endowment fund education

What Is an Endowment for a College?

Endowment funds at colleges and universities are intended to ensure the financial viability and future of the institution.

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The core contributors to endowment funds are alumni and people who care about the college or university.

In coordination with its official college rankings , U.S. News annually collects data on school endowment funds. These amounts range from several thousands to tens of billions of dollars.

In the 2024 rankings, Harvard University in Massachusetts topped the list of the largest endowment funds , with $50.9 billion. That’s more than the gross domestic product of many countries, such as Sudan, a nation of more than 49 million people.

For students and others who may not understand what an endowment is or why some are so large, here's what to know.

What Is an Endowment Fund?

An endowment fund is a collection of financial assets that the school can periodically pull from to cover an array of costs while intentionally growing the fund over time. In other words, a school’s endowment is a “super-charged rainy-day fund,” says Andrew Gillen, a senior policy analyst at the nonprofit Texas Public Policy Foundation.

Endowments are "under the control of either the university, or a group closely tied to the university," he explains. "The idea of the endowment is to generate a continuous source of resources for the university to spend.”

These assets can vary from real estate and stocks to money collected through private donations and fundraising campaigns. Assets can be anything of value that a college or university can claim, Gillen says.

An endowment fund is different from tuition funds raised, which go toward a school's everyday expenses such as utilities and employee pay.

Who Contributes to Endowment Funds?

The core contributors to endowment funds are alumni and people who care about the college or university. Contributing to an endowment fund reflects a belief in the school’s mission, experts say.

At Vassar College in New York, the endowment was established after the school’s founder, Matthew Vassar, bequeathed a gift from his estate following his death, according to Bryan Swarthout, Vassar's vice president for finance and administration.

“Vassar is fortunate to benefit from the generosity of alums and other donors who make gifts to the College. … The endowment is made up of over 1,400 gifts from various donors over the course of the College’s history,” Swarthout wrote in an email.

Today, Vassar’s endowment tops over a billion dollars.

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Sometimes a state government will give to a school’s endowment fund, seeing it as an investment in the community and a jumpstart for the state’s education base, Gillen says.

Who Benefits From Endowment Funds?

The short answer is the school.

Endowments allow schools to depend less on tuition and fees to pay for overarching expenses. Payouts for endowments are typically restricted to a certain percentage a year, which allows for a stable flow of revenue for the institution, according to Paul Friga, clinical associate professor of strategy and entrepreneurship at the University of North Carolina Kenan-Flagler Business School .

“Usually the university spends off of investment earnings from the endowment to support their mission," Friga says, "which could include such things as financial aid to students, research, professorships for faculty, strategic initiatives.”

Additionally, indirect benefits often come from a healthy endowment. Large endowment funds "can decrease the need for taxpayer contributions" – giving a public school more autonomy from state and federal appropriations – and elevate strategic initiatives that can benefit the surrounding community, Friga says.

Why Are Some Endowment Funds So Large?

Fundraising campaigns and aggressive investing by universities are the leading contributors to massive endowments, according to Bruce Kimball, emeritus professor of philosophy and history of education at The Ohio State University .

U.S. college endowment funds date back to 1636 with Harvard. Schools have always maintained assets for their institution, but endowments didn’t start to grow exponentially until private wealth grew during the industrial revolution in the late 19th century.

Harvard and Yale University in Connecticut were early adopters of alumni fundraising. Their annual alumni funds and fundraising campaigns in the early 20th century inspired the pursuit of wealthy alumni to continue giving to their alma mater, says Kimball, who discusses endowments in "Wealth, Cost, and Price in American Higher Education," a new book he wrote with co-author Sarah Iler, assistant director of academic planning and institutional research at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts .

“After 1950, more aggressive investing strategies were developed for endowments,” Kimball says.

Those strategies snowballed over time. The 60/40 rule of investing was introduced in the 1950s, the total return investing model was adopted in the 1970s and private equity and venture capital became mainstays in endowment strategies in the 1990s, Kimball says.

Wealthy alumni give more money more frequently, which allows schools with more affluent graduates an advantage in growing their endowment funds, Iler says.

“As wealthy schools are accumulating money in the market, they are also continuing to fundraise at a rapid clip," Iler says, adding that wealthier schools spend less per dollar raised in these campaigns than less-endowed schools.

Of the top 15 largest endowment funds in the U.S., per U.S. News data, a third are Ivy League schools. These schools, founded prior to the nation's independence, had a generous head start on collecting gifts that support their endowments and investing in themselves.

Today’s endowment fundraising strategies, including investment in private equity and venture capital, are high risk and high reward. Wealthier schools are able to spend more and make more, which keeps the greatest concentration of wealth among only a few schools, according to Kimball.

While this notion of wealth concentration often draws social criticism, an endowment fund is not a pile of cash for the college to frivolously use. The controlled payout of these endowments ensures institutions have savings to access when the need arises, and that they are able to achieve their goals without running out of money along the way.

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What Is an Endowment?

Understanding endowments.

• Requirements
• In Higher Education

The Bottom Line

• Trust & Estate Planning

Understanding Endowments: Types and Policies That Govern Them

• What Is Philanthropy? Examples, History, Benefits, and Types
• Not-for-Profit Definition
• Qualified Charitable Organization Defined
• How Charities Make Money
• 501(c)(3) Organization Definition
• 5 Steps to Forming a 501(c) Nonprofit Corporation
• How NGOs Get Funding
• Private Foundation Definition
• Private Foundations vs. Public Charities
• Charitable Donation Definition
• Charitable Gift Annuity Definition
• How to Reduce Your Taxes and AGI by Giving to Charity
• Can I Donate Stock to Charity?
• Proof of Charitable Contributions Definition
• How to Start a Private Foundation
• IRS Red Flags for Family Foundations
• Donor-Advised Fund Definition
• Donor-Advised Funds: The Benefits and Drawbacks
• Bargain Sale to a Charitable Organization Definition
• Endowment Definition CURRENT ARTICLE
• Quid Pro Quo Contribution
• Restricted Fund Definition

Investopedia / Jake Shi

An endowment is a gift to a nonprofit organization to be used for a specific purpose.

The term endowment is also used to refer to the total investable assets of a nonprofit institution like a university. The endowment, also known as the institution's “ principal ” or “corpus,” is used for operations or programs that are consistent with the wishes of the donor(s).

Most endowments are designed to keep the principal amount intact while the income is used to further the cause specified by the beneficiary. A restricted endowment must be held in perpetuity, with only the income available for spending.

Key Takeaways

• Endowments are usually awarded by a trust, private foundation, or public charity.
• They benefit nonprofit educational institutions, cultural institutions, and service-oriented organizations.
• Most endowments come with restrictions that limit their use to the investment income of the fund, not the principal.

Endowments are typically organized as a trust , private foundation , or public charity. Many benefit educational institutions, Others go to cultural institutions, such as museums, libraries, religious organizations, private secondary schools, and service-oriented organizations such as retirement homes or hospitals.

In some cases, only a certain percentage of an endowment’s assets can be used each year so the amount withdrawn from the endowment could be a combination of interest income and principal. The ratio of principal to income can change year to year based on prevailing market rates.

Policies of Endowments

Endowment funds are governed by the guidelines of three components, including an investment policy, a withdrawal policy, and a usage policy.

Investment Policy

The investment policy lays out which types of investments a manager is permitted to make and dictates how much risk the manager can take in seeking the target return. Many endowment funds have specific investment policies built into their legal structure so that the pool of money lasts for the long term.

The endowment funds of larger universities can have hundreds, if not thousands, of smaller funds that invest pools of money in various securities or asset classes . The funds typically have long-term investment goals, such as a specific rate of return or yield. The asset allocation (or mix of investments within the fund) is designed to meet the long-term returns in the fund’s objectives.

Withdrawal Policy

The withdrawal policy establishes the amount the organization or institution is permitted to take out from the fund at each period or installment.

The withdrawal policy can be based on the needs of the organization and the amount of money in the fund. However, most endowments have an annual withdrawal limit.

For example, an endowment might limit the withdrawals to 5% of the total amount in the fund. Most university endowments are established to last forever and, therefore, have annual spending limits.

Usage Policy

The usage policy establishes the purposes for which the fund can be used. Endowments, whether set up by an institution or given as a gift by donors, can have multiple uses. These include ensuring the financial health of specific departments, awarding merit scholarships or fellowships, or providing other financial assistance to students.

University chair positions or endowed professorships can be paid with the revenue from an endowment, freeing up capital that can be used to hire more faculty. These chair positions are considered prestigious and are reserved for senior faculty.

Endowments can also be established for specific disciplines, departments, or programs within universities. Smith College, for example, has an endowment for its botanical gardens, and Harvard University has more than 14,000 separate endowment funds.

Endowment Types

There are four types of endowments:

• Unrestricted Endowment – This consists of assets that can be spent, saved, invested, or distributed at the discretion of the institution receiving the gift.
• Term Endowment – The principal can be expended after a period of time or a certain event.
• Quasi Endowment – A donation made to serve a specific purpose. The principal is typically retained while the earnings are spent per the donor's specifications. These endowments are often started by the institutions that benefit from them via internal transfers or the use of unrestricted endowments.
• Restricted Endowment – The principal is held in perpetuity while the earnings from the invested assets are expended per the donor’s specifications.

The terms of endowments can be violated only in exceptional circumstances. If an institution is facing bankruptcy but still has assets in endowments, a court can issue a cy pres doctrine , allowing the institution to use those assets to improve its financial health while still honoring the wishes of the donor as closely as possible.

Drawing down the corpus of the endowment to pay debts or operating expenses is known as “invading” or “endowment fund invasion,” and sometimes requires court approval.

Requirements for Endowments

Managers of endowments have to deal with the push and pull of interests to make use of assets to forward their causes or sustainably grow their institutions. The goal of any group given the task of managing a university’s endowments is to sustainably grow the funds by reinvestment of the endowment’s earnings while contributing to the institution.

Philanthropies, a category that includes most grant-making foundations, are required by federal law to pay out 5% of their investment assets on their endowments every year for charitable purposes at the risk of losing their tax-exempt status. Private operating foundations must pay substantially all—85% or more—of their investment income. Community foundations have no requirement.

Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , substantially large university endowments must pay a tax of 1.4% on net investment income. This tax is levied on endowments held by private colleges and universities with at least 500 students and net assets of $500,000 per student.

Endowments and Higher Education

Endowments are such an integral part of U.S. academia that the size of a school’s endowment can be a fair measure of its well-being. They provide colleges and universities with the ability to fund their operating costs with sources other than tuition and provide a rainy-day fund.

Older educational institutions, such as the Ivy League schools, have been particularly successful in building extremely robust endowment funds, having the advantages of continued donations from wealthy graduates and good fund management.  

Marcus Aurelius established the first recorded endowment, circa 176 AD, for the major schools of philosophy in Athens, Greece.

Criticism of Endowments

Harvard and other elite colleges have come under criticism for the size of their endowments. Critics have questioned their utility, likening it to hoarding.

Large endowments had been thought of as rainy-day funds for educational institutions, but during the Great Recession , many endowments cut their payouts. A 2014 study published in the American Economic Review looked closely at the incentives behind this behavior and found a trend toward an overemphasis on the health of an endowment rather than the institution as a whole.

Investment Controversies

It’s not unusual for student activists to look with a critical eye at where their colleges and universities invest their endowments. In 1977, Hampshire College divested from South African investments in protest of apartheid, a move that a large number of educational institutions in the United States followed.

More recently, three universities with multibillion-dollar endowments—Harvard, Princeton, and Stanford—declined to accept millions they were set to receive as part of a $14 billion federal aid package for higher education included in the CARES Act . Harvard University has now declined emergency COVID-19 relief money from the federal government three times, most recently $25.5 million from President Biden’s American Rescue Plan.

Real-World Examples of Endowments

The oldest endowments still active today were established by King Henry VIII and his relatives. His grandmother, Countess of Richmond, established endowed chairs in divinity at Oxford and Cambridge, while Henry VIII established professorships in a variety of disciplines at Oxford and Cambridge.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics article, the top 10 U.S. universities by endowment size in 2023 were:

• Harvard University – $49.5
• University of Texas - $45.0
• Yale University – $40.7
• Stanford University – $36.5
• Princeton University – $34.0
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology – $23.4
• University of Pennsylvania – $21.0
• Texas A&M University – $19.2
• University of Michigan – $17.8
• University of California – $17.7

Harvard University Endowment

Harvard officials had expected the endowment to shrink in 2020 due to the impact of the pandemic on the economy and financial markets. They were wrong, though, as it returned 7.3% on its investments and actually increased a bit.

Similar fears about 2021 proved even more unfounded. Powered by a rising stock market, the endowment returned a whopping 33.6% on its investments and grew by $11.3 billion to $53.2 billion.

The fund treaded water more recently, returning -1.8% in fiscal 2022 and 0.1% in fiscal 2023.

There are thousands of specific funds within the overall endowment fund for Harvard. The funds’ asset allocation was spread out through various types of investments, including:

• Stocks: 11%
• Hedge funds: 31%
• Private equity: 39%
• Real estate: 5%
• "Other" and cash: 7%

The endowment’s annual payout rate is typically capped. Harvard’s payout in 2023 totaled $2.2 billion.

From an investment perspective, Harvard’s endowment fund has consistently produced strong returns over the long term, although ongoing infusions of capital in the form of new endowments also drive total growth.

Where Do Endowments Get Their Money?

The endowment of a university or other nonprofit institution may be made up of many individual donations, each called an endowment. Harvard's total endowment is more than $50 billion. That fund is made up of many individual gifts, each of which comes with its own rules. For example, an individual donor may contribute a sum of money to be used strictly to fund research by the graduate Department of Anthropology.

In most cases, the administrators of endowments spend only the investment income on an endowment, not the principal of the gift. That is a common stipulation of many endowments.

Who Manages Endowments?

An institution that has an endowment may have an internal financial manager or hire an outside firm to manage the money. In either case, the Board of Trustees of the institution sets in place the rules for investing and spending the money.

Who Is Eligible for an Endowment?

An endowment is, by definition, a gift to a non-profit institution. Any educational, charitable, religious, or scientific institution can be the recipient of an endowment. Generally, creators of endowments are high-net-worth individuals (or groups) who want to contribute to a particular cause. The endowment allows them to be highly specific about how they want their money to be used.

Some of the most prestigious universities in the U.S. have endowments of fabulous size. That may well annoy some of their students, who are paying hefty tuition fees to study there. But for better or worse, endowments can't be used to reduce everyone's tuition or even to keep the lights on. Endowments are made up of many specific gifts from individuals and groups that specify their uses. They may underwrite certain research, create a scholarship, or fund a chair.

Endowments are meant to last in perpetuity. Only the investment returns, not the underlying assets, are spent from year to year.

Clemson University. " Endowment Definitions ."

New York State Office of the Attorney General. " FAQs - Endowments and Other Restricted Funds ."

Internal Revenue Service. " Private Operating Foundation - Endowment Test ."

American Council on Education. " Understanding College and University Endowments ," Page 12.

Harvard University. " Harvard's Endowment ."

The San Diego Foundation. " Endowment Investment Policy ."

Harvard University. " Harvard’s Endowment ."

Pacific Lutheran University. " Named Endowments ."

Skidmore College. " Named/Endowed Scholarships: Frequently Asked Questions ."

The University of Texas at Dallas. " Endowed Chairs and Professorships ."

Harvard University. “ Endowment .”

The Botanic Garden of Smith College. " 2021 Impact Report ."

Robinhood. “ What Is an Endowment? ”

The University of Utah. " Quasi Endowments ."

Fordham University Urban Law Journal. " Cy Pres Powers of the Federal Bankruptcy Courts - New Hope for Financially Distressed Charities? ," Pages 3-6 of PDF.

New York State Office of the Attorney General Charities Bureau. " A Guide for New York Not-for-Profit Corporations Considering Expenditure of Endowment or Other Restricted Funds ," Pages 2-3.

Internal Revenue Service. " Administrative Expenses Treated as Qualifying Distributions for the Purposes of IRC Section 4942 - Taxes on Failure to Distribute Income ."

Internal Revenue Service. " Definition of Private Operating Foundation ."

Foundation Center. " Understanding and Benchmarking Foundation Payout ," Page 1.

United States Congress. " H.R.1 - An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to titles II and V of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2018: Text: PART VIII--Exempt Organizations Sec. 13701. Excise Tax Based on Investment Income of Private Colleges and Universities ."

National Center for Education Statistics. " Fast Facts-Endowments ."

Medical College of Wisconsin. " Philanthropy Stirs Innovation ."

New York Magazine. " Harvard Has Too Much Money to Have So Few Students: Scott Galloway on Elite Universities’ Unethical Obsession with Exclusivity and Prestige ."

American Economic Association. " How University Endowments Respond to Financial Market Shocks: Evidence and Implications ."

Amherst College. " Divestment from South Africa ."

The New York Times. " After Trump's Criticism, Harvard Turns Down Federal Relief Money ."

The Harvard Crimson. " Harvard Declines Federal Pandemic Aid for Third Consecutive Time ."

University of Cambridge. " About the University: Timeline ."

University of Oxford. " History ."

The Harvard Crimson. " COVID-19 Leaves Harvard in ‘Grave’ Financial Situation, Experts Say ."

The Harvard Crimson. " Harvard Endowment Returns 7.3 Percent for Fiscal Year 2020 ."

Harvard University. " Financial Report Fiscal Year 2023 ," Page 9.

American Council on Education. " Understanding College and University Endowments ," Page 8.

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Creating an endowment can be an important strategy to set aside funds for the future, and may be a hallmark of financial sustainability. However, creating an endowment is not the right approach for every nonprofit, so it is important to understand what the advantages are, and also what the administrative and fiduciary requirements are to properly maintain an endowment over time.

To start, what exactly are endowments? Endowments may generally be described as assets (usually cash accounts that are invested in equities or bonds, or other investment vehicles) set aside so that the original assets (known as the “corpus”) grow over time as a result of income earned from interest on the underlying invested funds. The corpus may also be added to over time. Endowments are commonly used by large institutions, such as universities and hospitals, but also may play a role in any charitable nonprofit’s financial management and/or revenue strategy.

• Endowments  are not the same as  reserve funds . An endowment usually implies that some or all of the use of the endowed assets are  restricted  in some way. Most endowments are designed to keep the principal corpus intact so it can grow over time, but allow the nonprofit to use the annual investment income for programs, operations, or purposes specified by the donor(s) to the endowment or the board of directors.

The corpus of an endowed fund is generally not used to fund annual operating expenses. Instead, the goal of most organizations with endowments is to allow the corpus to grow without withdrawals so that the underlying corpus increases in value over time, and the interest earned is available every year for the stated purpose of the endowment. (Of course, one of the stated purposes of an endowment could be to use the interest to “contribute to the annual operating revenue of the organization.”)

When an endowment is created there are generally guiding documents such as a trust instrument or other written documentation of donor intent – or simply a corporate resolution by the board of directors – that establish the endowment and express the guidelines. The guiding documents may literally restrict the use of the endowed funds (referred to as a “restriction”).

• For example, the guiding documents may provide that interest earned each year may be used only for certain specified purposes.
• If the donor(s) does not articulate a specific purpose, the board of directors may express how the investment income may be used in a corporate resolution.

What to consider before creating an endowment

• By establishing an endowment, a nonprofit may send a signal to the community and donors that the organization is thinking long-term and building assets for its own future sustainability.
• On the other hand, there are some endowments that are so very large (literally billions of dollars) that the public may wonder why the organization doesn’t spend the funds on current needs.
• The growth of the endowment and the amount of income each year that is available to the nonprofit will depend on how well the underlying investments perform. The nonprofit’s board of directors may not want full responsibility for oversight of the fund’s market performance. In such cases nonprofits generally choose to hire a professional investment firm/money manager to recommend investment vehicles and provide administrative support for the invested funds.

Questions to ask

• How much will it cost the nonprofit annually to manage the endowment, either on its own (bank fees, etc.) or through a professional fund manager/investment manager?
• Is the board of directors comfortable creating a restriction on the use of the assets, or should there be more flexibility in the permitted use(s) of the annual income? How will restrictions, if any, be documented?

Practice Pointers

• Nonprofits with endowments generally also have an investment policy to govern how the endowed assets will be invested. 
• Withdrawing money from the corpus is sometimes referred to as “invading the corpus.” This is generally prohibited, absent specific authorization from the board to do so.

Additional Resources

• Endowments Definition  (Investopedia)
• Endowment for a Rainy Day  (Stanford Social Innovation Review)
• Five steps to starting an endowment: even smaller nonprofits can  (Candid)
• Should Your Nonprofit Build an Endowment ? (Nonprofit Quarterly)
• The Truth About Endowments  (Chronicle of Philanthropy)

Disclaimer: Information on this website is provided for informational purposes only and is neither intended to be nor should be construed as legal, accounting, tax, investment, or financial advice. Please consult a professional (attorney, accountant, tax advisor) for the latest and most accurate information. The National Council of Nonprofits makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or timeliness of the information contained herein.

PM sets up education endowment fund

T o bolster efforts in reducing the number of out-of-school children, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif has announced the establishment of an Out-of-School Children Fund, with a minimum allocation of Rs25 billion over five years.

The fund will support innovative and effective strategies aimed at increasing enrolment and retention rates, particularly in marginalised communities.

According to a statement, the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training (MoFEandPT) will survey out-of-school children across the nation.

The directives are part of a National Education Emergency plan. These initiatives, spanning various aspects of education, are poised to reshape the country's educational landscape and ensure equitable access to quality education for all, the communique read.

'This review will form the basis for developing targeted interventions to bring these children into the educational fold. A detailed plan will be crafted and presented to the prime minister for consideration, reflecting a proactive approach to tackle this critical issue.'

In a bid to address the broader educational crisis, the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training (FEandPT) Ministry will propose the formation of a task force. This task force, subject to the prime minister's approval, will devise and implement strategic solutions at both the national and provincial levels. Comprising representatives from provinces and bilateral and multilateral partners, the task force will report directly to the prime minister's office, ensuring coordinated action.

Moreover, the premier pledged to increase the budget allocation for education to 4 per cent of GDP by 2029. This increase in funding will be directed towards infrastructural improvements and the provision of quality education, signalling a long-term commitment to educational development.

Recognising the importance of qualified teachers in enhancing educational standards, the Ministry of FEandPT, in collaboration with provincial governments, will launch a fast-track recruitment drive for teachers across the country. This initiative aims to bridge the gap in teacher-student ratios and improve overall educational outcomes.

To ensure student well-being, a comprehensive national nutritional programme will be launched. This programme, focused on school-going children, aims to improve their health and enhance their learning capabilities. The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) will play a crucial role in establishing school meals initiatives in priority backward districts.

To harness the potential of community-based teaching, incentives will be provided to engage literate citizens in imparting education at relevant levels. This grassroots approach aims to augment the existing educational infrastructure and foster a culture of learning within communities.

In a bid to support students from underprivileged backgrounds, the Pakistan Education Endowment Fund will be established. This fund will provide sustainable financial support to students in backward districts, including merit-based scholarships to deserving students.

The establishment of Daanish School systems as Centres of Excellence in provinces will further enhance educational opportunities for students, focusing on quality education and skill development, read the official statement.

Education, Children and Violence.

A practice guidance report for school, college and alternative provision leaders on how to reduce children’s involvement in violence.

Our Education, Children and Violence guidance provides school, college and alternative provision (AP) leaders across England and Wales with five evidence-based recommendations on how to help prevent children’s involvement in violence.

Evidence that underpins the guidance

The report focuses on everyday practice in schools, colleges and AP, drawing on the best available global evidence on how to prevent children’s involvement in violence, including the YEF Toolkit .

This guidance also uses the primary research we have conducted, including our evaluation of violence-prevention programmes and largescale surveys with 7,500 teenage children and 9,500 teachers.

A consultative group of school, college and AP leaders, academics and policy experts have steered this guidance, using their knowledge of practice to ensure our recommendations are feasible. Academic experts have also suggested additional rigorous and relevant studies to inform this guidance.

Recommendations

The recommendations in this report provide guidance on the ‘best bets’ from the underpinning evidence. School, college and AP leaders’ professional judgement on how to use these recommendations, as well as their knowledge of local contexts, remain critically important.

1 – Keep children in education

Being in education can protect children from violence.

Recommended action

• Deliver evidence-based attendance improvement strategies (such as meetings with parents/carers and breakfast clubs). 
• Implement whole-school and targeted behaviour support to reduce the need for exclusion.
• Provide appropriate support for temporarily suspended and permanently excluded children.

2 – Provide children with trusted adults

Meaningful relationships with trusted adults can protect children from violence.

• Provide one-to-one mentoring by trained adults to support vulnerable children.
• Engage vulnerable children in sports with coaches who can support them.

3 – Develop children’s social and emotional skills

Effective social and emotional skills can protect children from violence.

• Develop children’s social and emotional skills with a universal curriculum, targeted support and whole-school strategies.
• Provide relationship violence reduction sessions to secondary-age children.
• Implement an anti-bullying strategy.
• Support access to therapy for those children who require additional support.

4 – Target efforts at the places and times where violence occurs

Violence happens more often in certain places and at certain times.

• Survey children and talk to staff to determine where to focus your efforts.
• Meet with partners to understand the local context and coordinate your safeguarding response.

5 – Cautiously consider unproven strategies and avoid harmful approaches

Resources are best spent on evidence-based strategies.

• Cautiously consider unproven strategies (such as knife education programmes, trauma-informed practice training, and police in corridors and classrooms).
• Avoid approaches that have been proven to cause harm (such as prison awareness programmes).

Download the guidance report

Download the full report of Education, Children and Violence report.

Download the recommendations poster

Download and print our summary of recommendations for the education practice guidance.

Dive into some of the stories that fed into this guidance.

Story: Bradford SAFE Taskforce

Story: Saffron Valley

35 scholarships awarded by the Adams County Community Foundation

By John Condon Treasurer Adams County Community Foundation

Thanks to a group of generous donors who created four endowment funds, the Adams County Community Foundation will award 35 scholarships to students attending college or trade school. 

The C.E. Smith Family Scholarship Fund will award 16 scholarships:

• Tanner Adkins from West Union High School will be a sophomore at Cincinnati State Technical and Community College pursuing a degree in computer science. This is Tanner’s second scholarship award from the C.E. Smith Family Scholarship Fund.  

• Jenna Rose Campbell of Manchester will be attending the Paramount Beauty Academy Cosmetology School in Portsmouth. 

• McKarlee Cooper of Peebles will attend Ohio State University to pursue a degree in Food Science and Technology. 

• Emma Griffin is a college sophomore in the Physical Therapy Assistant Program at the University of Cincinnati. Emma is from West Union High School. This is Emma’s second award from the C.E. Smith Family Scholarship Fund.  

• Mathew Griffis of West Union will major in Music Technology at Ohio University.  Hunter Grooms will pursue a degree in Exercise Science at Northern Kentucky University. Hunter is from North Adams High School.

• Cody Hesler of North Adams plans to attend Shawnee State University and major in education -math. 

• Leila Hirsch is a college junior from West Union majoring in Radiology at Shawnee State University. 

• Elayna Kingsolver will major in psychology at Shawnee State University. Elayna attended West Union High School. 

• Mitchell Ohnewehr of North Adams is a college sophomore at Alice Lloyd College majoring in education-math. This is Mitchell’s second award from the C.E. Smith Family Scholarship Fund. 

• David Raines will major in Business Agriculture at Ohio State University. David attended North Adams High School. 

• Madison Richey is a college senior at Miami University, Oxford, majoring in Business Marketing. Madison is from North Adams High School. 

• Caleb Rothwell will attend either Cedarville University or Ohio Christian University to major in education-math. Caleb is from North Adams High School.

• Brandt Seaman will major in Chemical Engineering at Ohio University. Brandt is from West Union High School. 

• Gracelyn Spires of West Union will major in Education at Miami University, Oxford. 

• Kaitlyn Vogler is a sophomore at the University of Cincinnati majoring in Nutrition. Kaitlyn is from West Union High School. This is Kaitlyn’s second award from the C.E. Smith Family Scholarship Fund.       The C. E. Smith Family Scholarship Fund was established in 2022 and has awarded 26 scholarships to Adams County citizens since inception. The fund awarded 10 scholarships last year and 16 scholarships for the 2024-2025 scholarship season. 

The Charles Hugh McGovney Scholarship Fund was established by Sue McGovney in 2021 in memory of her husband Charles Hugh McGovney who was a pharmacist at Blake Pharmacy in West Union. Sue was an Adams County school teacher for 35 years. The Charles Hugh McGovney Scholarship fund has awarded six scholarships, including two for this year: 

• Molly Purcell Carson of West Union is a senior at Morehead State University majoring in education-math. This is the third scholarship awarded to Molly from the Charles Hugh McGovney Scholarship Fund.

• Alexander Shupert is pursuing a pharmacy degree from the University of Cincinnati. Alexander is from North Adams High School. This is the second scholarship Alexander has received from the Charles Hugh McGovney Scholarship Fund.            The Earl and Helen Johnson Scholarship Fund, established by Bill Johnson in memory of his parents, has awarded 15 scholarships since inception. Four students will receive scholarships this year: 

• Ethan Beekman of Peebles is a sophomore attending Hocking Technical College to become a Wildlife Officer. 

• Allie McCarty plans to attend Murray State University to pursue a degree in Horticulture. Allie is from West Union High School. 

• Brooklyn Miller of West Union will attend Shawnee State University and major in education. 

• Tyler Reed is a college junior at Wright State University pursuing a degree in Environmental Science. Tyler attended North Adams High School.                         The Adams County Scholarship Fund was established with a tax-free IRA charitable contribution by a couple who graduated from an Adams County High School. This fund was established in 2020 and is the first ACCF endowment fund. To date, 43 students have been awarded scholarships from this fund. 

Thirteen students will receive awards from the fund this year:

• Chesnee Ayers of West Union plans to attend Morehead State University to pursue a degree in Sonography. 

• Haley Butcher of West Union is a college junior majoring in Business Marketing at Morehead State University. This is the fourth ACCF scholarship received by Haley. 
 • Kirsten Campbell plans to attend Wright State University to pursue an RN (Registered Nurse) degree. Kirsten is from North Adams High School. 

• Gage Grooms of Peebles is a college sophomore who plans to major in business administration. Gage has not made a final decision on a school to attend. 

• Alyssa Mays is a junior attending Marietta College pursuing a degree in Biology-pre-med. Alyssa attended North Adams High School. This is the fourth ACCF scholarship received by Alyssa. 

• Darby Mills is a junior from Peebles majoring in Business Agriculture at Wilmington College. This is the second ACCF scholarship received by Darby. 

• Benjamin Rothwell will attend Marshall University and major in Sports Medicine. Benjamin is from West Union High School. 

• Alexa Rowe of West Union is a senior at Shawnee State University majoring in Occupational Therapy. Alexa has received three ACCF scholarships. 

• Skylar Stapleton is a sophomore attending Miami University, Oxford, pursuing a degree in Arts Management. Skylar attended North Adams High School and also received an ACCF scholarship last year. 

• Carter Vogler is a sophomore attending Owens Community College majoring in John Deere Technology. Carter is from North Adams High School and also received an ACCF scholarship last year. 

• Denton White graduated from Manchester High School and plans to attend Dayton Barber College.

• Arbutus Wuest plans to attend Berea or Wilmington College and is undecided on a major.

• Asher Young will major in Business Marketing at Shawnee State University. Asher graduated from North Adams High School.

“We are thrilled to present 35 scholarships to an outstanding group of young people from all across Adams County. The Adams County Community Foundation is celebrating its fifth year, and we have already awarded 91 scholarships!”, said Paul Worley, president of the Foundation.

Worley mentioned that 25 grants had also been presented to several Adams County nonprofit organizations thanks to donors giving back to their community through the “power of endowment funds” that give forever. 

These scholarships were provided by the Adams County Community Foundation through many generous donors and will be administered by their partner, the Scioto  Foundation. Anyone can donate directly to these funds or create an endowment fund to provide scholarships or to support a favorite charitable cause. If you would like to support the future of Adams County, please visit the Adams County Community Foundation website at www.accfo.org , email at [email protected] or call 937-544-8659 for more information.   

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

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Some results uranium dioxide powder structure investigation

• Processes of Obtaining and Properties of Powders
• Published: 28 June 2009
• Volume 50 , pages 281–285, ( 2009 )

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• E. I. Andreev 1 ,
• K. V. Glavin 2 ,
• A. V. Ivanov 3 ,
• V. V. Malovik 3 ,
• V. V. Martynov 3 &
• V. S. Panov 2  

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Features of the macrostructure and microstructure of uranium dioxide powders are considered. Assumptions are made on the mechanisms of the behavior of powders of various natures during pelletizing. Experimental data that reflect the effect of these powders on the quality of fuel pellets, which is evaluated by modern procedures, are presented. To investigate the structure of the powders, modern methods of electron microscopy, helium pycnometry, etc., are used. The presented results indicate the disadvantages of wet methods for obtaining the starting UO 2 powders by the ammonium diuranate (ADU) flow sheet because strong agglomerates and conglomerates, which complicate the process of pelletizing, are formed. The main directions of investigation that can lead to understanding the regularities of formation of the structure of starting UO 2 powders, which will allow one to control the process of their fabrication and stabilize the properties of powders and pellets, are emphasized.

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Investigation of the Properties of Uranium-Molybdenum Pellet Fuel for VVER

Investigation of the Influence of the Energy of Thermal Plasma on the Morphology and Phase Composition of Aluminosilicate Microspheres

Evaluation of the possibility of fabricating uranium-molybdenum fuel for vver by powder metallurgy methods.

Patlazhan, S.A., Poristost’ i mikrostruktura sluchainykh upakovok tverdykh sharov raznykh razmerov (Porosity and Microstructure of Chaotic Packings of Solid Spheres of Different Sizes), Chernogolovka: IKhF RAN, 1993.

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Andreev, E.I., Bocharov, A.S., Ivanov, A.V., et al., Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Tsvetn. Metall. , 2003, no. 1, p. 48.

Assmann, H., Dörr, W., and Peehs, M., “Control of HO 2 Microstructure by Oxidative Sintering,” J. Nucl. Mater. , 1986, vol. 140,issue 1, pp. 1–6.

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Elektrostal’ Polytechnical Institute (Branch), Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, ul. Pervomaiskaya 7, Elektrostal’, Moscow oblast, 144000, Russia

E. I. Andreev

Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (State Technical University), Leninskii pr. 4, Moscow, 119049, Russia

K. V. Glavin & V. S. Panov

JSC “Mashinostroitelny Zavod”, ul. K. Marksa 12, Elektrostal’, Moscow oblast, 144001, Russia

A. V. Ivanov, V. V. Malovik & V. V. Martynov

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Original Russian Text © E.I. Andreev, K.V. Glavin, A.V. Ivanov, V.V. Malovik, V.V. Martynov, V.S. Panov, 2009, published in Izvestiya VUZ. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya, 2008, No. 4, pp. 19–24.

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Andreev, E.I., Glavin, K.V., Ivanov, A.V. et al. Some results uranium dioxide powder structure investigation. Russ. J. Non-ferrous Metals 50 , 281–285 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821209030183

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Published : 28 June 2009

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821209030183

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635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment

635-й зенитно-ракетный полк

Military Unit: 86646

Activated 1953 in Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast - initially as the 1945th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment for Special Use and from 1955 as the 635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment for Special Use.

1953 to 1984 equipped with 60 S-25 (SA-1) launchers:

• Launch area: 55 15 43N, 38 32 13E (US designation: Moscow SAM site E14-1)
• Support area: 55 16 50N, 38 32 28E
• Guidance area: 55 16 31N, 38 30 38E

1984 converted to the S-300PT (SA-10) with three independent battalions:

• 1st independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Bessonovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 09 34N, 38 22 26E
• 2nd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion and HQ (Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast) - 55 15 31N, 38 32 23E
• 3rd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Shcherbovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 22 32N, 38 43 33E

Disbanded 1.5.98.

Subordination:

• 1st Special Air Defence Corps , 1953 - 1.6.88
• 86th Air Defence Division , 1.6.88 - 1.10.94
• 86th Air Defence Brigade , 1.10.94 - 1.10.95
• 86th Air Defence Division , 1.10.95 - 1.5.98