G to 5G have used multiple techniques for user authentication. 5G utilizes the 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method, which shares a cryptographic key between user equipment (UE) and its home network and establishes a mutual authentication process between the both [ 95 ].

Access Control To restrict the accessibility in the network, 5G supports access control mechanisms to provide a secure and safe environment to the users and is controlled by network providers. 5G uses simple public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates for authenticating access in the 5G network. PKI put forward a secure and dynamic environment for the 5G network. The simple PKI technique provides flexibility to the 5G network; it can scale up and scale down as per the user traffic in the network [ 96 , 97 ].

Communication Security 5G deals to provide high data bandwidth, low latency, and better signal coverage. Therefore secure communication is the key concern in the 5G network. UE, mobile operators, core network, and access networks are the main focal point for the attackers in 5G communication. Some of the common attacks in communication at various segments are Botnet, message insertion, micro-cell, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and transport layer security (TLS)/secure sockets layer (SSL) attacks [ 98 , 99 ].

Encryption The confidentiality of the user and the network is done using encryption techniques. As 5G offers multiple services, end-to-end (E2E) encryption is the most suitable technique applied over various segments in the 5G network. Encryption forbids unauthorized access to the network and maintains the data privacy of the user. To encrypt the radio traffic at Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, three 128-bits keys are applied at the user plane, nonaccess stratum (NAS), and access stratum (AS) [ 100 ].

7. Summary of 5G Technology Based on Above-Stated Challenges

In this section, various issues addressed by investigators in 5G technologies are presented in Table 13 . In addition, different parameters are considered, such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, data rate, spectral efficiency, fairness & computing capacity, transmission rate, coverage, cost, security requirement, performance, QoS, power optimization, etc., indexed from R1 to R14.

Summary of 5G Technology above stated challenges (R1:Throughput, R2:Latency, R3:Energy Efficiency, R4:Data Rate, R5:Spectral efficiency, R6:Fairness & Computing Capacity, R7:Transmission Rate, R8:Coverage, R9:Cost, R10:Security requirement, R11:Performance, R12:Quality of Services (QoS), R13:Power Optimization).

8. Conclusions

This survey article illustrates the emergence of 5G, its evolution from 1G to 5G mobile network, applications, different research groups, their work, and the key features of 5G. It is not just a mobile broadband network, different from all the previous mobile network generations; it offers services like IoT, V2X, and Industry 4.0. This paper covers a detailed survey from multiple authors on different technologies in 5G, such as massive MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), millimeter wave, small cell, MEC (Mobile Edge Computing), beamforming, optimization, and machine learning in 5G. After each section, a tabular comparison covers all the state-of-the-research held in these technologies. This survey also shows the importance of these newly added technologies and building a flexible, scalable, and reliable 5G network.

9. Future Findings

This article covers a detailed survey on the 5G mobile network and its features. These features make 5G more reliable, scalable, efficient at affordable rates. As discussed in the above sections, numerous technical challenges originate while implementing those features or providing services over a 5G mobile network. So, for future research directions, the research community can overcome these challenges while implementing these technologies (MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beam-forming, MEC) over a 5G network. 5G communication will bring new improvements over the existing systems. Still, the current solutions cannot fulfill the autonomous system and future intelligence engineering requirements after a decade. There is no matter of discussion that 5G will provide better QoS and new features than 4G. But there is always room for improvement as the considerable growth of centralized data and autonomous industry 5G wireless networks will not be capable of fulfilling their demands in the future. So, we need to move on new wireless network technology that is named 6G. 6G wireless network will bring new heights in mobile generations, as it includes (i) massive human-to-machine communication, (ii) ubiquitous connectivity between the local device and cloud server, (iii) creation of data fusion technology for various mixed reality experiences and multiverps maps. (iv) Focus on sensing and actuation to control the network of the entire world. The 6G mobile network will offer new services with some other technologies; these services are 3D mapping, reality devices, smart homes, smart wearable, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, and sense. It is expected that 6G will provide ultra-long-range communication with a very low latency of 1 ms. The per-user bit rate in a 6G wireless network will be approximately 1 Tbps, and it will also provide wireless communication, which is 1000 times faster than 5G networks.

Acknowledgments

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. data gathering: R.D., G.C., P.L, I.Y. funding acquisition: I.Y. investigation: I.Y., G.C., G.P. methodology: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P., survey: I.Y., G.C., P.L, G.P., R.D. supervision: G.C., I.Y., G.P. validation: I.Y., G.P. visualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. writing, original draft: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P. writing, review, and editing: I.Y., G.C., G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This paper was supported by Soonchunhyang University.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Research areas in 5G Technology

We are currently on the cusp of 5G rollout. As industry experts predict , 5G deployments will gain momentum, and the accessibility of 5G devices will grow in 2020 and beyond. But as the general public waits for mass-market 5G devices, our understanding of this new technology is continuing to develop. Public and private organizations are exploring several research areas in 5G technology, helping to create more awareness of breakthroughs in this technology, its potential applications and implications, and the challenges surrounding it. 

What is especially clear at this point is that 5G technology offers a transformative experience for mobile communications around the globe. Its benefits, which include higher data rates, faster connectivity, and potentially lower power consumption, promise to benefit industry, professional users, casual consumers, and everyone in between. As this article highlights, researchers have not yet solved or surmounted all of the challenges and obstacles surrounding the wide scale deployment of 5G technology. But the potential impact that it will have on the entire matrix of how we communicate is limited only by the imagination of the experts currently at its frontier. 

New developments and applications in 5G technologies

Much of the transformative impact of 5G stems from the higher data transmission speeds and lower latency that this fifth generation of cellular technology enables. Currently, when you click on a link or start streaming a video, the lag time between your request to the network and its delivery to your device is about twenty milliseconds. 

That may not seem like a long time. But for the expert mobile robotics surgeon, that lag might be the difference between a successful or failed procedure. With 5G, latency can be as low as one millisecond. 

5G will greatly increase bandwidth capacity and transmission speeds. Wireless carriers like Verizon and AT&T have recorded speeds of one gigabyte per second. That’s anywhere from ten to one hundred times faster than an average cellular connection and even faster than a fiber-optic cable connection. Such speeds offer exciting possibilities for new developments and applications in numerous industries and economic sectors.

E-health services

For example, 5G speeds allow telemedicine services to enhance their doctor-patient relationships by decreasing troublesome lag times in calls. This helps patients return to the experience of intimacy they are used to from in-person meetings with health-care professionals. 

As 5G technology continues to advance its deployment, telemedicine specialists find that they can live anywhere in the world, be licensed in numerous states, and have faster access to cloud data storage and retrieval. This is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic , which is spurring new developments in telemedicine as a delivery platform for medical services. 

Energy infrastructure

In addition to transforming e-health services, the speed and reliability of 5G network connectivity can improve the infrastructure of America’s energy sector with smart power grids. Such grids bring automation to the legacy power arrangement, optimizing the storage and delivery of energy. With smart power grids, the energy sector can more effectively manage power consumption and distribution based on need and integrate off-grid energy sources such as windmills and solar panels.

Another specific area to see increased advancement due to 5G technology is artificial intelligence (AI). One of the main barriers to successful integration of AI is processing speeds. With 5G, data transfer speeds are ten times faster than those possible with 4G. This makes it possible to receive and analyze information much more efficiently. And it puts AI on a faster track in numerous industries in both urban and rural settings. 

In rural settings, for example, 5G is helping improve cattle farming efficiency . By placing sensors on cows, farmers capture data that AI and machine learning can process to predict when cows are likely to give birth. This helps both farmers and veterinarians better predict and prepare for cow pregnancies.

However, it’s heavily populated cities across the country that are likely to witness the most change as mobile networks create access to heretofore unexperienced connectivity. 

Smart cities

Increased connectivity is key to the emergence of smart cities . These cities conceive of improving the living standards of residents by increasing the connectivity infrastructure of the city. This affects numerous aspects of city life, from traffic management and safety and security to governance, education, and more. 

Smart cities become “smarter” when services and applications become remotely accessible. Hence, innovative smartphone applications are key to smart city infrastructure. But the potential of these applications is seriously limited in cities with spotty connectivity and wide variations in data transmission speed. This is why 5G technology is crucial to continued developments in smart cities.

Other applications

Many other industries and economic sectors will benefit from 5G. Additional examples include automotive communication, smart retail and manufacturing. 

Wave spectrum challenges with 5G

While the potential applications of 5G technology are exciting, realizing the technology’s potential is not without its challenges. Notably, 5G global upgrades and changes are producing wave spectrum challenges.

A number of companies, such as Samsung, Huawei Technologies, ZTE Corporation, Nokia Networks, Qualcomm, Verizon, AT&T, and Cisco Systems are competing to make 5G technology available across the globe. But while in competition with each other, they all share the same goal and face the same dilemma.

Common goal

The goal for 5G is to provide the requisite bandwidth to every user with a device capable of higher data rates. Networks can provide this bandwidth by using a frequency spectrum above six gigahertz . 

Though the military has already been using frequencies above six gigahertz, commercial consumer-based networks are now doing so for the first time. All over the globe, researchers are exploring the new possibilities of spectrum and frequency channels for 5G communications. And they are focusing on the frequency range between twenty-five and eighty-six gigahertz.

Common dilemma

While researchers see great potential with a high-frequency version of 5G, it comes with a key challenge. It is very short range. Objects such as trees and buildings cause significant signal obstruction, necessitating numerous cell towers to avoid signal path loss. 

However, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technology is proving to be an effective technique for expanding the capacity of 5G connectivity and addressing signal path challenges. Researchers are keying into MIMO deployment due to its design simplicity and multiple offered features. 

A massive MIMO network can provide service to an increased multiplicity of mobile devices in a condensed area at a single frequency simultaneously. And by facilitating a greater number of antennas, a massive MIMO network is more resistant to signal interference and jamming.

Even with MIMO technology, however, line of sight will still be important for high-frequency 5G. Base stations on top of most buildings are likely to remain a necessity. As such, a complete 5G rollout is potentially still years away. 

Current solutions and the way forward

In the interim, telecommunication providers have come up with an alternative to high-frequency 5G— “midband spectrum.” This is what T-Mobile uses. But this compromise does not offer significant performance benefits in comparison to 4G and thus is unlikely to satisfy user expectations. 

Despite the frequency challenges currently surrounding 5G, it is important to keep in mind that there is a common evolution with new technological developments. Initial efforts to develop new technology are often complex and proprietary at the outset. But over time, innovation and advancements provide a clear, unified pathway forward.

This is the path that 5G is bound to follow. Currently, however, MIMO technological advancements notwithstanding, 5G rollout is still in its early, complex phase.

Battery life and energy storage for 5G equipment

For users to enjoy the full potential of 5G technology, longer battery life and better energy storage is essential. So this is what the industry is aiming for.

Currently, researchers are looking to lithium battery technology to boost battery life and optimize 5G equipment for user expectations. However, the verdict is mixed when it comes to the utility of lithium batteries in a 5G world. 

Questions about battery demands and performance

In theory, 5G smartphones will be less taxed than current smartphones. This is because a 5G network with local 5G base stations will dramatically increase computation speeds and enable the transfer of the bulk of computation from your smartphone to the cloud. This means less battery usage for daily tasks and longer life for your battery. Or does it?

A competing theory focuses on the 5G phones themselves. Unlike 4G chips, the chips that power 5G phones are incredibly draining to lithium batteries. 

Early experiments indicate that the state-of-the-art radio frequency switches running in smartphones are continually jumping from 3G to 4G to Wi-Fi. As a smartphone stays connected to these different sources, its battery drains faster.

The present limited infrastructure of 5G exacerbates this problem. Current 5G smartphones need to maintain a connection to multiple networks in order to ensure consistent phone call, text message, and data delivery. And this multiplicity of connections contributes to battery drain.

Until the technology improves and becomes more widely available, consumers are left with a choice: the regular draining expectations that come with 4G devices or access to the speeds and convenience of 5G Internet. 

Possibilities for improvement on the horizon

Fortunately, what can be expected with continuous 5G rollout is continuous improvements in battery performance. As 5G continues to expand across the globe, increasing the energy density and extending the lifetime of batteries will be vital. So market competition for problem-solving battery solutions promises to be fierce and drive innovation to meet user expectations. 

Additional research areas in 5G technology

While research in battery technology remains important, researchers are also focusing their attention on a number of other areas of concern. This research is likewise aimed at meeting user expectations and realizing the full potential of 5G technology as it gains more footing in public and private sectors. 

Small cell research

For example, researchers are focusing on small cells to meet the much higher data capacity demands of 5G networks. As mobile carriers look to densify their networks, small cell research is leading the way toward a solution.

Small cells are low-powered radio access points that take the place of traditional wireless transmission systems or base stations. By making use of low-power and short-range transmissions in small geographic areas, small cells are particularly well suited for the rollout of high-frequency 5G. As such, small cells are likely to appear by the hundreds of thousands across the United States as cellular companies work to improve mobile communication for their subscribers. The faster small cell technology advances, the sooner consumers will have specific 5G devices connected to 5G-only Internet. 

Security-oriented research

Security is also quickly becoming a major area of focus amid the push for a global 5G rollout. Earlier iterations of cellular technology were based primarily on hardware. When voice and text were routed to separate physical devices, each device managed its own network security. There was network security for voice calls, network security for short message system (SMS), and so forth.

5G moves away from this by making everything more software based. In theory, this makes things less secure, as there are now more ways to attack the network. Originally, 5G did have some security layers built in at the federal level. Under the Obama administration, legislation mandating clearly defined security at the network stage passed. However, the Trump administration is looking to replace these security layers with its own “national spectrum strategy.”

With uncertainty about existing safeguards, the cybersecurity protections available to citizens and governments amid 5G rollout is a matter of critical importance. This is creating a market for new cybersecurity research and solutions—solutions that will be key to safely and securely realizing the true value of 5G wireless technology going forward.

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PhD Information and Communication Systems

The University of Surrey’s  Institute for Communication Systems  (ICS), home of the 5G/6G Innovation Centre (5G/6GIC), is the one of the UK’s major academic research centres specialising in information and communications technology.

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October 2024 - full-time, october 2024 - part-time, january 2025 - full-time, january 2025 - part-time, april 2025 - full-time, april 2025 - part-time, july 2025 - full-time, july 2025 - part-time, why choose this programme.

You’ll be taught by leading experts in the field, become part of our thriving community of academics, researchers and PhD students, and gain excellent employment prospects.

We’re specialists in mobile and wireless technologies, including satellite communications and networks, internet of things, cyber security, and future network architectures and protocols. As home to the 5G/6GIC, we’re recognised as world leaders in end-to-end research and practical implementation for 5G/6G mobile communications and beyond.

Our strong track record in research includes high-quality publications, patents and world-class implementations. We’re heavily involved in collaborative research across the UK, Europe, Asia and the Americas, funded by governments and industry. Our PhD graduates secure good positions across industry and academia in the UK and worldwide.

Shanghai Ranking’s Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2023 ranked our telecommunication engineering subjects as 51-75 best in the world.

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What you will study.

It normally takes three to four years of full-time study to complete this PhD. Your research can be based on a topic of your choice, or may be dictated by industry sponsorship or government funding.

You’ll be assigned two supervisors, who’ll guide you through your studies. Your supervisors will give you direction and experience of the cutting-edge technologies in their areas of expertise. They’ll also give you the support you need to complete your PhD, from giving you guidance and feedback on your work to helping you frame your research proposal. Though you’ll primarily be in contact with your two supervisors, you’ll also work with other staff within ICS and you may have the opportunity to become a team member on research projects.

You’ll be required to write a confirmation report on your research in your first year, and you will be examined by two examiners.

Your final assessment will be based on the presentation of your research in a written thesis, which will be discussed in a viva examination with at least two examiners. You have the option of preparing your thesis as a monograph (one large volume in chapter form) or in publication format (including chapters written for publication), subject to the approval of your supervisors.

Stag Hill is the University's main campus and where the majority of our courses are taught. 

Research areas Open

Research themes.

We research areas related to information and communication technology, including end-to-end terrestrial, mobile and satellite communications and networks, and their application to verticals such as connected vehicles and health, including:

• 5G-Advanced and 6G
• Integrated satellite and terrestrial 5G and 6G
• Artificial intelligence networking and wireless communications
• Reflective and transmissive intelligent surfaces
• THz communications and components
• Positioning and image sensing
• High-quality time and frequency transmission
• Teleportation
• Connected transportation 
• Ultra-Massive MIMO
• Terabits-per-second communications
• Internet of senses
• Network and physical layer security
• Intelligent and high-performance networking and service delivery
• MAC, RRM and RAN management
• Theory and practice of advanced concepts in wireless communications
• Antennas and signal processing.

Research centres and groups

• Advanced Technology Institute
• Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing
• Institute for Communication Systems
• Nanoelectronics Centre

Academic staff Open

See a full list of all our  academic staff  within the Institute for Communication Systems.

Support and facilities Open

Research support.

The professional development of postgraduate researchers is supported by the Doctoral College , which provides training in essential skills through its Researcher Development Programme of workshops, mentoring and coaching. A dedicated postgraduate careers and employability team will help you prepare for a successful career after the completion of your PhD.

You’ll be allocated space in ICS, which is home to 143 researchers. ICS is one of the world’s major academic research centres dedicated to mobile and wireless communications. You’ll have access to state-of-the-art facilities such as:

• Campus-wide 5G/6G testbed
• Antennas and signal processing
• Networks lab testbed
• Link and system level simulators
• Satellite networking testbed
• Security testbed
• Wireless network testbed
• Internet of things testbed.

Hear from our students Open

Melika Emami

Student - Information and Communication Systems PhD

"Having an experienced supervisor in my research area has been invaluable to me throughout my PhD journey... their unwavering support and encouragement have significantly boosted my self-confidence, especially in times when I needed it the most."

Ryan Fernandez

"I knew Surrey would be a good place to do a PhD as the Institute for Communication Systems is a world-leading research centre with an outstanding reputation."

Entry requirements Open

Country-specific qualifications, international students in the united kingdom.

Applicants are expected to hold a first or upper second-class (2:1) UK degree in a relevant discipline (or equivalent overseas qualification), or a lower-second (2:2) UK degree plus a good UK masters degree - distinction normally required (or equivalent overseas qualification).

English language requirements

IELTS Academic: 6.5 or above (or equivalent) with 6.0 in each individual category.

These are the English language qualifications and levels that we can accept. 

If you do not currently meet the level required for your programme, we offer intensive pre-sessional English language courses , designed to take you to the level of English ability and skill required for your studies here.

Selection process

Selection is based on applicants:

• Meeting the expected entry requirements
• Being shortlisted through the application screening process
• Completing a successful interview
• Providing suitable references.

Fees and funding Open

Fees per year.

Explore  UKCISA’s website for more information if you are unsure whether you are a UK or overseas student. View the  list of fees for all postgraduate research courses.

• Annual fees will increase by 4% for each year of study, rounded up to the nearest £100 (subject to legal requirements).
• Any start date other than September will attract a pro-rata fee for that year of entry (75 per cent for January, 50 per cent for April and 25 per cent for July).

Additional costs

There are additional costs that you can expect to incur when studying at Surrey.

A Postgraduate Doctoral Loan can help with course fees and living costs while you study a postgraduate doctoral course.

Application process

Applicants are advised to contact potential supervisors before they submit an application via the website. Please refer to section two of our  application guidance .

After registration

Students are initially registered for a PhD with probationary status and, subject to satisfactory progress, subsequently confirmed as having PhD status.

Apply online

To apply online first select the course you'd like to apply for then log in.

Select your course

Choose the course option you wish to apply for.

Create an account and sign into our application portal.

Information and Communication Systems PhD

Full-time, October 2024

Part-time, October 2024

Full-time, January 2025

Part-time, January 2025

Full-time, April 2025

Part-time, April 2025

About the University of Surrey

Accommodation

We have a range of housing to suit all requirements and budgets. There are more than 6,000 rooms available (en-suite, single-sex, studio flat, shared or single).

Student life

At Surrey we offer a friendly university campus set in beautiful countryside, with the convenience and social life of bustling Guildford on your doorstep.

Need more information?

Contact our Admissions team or talk to a current University of Surrey student online.

Next open day

Next campus tour, code of practice for research degrees.

Surrey’s postgraduate research code of practice sets out the University's policy and procedural framework relating to research degrees. The code defines a set of standard procedures and specific responsibilities covering the academic supervision, administration and assessment of research degrees for all faculties within the University.

Download the code of practice for research degrees (PDF) .

Terms and conditions

When you accept an offer to study at the University of Surrey, you are agreeing to follow our policies and procedures , student regulations , and terms and conditions .

We provide these terms and conditions in two stages:

• First when we make an offer.
• Second when students accept their offer and register to study with us (registration terms and conditions will vary depending on your course and academic year).

View our generic registration terms and conditions (PDF) for the 2023/24 academic year, as a guide on what to expect.

This online prospectus has been published in advance of the academic year to which it applies.

Whilst we have done everything possible to ensure this information is accurate, some changes may happen between publishing and the start of the course.

It is important to check this website for any updates before you apply for a course with us. Read our full disclaimer .

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PhD research in 5G and Beyond Research Applications

5G is a known generation which is improving as 5G and beyond to assure better performance than the prior communication generation. Begin to work in this research area with our team and make your own new PhD Project.

Our technical team is available 24/7 for research assistance

Send your techinical enquiries directly to our technical team via mail - [email protected] or you can send it to support team via WhatsApp

   This is a special blog to explore the emerging idea of 5G and beyond. In this blog you will know about 5G, the need of 5G & beyond and then its applications. To this blog we also include the most trending research topics. Want to all these info in 5G and beyond? Then get into this blog now.  

What is 5G?

     5G is the fifth generation of communication that unlocks all the new features that are not present on 4G. This is the one to bring support for multiple inputs and multiple output of antenna using which it gives link to many number of users. The technology growth is the main thing to introduce 5G. To note, this 5G improves in data rate as well as latency of the system that tends to increase the users.    

What is the Need of 5G and Beyond?

     5G is not a bad solution, but still the increase in expectation of users is the main key to move beyond 5G. To explore the 5Gand beyond, the important demand is its speed to upload and download data. You may this this may not cover in PhD research, but it is not like that. Let us explain you in detail, that is to say, a proper design of network model with antennas, modulation network layers and so on, to improve the speed factor.

    To be sure, a design of better data rate should be cope up at random mobility, interference, spectrum use and many other technical issues. It is possible only by a PhD research in this field of wireless communication. The main applications that are aid with this 5G and beyond are here below.

5G & beyond Applications

• Autonomous Vehicle Driving
• Virtual and also Augmented Reality
• Intelligent Drone Movements
• Live Video Streaming
• Online Healthcare Systems
• Multi-level Video Conferencing
• Multiple Radio Access Technologies
• And Many More Applications

What are the New Topics in 5G and Beyond?

    Under this question, we depict a list of research topics from the field of 5G and Beyond in which these topic can initiate your research too. It’s time to make a look into the recent topics from 5G & beyond.

• High-Demand Multimedia Transmission
• 5GNR-LTE interworking
• Coexistence and Sharing of Spectrum
• Network Orchestration and also Slicing
• Multi-Antenna Placement & Processing
• 5G Core Design Model
• Massive Machine Type Communication
• Cross-layer Architecture
• THz Antenna and Hybrid Beamforming
• Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication
• Wireless Modulation and Multiple Access

  Above all, we keep an eye on other topics in this field of study. So that we could help PhD candidates from any research area. Our quality of work will be pure i.e. we don’t replicate our old works in new ones. We have active team who are intelligent and they keep moving before to bring new inventions along with your ideas. Put a mail in our inbox and get your PhD work as a victory.

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Free Base papers and Topics for your Research

PhD services using Research Domain with important areas

Cloud Computing with Blockchain technology for Security in PhD

Image Processing Integrates with Blockchain Technology for Security

Security by Blockchain and Proof of Blocks for PhD Thesis Writing

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Registration

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• 2023 Edition
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5G International PhD School 2021  is the fourth edition of the international doctorate school that CNIT has conceived as a prestigious event, with a high scientific connotation, aggregated at the 5G Italia conference. 5G International PhD School aspires to be an  event  in which all of us, researchers potentially interested in 5G technology, can jointly structure our  training : to be able to grasp the innumerable  research opportunities  that the 5G, and its desired applications, can offer us.

During  5G International PhD Schoo l you will participate exclusively in  3 days  of tutorial lessons offered by professors of international character on the research topics at the 5G hinge:

• Architecture,
• Applications to automation,
• Applications to Big Data,
• Applications to bioengineering,
• Field Trials,
• Fund Raising,
• Physical Layer,
• Privacy and GDPR issues,
• Quality expectations,
• Simulations,
• Sustainability. 

Colleagues  protagonists  of teaching and research on 5G and its applications at:

accepted the invitation to teach at the School.

Enrolling to  5G International PhD School  you will be, at any time and  no costs , allowed participating to the companion 5G Italy conference taking place in parallel.

Participation in  5G International PhD School  will be certified with earned  ECTS  credits.

Daniele Riccio  (Head of the PhD School)

Antonio Capone Stefano Buzzi Carla F. Chiasserini Fabrizio Granelli Stefano Maci Sergio Palazzo Giuseppe Pelosi

Gianluca Massei (Technical/Organiz. Management)

Nicola Blefari Melazzi (CNIT Director)

To suggest a research topic and/or the name of a teacher (preferably of European origin) it is possible to write an email to Daniele Riccio .

Click on the session title for details.

Private Area

Full Agenda

Phd School – November 30

Scientific Session – November 30

Phd School – December 1

Scientific Session – December 1

Phd School – December 2

PhD School Registration

All sessions of the 5G PhD School can be followed both online and in person in the Crystal Room of the Hotel Nazionale. All the speakers will participate remotely.

Details on participation fees:

• Early Standard Registration price (before November 29): 200 €
• Late Standard Registration price (after November 29): 250 €
• Developing Countries Registration* price:  10  €

Registration for the 5G Italy conference is automatic.

* Developing Countries Registration is reserved for the first 10 participants from institutions/universities belonging to developing countries  according to International Monetary Fund .

PhD School Newsletter Subscription

Name and Surname (required)

Email (required)

Privacy Policy Acceptance

With patronage of

e-mail address: [email protected]

Tel 7639361621

5G Research topics offer scholars an opportunity to innovate and explore the field of 5G Wireless systems using enhanced algorithms and protocols to increase the data rates and overcome the existing challenges. 5G networking is the advancement in the wireless domain for next-generation needs to offer enhanced data rates. Every new technology overcomes the existing challenges; similarly, 5G networks offer superior speed than the existing LTE/4G Networks to manage and connect multiple devices. Before taking up research in 5G Networks , we must have some basic theoretical and subjective knowledge. So, let’s get some technical insights into the 5G network, 

PhD Research Areas in 5G Network

• Ubiquitous / Pervasive Communications 
• Evolution of Smart Cities & Industries  
• Implementing Integrated IoT 
• Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks
• Enhanced Integrated Network Security  
• Cloud Computing with Fog/Edge Networking

Top 7 Research Topics in 5G Technology

Below we have mentioned Interesting 5G Research Topics , reach us to know more information about latest 5G Research work.

• Implementing Security mechanism in Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing
• Evolution of Future Wireless Networks using Cognitive Radio 
• Implementing Privacy and Security in Wireless Networks
• Elevated Performance Network Virtualization
• Experimental Results on Spectrum effectiveness in End-to-End wireless systems
• D2D in 5G Network Architecture, Supervision Techniques, and Services
• Joint Management and Orchestration of Networking with Cloud Technologies 

Benefits of 5G Network over 4G Network

• Handle multiple devices to stay connected with enhanced data speed 
• Enhanced data rate and throughput compared to the existing network.
• Encompassing advanced technological need, i.e., Communication with Cloud services like Microsoft Azure and Amazon web services
• Offers reduced latency i.e., seamless response time for each client request. 

To get some insight about 5G Research topics , we have provided few latest 5G Research Titles below. These are few topics mined with the help of top researchers and experts. Scholars can reach us directly to get more information about each topic. We also provide support to Scholars who are completely new to the field of research. Our support will start from topic selection and end till thesis completion . 

How does 5G work?

5G Networks employs  radio frequencies  that involve frequent updates of radio and other connected equipment over cell phone towers. Such design implementation can be done using the below-mentioned way-

• Low band Network [20% superior speed as compared to 4G but offers vast coverage ]
• Mid band Network [Balanced coverage and speed]
• High band Network [Offers super-fast data transfer rate but handover challenges]

A network Simulation tool has its own significance as it determines the Network performance, i.e., required topology, and used to evaluate novel algorithms . It provides a platform to evaluate the overall network prototype before its practical implementation, which curtails the hardware implementation cost. 

Different circumstances require different network simulators to evaluate the actual theory and assumption. One must understand the Simulation tools to opt for the optimum Simulator for their requirement to consider which tool will yield optimum result for 5G Research Topics chosen. Considering this fact, we have provided few major Simulators and their specifications for scholars’ reference.

What are the 5G network simulators? Top 4 Tools to implement 5G Research Work

• NS-3 [Open Source software implemented using C++ / Python and supported Linux, Windows, and MAC OS]
• RiverBed [C/C++ based Commercial software, Supports Linux and Windows]
• OMNet++ [C++ based Open source software, Supports Linux, Windows, and MAC OS]
• NetSim [Windows based Propriety Software implemented using C++ and Java]

Other Significant Network Simulators 

• NetTest 5G Network Emulators
• 5G NR Simulation Tool

To be particular, let’s understand the above mentioned Simulator – NETSIM features to get an in-depth perception to implement 5G research work .

Key Features of Network Simulator

• Inspection and management of Simulation using DES [Discrete event simulation], which offers event-level debugging
• Drag and drop feature to get enhanced GUI support
• Advanced result dashboard along with packet animator
• Offers round the trip simulation support for 5G Networks
• Detailed tracing along with NR log files using packet-level simulation 
• Standalone structural design with supported Application Models: Voice, HTTP, Custom, FTP, and Video
• C Code supported protocol along with 5G library interface [NetSim TCP/IP stack] to offer simulation competence
• Supported Devices are gNB, Router, EPC, Switch, UE, and Server

Understanding each Simulator is easy, but choosing the best network simulator among it as per the requirement would be a complex task for researchers.

5G Research [Guidance]

Based on the 5G Research Project requirement, our Specialist will guide and provide comprehensive details about the Simulation tool that would cost the scholars optimum. Our support doesn’t stop with tool selection or implementation; we offer complete End to End support until the scholars achieve their Research goal. Further, we offer PhD and MS Scholars research guidance in all domains encouraging in-depth research and investigation.

 We expect our scholars to commit to us and bring their requirements to experience our work quality and massive support system in choosing 5G Research Topics for your thesis work. We hope scholars have a wide scope in 5G domain due to its presentation of consistent technological advancement and emerging networking needs. 

WORLD GET CONNECTED THROUGH 5G technologies, WE GET CONNECTED To make our scholars hassle free,                         Contact us for your 5G network project topics!!!!!!!!         

• Our Promise
• Our Achievements
• Our Mission
• Proposal Writing
• System Development
• Paper Writing
• Paper Publish
• Synopsis Writing
• Thesis Writing
• Assignments
• Survey Paper
• Conference Paper
• Journal Paper
• Empirical Paper
• Journal Support
• PhD Projects in 5G Network

PhD projects in 5G network is a good dais for scholars. In fact, it will help you in the search for a research proposal for the next generation Wireless Networks. In truth,   the long term mirage of high-speed networking turns out to be an actuality. In the meantime, it consists of the invention of 5G technologies, faster speed, and reliable connections.

There is no elevator to PhD success; you have to take the stairs!!! No more fears; we will lift you upstairs with coolness.

Of course, in order to serve you, we have more number of high-tech crews. For the most part, we are here to give you all the latest hot ideas to develop PhD projects in 5G .

Decide now and Commit now to SHAPE your research career as the best of the best…

SOME OF THE RECENT TRENDS FOR PHD PROJECTS IN 5G NETWORK

• Optimized resource provisioning of spectrum in three bands such  as low-frequency band, mmwave, unlicensed spectrum
• eMBB communication for ultra 4K videos, augmented reality, virtual reality, and 3-dimensional multimedia
• Low latency below 1ms for self-driving smart vehicles, mission-critical applications, industrial automation
• Massive machine type service over future IoT applications
• Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization towards 5G
• Cognitive radio with 5G
• Probing cloud to edge radio access network
• Optimized physical infrastructure with network slicing
• Network orchestration with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

As a matter of reality, we will give you an infinite number of advanced PhD projects in 5G network .  On the one hand, we will build your project on diverse physical and MAC parameters.  In addition, on the other hand, we are the best to design new “algorithms as well as pseudo-codes.” On the whole, we will satisfy all your needs on-time with a top-quality outcome.

Physical – ‘OFDM, LDPC, Antenna Design, etc..’ MAC – ‘Full-Duplex, Network Allocation, Resource Distribution, etc.’

Have Trust in us to reach your goal line… We let you do all good things in your hurdles…

PhD projects in 5G network

If you want help with other networks, we are ready to give that too. And they are sensor, satellite, p2p, VANET, MANET, FANET, SDN, CRN, LIFI, WIFI, cellular, underwater, underground, body area network, and more.

An Efficient Virtual Core Network Slices in 5G Mobile Systems based on Coalitional Game

An efficient Latency-driven transport for 5G Wireless network

Optimized  Content- and Network-Context-Aware Streaming in 5G Heterogeneous Network

An efficient A Machine Learning Approach for Traffic Forecasting in 5G Core Network Scalability

An efficient Multitenant 5G Networks: Self-Dimensioning and Planning of Small Cell Capacity

A Steady-Aware Weather Disruption of Tolerant Routing in SDN enabled Wireless Mesh Networks

Flexible Functional Segmentation over 5G Mobile Networks

An effective Anomaly Detection based on Self-Adaptive Deep Learning-Based System  in 5G Networks

A Secure Beamforming for 5G Cellular Networks parallel to Satellite Networks

Two-Factor Authenticated Key Agreement for Unlinkability in 5G-Integrated Wireless Sensor Networks

A Secure Block Chain System based on Security Authentication Scheme in 5G Ultra-Dense Network

An efficient Self-Adaptive Scheduling for Base Transceiver Stations in Green 5GNets

Inter-Slice Resource Management  with Genetic Optimization in 5G Networks

A Secure Multicast Approach for Fixed and Mobile Optical Wireless Backhaul in 5G Wireless Networks

Optimized CoMP Controller Placement to improve RAN Throughput in Optical Metro Networks

An Optimized Caching and Downlink Resource utilization for Smart Cities in 5GNets

RF Energy Harvesting and Transmission for Spectrum Sharing Cellular Communications in 5G Systems over IoT

Group Paging using cluster for Massive Machine Type Communications in 5G Networks

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication for 5G Radio Network

Fog-Assisted Delay-Constrained energy efficient Live Migration of VMs via Multipath TCP/IP in 5G Networks

MILESTONE 1: Research Proposal

Finalize journal (indexing).

Before sit down to research proposal writing, we need to decide exact journals. For e.g. SCI, SCI-E, ISI, SCOPUS.

Research Subject Selection

As a doctoral student, subject selection is a big problem. Phdservices.org has the team of world class experts who experience in assisting all subjects. When you decide to work in networking, we assign our experts in your specific area for assistance.

Research Topic Selection

We helping you with right and perfect topic selection, which sound interesting to the other fellows of your committee. For e.g. if your interest in networking, the research topic is VANET / MANET / any other

Literature Survey Writing

To ensure the novelty of research, we find research gaps in 50+ latest benchmark papers (IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, MDPI, Hindawi, etc.)

Case Study Writing

After literature survey, we get the main issue/problem that your research topic will aim to resolve and elegant writing support to identify relevance of the issue.

Problem Statement

Based on the research gaps finding and importance of your research, we conclude the appropriate and specific problem statement.

Writing Research Proposal

Writing a good research proposal has need of lot of time. We only span a few to cover all major aspects (reference papers collection, deficiency finding, drawing system architecture, highlights novelty)

MILESTONE 2: System Development

Fix implementation plan.

We prepare a clear project implementation plan that narrates your proposal in step-by step and it contains Software and OS specification. We recommend you very suitable tools/software that fit for your concept.

Tools/Plan Approval

We get the approval for implementation tool, software, programing language and finally implementation plan to start development process.

Pseudocode Description

Our source code is original since we write the code after pseudocodes, algorithm writing and mathematical equation derivations.

Develop Proposal Idea

We implement our novel idea in step-by-step process that given in implementation plan. We can help scholars in implementation.

Comparison/Experiments

We perform the comparison between proposed and existing schemes in both quantitative and qualitative manner since it is most crucial part of any journal paper.

Graphs, Results, Analysis Table

We evaluate and analyze the project results by plotting graphs, numerical results computation, and broader discussion of quantitative results in table.

Project Deliverables

For every project order, we deliver the following: reference papers, source codes screenshots, project video, installation and running procedures.

MILESTONE 3: Paper Writing

Choosing right format.

We intend to write a paper in customized layout. If you are interesting in any specific journal, we ready to support you. Otherwise we prepare in IEEE transaction level.

Collecting Reliable Resources

Before paper writing, we collect reliable resources such as 50+ journal papers, magazines, news, encyclopedia (books), benchmark datasets, and online resources.

Writing Rough Draft

We create an outline of a paper at first and then writing under each heading and sub-headings. It consists of novel idea and resources

Proofreading & Formatting

We must proofread and formatting a paper to fix typesetting errors, and avoiding misspelled words, misplaced punctuation marks, and so on

Native English Writing

We check the communication of a paper by rewriting with native English writers who accomplish their English literature in University of Oxford.

Scrutinizing Paper Quality

We examine the paper quality by top-experts who can easily fix the issues in journal paper writing and also confirm the level of journal paper (SCI, Scopus or Normal).

Plagiarism Checking

We at phdservices.org is 100% guarantee for original journal paper writing. We never use previously published works.

MILESTONE 4: Paper Publication

Finding apt journal.

We play crucial role in this step since this is very important for scholar’s future. Our experts will help you in choosing high Impact Factor (SJR) journals for publishing.

Lay Paper to Submit

We organize your paper for journal submission, which covers the preparation of Authors Biography, Cover Letter, Highlights of Novelty, and Suggested Reviewers.

Paper Submission

We upload paper with submit all prerequisites that are required in journal. We completely remove frustration in paper publishing.

Paper Status Tracking

We track your paper status and answering the questions raise before review process and also we giving you frequent updates for your paper received from journal.

Revising Paper Precisely

When we receive decision for revising paper, we get ready to prepare the point-point response to address all reviewers query and resubmit it to catch final acceptance.

Get Accept & e-Proofing

We receive final mail for acceptance confirmation letter and editors send e-proofing and licensing to ensure the originality.

Publishing Paper

Paper published in online and we inform you with paper title, authors information, journal name volume, issue number, page number, and DOI link

MILESTONE 5: Thesis Writing

Identifying university format.

We pay special attention for your thesis writing and our 100+ thesis writers are proficient and clear in writing thesis for all university formats.

Gathering Adequate Resources

We collect primary and adequate resources for writing well-structured thesis using published research articles, 150+ reputed reference papers, writing plan, and so on.

Writing Thesis (Preliminary)

We write thesis in chapter-by-chapter without any empirical mistakes and we completely provide plagiarism-free thesis.

Skimming & Reading

Skimming involve reading the thesis and looking abstract, conclusions, sections, & sub-sections, paragraphs, sentences & words and writing thesis chorological order of papers.

Fixing Crosscutting Issues

This step is tricky when write thesis by amateurs. Proofreading and formatting is made by our world class thesis writers who avoid verbose, and brainstorming for significant writing.

Organize Thesis Chapters

We organize thesis chapters by completing the following: elaborate chapter, structuring chapters, flow of writing, citations correction, etc.

Writing Thesis (Final Version)

We attention to details of importance of thesis contribution, well-illustrated literature review, sharp and broad results and discussion and relevant applications study.

How PhDservices.org deal with significant issues ?

1. novel ideas.

Novelty is essential for a PhD degree. Our experts are bringing quality of being novel ideas in the particular research area. It can be only determined by after thorough literature search (state-of-the-art works published in IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, ACM, ScienceDirect, Inderscience, and so on). SCI and SCOPUS journals reviewers and editors will always demand “Novelty” for each publishing work. Our experts have in-depth knowledge in all major and sub-research fields to introduce New Methods and Ideas. MAKING NOVEL IDEAS IS THE ONLY WAY OF WINNING PHD.

2. Plagiarism-Free

To improve the quality and originality of works, we are strictly avoiding plagiarism since plagiarism is not allowed and acceptable for any type journals (SCI, SCI-E, or Scopus) in editorial and reviewer point of view. We have software named as “Anti-Plagiarism Software” that examines the similarity score for documents with good accuracy. We consist of various plagiarism tools like Viper, Turnitin, Students and scholars can get your work in Zero Tolerance to Plagiarism. DONT WORRY ABOUT PHD, WE WILL TAKE CARE OF EVERYTHING.

3. Confidential Info

We intended to keep your personal and technical information in secret and it is a basic worry for all scholars.

• Technical Info: We never share your technical details to any other scholar since we know the importance of time and resources that are giving us by scholars.
• Personal Info: We restricted to access scholars personal details by our experts. Our organization leading team will have your basic and necessary info for scholars.

CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY OF INFORMATION HELD IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE AT PHDSERVICES.ORG. WE HONEST FOR ALL CUSTOMERS.

4. Publication

Most of the PhD consultancy services will end their services in Paper Writing, but our PhDservices.org is different from others by giving guarantee for both paper writing and publication in reputed journals. With our 18+ year of experience in delivering PhD services, we meet all requirements of journals (reviewers, editors, and editor-in-chief) for rapid publications. From the beginning of paper writing, we lay our smart works. PUBLICATION IS A ROOT FOR PHD DEGREE. WE LIKE A FRUIT FOR GIVING SWEET FEELING FOR ALL SCHOLARS.

5. No Duplication

After completion of your work, it does not available in our library i.e. we erased after completion of your PhD work so we avoid of giving duplicate contents for scholars. This step makes our experts to bringing new ideas, applications, methodologies and algorithms. Our work is more standard, quality and universal. Everything we make it as a new for all scholars. INNOVATION IS THE ABILITY TO SEE THE ORIGINALITY. EXPLORATION IS OUR ENGINE THAT DRIVES INNOVATION SO LET’S ALL GO EXPLORING.

Client Reviews

I ordered a research proposal in the research area of Wireless Communications and it was as very good as I can catch it.

I had wishes to complete implementation using latest software/tools and I had no idea of where to order it. My friend suggested this place and it delivers what I expect.

It really good platform to get all PhD services and I have used it many times because of reasonable price, best customer services, and high quality.

My colleague recommended this service to me and I’m delighted their services. They guide me a lot and given worthy contents for my research paper.

I’m never disappointed at any kind of service. Till I’m work with professional writers and getting lot of opportunities.

- Christopher

Once I am entered this organization I was just felt relax because lots of my colleagues and family relations were suggested to use this service and I received best thesis writing.

I recommend phdservices.org. They have professional writers for all type of writing (proposal, paper, thesis, assignment) support at affordable price.

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5G Massive MIMO Research Topics

5G Massive MIMO Research Topics is one of the wireless communication technologies that utilize an increased number of antennas to increase the network performance. It is now widely employed in various applications to improve the interaction among users. Here we provide several information or details about 5G Massive MIMO.

• Define 5G Massive MIMO

Initially we notice the definition for 5G massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), it is a wireless communication technology which uses a maximum amount of antennas at the base station as well as user appliances to send and receive data at the same time. It enhances data rates, reliability and capacity by effectively handling multiple links and decreasing intervention. This technology plays an important part in improving the achievements of 5G networks.

• What is 5G massive MIMO?

Next to the definition we see the detailed explanation for 5G massive MIMO; it is a wireless communication technology which employs a large amount of antennas at base stations and user appliances to improve the performance of network. It permits for concurrent data transmission and reception utilizing multiple spatial streams, essentially enhancing the reliability, capacity of network and data speeds by minimizing intervention and optimizing signal propagation in 5G networks.

• Where 5G massive MIMO used?

After the detailed explanation we converse about where to use 5G Massive MIMO. It is widely utilized in 5G mobile networks to improve capacity and data speeds. It is also utilized in permanent wireless accessible, permitting quick broadband in unprivileged regions and assists different applications in industries and smart cities, contains AR/VR, automation and IoT. Moreover, it enhances public Wi-Fi in highly-dense regions.

• Why 5G massive MIMO technology proposed? , previous technology issues

5G Massive MIMO is proposed in this research and it overcomes several previous technology issues. The problem statement that surrounds some essential difficult that are compared with previous methods that require the new methods. Some of the existing technology issues are Antenna Selection Scalability, Channel estimation challenges, lack of systematic channel selection and interference mitigation in Multi-User MIMO are several previous technology issues that are overcome by our research.

• Algorithms / Protocols

Succeeding the proposed technology and the issue that it will handle, next we provide the algorithm/ methods to be utilized for this research. The methods are Fully Connected DenseConvNet, Alamouti Space-Time Block Coding (Alamouti STBC), Antenna selection Optimization (AS-O), Doppler-Sparse Channel Assessment (DSCA), Reinforcement Learning with Deep Q-Networks (RL-DQN), Deep Recurrent Channel Estimation Network (DR-CEN) and Field of View (FOV) – Selective Receiver are the methods that are used in this research.

• Comparative Study / Analysis

In this research the 5G Massive MIMO is proposed and it tackles previous technology issues. Moreover, we compared several methods to be used in this research to obtain the best possible findings:

• For channel quality examination in wireless model, Doppler-Sparse Channel Assessment is employed.
• To enhance the MIMO channel evaluation, a Deep Recurrent Channel Estimation Network is used.
• The Antenna selection Optimization is used to minimize intervention and minimize power consumption.
• A field of view (FOV) – selective Receiver enhances signal attainment while Reinforcement Learning with Deep Q-Networks optimizes wireless channel selection.
• Alamouti Space-Time Block Coding (Alamouti STBC) integrates both temporal and spatial diversity to improve data rates as well as dependability.
• Simulation Results / Parameters

5G Massive MIMO is proposed in this research and it addresses some existing technology issues. Moreover it is compared with few parameters or the performance metrics to attain the accurate possible outcomes. The metrics that compared are NMSE, Spectral Efficiency, MSE, Bit Error Rate and Processing Time are compared with SNR and the NMSE is also compared with Pilot Overhead. These are the parameters that are compared to obtain the best result.

• Dataset LINKS / Important URL

The proposed 5G Massive MIMO is a wireless communication that contains several applications, uses and the techniques that are utilized in this research. Here we provide several links that are used to verify the queries:

• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9037310/
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6287639/8948470/08950181.pdf
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11277-011-0496-z
• 5G Massive MIMO Applications

The applications that are utilized for 5G Massive MIMO is adaptable, essentially increases the telecommunication with minimized latency, rapid data speeds, and wide coverage for IoT and smart phone devices. It also plays an important part in linking the digital divide over permanent wireless access, offering high-speed broadband to unprivileged regions. In smart cities, it assists the utilization of improving traffic management systems, assists public protection creativities and IoT sensors. In industrial systems, it allows fostering automation, remote monitoring and actual-time interaction. In addition, for immersive technologies like VR, gaming and AR, it confirms a stable, high-quality connectivity knowledge, raising user concentration and engagement.

• Topology for 5G Massive MIMO

Now the topology to be used for our proposed research is that surrounds the elements which is important for 5G wireless communication, such as Base stations (BS), Multiple Input Multiple Output Base Stations (MIMO-BS), and User Equipment (UEs). UEs denote end-user appliances, helping as the interface for obtaining the 5G network. Base Station also plays an important part in creating links, providing actual-time interaction ability, and enabling long-range data transmission.

• Environment in 5G Massive MIMO

The environment that we employed for the proposed research contains an emerging and dynamic wireless communication landscape where this creative communicates. Specially MIMO-BS improves the environment by effectively handling many data signals at a time, enhancing the whole quality of wireless connection and optimizing data transmission. In this research we examine the interaction among these elements among the framework of 5G wireless communication, intends to enhance the interpretation and achievement of this technology in different conditions and settings.

• Simulation tools

The proposed research has the following software requirements to be needed. The massive MIMO in 5G is executed by using the tool Matlab-R2020a (or and above version). It is implemented by using the python programming language. Then the proposed research is operated through the operating system Windows-10 (64-bit).

We propose a massive MIMO for 5G communication that is now widely used in many applications and it is a wireless communication system. In these we compared various techniques or methods to overcome previous issues and here the performance metrics are contrasted to obtain the best findings.

5G Massive MIMO Research Ideas:

Below we offered are some of the research topics that are related to the proposed massive MIMO technology and these topics are helpful to us when we gothrough the explanations or details related to our proposed research:

• Spectral Floquet-spatial modulations devoted to strongly coupled periodic arrays: metasurfaces, dense massive MIMO, reconfigurable-intelligent-surfaces (RIS), 5G and 6G uses
• A Survey on Learning-Based Channel Estimation Methods Used for 5G Massive Mimo System
• 12 Element Inverted E-Shaped Massive MIMO Antennas for Future 5G Smartphone Applications
• Optimized Assessment Procedure for Maximal RF Exposure to 5G Massive MIMO Base Stations in Non-Line-of-Sight Scenarios – Part 1: Theoretical and Numerical Investigations
• A Reliable Antenna Array for the 28GHz mmWave Band in a 5G Massive MIMO Communication
• Energy Efficient 2D-DOA Based Precoding Approach for 5G Multicell Massive MIMO System
• Pilotcontamination analysis of Massive MIMO 5G networks based on HetNets weighted scheduling with reinforcement markov encoder model
• Spectral and Energy Efficiency in Cell-free Massive MIMO systems for 5G and 6G Wireless Communications
• A Solution to Channel Aging in 5G Massive MIMO
• 5G DL Throughput Measurement using Massive MIMO Channel System Tool with Beamforming
• Sleep Mode Strategies for Energy Efficient Cell-Free Massive MIMO in 5G Deployments
• Examining Anticipated Massive MIMO 5G Network Attacks Through Adversarial Examples
• An Exploration-Estimation Beamforming Scheme For 5GNR FDD Massive MIMO Communications
• Comparison and Performance Analysis of Massive Mimo Based 5g Communication Network Through Potential Parameters
• Optimized Assessment Procedure for Maximal RF Exposure to 5G Massive MIMO Base Stations in Non-Line-of-Sight Scenarios – Part 2: Verification by Field Measurements
• A Reduced-Complexity Load-Modulated MIMO Transmitter Readily Scalable in 5G Massive MIMO Transmitters
• A Novel Probe Selection Method for OTA Testing of 5G Massive MIMO Base Station on Static and Dynamic Channel
• Is Antenna Reservation Superior to Increasing Input Back-off in 5G Massive MIMO Base Stations?
• Probe Selection Method based on Switch Matrix for 5G Massive MIMO Base Station OTA Testing
• Sum Rate Analysis for 5G Massive MIMO Communication System based on Deep Neural Network
• OTA Test Method in Extreme Temperature for 5G Massive MIMO Devices
• On the Impact of Residual Transmitter Distortions in 5G Massive MIMO Base Stations
• Evaluation of User Allocation Techniques in Massive MIMO 5G Networks
• Massive MIMO in 5G: How Beamforming, Codebooks, and Feedback Enable Larger Arrays
• A Novel Beam Domain Channel Model for B5G Massive MIMO Wireless Communication Systems
• Broad Beamforming Technology in 5G Massive MIMO
• DQN-Based Adaptive MCS and SDM for 5G Massive MIMO-OFDM Downlink
• Deep Learning based Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer Enabled Massive MIMO NOMA for Beyond 5G
• 5G-Advanced Duplex Evolution for Massive MIMO and Multi-Beam Operations
• Energy Efficient Operation of Adaptive Massive MIMO 5G HetNets
• Enhanced AI-Based CSI Prediction Solutions for Massive MIMO in 5G and 6G Systems
• Real-Time Optimization of Dynamic Predistortion Model for 5G Massive MIMO Broadband RF Power Amplifier
• Robust Frequency Selective Precoding for Downlink Massive MIMO in 5G Broadband System
• Single-port measurement scheme: An alternative approach to system calibration for 5G massive MIMO base station conformance testing
• Multicarrier technique for 5G massive MIMO system based on CDMA and CMFB
• Analytical Analysis on LS, MMSE and Modified Entropy-Based LS Channel Estimation Techniques for 5G Massive MIMO Systems
• Massive MIMO Channel Estimation Using FastICA Weighted Function for VLC in 5G Networks
• A Review of Direction of Arrival Estimation Techniques in Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Communication Systems
• Smart Pilot Decontamination Strategy for High and Low Contaminated Users in Massive MIMO-5G Network
• On Performance of multi-user Massive MIMO for 5G and Beyond
• An Overview of Massive MIMO for 5G and 6G
• A Comparative Analysis On 5G Cell Free Massive Mimo In Next Generation Networking Environment
• Wide Band Dual Polarized Antenna Array for 5G mmWave based massive MIMO Base Station Applications
• Field Test of 5G FDD Massive MIMO
• Spatial and Spectral Resource Allocation for Energy-Efficient Massive MIMO 5G Networks
• Interference Mitigation Approach using Massive MIMO towards 5G networks
• Study on 5G Massive MIMO Technology Key Parameters for Spectral Efficiency Improvement Including SINR Mapping on Rural Area Test Case
• Recent Studies on Massive MIMO Technologies for 5G Evolution and 6G
• A Simplified Main Beam Linearization Angle Widening Method for 5G Massive MIMO Systems With OTA Feedback
• Efficient 5G Massive MIMO Millimeter Wave 2-tier Network
• Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna Architecture for Multiband 5G Adaptive Beamforming Applications
• Intelligent Massive MIMO Systems for Beyond 5G Networks: An Overview and Future Trends
• Massive MIMO Uplink Signal Detector for 5G and Beyond Networks
• Joint LSTM and Periodic Decision Algorithm for 5G Massive MIMO
• Throughput Based Adaptive Beamforming in 5G Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO Cellular Networks via Machine Learning
• Evaluation of RF-EMF Exposure for sub-6GHz 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station
• Low-cost Beam-combining Architecture for O-RUs in mmWave Massive MIMO based 5G O-RAN System
• A Machine Learning Adaptive Beamforming Framework for 5G Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO Multicellular Networks
• Design of Secure Pilot Spectrum for 5G Oriented Massive MIMO System
• Plane Wave Generator Design for 5G Massive MIMO Base Stations OTA Testing
• A 3.4-4.1GHz Broadband GaN Doherty Power Amplifier Module for 5G massive-MIMO Base-Stations
• Meeting 5G network requirements with Massive MIMO
• On the Power Consumption of Massive-MIMO, 5G New Radio with Software-Based PHY Processing
• A 3-D Non-Stationary Model for Beyond 5G and 6G Vehicle-to-Vehicle mmWave Massive MIMO Channels
• A Novel Digital Predistortion Based on Flexible Characteristic Detection for 5G Massive MIMO Transmitters
• Millimeter-Wave Digital Beam-Forming Massive-MIMO and Distributed-MIMO Technologies and Their Verifications Toward 5G-Beyond Further Capacity Enhancement
• A Survey on 5G Radio Access Network Energy Efficiency: Massive MIMO, Lean Carrier Design, Sleep Modes, and Machine Learning
• MRC Detection for LDPC-OFDM, Massive MIMO, NR-5G-based Systems Utilizing Accurate PDF of Effective Noise and Co-Channel Interference
• Coexistence of D2D Communications and Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Low Resolution ADC for Improved Throughput in Beyond-5G Networks
• Methodology for Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment of 5G Massive MIMO Antennas Accounting for Spatial Variability of Radiated Power
• Transformer-based downlink precoding design in massive MIMO systems for 5G-advanced and 6G
• Analysis of Massive MIMO and Small Cells based 5G Cellular Networks: Simulative Approach
• On the Performance Analysis of Multi-User Massive MIMO Systems with Error Vector Signals for 5G Cellular Networks
• Additively manufactured flexible on-package phased array antennas for 5G/mmWave wearable and conformal digital twin and massive MIMO applications
• Massive metamaterial system-loaded MIMO antenna array for 5G base stations
• Sub-6 GHz band massive MIMO antenna system for variable deployment scenarios in 5G base stations
• Energy efficiency optimization in adaptive massive MIMO networks for 5G applications using genetic algorithm
• Massive MIMO based beamforming by optical multi-hop communication with energy efficiency for smart grid IoT 5G application
• Energy efficiency analysis for 5G application in massive MIMO systems by using lower bound inequality and SCAM method
• High isolation 16-port massive MIMO antenna based negative index metamaterial for 5G mm-wave applications
• Hybrid Beamforming in 5G NR Networks Using Multi User Massive MIMO at FR2 Frequency Bands
• Tile-based massively scalable MIMO and phased arrays for 5G/B5G-enabled smart skins and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces
• Research and Application of 5G Massive MIMO Antenna Weight Intelligent Optimization Based on 4G/5G Coordination
• Research on 5G Networking and Massive MIMO Intelligent Optimization Method Based on Big Data and AI for Winter Olympics Venues
• Review of Antenna Array for 5G Technology Using mmWave Massive MIMO
• Accurate channel estimation and hybrid beamforming using Artificial Intelligence for massive MIMO 5G systems
• Sintering behavior of 0.95MgTiO3-0.05CaTiO3 ceramics with high densification, high Q and enhanced mechanical properties for 5G massive MIMO technology: Effect of particle gradation
• Design and analysis of quantized feedback based user-antenna joint scheduling scheme for ongoing 5G and beyond multi-user massive MIMO FDD communication systems
• 5G Massive MIMO-OFDM System Model: Existing Channel Estimation Algorithms and Its Review
• Coverage and Capacity Analysis for Football Player’s Bodycam with Cell-Free Massive MIMO
• Statistical Modelling of Massive MIMO Channel at FR2 Frequency Bands for B5G Networks
• Channel estimation of mmWave Massive MIMO System using multi cell-based Pilot allocation protocol integrated with deep neural network
• Beam Selection for Cell-Free Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems: A Matching-Theoretic Approach
• Spectral Efficiency of Time-Variant Massive MIMO Using Wiener Prediction
• Design and Optimization of Downlink Massive MIMO System Based on OTFS Modulation Enabling Modified 3D-SOMP Channel Estimation
• Deep Learning Based CSI Feedback Method Exploiting Channel Correlation in Massive MIMO
• Spatial Non-Stationary Near-Field Channel Modeling and Validation for Massive MIMO Systems
• Energy Efficiency Optimization in Massive MIMO Systems with Low-Resolution ADCs
• Experimental Performance Evaluation of Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems Using COTS RRU With OTA Reciprocity Calibration and Phase Synchronization
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Ph.D Research Topics in 5G LTE Network

Phd in underwater optical communication at frontend, phd in congestion identification in machine learning.

• PhD in a novel function for User-targeted DoS Attacks in LTE 5G Networks
• PhD in effectual mechanism for Performance Evaluation of LTE Network for 5G Handover
• PhD in innovative mechanism for Minimizing Energy Consumption in Enhanced 5G LTE
• PhD Design and Verification for Virtual Drive Test Methodology based on Vehicular 5G LTE Applications
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• PhD in Offloading Traffic From Cellular Networks into 5G LTE on Multi-Hop D2D Networks
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• PhD in fresh mechanism for Research of Spectrum Sensing Based on SU Classification in Cognitive 5G LTE Network
• PhD in QoS-Aware User Association and RA in 5G LTE/Wi-Fi Coexistence Systems
• PhD in Simulation Analysis of Discontinuous Reception Mechanism with ETSI Traffic Model in 5G LTE Networks
• PhD innew-fangled method for 5G-EmPOWER based on Radio Access Networks
• PhD in novel technology for Traffic-aware user association in heterogeneous 5G LTE/Wi-Fi radio access networks
• PhD in Cluster-Based on RAS for 5G LTE Networks Supporting MM-Type Communications scheme
• PhD in Dynamic Multipoint Wireless Transmission using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Review on Delay Aware Joint Uplink/Downlink Scheduling using 5G LTE network
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• PhD in Link-level simulations of 3-5G new air-interface key mechanisms using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) and Filtered-OFDM (F-OFDM) using 5G LTE network
• PhD in Altera FOGA on Polar Code using 5G LTE networking
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LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, and is associated with the 4G and 5G wireless communications standard designed to provide higher speeds than the 3G networks for mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and wireless hotspots. … It is a service only provided over 4G and 5G LTE devices that are compatible to VoLTE by means of presenting a long term evolution with 5Gnetwork provides compatibility wireless communication.

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• 5G NS3 [Performance Analysis Evaluation]

NS3 is generally a simulator, which is able to function on separate discrete events. We guide research scholars to implement 5g ns3 projects. This type of simulator allows the user to simulate the various networking devices such as

• Computers / Laptops 
• Mobile devices
• Radio base stations
• And other wireless communication devices

“This article focuses on the ultimate purpose of the combination of 5G NS3 simulator and through this article, we attempt to display the skills of our research team in the selected field and we attempt to assist you with our project title suggestion!!”

The prime duty of a simulator is to calculate the network effectiveness on various parameters and metrics in order to find the best elements in a network to implement in a system for data transfer. Along with the definition of NS3 , we provide you with an overall summary of the 5G network .

Overview of 5G Network

5th Generation network (5G) is the most promising network technology, which is the successor of the existing generation networks . Still, the 5G are featured with the same geographic features of the 4G network , which is separated over minimal geographic spaces. In fact, the 5G networks are objected to integrating the 4G small cell operations . 

The functions of the 5G NS3 require the local or regional antennas to serve like tiny base stations to connect billions of devices, by using the radio waves in cellular networks of every cellular device . 

How does 5G technology works?

Naturally, the structure of the 5G network will be the platforms of SDN, where the network operation is organized by the software elements than the hardware elements. Typically a 5G network has the advantages in 

• Industrial automation process
• Cloud-based technologies
• Virtualization 

Along with that the business automation process featured with the 5G structure to afford the user responsive and flexible access anywhere, anytime. Normally the 5G NS3 networks have the ability to generate a software-defined sub-system , which is recognized as network slicing. Such recognized slices make the network managing entities command the network operations on the basis of user devices. 

The 5G network can also be known as the wireless air interface , which is more proficient in covering the spectrums, which are not implemented in 4G. The MIMO OFDM Simulation integrate the new antennas in order to activate the transmission of added data through various transmitters and receivers. But the 5G technology is enabled with the unlimited spectrum of new radios. The following are the purposes of 5G network design

• Converged network sustenance
• Supporting heterogeneous networks
• Sustaining both licensed and unlicensed wireless technologies
• Enabling the users to have access to bandwidth

In addition to the above definitions, functions, and features of the 5G network , we must know that the 5G networks are becoming an essential networking technology to make the users enable the fastest browsing, data transmission across the world. In order to make the data transmission in a secured way, our suggested simulation tool is NS3. Hence we introduce our important NS3 modules to simulate 3GPP 5G networks

Notable 5G NS 3 modules  

This type of module enables the user to get the millimeter-wave structure that involves the propagation models of the MAC and PHY layers . This implementation and the process are very fundamental for the following systems, 

• User devices of mmWave and the base stations
• Sub-port for TDD, which is absent in LTE module
• Personalized design based on OFDM 
• Supporting MAC scheduling in uplink and downlink
• The alterable MIMO antenna system

In addition, the following are the main features of mmWave

• Able to perform core network component simulation
• Enabling fast secondary cell handover and channel tracing, when connected to LTE base stations with dual connectivity
• Improving retransmission in the RLC layer by rearranging the packets 
• MAC layer carrier aggregation
• Enables conventional schedulers to support mobility TDD formats
• Sustaining 3GPP NR structure with customized PHY and Mac layers
• Permits the usage of ray and measure tracing
• Supporting a various range of models like 3GPP TR 38.901 frequenting among 0.5 and 100 GHz.

To the best of our knowledge, we structured the NR module to achieve the simulations of E2E in 3GPP-based cellular networks . We added certain novel features like 

• Springy frame structure in case to support multiple numerologies
• Mobilized Time Division Duplex (TDD)
• Backing new mmWave frequency bands
• Beam management-related operations
• Supporting wide channel bandwidth operations 
• Frequency partition multiplexing of multiple bandwidth parts
• Symbol-level scheduling of mini-slots
• Adjustable Transmission Time Interval (TTI)s
• Schemes for New channel coding 

The new NR features length over all the protocol stack, also presenting a new layer above Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), called Service Data Adaptation Protocol(SDAP), standalone and non-standalone designs, and a compulsory split of control and user planes in the core network.

Antenna Switch Modules

The fundamental function of the ASM is to consider the features of wireless devices like smartphones etc. When incorporating this module with GSM Tx, the ASM assists in strainer the unnecessary harmonic signals .it combines the transmission paths and entity receiver of discrete frequency routes for more antennas like  

It is a module of the Ns3 category, which is used for V2V simulation based on the network functions of mmWave . The updated version of this module involves the following characteristics as

• Directing the users with guidelines to have module conversation
• Completes an entire load of operations from RLC and PDCP, which is possible by incorporating the NS3 with LTE network module
• Sustains the NR frame architecture to modify the PHY and MAC layers
• Supporting the hottest 3GPP channel model for the V2X networks of frequency beyond 6GHz

The above-mentioned NS3simulation tools, modules, and features are the best to support the 3GPP network as discussed. We can perform a 5G NS3 simulation with the help of the above modules’ unique characteristics. Here we provide you with the network segments of the 5G process,

5G NS3 Network Simulation Process

    The 5G network segments can be categorized as 

• Core network

A core network in 5G consists of numerous servers, which could perform various vertical services instantly. It obeys the model of cloud structure that uses NFV utilities when the various data centers are hosted in cloud resources.

• Radio Access Network

This network is presumably a non-standalone 5G configuration , which we can basically call a 5G network emerging with the advanced features of its previous network (4G). But when it comes to the simulation of NS3, we couldn’t the same as it simulates unique 5G NS3 aspects in a network segment which we can implement various 5G PHY layer characteristics with the initial 5G radio indicators . The application of the latest eMBB services is detected in the new pattern of communication.

• Transport network

This network is ultimately organized by the SDN controller and the Transport network functions on the basis of OpenFlow nodes; so that they can be called OF switches. The major function of this network is to link the radio access nodes presented in a core network . It enables the advancing transmission technology to transfer the assets of various objectives and protocols. It enables a lenient circulation and network reconfiguration of its Xhaul in order to associate the areas of backhaul and fronthaul zones.

The mentioned segments are the important compounds of the 5G network. It provides innovative features, which we cannot experience in the previous 4G network . In addition to the 5G network segments, here we reached the core part of this article, which contains our suggestion on the dissertation topics regarding 5G NS3 as follows

Trending Research Topics in 5G 

• Multimedia transfer of 5G Wireless Asynchronous Transmission Mode Network by using Multiple Access Protocol
• Smart Grid Communication using energy competing 5G LoRa Ad-Hoc Network
• Qualms of 5G mmW Link Range of OTA Measurements RF System computations
• Optimizing Dual Band Antenna based on H-Slotted DGS with the help of Artificial neural network for the applications of 5G network
• Millimeter-Wave Microstrip Antenna associated with CSRR for the applications of 5G network

Networking is basically an emerging, trending domain, which doesn’t have an apocalypse by any upcoming technical device. So we assure the students/scholars who have chosen this domain are having a promising professional future . To enrich your future better, we provide our 24/7customer service both online and in-person and we afford you on-time delivery 5g NS3 project service at low cost but not lowering our quality. Subsequently, we remind you once again not to miss the opportunity!!!

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5G Master Thesis

5G is the evolving technology with persistent ideas to ripe a stunning 5G Master Thesis utilizing novel techniques. Due to the ever-lasting multiple mobile devices, a raised trend in internet usage, and different data ravenous applications, there is a permanent demand for elevated data values. And before getting into the topic, first, you may know how we write your 5G thesis with the five effective elements as in the following structure. 

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF 5G MS THESIS?

In general, 5G Master Thesis must have to follow these five Thesis structures; it may differ according to the educational departments.

• Abstract:  a short paragraph discussing your entire topic explains your strategies and sums up your research.
• Literature Review:  a section that states the cardinal theories and philosophies that applies to your topic.
• Methodology:  a dissertation statement that briefly explained the strategies that help make your inquiry and gives fair for this chosen subject.
• Analytical Chapters:  the main part of the thesis, its phases give the captious criticism of your selected topic.
• Conclusion:  the last section that sums up your research and proposes a practical way for upcoming research.

“A Good Thesis is a Done Project” -5g Thesis for MS Scholars

New Technology in 5G Network

Let’s get into the topic, the fifth generation of wireless mobile communication will secure trouble in technologies to achieve Abrupt Data Values, Abeyance, And Quality.

New technologies have to be active to meet future requests, and hence analysts have initiated investigating new 5G techniques . Some of the new technologies in 5G are

• Massive MIMO
• Centimeter and Millimeter-wave
• Multi-Radio Access Technologies
• Distributed Cloud
• Antenna beamforming
• Device-device communication

In this period, radio procreation obtained an advanced range, and its suitable designed program will provide to assure the present 5G features.

In the 5G networking process , simulators play an important role; Likewise, in thesis, statements play a vital role. So, a thesis statement contains one or two sentences that explain the main concept to  5G Master Thesis . It is situated at the last of the introduction paragraph. For that, we follow some principles to write your thesis statement. 

SIMULATION TOOLS FOR 5G NETWORK

There are some extra ambitious technologies that are also nominee solutions for 5G topologies . Likewise, they are Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), massive MIMO transmission, and so supple network arrange with mobile nodes like drones, UAVs , etc. 

In this 5th generation network , we have method working nature engineers who know about these features of 5G networks in your dissertations . And such, candidate solutions and 5G simulation tools are mentioned below:

• NS3 NETWORK SIMULATOR 
• OMNET++ 
• OPNET SIMULATOR 
• MATLAB/SIMULINK 
• NetSim’s 5G NR mmWave 
• Mininet-WiFi

These are some effective 5G user simulators , and simultaneously we explained about 5G simulation tools, and their designs are mentioned below for your knowledge.

Modules in 5G Network Simulators 

For 5G network processing and to predict performance, there is a need for simulators. Here some of the effective network simulators are mentioned below.

5G-LENA (NS-3)

• 5G-LENA is a GpLv2 New Radio (NR) network simulator structured with a wire gable design to NS3. 
• From the mmWave module, we create the project for the activity-based that supports the blended UL-DL position format, OFDMA, programming procedure.

SimuLTE (OMNeT++)

• SimuLTE is an advanced simulation tool for processing complex system stage execution that evaluates LTE and LTE upgraded networks for the OMNeT++ model.
• From SimuLTE, we can design a simulation assignment for Voice-over-IP (VoIP) related applications. 
• Also, it  is  related to the eNodeB and UE models and complete LTE protocol batch. Similarly, we execute the activity like Header encoding or decoding and administration of logical connectivity and PDCP_RRC mending.

5G Toolbox (Matlab)

The 5G Toolbox gives a regular allegation process and in 5G New Radio (NR) communication system . It provides advanced features such as Bendable Body Level Structures, Massive MIMO Antenna Arrangements, and Extremely Merged RF Transceivers Designs.

 With these features, we do end-to-end 5G NR communication connections. Similarly, there are some originators in Matlab that can be found in the 5G new toolbox to implement 5G Master Thesis . That is:

• Uplink and Downlink FRC and help NR-TM
• In-depth study of data deduction
• RF harm in NR TX and RX
• Increasing the resource programming

NetTest 

• The NetTest 5G programmes supply a broad trial solution for 5G Core Network and NR inferior stations. 
• To simulate many UEs and elements, we designed a 5G core network. 
• And such elements are UE+gNB, AMF, SMF, UPF, NRF etc. 
• In this tool, we autonomously evaluate the voice and data class of inherent networks (Land Mobile Radios and wired and wireless networks).
• NetSim(Network Simulator) is an end-to-end compact network simulator. 
• By utilizing it, we generate a 5G assignment with UE, gNB, EPC, Router, permutation, computer devices. 
• For the simulation ability over the complete network stack, we use the TCP/IP stack. In this NETSIM tool, we exercise custom activity for Packet level simulation with elaborate packet trace, case trace, and NR log file.

The NYUSIM Channel Simulator stipulates all statistical channel representation and simulation code with an easily handled programme for creating earthy attributes of the attributed broadband channel we invent with urge responses. 

In this epoch, what’s new tool may be, we well known about it and its features so we implement it for your 5G Master Thesis . And still, more features are not yet implemented that would make the simulator more accurate in the future. Similarly, this MS thesis in 5G network discussed the characteristics of these tools that are most important to consider before investing in such tools. But in the future, it has become more effective than in the past.

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Our Editor-in-Chief has Website Ownership who control and deliver all aspects of PhD Direction to scholars and students and also keep the look to fully manage all our clients.

Our world-class certified experts have 18+years of experience in Research & Development programs (Industrial Research) who absolutely immersed as many scholars as possible in developing strong PhD research projects.

We associated with 200+reputed SCI and SCOPUS indexed journals (SJR ranking) for getting research work to be published in standard journals (Your first-choice journal).

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Detailed Videos, Readme files, Screenshots are provided for all research projects. We provide Teamviewer support and other online channels for project explanation.

Worthy journal publication is our main thing like IEEE, ACM, Springer, IET, Elsevier, etc. We substantially reduces scholars burden in publication side. We carry scholars from initial submission to final acceptance.

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