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The effects of a spiral model knowledge-based conversion cycle on improving knowledge-based organisations performance

A quantitative study of waterfall and agile methodologies with the perspective of project management.

Software engineering is used in order to develop larger and complex software products. As software product is needed in almost all the industries, software engineering becomes really important. Software development can be done through various software development life cycle (SDLC) models like waterfall model, agile model, spiral model, prototype model, etc. SDLC is a framework that defines the tasks that to be performed at each step in the development process. Authors are mainly focusing on two models (i.e., waterfall and agile model). Waterfall model is a serial model which follows a strict sequence. Agile methodology can be divided into scrum methodology and extreme programming. Scrum methodology mainly focuses on how to manage tasks in a team-based environment. Scrum consists of three main roles. They are scrum master, product owner, and scrum team. While comparing both the models, the main difference obtained is waterfall does not allow any customer involvement while agile does allow it.

Development of Social Studies Learning Outcomes with Tajhin Peddhis-Based Etnopedagogy Approach

 The purpose of this study was to describe social studies learning outcomes with an Ethno pedagogy approach based on the tajhin pheddis tradition. The research method is classroom action research with the Spiral Model from Kemmis and Taggart. In general, four stages are usually passed, namely: Planning, Acting, Observing, and Reflecting. The subjects or informants are social studies teachers and Class VII students at Madrasah Tsanawiyah. This study's techniques and data collection tools were observation and interview techniques. Student learning outcomes have increased between cycle 1 and cycle 2. The increase in learning outcomes can be seen from the average cycle 1 of 62, 5. The average value in cycle II has increased by 79, 5, while the average presentation of completeness in the cycle This II increased to 80% of students who completed above the KKM score. Based on the average value and the percentage of classical learning completeness, it can be concluded that social studies learning with an ethnopedagogic approach based on the tajhin pheddis tradition can improve student learning outcomes in social studies subjects. Learning with an ethnopedagogic approach through the tajhin tradition pheddis can be an approach in social studies learning that is meaningful learning. It is shown that the study results indicate an increase in student learning outcomes at MTs AL-Ikhlas Kuala Mandor B.

SUBSTANTIATION OF DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SUPPORT OF TESTS OF ARMAMAENT AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

One of the important areas of support and development of the state's defense capabilities is to equip the armed forces with modern armament and military equipment (AME). In recent years, due to the situation in eastern Ukraine, there has been a significant increase in the pace of development and adoption of the newest models of AME. The process of harmonizing national standards with NATO standards also contributes to this. Naturally, it causes an increase in the need for timely and high-quality testing of AME samples. Accordingly, the task of improving the efficiency of all processes that accompany the testing of defense products is urgent. The article considers the problem of practical development of information system for support of tests of AME, the purpose of which is to automate information processes in the preparation and conduct of tests, which should reduce time and labor costs at all stages of testing. Based on the previously substantiated spiral model of software product development and the concept of building an information system for test support, a step-by-step plan for the implementation of the information system is proposed. The system of requirements to the prototype of the information system with limited functionality is formulated, according to which the rating estimation of need and possibility of prioritized realization of the basic functional modules of the information system is carried out. Based on the requirement of functional connectivity of the modules, the information system composition on the next turn of the life cycle spiral model is substantiated. The step-by-step approach during creation and provisioning of databases and data registers with information are considered. As the information system develops, the transition to an incremental model of software product development is not excluded. It is expected that the automation of information processes related to the planning and conducting of tests, as well as the processing of test results and preparation of reporting documentation can positively impact the overall efficiency of the organization and conducting of tests, as well as ensure the proper quality of results.

Combination Of Character Change And Utilization Of Social Media As A New Strategy To Maintain SMEs Resilience During The Covid-19 Pandemic

This research was motivated by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic which spread throughout the world and resulted in a crisis until SMEs went bankrupt. This study aims to investigate how SMEs can face crises and the strategies they have devised to keep their businesses afloat, to prepare SMEs for future crises. The population was SMEs who are members of the Institute for Modern Creative Industries. The sampling technique used a purposive sampling technique with 6 sources. This research is a type of qualitative research with a case study approach. The type of case study used is a collective or multiple case study. This study uses primary data. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews and observation. The data analysis technique used is a spiral model technique and is assisted by using Nvivo Software 12 for the result of this study, so that SMEs can survive, an entrepreneur must have adaptive and optimistic character because optimism is an inherent trait of all business actors. The strategies used for the survival and resilience of SMEs in times of crisis are advertising and promotion through social media, doing word of mouth, giving attractive discounts, diversifying products, efficiencies such as reducing employee work time, reducing product variety and reducing inventory.

Learning processes and knowledge transfer in the upward spiral model: an empirical assessment of springboard multinational enterprises

Purpose The springboard theory for multinational enterprises and the upward spiral model address the expansion of emerging countries’ multinational enterprises (MNEs) abroad as a set of resource-building stages. This paper aims to analyze this model by qualifying knowledge flows in three domains: learning effects, transfer flows and global connections. Design/methodology/approach The authors use 2018 data from the ORBIS database to identify evidence concerning the springboard MNE (SMNE) phenomenon. The authors select MNE firms from 93 emerging economies with presence in 71 developed and 93 developing countries. In addition, the authors differentiate between the levels of technological intensity of emerging market MNEs’ sectors. Findings The results highlight the existence of learning processes taking place in subsidiaries and feeding back into parent firms, as well as the existence of capability transfer from home to host units. Originality/value The main contribution is the addition of empirical evidence on the SMNE and specifically the upward spiral model, considering the micro-level and the productivity differences between parent firm and subsidiaries.

6. The curriculum

‘The curriculum’ argues that the generally accepted feeling is that the curriculum has been the jealously guarded province of teachers and education professionals, never to be penetrated by the common sense of politicians or public. This led to the establishment of the National Curriculum in the UK and a clutch of other European countries in the 1980s. Recent moves in the USA have aimed to introduce similar conformity, including the Common Core State Standards Initiative in 2010. This subject can't ignore the influence of ancient curricula and Jerome Bruner’s spiral model of the curriculum. What are the effects also of the hidden curriculum and the proliferation of tests on the curriculum?

“Wiraku Suci”: A Children’s App for Learning Hygiene Practices

Hygiene care is a basic human need, but very essential practice that must be taught since childhood. Personal hygiene involves making sure body parts are clean to avoid from health issues caused by poor cleanliness. Parents ultimately bear the responsibility to teach their children about cleanliness, and normally this is done by showing and practising hygiene care themselves. Nevertheless, it is not that easy to educate personal hygiene care to them, especially in the ages of four to six years old, because they are actively playing and exploring their environments. To aid parents, mobile learning app could be employed because hygiene habits can be shown via more engaging ways such as through pictures and video clips of personal hygiene care, simple drag and drop games, and pictorial quiz. In this study, a mobile learning app with game-based approach has been developed by following the software development life cycle Spiral model. During evaluation phase, a heuristic evaluation with five Computer Science lecturers was conducted to examine the usability of the app. Results from the evaluation were used as guidance to refine and improvise the app so that they will be usable and enjoyable for children.   

Project Implementation Decision Using Software Development Life Cycle Models: A Comparative Approach

Selection of a suitable Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model for project implementation is somewhat confusing as there are a lot of SDLC models with similar strengths and weaknesses. Also, the solutions proffered among the researchers so far have been the  qualitative comparative analysis of SDLC models. Hence, this paper proposes a comparative analysis of SDLC models using quantitative approach in relation to strengths and weaknesses of SDLC models. The study adapted comparative analysis and Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) models features’ classification using ten characteristics such as project complexity, project size, project duration, project with risk, implementation/initial cost, error discovery, associated cost, risk analysis, maintenance and cost estimation. A quantitative measure that employs online survey using experts in software design and engineering, project management and system analysis was carried out for the evaluation of SDLC models. Purposeful Stratified Random Sampling (SRS) technique was used to gather the data for analysis using XLSTAT after pre-processing, taking into consideration both benefit and cost criteria. The overall performance evaluation showed that Spiral-Model is the best followed by V-Model and lastly Waterfall Model with comparative values of 38.63%, 35.76% and 25.61% respectively. As regards cost estimation, Waterfall Model is the most efficient with value of 41%, then V-Model with 31% and lastly Spiral Model with 28%. V-Model has great error recovery capability with value of 45% which is closely followed by Spiral Model with 37% and lastly Waterfall Model with 18%. The study revealed that, a model with efficient risk assurance does not guarantee efficient cost management. In the future work, more characteristics regarding SDLC models shall be considered.

Implementasi Model Spiral Untuk Pengembangan E-Learning Berbasis Moodle Di Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar

Saat ini Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar masih menggunakan model perkuliahan secara tatap muka, dengan adanya pandemi semua Dosen dituntut untuk melakukan perkuliahan secara Daring (Online) . Selama ini para dosen menggunakan aplikasi yang sudah ada seperti Google Class Room, Google Meet, Edmodo, Zoom untuk perkuliahan online. Dengan perbedaan setiap aplikasi yang digunakan tentunya akan menyulitkan berbagai pihak terutama dalam perekapan nilai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah bisa mengimplementasikan model spiral untuk pengembangan e-learning berbasis moodle di Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data mahasiswa ilmu komputer. Dalam pengembangan ini menggunakan model spiral, model spiral menunjukan bahwa semakin besar iterasi maka semakin lengkap versi perangkat lunaknya.  Dari awal lintasan, ada masalah terhadap kebutuhan pada objektif, alternatif dan batasan serta resiko, maka dibuat prototipe pada engineering  untuk memecahkan masalah dan memperbaiki kebutuhan setelah itu customer mengevaluasi hasil engineering lalu mengusulkan perbaikan. Berdasarkan evaluasi dari customer, langkah selanjutnya adalah menganalisis resiko. setelah itu diputuskan jika resiko tidak terlalu besar maka proyek bisa di lanjutkan dan sebaliknya jika resiko terlalu besar maka proyek dapat dihentikan.  Untuk mengetahui hasil dari penelitian ini maka dibuat kuesioner evaluasi pelanggan. Dari 52 responden total skor likert adalah 3686 dan indeksnya adalah 82,6 % Setelah didapat nilai indeks nya maka dapat disimpulkan e-learning ini sangat layak diterapkan  sebagai alternatif model pembelajaran di Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar.

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Spiral Model -An Improvement over Waterfall Model

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Introduction

• Introduction to Software Engineering - Software Engineering
• What is the Need of Software Engineering?
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• Classification of Software - Software Engineering
• Software Characteristics - Software Engineering
• Software Quality - Software Engineering
• ISO/IEC 9126 in Software Engineering
• Boehm's Software Quality Model
• McCall's Quality Model
• Software Crisis - Software Engineering
• Difference between Software Engineering process and Conventional Engineering Process
• People Metrics and Process Metrics in Software Engineering
• Halstead’s Software Metrics - Software Engineering
• Cyclomatic Complexity
• Functional Point (FP) Analysis - Software Engineering
• Lines of Code (LOC) in Software Engineering

Software Development Models

• Waterfall Model - Software Engineering
• Iterative Waterfall Model - Software Engineering
• Spiral Model - Software Engineering
• Prototyping Model - Software Engineering
• Incremental Process Model - Software Engineering
• Rapid application development model (RAD) - Software Engineering
• Coupling and Cohesion - Software Engineering
• RAD Model vs Traditional SDLC - Software Engineering

Agile Software Development

• Agile Software Development - Software Engineering
• Agile Development Models - Software Engineering
• Agile Methodology Advantages and Disadvantages
• Agile SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)
• Difference between Traditional and Agile Software Development
• Comparison between Agile model and other models in Software Engineering

Software Requirements Specification

• Software Requirement Specification (SRS) Format
• Parts of a SRS document - Software Engineering
• Software Engineering | Classification of Software Requirements
• How to write a good SRS for your Project
• Software Engineering | Quality Characteristics of a good SRS
• Difference between SRS and FRS

Software Project Management(SPM)

• Software Project Management (SPM) - Software Engineering
• Project size Estimation Techniques - Software Engineering
• System configuration management - Software Engineering
• COCOMO Model - Software Engineering
• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) - Software Engineering
• Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 1
• Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 2
• Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 3
• Software Engineering | Software Project Management Complexities
• Quasi renewal processes - Software Engineering
• Reliability Growth Models - Software Engineering
• Jelinski Moranda software reliability model - Software Engineering
• Software Engineering | Schick-Wolverton software reliability model
• Goel-Okumoto Model - Software Engineering
• Mills' Error Seeding Model - Software Engineering
• Basic Fault Tolerant Software Techniques
• Software Maintenance - Software Engineering

Software Testing and Debugging

• What is Software Testing?
• Types of Software Testing
• Principles of software testing - Software Testing
• Software Engineering | Testing Guidelines
• Black Box Testing - Software Engineering
• White box Testing - Software Engineering
• Unit Testing - Software Testing
• Acceptance Testing - Software Testing
• Alpha Testing - Software Testing
• Beta Testing - Software Testing
• Regression Testing - Software Engineering
• Integration Testing - Software Engineering
• What is Debugging in Software Engineering?

Software Verification and Validation

• Verification and Validation in Software Engineering
• Role of Verification and Validation (V&V) in SDLC
• Requirements Validation Techniques - Software Engineering
• Differences between Verification and Validation

Software Engineering Interview Questions

• Top Software Engineering Interview Questions and Answers [2024]
• Software Engineering

Software Engineering Quiz

• SDLC MCQ Questions and Answers
• Software Development Models MCQ Questions and Answers
• Risk Management in Software Engineering - MCQ Questions
• Software Quality Assurance Quiz

What is Spiral Model in Software Engineering?

The Spiral Model is one of the most important Software Development Life Cycle models . The Spiral Model is a combination of the waterfall model and the iterative model. It provides support for Risk Handling . The Spiral Model was first proposed by Barry Boehm . This article focuses on discussing the Spiral Model in detail.

Table of Content

What is the Spiral Model?

• What Are the Phases of Spiral Model?

Risk Handling in Spiral Model

Why spiral model is called meta model, advantages of the spiral model, disadvantages of the spiral model, when to use the spiral model, questions for practice, frequently asked questions related to spiral model – software engineering.

The Spiral Model is a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model that provides a systematic and iterative approach to software development. In its diagrammatic representation, looks like a spiral with many loops. The exact number of loops of the spiral is unknown and can vary from project to project. Each loop of the spiral is called a phase of the software development process.

Some Key Points regarding the phase of a Spiral Model:

• The exact number of phases needed to develop the product can be varied by the project manager depending upon the project risks.
• As the project manager dynamically determines the number of phases, the project manager has an important role in developing a product using the spiral model. 
• It is based on the idea of a spiral, with each iteration of the spiral representing a complete software development cycle, from requirements gathering and analysis to design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.

What Are the Phases of the Spiral Model?

The Spiral Model is a risk-driven model, meaning that the focus is on managing risk through multiple iterations of the software development process. It consists of the following phases:

• Planning: The first phase of the Spiral Model is the planning phase, where the scope of the project is determined and a plan is created for the next iteration of the spiral.
• Risk Analysis: In the risk analysis phase, the risks associated with the project are identified and evaluated.
• Engineering: In the engineering phase, the software is developed based on the requirements gathered in the previous iteration.
• Evaluation: In the evaluation phase, the software is evaluated to determine if it meets the customer’s requirements and if it is of high quality.
• Planning: The next iteration of the spiral begins with a new planning phase, based on the results of the evaluation.

The Spiral Model is often used for complex and large software development projects, as it allows for a more flexible and adaptable approach to software development . It is also well-suited to projects with significant uncertainty or high levels of risk.

The Radius of the spiral at any point represents the expenses (cost) of the project so far, and the angular dimension represents the progress made so far in the current phase. 

Spiral Model

Each phase of the Spiral Model is divided into four quadrants as shown in the above figure. The functions of these four quadrants are discussed below:

• Objectives determination and identify alternative solutions: Requirements are gathered from the customers and the objectives are identified, elaborated, and analyzed at the start of every phase. Then alternative solutions possible for the phase are proposed in this quadrant.
• Identify and resolve Risks: During the second quadrant, all the possible solutions are evaluated to select the best possible solution. Then the risks associated with that solution are identified and the risks are resolved using the best possible strategy. At the end of this quadrant, the Prototype is built for the best possible solution.
• Develop the next version of the Product: During the third quadrant, the identified features are developed and verified through testing. At the end of the third quadrant, the next version of the software is available.
• Review and plan for the next Phase: In the fourth quadrant, the Customers evaluate the so-far developed version of the software. In the end, planning for the next phase is started.

A risk is any adverse situation that might affect the successful completion of a software project. The most important feature of the spiral model is handling these unknown risks after the project has started. Such risk resolutions are easier done by developing a prototype.

• The spiral model supports coping with risks by providing the scope to build a prototype at every phase of software development. 
• The Prototyping Model also supports risk handling, but the risks must be identified completely before the start of the development work of the project.
• But in real life, project risk may occur after the development work starts, in that case, we cannot use the Prototyping Model.
• In each phase of the Spiral Model, the features of the product dated and analyzed, and the risks at that point in time are identified and are resolved through prototyping.
• Thus, this model is much more flexible compared to other SDLC models. 

The Spiral model is called a Meta-Model because it subsumes all the other SDLC models. For example, a single loop spiral actually represents the Iterative Waterfall Model .

• The spiral model incorporates the stepwise approach of the Classical Waterfall Model .
• The spiral model uses the approach of the Prototyping Model by building a prototype at the start of each phase as a risk-handling technique.
• Also, the spiral model can be considered as supporting the Evolutionary model – the iterations along the spiral can be considered as evolutionary levels through which the complete system is built. 

Below are some advantages of the Spiral Model. 

• Risk Handling: The projects with many unknown risks that occur as the development proceeds, in that case, Spiral Model is the best development model to follow due to the risk analysis and risk handling at every phase.
• Good for large projects: It is recommended to use the Spiral Model in large and complex projects.
• Flexibility in Requirements: Change requests in the Requirements at a later phase can be incorporated accurately by using this model.
• Customer Satisfaction: Customers can see the development of the product at the early phase of the software development and thus, they habituated with the system by using it before completion of the total product.
• Iterative and Incremental Approach: The Spiral Model provides an iterative and incremental approach to software development, allowing for flexibility and adaptability in response to changing requirements or unexpected events.
• Emphasis on Risk Management: The Spiral Model places a strong emphasis on risk management, which helps to minimize the impact of uncertainty and risk on the software development process.
• Improved Communication: The Spiral Model provides for regular evaluations and reviews, which can improve communication between the customer and the development team.
• Improved Quality: The Spiral Model allows for multiple iterations of the software development process, which can result in improved software quality and reliability.

Below are some main disadvantages of the spiral model. 

• Complex: The Spiral Model is much more complex than other SDLC models.
• Expensive: Spiral Model is not suitable for small projects as it is expensive.
• Too much dependability on Risk Analysis: The successful completion of the project is very much dependent on Risk Analysis. Without very highly experienced experts, it is going to be a failure to develop a project using this model.
• Difficulty in time management: As the number of phases is unknown at the start of the project, time estimation is very difficult.
• Complexity: The Spiral Model can be complex, as it involves multiple iterations of the software development process.
• Time-Consuming: The Spiral Model can be time-consuming, as it requires multiple evaluations and reviews.
• Resource Intensive: The Spiral Model can be resource-intensive, as it requires a significant investment in planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.

The most serious issue we face in the cascade model is that taking a long length to finish the item, and the product became obsolete. To tackle this issue, we have another methodology, which is known as the Winding model or spiral model. The winding model is otherwise called the cyclic model.

• When a project is vast in software engineering, a spiral model is utilized.
• A spiral approach is utilized when frequent releases are necessary.
• When it is appropriate to create a prototype
• When evaluating risks and costs is crucial
• The spiral approach is beneficial for projects with moderate to high risk.
• The SDLC’s spiral model is helpful when requirements are complicated and ambiguous.
• If modifications are possible at any moment
• When committing to a long-term project is impractical owing to shifting economic priorities.

Spiral Model is a valuable choice for software development projects where risk management is on high priority. Spiral Model deliver high-quality software by promoting risk identification, iterative development and continuous client feedback. When a project is vast in software engineering, a spiral model is utilized.

1. Match each software lifecycle model in List – I to its description in List – II: [UGC NET CSE 2016]

Choose the Correct Option:

Solution: Correct Answer is (A).

2. In the Spiral model of software development, the primary determinant in selecting activities in each iteration is [ISRO 2016]

(A) Iteration Size

(C) Adopted process such as Rational Unified Process or Extreme Programming

Solution: Correct Answer is (D).

How does Spiral Model differ from Waterfall Model?

Spiral Model is different from Waterfall Model as Waterfall Model follows a linear and sequential approach whereas Spiral Model has repeated cycles of development.

What are the places where the Spiral Model is commonly used?

Spiral Model is commonly used in industries where risk management is critical like software development medical device manufacturing, etc.

Why is the spiral model expensive?

Spiral Model is Expensive because risk handling requires extra resources.

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