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How Does Your Environment Affect Your Mental Health?

Sara Lindberg, M.Ed., is a freelance writer focusing on mental health, fitness, nutrition, and parenting.

Akeem Marsh, MD, is a board-certified child, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist who has dedicated his career to working with medically underserved communities.

Verywell / Laura Porter

How It Works
Environmental Factors
When Change Is Needed
Changes for Mental Health
When You Can't Change Your Environment

Frequently Asked Questions

The environment and mental health and intrinsically connected. The places where you spend a lot of time—home, work, school, and even socially—can have a significant impact on your mental well-being. In psychology, these are referred to as environmental factors of mental health and are the main focus of study for environmental psychologists.

Identifying the environmental factors that can affect you psychologically can shed light on whether the locations you frequent are contributing to or detracting from your mental wellness. It can also help you recognize if changes are needed to start feeling better mentally and emotionally.

The Environment and Mental Health

In some cases, environmental factors impact mental wellness by changing brain structure and function . Research on children supports this, noting that children raised in adverse environments tend to have hindered brain development, increasing their risk of memory issues, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems.

Environmental factors can also affect our mental health in the way they impact us psychologically. Your environment might raise or lower your stress levels, for instance. This can change your mental wellness overall, either serving to protect your psychological health or opening the door for mental illness to set in.

The world around you can help protect you from mental illness or it may be a catalyst for mental health issues to form.

April Snow , LMFT, explains that mental health can be impacted by anything in your environment, but the most notable factors include:

Aesthetics : Cluttered spaces can create feelings of overwhelm and anxiety, while tidy spaces can invoke a sense of calm. Having colors and objects in your environment that are meaningful can also boost mood says Snow.
Sensory : "The lighting, temperature, sounds, smells, and color palette of an environment are very important to how comfortable, relaxed, and safe you feel,” Snow says. For example, harsh lighting and loud noises can lead to anxiety or agitation, while dark and cold spaces can lead to feeling unmotivated—especially in the winter.
People : Indirect or inconsistent communication, conflicts, and unreliable people in the environment can be very stressful to manage. Conversely, sharing a space with someone you trust, such as a partner or spouse, roommate, friend, or loved one, can create a sense of calm according to Snow.
Culture and values : “It’s important for people to connect with others that share their culture and values and to be understood at a deeper level,” Snow says. Otherwise, feelings of isolation and depression can arise.
Familiarity : If something in the environment, such as a difficult relationship or disorganization, reminds you of a difficult time, Snow says you may feel triggered by old feelings like anxiety. However, positive associations in the environment such as family keepsakes, photos, or familiar objects can boost mood and create a sense of connection.

Environmental Factors That Affect Mental Health

Several things in our environment can impact our mental health, either directly or indirectly. These environmental factors exist where we live, work, go to school, and spend our time socially.

Home Environment

The home environment includes more than just your physical dwelling. “Our environment is a combination of both physical factors such as where you live and the people around you," says Rachelle Scott , MD, medical director of psychiatry at Eden Health , "both in your home but also on a wider community scale.”

Home-based environmental factors that can have a significant impact on mental health include:

Climate . This includes the general temperatures where you live, the amount of sunlight you get, and your exposure to natural disasters. Climate change is also connected with greater mental health issues. The rising temperatures are associated with higher rates of aggression and violent suicides, for instance, with an increased frequency of disasters contributing to the development of depression, adjustment disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Crime levels . If you live in an area with a lot of crime, you may feel the impacts mentally. Crime levels tend to affect females more strongly, increasing their risk of depression and anxiety.
Environmental racism . Environmental racism is defined as racial discrimination in environmental policy-making. It has been implicated as an important environmental factor that affects the mental health of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color ( BIPOC ) individuals and communities.
Pollution . Scott indicates that research shows increased rates of depression in more polluted areas. A 2019 review supports this, also indicating that long-term exposure to air pollution can increase one's risk of anxiety while even short-term exposure can increase suicide risk.
Presence of toxins inside the home . This includes both cleaning products and mold. “The effect of mold, if present, in the home and higher rates of asthma as a result of increased pollutants themselves can also excrete mental health issues,” says Scott.
Poverty . The social stress, stigma, and trauma of living in poverty can negatively impact the mental health of both children and adults which, in turn, can lead to employment issues and fragmented relationships. This creates a cycle that, for some, can be difficult to escape.

If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database .

Work Environment and Mental Health

More than half of our waking hours are spent on work or work-related activities according to the 2021 American Time Use Survey. That’s why Scott says that our work environment plays a significant role in our mental health.

Several workplace factors can contribute to the development of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety, some of which include:

Having a high-demand job
High stress in your specific role
Experiencing workplace bullying
Imbalance of effort vs. rewards
Low relational and procedural justice
Low social support in the workplace
Not feeling valued or respected
Not having control over your job

School Environment and Mental Health

Children, adolescents, and college students often spend a lot of their days learning in class, studying, or completing homework assignments. The environment in which they do these activities can impact their mental health.

School-based environmental factors that can positively affect a student's mental well-being include:

Having a sense of belonging
Feeling connected to the school (e.g., "I am happy to be a part of this school!")
Feeling safe at school , both emotionally and physically
Presence of a school-based support system, including teachers, school social workers, and school psychologists

Factors that can have a negative effect on a student's mental health are:

Being bullied
Lack of access to instruction manuals
Teachers not understanding how to deal with students who have mental health issues due to poor instruction or training
Unclear or unfocused academic objectives

Social Environment and Mental Health

Scott also points to the fact that your social environment can affect your mental health. This includes socioeconomic elements such as race and ethnicity and a lack of social support—which can all have a profound influence on your ability to cope with stress.

For Gail Saltz , MD, clinical associate professor of psychiatry at the NY Presbyterian Hospital Weill-Cornell School of Medicine, the social environment plays a big role in mental health. “Having close, trusted, intimate others in your life is a significant positive factor for mental and physical health,” she says.

Saltz indicates that this is true of a healthy marriage, a good circle of friends, and other important family relationships. “Lack of relationships, leading to loneliness causes depression and anxiety," she says, "while tumultuous and disturbing relationships leads to chronic stress and lower mood and higher anxiety.”

Saltz adds that relationships with people who abuse substances increase the likelihood you will abuse substances, and growing up in a home with exposure to domestic violence, substance abuse, or emotional or physical abuse affect mental health detrimentally.

How Perception Impacts Mental Health

It’s easy to blame a toxic work environment, cluttered house, or rainy weather for your deteriorating mental health. But sometimes, your perception of the environment contributes to how you feel. For example, one study found that when people with depression perceived that they had poor social support , their symptoms, recovery, and social functioning were worse.

But the opposite is also true. If you perceive that you are satisfied with your life, your levels of overall life satisfaction will likely be higher. This suggests that if there is some aspect of your environment that is negatively impacting your mental wellness, changing your perception of it may help you feel better.

If you’re not in a position to change something about your environment, it’s critical that you work on reframing the beliefs you have about it .

“Trying to find appreciation in the environment, even if it's one positive thing, can help reframe your thoughts about your environment,” says Scott. To accomplish this, practice gratitude and create a routine or habit to reduce the clutter around you. The latter helps "provide a sense of control in a situation where you feel like you don't have any control,” Scott says.

Snow recommends focusing on what is working and supporting you in your current environment. She also suggests small changes to make the environment more soothing and familiar, such as organizing , adding photos, or painting. Also, process any emotions or frustrations that are present through journaling , movement, or talking with a friend or therapist. “Don't let the feelings build up,” Snow says.

Identifying If Environmental Change Is Needed

Understanding that the environment plays a critical role in your mental health is the first step. The next step is to identify if a change is needed.

According to Snow, it’s vital to notice the connection between how you're feeling and what triggers those emotions. “Then you can make small adjustments to your current environment to determine if that big change is really necessary,” she says.

For example, if you live in a city and always feel overstimulated and anxious, Snow recommends engaging in more quiet activities at home. “If that doesn't change your mood , but you notice that every time you spend a weekend outside the city you feel relaxed, that's a sign that something needs to change,” Snow explains.

While changing your social network or the depth of certain relationships may help, Saltz says it may not “fix” whatever is driving your mental health issue. “It may not be sufficient enough, and getting treatment may be required,” she says.

Scott points out that picking up and moving from one environment to another permanently is not always an option for many of us. However, a temporary move from the city to the country, or perhaps closer to the water, is one way to test how your physical environment impacts your mood.

“If you notice that, for example, you experience less stress being outside of the city lights, there is less smog in the air and less noise for you to contend with and, as a result, you are sleeping better and thinking more clearly, then I would say you have some key evidence to support your decision,” Scott says.

Environmental Changes That Can Improve Mental Health

If you want to improve your mental health, making changes to your environment can help. Snow recommends starting with the things you have control over and can accomplish relatively easily. Organize your space, for instance, or get a sound machine to cover up street noise.

Or maybe you live in an area where sunlight is scarce. This is "a real concern with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)," says Scott. One solution is to implement bright light in your environment. This can help improve depression and anxiety, Scott says, especially during the long days of winter.

April Snow, LMFT

Creating opportunities for little wins will give you the energy to tackle bigger changes.

To make the most impact, begin with the room you spend most of your time in and arrange it in a way that is functional and free of clutter. If you work from home, for instance, start with your home office. If you spend a lot of time in your kitchen preparing meals, you might want to start there instead.

To improve your social environment, Saltz says that focusing on your social surroundings, improving and growing more intimate in some relationships, being vulnerable with those you can trust, and distancing yourself from toxic relationships that are negatively impacting mental health can all make a substantial difference.

When a Change in Environment Is Not Possible

Changing jobs, leaving a relationship, or moving to a new location is not always possible. The good news is there are ways to support yourself where you are now. Below are some simple solutions from Scott.

Increase the amount of light in a room.
Paint your room a brighter color.
Declutter or organize your space in a way that helps you feel more focused or relaxed.
Engage different senses in your environment to help balance your mood. If you are in a stimulating environment and want to slow down, opt for quiet music or soothing sounds like ocean waves and scents of lavender, which can help reduce anxiety. If you are looking to feel more energized because of low energy, try a peppermint scent and brighter lights.

If you are in a toxic relationship and moving away from it is not possible, Saltz recommends creating emotional distance, even if you are in the same space. “You can do this by having unconnected confidants you can speak to and spending more time unengaged to the person in your home, like going out for walks away from them,” she says.

But if the situation is abusive, Saltz recommends calling an abuse hotline to get advice and aid in how to remove yourself from your home.

If you or a loved one are a victim of domestic violence, contact the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-7233 for confidential assistance from trained advocates.

A Word From Verywell

Most of us will experience a change in our mental health due to environmental factors. For some, the effects may be minimal, but for others, the toll on mental health will be significant. If you are experiencing an increase in symptoms of anxiety, depression, or other mental health condition, schedule an appointment with your physician or a mental health expert. Help is available.

The environment can affect your sense of social support, comfort, and level of stimulation. Factors such as crime, racism, and pollution can influence your health and safety, which can have a profound impact on your mental well-being. The environment can also influence your stress levels, which can then have an impact on your physical and mental health.

Three main types of environmental factors that affect mental health are:

Physical factors , such as pollution, working conditions, and weather conditions
Social factors , such as abuse, poor support, and toxic relationships
Other factors , such as lack of stimulation, lack of green outdoor spaces, and messy environments

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Padhy SK, Sarkar S, Panigrahi M, Paul S. Mental health effects of climate change . Indian J Occup Environ Med . 2015;19(1):3-7. doi:10.4103/0019-5278.156997

Dustmann C, Fasani F. The effect of local area crime on mental health . Econom J . 2014;126(593):978-1017. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12205

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Braithwaite I, Zhang S, Kirkbride JB, Osborn DPJ, Hayes JF. Air pollution (particulate matter) exposure and associations with depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis and suicide risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Environ Health Perspect . 2019;127(12):126002. doi:10.1289/EHP4595

Knifton L, Inglis G. Poverty and mental health: policy, practice and research implications . BJPsych Bulletin . 2020;44(5):193-196. doi:10.1192/bjb.2020.78

Bureau of Labor Statistics. American Time Use Survey — 2021 results .

Harvey SB, Modini M, Joyce S, et al. Can work make you mentally ill? A systematic meta-review of work-related risk factors for common mental health problems . Occup Environ Med . 2017;74(4):301-310. doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-104015

Schulte-Körne G. Mental health problems in a school setting in children and adolescents . Dtsch Arztebl Int . 2016;113(11):183-190. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0183

Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, Ma R, Johnson S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review . BMC Psychiatry . 2018;18:156. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5

Milovanska-Farrington S, Farrington S. Happiness, domains of life satisfaction, perceptions, and valuation differences across genders . Acta Psychologica . 2022;230:103720. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103720

By Sara Lindberg, M.Ed Sara Lindberg, M.Ed., is a freelance writer focusing on mental health, fitness, nutrition, and parenting.

Writing a Paper about an Environmental Issue

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Ph.D., Wildlife Ecology, University of Maine
M.A., Natural Resources, Humboldt State University
B.S., Biology, Université du Québec à Rimouski

Are you a student tasked with writing a research paper on an environmental issue? These few tips, along with some hard and focused work, should get you most of the way there.

Find a Topic

Look for a topic that speaks to you, that grabs your attention. Alternatively, choose a topic about which you are genuinely interested in learning more. It will be a lot easier to spend time working on something of interest to you.

Here are some places you can find ideas for a paper:

Global warming
Biodiversity
Deforestation
Fossil fuels
Water Pollution
The science or environment sections of major newspapers and news organizations will feature articles about current environmental news and events.
Environmental news websites like Grist or Environmental News Network .

Conduct Research

Are you using internet resources? Make sure you can assess the quality of the information you find. This article from Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab is useful to help with assessing the quality of your sources.

Print resources are not to be neglected. Visit your school or city library, learn how to use their search engine, and talk to your librarian about accessing the resources available.

Are you expected to constrain your sources to primary literature? That body of knowledge consists of peer-reviewed articles published in scientific journals. Consult your librarian for help with accessing the proper databases to reach those articles.

Follow Instructions

Carefully read the handout or prompt given to you and which contains instructions about the assignment. Early in the process, make sure you choose a topic that will satisfy the assigned requirements. Once half-way through the paper, and once when it’s done, check it against the instructions to make sure you didn’t drift away from what was required.

Start With a Solid Structure

First craft a paper outline with your main ideas organized, and a thesis statement . A logical outline will make it easy to gradually flesh out ideas and eventually produce complete paragraphs with good transitions between them. Make sure all the sections serve the purpose of the paper outlined in the thesis statement.

After you have a good draft produced, put the paper down, and don’t pick it up until the next day. It’s due tomorrow? Next time, start working on it earlier. This break will help you with the editing stage: you need fresh eyes to read, and re-read your draft for flow, typos, and a myriad other little problems.

Pay Attention to Formatting

Along the way, check that you are following your teacher’s formatting instructions: font size, line spacing, margins, length, page numbers, title page, etc. A poorly formatted paper will suggest to your teacher that not only the form, but the content is of low quality as well.

Avoid Plagiarism

First, make sure you know what plagiarism is , you can then more easily avoid it. Pay especially close attention to properly attributing the work you cite.

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Human Impacts on the Environment

Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. These negative impacts can affect human behavior and can prompt mass migrations or battles over clean water.

Help your students understand the impact humans have on the physical environment with these classroom resources.

Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography

Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Environment Problems — Environmental Issues

Essays on Environmental Issues

Environmental issues are a crucial topic for essays, as they address some of the most pressing challenges facing our planet today. When choosing an environmental issues essay topic, it's important to consider the significance of the subject matter and the potential for impactful discussions. This article will offer advice on selecting a compelling topic and provide a diverse list of recommended essay topics, divided by category.

The Importance of Environmental Issues Essay Topics

Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges, including climate change, pollution, deforestation, and endangered species. These topics are critical because they directly impact the health of our planet and all its inhabitants. By addressing environmental issues in essays, students can raise awareness, promote solutions, and contribute to the global conversation about sustainability and conservation.

When choosing a topic for an environmental issues essay, it's essential to consider your interests, the current relevance of the issue, and the potential for generating thought-provoking discussions. You should also take into account the availability of credible sources and data to support your arguments. Additionally, choosing a specific aspect of a broader environmental issue can help narrow the focus of your essay and make your arguments more compelling.

Endangered Species

The ethical implications of captive breeding for endangered species conservation
The impact of illegal wildlife trade on endangered species populations
Conservation strategies for protecting endangered marine species
The role of ecotourism in supporting endangered species conservation
The potential for de-extinction in preserving endangered species

Sustainable Development

Challenges and opportunities for sustainable urban development
The role of sustainable agriculture in addressing food insecurity
The impact of consumer behavior on sustainable development goals
Corporate sustainability initiatives and their impact on the environment
The role of education in promoting sustainable development practices

Environmental Policy

The effectiveness of international agreements in addressing environmental issues
The role of government regulation in promoting environmental conservation
The impact of environmental lobbying on policy-making decisions
The potential for market-based solutions in environmental policy
The influence of public opinion on environmental policy development

Water Scarcity

The causes of water scarcity in developing countries
Technological solutions to address water scarcity
The impact of water scarcity on agriculture
Strategies for sustainable water management
The role of government policies in addressing water scarcity

Biodiversity Loss

The importance of preserving biodiversity
The impact of habitat destruction on biodiversity
Strategies for conserving endangered species
The role of ecotourism in promoting biodiversity conservation
The ethical implications of biodiversity loss

Waste Management

The challenges of e-waste disposal
Strategies for promoting recycling and composting
The impact of waste management on public health
The role of circular economy in reducing waste
The economic benefits of effective waste management

These environmental issues essay topics provide a wide range of options for students to explore and analyze. By choosing a compelling environmental issues essay topic, students can engage in meaningful discussions and contribute to the ongoing efforts to address the challenges facing our planet. It's climate change, pollution, deforestation, endangered species, sustainable development, or environmental policy - there are countless opportunities to explore and raise awareness about important environmental issues through essays.

The Importance of Deforestation

Argumentative essay on global warming, made-to-order essay as fast as you need it.

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Effects of Industrialization

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A Topic of Climate Change: What People Must Do

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Environmental Problems: Challenges and Solutions

Air pollution: causes, effects, and solutions, environmental issues: the problem of climate change, the main factors of adapting to a new environment, the power of change: how you can change the world, different types and sources of pollution, the ecological footprint caused by human activities, geography's role in addressing global environmental risks, water pollution, its factors, and ways to reduce, human – the significant wellspring of global warming, climate change as the one of the biggest threats to humanity now, the long term effects of littering and pollution on the environment, a research on the relationship between the global economy and the environmental protection issues, the environment hazard of plastics, deforestation and the ways to overcome it, global warming and what people can do to save earth, we are causing environmental problems and we are suffering from them, the impact of china's progress on the environment, air pollution its causes and damaging effects, the top three individual contributors to climate change, relevant topics.

Global Warming
Invasive Species
Natural Disasters
Ocean Pollution
Fast Fashion
Solar Energy

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Environmental Issues - List of Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Global warming: fact or fiction.

Introduction: Global Warming is the theory that the atmosphere of the earth is gradually increasing as a result of the increase in levels of greenhouse gases and pollutants being released. Since the Industrial Revolution, Earth's global average temperature has increased by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (The World Counts, 2014). There are generally two opinions regarding the argument of global warming: those who believe it is occurring and those who do not. People who believe in the issue back their opinions up […]

Carbon Footprint: Global Warming

Global warming (a gradual increase in the earth's and the oceans' average temperature) and carbon footprint (the amount of greenhouse gases primarily carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by human activities) coincide because without carbon footprint there would not be any global warming. When I was a child and growing up in Virginia, this state seemed experienced all four seasons. Today, this Old Dominion state seems to experience only two seasons summer and winter. I personally think this apparent change […]

Is Global Warming a Hoax?

Introduction As people, we can be privileged to all sorts of opinions. This creates the possibility of many controversies. Much like the argument Is Global warming a hoax? This is one of the most famous controversies happening around the world today. This dispute isn't just between the average person, scientist themselves disagreeing among one another. Which, is something I didn't expect before doing my own research. So the question is, what is global warming and why do some believe while […]

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How Can Climate Change Affect Natural Disasters?

Global warming is considered a consensus problem which affected the lives of many people and nature catastrophically. This terrible phenomenon can be described as the rise of the regular temperature of earth which occurs when pollutants in the atmosphere absorb the heat that has bounced off the surface and should be taken to space. (Venkataramanan, 2011). Many people disagree on its existence, however the usual temperature of earth has risen about 1 degree Fahrenheit as said by NASA (Hardy, 2003). […]

Overpopulation in the World

Introduction The current world population stands 7.6 billion as per the United Nations Statistics, while the human population is projected to clock 10.5 billion in the year 2040 and 12 billion by the year 2050. The current human population growth rate per year 70 million. China has got the highest number of people per unit area, with the total population being 1.2 billion. The African continent has reached the highest population growth rate, which is 6 percent while the lowest […]

How does Global Warming Affect the Arctic Animal?

Over the past years, global warming had slowly gotten worse and is now affecting the animals leaving them without a home to go to. Not only does climate change increases the chances of natural disaster but also destructing our natural habitat and creating an unfit environment to survive in. What's worse is the rise in temperature leading a meltdown of ice among the arctic creating an extreme difficult condition and the struggle for species to make a living. Essentially, global […]

Greenhouse Effect & Types of Pollution

Transportation, industrial, phonic, water and air are all types of pollution coming from personal cars, cruise ships and smokestacks, decreasing the clean air to breathe, homes for animals, food production, and great changes to the poles. Global warming is severely affecting our planet, and it continues to grow out of control. Global warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This causes the greenhouse gases to increase, increasing the levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and […]

Global Warming – Rising Temperature of the Atmosphere and Ocean

Throughout earth's history, climate has fluctuated (for example ice age). However, if you take into account how many organisms have evolved, and how each one depends on their habitats to survive, fluctuations will be more harmful now, especially to humanity. The main cause of global warming is thought to be the result of human actions, for example; Carbon dioxide emissions (from cars and other transport) interfering with the Ozone layer, deforestation (from workers creating space for cattle grazing), and farming […]

Global Warming: its Causes and its Real Impact on the Earth

The steadily increasing temperature of our planet's atmosphere is known as global warming. Global warming has been a subject of much political and social controversy in recent years due to arguments questioning its legitimacy. When the facts of these arguments are seen in context, their relevance becomes apparent. The data clearly indicate that global warming is happening and that it is human-induced. The anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases negatively impacts our environment, causing an increase in global temperature. This results […]

Global Warming Affects the Natural Balance of Environment

The world climate is changing significantly day by day. What is Global Warming? Global Warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide. Climate change causes an increase in average temperature. However a worldwide temperature adjustment are caused by characteristic occasions and humans that are accepted to be an add to accretion in normal temperatures. An Earth-wide temperature boost is a difficult issue […]

Climatic Changes in Greenland

Greenland is mostly covered in ice making it susceptible to melting from warm temperatures. The reason this country is named Greenland is because when Erik the Red was banned from Iceland he discovered this icy country and gave it the name in hopes of people settling (Pandita). In July and August of this year, the number of surface melt days on the Southwestern coast of Greenland was significantly above average, which is clearly an indication that global warming has begun […]

Global Warming – a Fix for the Future

Everyone has heard the infamous words global warming, but not many understand the disaster that's happening. Terms are thrown out such as carbon emissions and greenhouse gases the list goes on, and those not scientifically savvy tend to brush off what may become the downfall of humanity. According to Nasa's official website, The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and […]

The Art of Global Warming

Mankind has felt the need to leave its mark on history since the dawn of human civilization. There is evidence of this close to home in the tallest skyscrapers of New York and as far-reaching as Neil Armstrong's footprints on the moon. But how far is too far? As we have grown, so too has our knowledge of the world and the advancements in science and technology that come with it. So much so, that we are now faced with […]

The Greenhouse Effect

Human activities have contributed to what we now know as 'Global Warming' since the 19th century. Global Warming also known as the Greenhouse Effect is the warming that happens when Earth's atmosphere traps heat, almost like the walls of a greenhouse. Sunlight shines on the Earth where it is then absorbed and radiated back into the atmosphere as heat and is then trapped by what we call greenhouse gasses. Experts warn that we only have until 2030 to stem catastrophic […]

Climate Change: Vulnerability and Responsibility

When it comes to the environment people talk about how it is important to care for the earth we live in. While it is important to discuss such issues it is more beneficial to take action rather than to just talk about it. The earth is in desperate need of aid and though to many, it may not matter that the earth has increased a few degrees it can and has had devastating impacts. Taking responsibility for our home is […]

Climate Change – Scientists and Environmentalists are Deeply Concerned

Anthropogenic climate change and global warming cannot be denied. By reducing pollution, preventing deforestation and curtailing oil drilling, we can preserve the environment and mitigate the effects of global warming. Global warming is detrimental to Earth's environment. Most people are not aware of this and do not consider it as a major threat to earth's biosphere. The purpose of the images shown here is to highlight the causes, impact and mitigation of global warming. There are ways we can mitigate […]

Global Warming and the Future of the World’s Climate

Although hard to imagine, in less than a hundred years the US East Coast and other stretches of coastline around the world could be submerged underwater. Cites such as New York, New Orleans, and Houston could be swamped off the map as the waters of the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico overtook the previously dry land. The skyscrapers of the old downtown areas would become islands poking out of a vast sea of blue covering the roads and old infrastructure. […]

Climate Change – Critical Issue

I believe that among the numerous critical issues facing most Americans in this world today, climate change stands as one of, if not the most urgent. However, understanding and assimilating the different causes of the ever-growing environmental problems critically facing our lives today are crucial for reducing our pollution footprint. Climate change effects include major changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, as well as other frequent disastrous weather phenomenon. That said, climate change policy in the US has transformed timidly […]

Global Warming – Several Major Agrarian Concerns

For many years, researchers have focused on maintaining the availability of food sources for the ever-growing human population. There are many factors that may impact the abundance of food; this research will focus on overall increase in temperature across the world and its impact on the agricultural environment. Global warming is a major research topic that presents several major agrarian concerns. In order to combat these concerns, scientists have been trying to find the root causes of problems presented through […]

The World should Turn to Vegetarian Diet to Stop Global Warming

A vegetarian according to vegetarian society is somebody who is on a diet of fruits, seeds, grains, vegetables, legumes, nut, yeast, fungi, algae, and/or some other non-animal grounded food (e.g. salt) with or minus dairy foods, eggs and/or honey. Global warming according to live science is the continuing temperature of the ground's surface, seas and thermosphere are any of the utmost frustrating environmental matters. Normal side heats high an entire of 1.71 units Fahrenheit (0.95 unit Celsius) between 1880 and […]

Causes and Effects of Global Warming

People are arguing if global warming is caused by man or if its a natural occurrence. Well, volcanoes have contributed to global warming such as El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991 they have cooled the earth's temperature but this was temporary. however, the amount of carbon dioxide they reliance is small compared to humans there are other things that can cause natural temperature changes tiny wiggles in the earth's orbit can change when and where sunlight hits even […]

Is a Tax on Carbon Emission a Way to Combat Global Warming?

In today's modern world, and especially during our current political environment, there is a big question of how important environmental issues are going to be now in our changing American government. Now that things are evolving and a new generation is casting their votes, most Americans are curious to see how the votes turn out and what are politicians will do regarding getting more awareness for climate change. After the elections, the next big concern is if the people within […]

Impact of Society on Earth’s Atmosphere

Everyday society is impacting the earth's atmosphere weather it is in a good or bad way. Mostly society effects the earth's atmosphere in a negative way, although people are aware of the current situation, they still continue to do the things that effect the earth atmosphere in a negative way. These things being burning fossil fuels, deforestation, or as easy as using fertilizers. According to climate change sheet 22 last modified on 07/18/2012 nitrogen contained in many fertilizers enhances the […]

Solutions on Pollution Issue

Funding is the most important factor in order to improve the current conditions of Vietnam. Seven principles which pollution control funds should aim to follow can be drawn from the decade of experience with environment funds of various kinds in Vietnam. To be effective, EPFs should: 1.Have a clear and overriding objective of pollution reduction and prevention. 2.Work according to a comprehensive pollution control plan of government which is based on credible and systematic priority setting procedures. 3.Integrate with the […]

How Global Warming Works

There's bright blue in the past, now there is horrible gray in the future and more heat in the summers, and the winters are getting warmer than usual. The seas and oceans rising, the ice caps falling, and animals decreasing. It is time to come to a conflict that could make our planet Earth fall. Welcome to a tremendous problem EVERYONE is trying to solve global warming. Industrializing is a benefit for us and the economy. All of this falls […]

The Global Warming Taboo

It is still hard to understand that the topic of Global Warming is still being thrown under the rug as it is perceived by some that it is not a leading issue that needs to be tackled. It makes me wonder why so much of America can't see the problems that are being created just by our everyday actions. Due to the fact that the issue is still under mass controversy leads the topic of global warming to be a […]

Natural Disasters and Climate Change

Global warming is the gradual increase of temperature in the world's atmosphere. It is often caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. It may also be increased by fossil fuels and agriculture causing many severe consequences, such as: species extinction, reduced forest and coral reefs, drought increases in Africa, severe flooding in Asia, threats to small islands because of ocean levels rising, and severe weather in hurricane zones. Our society today is destroying the climate. Every time […]

Climate Change: Environmental Protection Agency

Global warming, often referred to as climate change is used to describe the rise in average surface temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate. There is a great debate amongst many as to whether global warming is real( some call it a hoax). There is a broad-based agreement within the scientific community that climate change is real. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space […]

Global Warming and its Effects

Global warming has been a top discussion for a while now. Some people believe it is true based on the change in weather, more fires/floods, and severe droughts in some areas while others deny the fact that it is occurring. Recently, the topic of global warming has become more of a political topic. This is probably because a lot of the industries that are causing some of the issues would be affected financially if they were forced to take responsibility […]

The Story of Stuff

Four main issues have been discussed in the fourth chapter, "Consumption" of The Story of Stuff. The four themes are discussed below: Unhappy People, Nation, and PlanetAnnie emphasizes that many stuff doesn't make us happy but the work done out of hard work makes one satisfied thus one is happy. She goes further to say that "we can only compromise so much until no solution is reached." If one is rich, it is assumed he is happy, and those who […]

Essay on Environmental Protection

Environmental protection is improving, defending, and maintaining the quality of the environment. The main methods of environmental protection are recycling, reusing, and reducing; however, some other methods such as Green Energy production, green transportation development, and eco-friendly industrialization also exist. Not only residents but also businesses and industries should play their basic roles to improve the environment.

The History of Environmental Protection

Humankind has always been concerned about the environment. The ancient Greeks were the first to develop environmental philosophy, and they were followed by other major civilizations such as India and China. In more recent times, the concern for the environment has increased because of growing awareness of the ecological crisis. The Club of Rome, a think tank, was among the first to warn the world about the dangers of overpopulation and pollution in its report "The Limits to Growth" (1972).

In the early days of environmentalism, people thought that the best way to protect nature was to set aside areas where humans would not disturb the environment. This approach, which is known as preservation, was given a major boost in the United States with the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916.

The modern environmental movement began in the 1960s when concerns about the negative impact of humans on the environment began to increase. In response to these concerns, governments around the world began to pass legislation to protect the environment. In the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970.

The Principles of Environmental Protection

There are three fundamental principles of environmental protection:

The precautionary principle: This principle states that if an activity has the potential to cause harm to the environment, then steps should be taken to prevent that harm even if there is no clear evidence that the activity is damaging.

The polluter pays principle: This states that the party responsible for causing pollution should be held responsible for cleaning it up.

The public right to know the principle: This principle states that the public has a right to know about any potential threats to the environment and what is being done to address them.

The goals of Environmental Protection

There are three main goals of environmental protection:

To protect human health: This is the most important goal of environmental protection because humans cannot survive without a healthy environment.

To protect ecosystems: Ecosystems are the foundation of life on Earth, and they provide many benefits to humans, such as clean air and water, food, and fiber.

To promote sustainable development: Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Environmental protection is a practice that aims to protect the natural environment from the hands of individuals, organizations, and governments. It is the need of the hour because the Earth's environment is deteriorating every day, and the reasons are human beings. They are mishandling the Earth's environment to fulfill their needs. If it goes like this, then it is difficult to say that the future generation will have a safer environment to live in. Through this essay, you will learn the importance of environmental protection.

A Long Essay on Environmental Protection

It is imperative to protect our natural environment from deteriorating, and the only way to do that is through environmental protection. This process should be adopted by every country as soon as possible before it is too late. The objective of this process is to conserve all the natural resources and try to repair some parts of the environment that are possible to get repaired. The biophysical environment is getting degraded permanently because of overconsumption, population growth, and the rapid development of technology. This can be stopped if the government plan strategies to restrict these activities to perform in a controlled way. This environmental protection essay can be a great help for the students to understand the environment they are living in.

Voluntary Environmental Agreements

Voluntary environmental agreements are getting popular in most industrial countries. Through this free essay on environmental protection, one will learn more about this type of agreement. These agreements provide the companies with a platform where they are recognized if they are moving beyond the minimum regulatory standards for protecting the environment. These agreements support the development of one of the best environmental practices. For example, the India Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) has been working in this environment field since the year 1998. Through this environmental protection essay, one is getting so much to learn.

Ecosystems Approach

An ecosystem approach to environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of the ecosystem as a whole to the process of decision making rather than just focusing on specific issues and challenges. The environmental protection essay writing will give a more precise overview of this approach. The ecosystems approach aims to support the better transferring of information, develop strategies that can resolve conflicts, and improve regional conservation. This approach has played a major role in protecting the environment. This approach also says that religions also play an important role in the conservation of the environment.

International Environmental Agreements

In the present scenario, many of the Earth's natural resources have become vulnerable because of humans and their carelessness towards the environment across different countries. As a result of this, many countries and their governments have come into different agreements to reduce the human impact on the natural environment and protect it from getting deterioration. Through this environmental protection essay in English, one will get a much clearer view on this matter particularly.

The agreements made between different governments of various countries are known as International Environmental Agreements. This agreement includes factors such as climate, oceans, rivers, and air pollution. These agreements are sometimes legally bound, and in case they are not followed, it may lead to some legal implications. These agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements that were made in the year 1910 in Europe, America, and Africa. Some of the most well-known international agreements are the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Through this environmental protection essay, it is clear that governments are taking steps to solve the environmental issue, but it is not enough.

A Short Paragraph on Environmental Protection in English

Earth is a beautiful place to live in, with the most favorable environmental conditions for living beings. But we humans are making it vulnerable and are destroying our own homes with activities that are causing pollution at an increased rate. In this protecting the environment essay, 200 words will be explained properly on how to save the environment.

Environmental protection has become the need of the hour as it is getting destroyed each day. So, governments are making policies and are coming into agreements with other countries to come up with strategies that can protect the environment. Some companies also have the same aim of protecting the environment from the activities of humans.

In this short article on environmental protection, it is clear that if sudden steps are not taken then, our future generation will have to live in a polluted environment that is conserved very conserve difficult. Environmental protection is the key to a safe and secure future with a beautiful environment to live in.

With pollution increasing each year and causing deterioration of the natural environment, it has become necessary to take steps to protect the natural environment. As we know that the reason for all these problems is humans, governments should make policies to restrict their activities that are causing harm to the environment. If they are not stopped urgently, then the world might see some catastrophic destruction in the coming years. For example, climate change has been a huge problem, and this is one of the causes of increased pollution. A secured future depends on the environment as a whole.

FAQs on Environmental Protection Essay

1. What are International Environmental Agreements?

International environmental agreements are legal contracts between countries that discuss the protection of the environment to provide better living to present and future generations. These include issues such as climate, oceans, rivers, air pollution, etc. we should always consider that if we harm our environment, then it can affect us as well, and we will become more vulnerable. If we do not take action now, it might get a lot worse. We need to be the generation that starts taking care of our planet and future generations!

2. What is the Kyoto Protocol?

The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most well-known and successful international environmental agreements that has been made in the past to protect the environment. This agreement between countries was made to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases which are causing damage to the ozone layer and climate change. With the help of Kyoto, protocol countries have reduced emission rates by 8% and are planning to reduce them more so that future generations can live in a healthy environment in which they can flourish.

3. What is the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement was made in 2015 to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to stop climate change. This agreement is very important as it includes every country in the world, and all have agreed to work together to stop climate change. This is a huge step forward as it means that everyone is now working together to try to save our planet. If we try to solve these problems together, then we will have a chance to save our planet.

4. What is the Green Climate Fund?

The Green Climate Fund comes from an agreement made in 2010 to provide money for developing countries that are going through issues such as deforestation and air pollution by making them more sustainable. This fund has a goal of collecting 100 billion dollars by 2020 for supporting developing countries. If this can happen, then many lives can be saved, and we will be able to see a lot of positive changes in the coming years and decades so that we can see an improved environment.

5. What are some activities that harm the Environment?

Some activities that harm the environment include burning fossil fuels, deforestation, air pollution, and wastewater discharge. These activities harm not only the environment but also humans, and we must take action now to reduce the impact which we are causing. For example, the burning of fossil fuels is one of the main reasons for climate change and air pollution, which both have a huge impact on humans. If we stop these activities, then it will be a lot better for everyone!

6. How can we protect the Environment?

Environmental protection is very much required in today's time. Some of the ways to protect the environment are to reduce, reuse, recycle, conserve water, save electricity, clean up the community, educate people on pollution, conserve water, preserve soil, tree plantation, use long-lasting bulbs, and plant trees. Heaven these are the ways which help us to protect the environment from getting polluted.

7. Why is Environmental Protection Important?

The ecosystem in which we live provides the natural services that are very much important to humans and other species for health, quality of life, and survival. So to protect that, environmental protection is very important. Hence, governments of various countries should make strategies to protect our natural environment from getting polluted.

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Review Essay: Environmental and Animal Abuse Denial: Averting Our Gaze. Tomaž Grušovnik, Reingard Spannring and Karen Lykke Syse (eds). Lexington Books 2021.

2021, Animal Studies Journal

full text: https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol10/iss2/16/

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Environmental Protection Essay

When it comes to environmental protection, what comes to mind for you? Do you think about the carbon footprint you leave behind when you travel? The way you recycle and compost at home? How much do you drive, or the kind of energy you use? Here are some sample essays on environmental protection.

100 Words Essay On Environmental Protection

The environment refers to everything that is around us, including the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land that we live on. It's important to understand the impact of human activity on the environment, as this can affect both our current and future generations.

Environmental protection is essential for mitigating the effects of global warming on the environment by minimising pollution and preserving habitats that are important for supporting biodiversity. Additionally, governments should provide incentives for businesses to develop effective recycling strategies in order to reduce waste output and promote sustainability practices among their operations.

200 Words Essay On Environmental Protection

500 words essay on environmental protection.

There are a lot of ways to think about environmental protection, and it's important to consider them all.

Human activity can have a detrimental effect on the environment. Coming together, we can make a real difference when it comes to protecting our planet for future generations.

Understanding the Impact of Human Activity on the Environment

For example, when we produce greenhouse gases, this contributes to climate change. Climate change has a number of impacts, including extreme weather conditions and sea level rise. These can have serious consequences for both the environment and human populations.

It's crucial that we take steps to protect the environment, as this is not only good for the planet, but also for us. By reducing our reliance on fossil fuels, for example, we can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Our goal should be to create a sustainable future for ourselves and for generations to come.

Solutions to Reduce Human Impact on the Environment

There are a number of things we can all do to reduce our human impact on the environment. Some solutions are simple, like turning off the lights when you leave a room or driving less. Others can be more involved, like installing solar panels or composting. You can also take a more active role in environmental conservation by supporting organisations that work to protect our planet. There are many worthy causes out there, and every little bit helps.

On a larger scale, governments should create regulations that protect the environment in a comprehensive manner. This could involve implementing laws that limit carbon dioxide emissions, mandating energy efficiency standards for buildings and machines, creating protected areas for wildlife conservation efforts, and increasing public investments in environmental protection projects.

Steps Towards Improving Environmental Quality

When it comes to improving environmental protection, there are a few steps that you can take as an individual.

Reduce your use of natural resources and minimise your waste output. Choose products that are labelled ‘green’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ when possible and consider reusing items whenever possible.

Use renewable energy sources rather than non-renewable sources such as coal or oil. There are many countries around the world utilising solar, wind, and hydroelectricity to power their cities.

Conserve water and soil by properly managing wastewater and reducing your water consumption.

Examples of Successful Environmental Protection Initiatives

It's important to remember that environmental protection is not just about creating laws, but also in finding creative solutions to protect the environment.

Here are a few examples of successful initiatives:

The establishment of protected areas | Over the last many years, governments have set aside many protected areas. These vary from national parks to marine sanctuaries, all aimed at reducing human impact on these areas and protecting the wildlife that lives there.

Reducing energy consumption | Governments around the world are investing more money into renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. This helps reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change.

Importance of Sustainable Development for Environmental Protection

Why is sustainable development important to environmental protection?

It enhances economic development while at the same time protecting natural resources. Sustainable development reduces pollution and energy use, which can reduce environmental degradation.

It helps with the management of natural resources and ensures that they are used in a way that meets current needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs. Sustainable development strives for a balance between economic growth, social equity and environmental protection – all of which play an important role in effective conservation efforts.

Effects of Global Warming on the Environment

Global warming is not only affecting climate change, but also causing irreversible damage to the environment. Gradual rise in global temperatures, leading to changes in weather patterns, sea levels, and ocean currents which has caused increased floods, droughts, and severe weather events in certain parts of the world.

These drastic changes have caused significant damage to forests and wildlife habitats, resulting in species loss and ecosystem degradation. As food supplies diminish due to changing climatic conditions, plants and animals face increasing challenges in adapting to their new environment.

Melting glaciers have caused sea levels to rise which are threatening coastal communities around the globe, as rising water levels increase flooding risks and create an immediate need for evacuation or relocation of affected populations.

It is essential that we work together to find balance, and that we understand the role of environmental protection in effective conservation.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

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Information Technology

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi .

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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Environmental Protection Essay

The environmental protection essay is a great way to assist the little ones in understanding how to protect the environment. Environmental protection has emerged as one of the major challenges in the world for centuries and has always been important to humans. As of late, it has seen a dramatic change in environmental policy, primarily through the use of the law. One way that law is used to protect the environment is by enacting government regulations on pollution and preventing environmental degradation.

Environmental protection is an integral part of today’s society, but many people lack even basic knowledge on what they can do to help protect our environment. The destruction of the environment and the depletion of natural resources are significant issues that are ever-present. In this essay, there will be a list of ideas for participating in the fight against these problems. This essay on environmental protection describes the meaning and importance of environmental protection and also teaches the right method to preserve the environment.

How to Protect the Environment Essay

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment against various human activities that degrade, destroy, or otherwise reduce its quality for future generations. Environmental protection has become a widespread issue in recent decades as human pressures on the environment have increased exponentially.

There are many ways to protect the environment. One way to protect the environment is by recycling – a way to reduce the carbon footprint and conserve natural resources. It also decreases the amount of waste that goes into landfills, which causes less pollution to water bodies. Another way is to use eco-friendly products in your life. This can contribute to a healthier environment by reducing the number of harmful chemicals and toxins in the air, ground, and water.

To protect the environment, we should be conscious of what we consume and how we consume it. Many factors affect the quality of our air, water, and land, but it is best to start small by always considering its impact on the environment.

Afforestation and tree plantation help protect our environment by reducing global warming, soil erosion, etc. We can reduce our carbon footprint through carpooling instead of driving, which is cheaper and reduces our energy usage and emissions.

For more essays similar to the environmental protection essay, visit BYJU’S website. You can also find more exciting kids’ learning resources, such as poems, stories, worksheets, etc., on the website.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is environmental protection.

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by maintaining the quality of air, water, land or ecosystem. The effects that humans have on their environment create issues for the natural environment. This can include air pollution, water pollution, and degradation of land. Governments and people are involved with environmental protection through policies and regulations.

How to protect the environment?

Environmental protection has seen a dramatic change, especially through environmental laws. These laws call for reducing pollution and environmental degradation.

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Essay on Nature

Sample Essay On Environmental Abuse

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Nature , Ownership , Business , Law , Commerce , Property , Economics , Public

Published: 10/25/2020

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In his article, Bailey argues that people do not have incentive to conserve ad protect resources, as they do not own them. Thus, ownership would result in less abuse of environmental resources. Dietz asserts that implementation of property relations on natural resources would determine the dynamics of economy and the welfare of society. The exploitation of natural resources provides a significant proportion of fiscal revenue. Hardin pointed out to formation of private ownership of natural resources, and therefore, suggested considering all the factors that affect the feasibility of the transfer of certain natural resources in private property. Ownership of natural resources in terms of ecological, economic and social efficiency would contribute to the improvement of the existing nature of natural resources as well as improve the profitability of the development and utilization of natural resources. This provision determines the need for state regulation of ownership of natural resources. In this regard, it is worth improving the regulation and property relations at the regional level. The introduction of market relations in the sphere of regional economy should include the speedy transformation of property relations over natural resources, in the framework of in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the situation. Environmental resources carry out a range of functions, such as social, economic and cultural, and the implementation of these functions depends largely on the level of development of the state and society. However, the realization of this potential should take place in an adequate form, aimed at establishing a balanced regime of exploitation of natural resources. In such circumstances, it is worth ensuring the proper legal regulation of natural resources. Due to their social importance, it seems reasonable to establish a special legal regime, based on the right of public property. The right to public ownership of natural resources in the subjective sense is a kind of subjective right of ownership, unified model of which is secured at the constitutional level. However, the concept does not change the essential unification of specific features inherent in the right of public ownership of natural resources. The right to public ownership of natural resources should not be entirely the prerogative of the state and local authorities. Natural resources are characterized by a number of properties that distinguish them as special objects of ownership. The importance of natural resources for the welfare of the nation derives primarily from their rarity and exhaustion. Irrational use of natural resources threatens the well-being of future generations. Ownership is a reasonable solution to the management of resources, since it is likely to improve the efficiency of the economy as well as eliminate and prevent environmental issues.

Works Cited

Bailey, Ronald. “Debunking Green Myths.” Reason 33.9, 2002. Print. Dietz, Thomas., Ostrom, Elinor., Stern, Paul C. “The Struggle to Govern the Commons”. Science 302, 12 December 2003. Print. Hardin, Garrett. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162, 13 December 1968. Print.

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The abuse of the environment

The definition of ‘Environment’ by the Cambridge English dictionary: ‘The air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live.’

Essay on Environment

The environment plays a pivotal role in the existence, growth and development of all living things on earth and importantly to humankind’s daily lives. The condition of the environment is very important for the quality of life that we lead.

The environment is extremely important for the growth of all life on the earth hence it the duty of human beings to protect the environment for their own, all animal’s and future generation’s benefits.

The abuse of the environment is a hot topic for discussion in the recent times. Several man-made activities and the high rate of growth of populations are the most important factors causing harmful effects to the environment. Let us explore some of humankind’s destructive activities: humankind has always cut down trees to make way for farming and or to use the wood and plants.

A few great forests remain, namely the Amazon and Indonesia’s great forests. These are under threat by mankind who are exploiting them for logging or to clear them for farming palm oil which is highly sought after world wide. Brazil and Indonesia should be helped by the international community to save these precious resources.

Humankind is polluting the air with CO2 and other harmful emissions from industry and fuel use such as coal. CO2 in the atmosphere causes heating. The oceans are being polluted by plastic waste which causes sea life like dolphins to die from stomach problems or strangulation.

Proficient in: Pollution

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What are the impending dangers: Staggering CO2 emissions are higher than the previous 400,000 years according to the official NASA

With other even more harmful emissions such as gasses released by coal and gas the earth heated up by .8 degrees since 1880. According to Business Insider and NASA some scientists believe the earth may heat up by an incredible 6 degrees by the end of the century. What does this mean for life on Earth? The outlook is gloomy to say the least. An unprecedented list of animals will become extinct as oceans encroach the land and their habitat is destroyed.

According to National Geographic, Greenland’s coast revealed it lost 280 billion tons of ice between 2002 and 2016. Newer research revealed by scientists and the BBC is that melting from underneath the surface of Greenland ice is much more severe than thought, causing run offs in to the ocean.

360 billion tonnes adds 1 mm to world sea levels. However Greenland’s ice sheets will continue to melt at more alarming speeds when temperatures soar. If it were to completely melt it would raise sea levels by 7 meters. The Greenland ice sheets are a fraction of the world’s ice. All of the major ice sheets are showing alarming rates of melting. Antarctic ice melting is speeding up at 6 times more than 4 decades ago according to National Geographic. In short the tipping point is nearer than first imagined. 13 years is an estimate by many scientists. By the end of the century if current heating of the planet rises as predicted large areas of every major city will be flooded. Crops will be flooded and human kind will be in a perilous position (will be on very thin ice – excuse my inappropriate pun).

In November 2019 Australia recorded Australia’s 2 hottest days since records began. Weather of 42 degrees was recorded in Sydney. Fires have raged across the nation amid the catastrophic heatwave. More than 100 fires broke out in South Australia.

The status quo of the environment is on a slippery downward path and mankind should try its level best to protect the destruction of the environment. To save the environment is the need of the hour and some active steps or actions should be taken immediately as the world teeters on the brink of environmental doom.

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Essay on Environment for Students and Children

500+ words essay on environment.

Essay on Environment – All living things that live on this earth comes under the environment. Whether they live on land or water they are part of the environment. The environment also includes air, water, sunlight, plants, animals, etc.

Moreover, the earth is considered the only planet in the universe that supports life. The environment can be understood as a blanket that keeps life on the planet sage and sound.

Importance of Environment

We truly cannot understand the real worth of the environment. But we can estimate some of its importance that can help us understand its importance. It plays a vital role in keeping living things healthy in the environment.

Likewise, it maintains the ecological balance that will keep check of life on earth. It provides food, shelter, air, and fulfills all the human needs whether big or small.

Moreover, the entire life support of humans depends wholly on the environmental factors. In addition, it also helps in maintaining various life cycles on earth.

Most importantly, our environment is the source of natural beauty and is necessary for maintaining physical and mental health.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Benefits of the Environment

The environment gives us countless benefits that we can’t repay our entire life. As they are connected with the forest, trees, animals, water, and air. The forest and trees filter the air and absorb harmful gases. Plants purify water, reduce the chances of flood maintain natural balance and many others.

Moreover, the environment keeps a close check on the environment and its functioning, It regulates the vital systems that are essential for the ecosystem. Besides, it maintains the culture and quality of life on earth.

The environment regulates various natural cycles that happen daily. These cycles help in maintaining the natural balance between living things and the environment. Disturbance of these things can ultimately affect the life cycle of humans and other living beings.

The environment has helped us and other living beings to flourish and grow from thousands of years. The environment provides us fertile land, water, air, livestock and many essential things for survival.

Cause of Environmental Degradation

Human activities are the major cause of environmental degradation because most of the activities humans do harm the environment in some way. The activities of humans that causes environmental degradation is pollution, defective environmental policies, chemicals, greenhouse gases, global warming, ozone depletion, etc.

All these affect the environment badly. Besides, these the overuse of natural resources will create a situation in the future there will be no resources for consumption. And the most basic necessity of living air will get so polluted that humans have to use bottled oxygen for breathing.

Above all, increasing human activity is exerting more pressure on the surface of the earth which is causing many disasters in an unnatural form. Also, we are using the natural resources at a pace that within a few years they will vanish from the earth. To conclude, we can say that it is the environment that is keeping us alive. Without the blanket of environment, we won’t be able to survive.

Moreover, the environment’s contribution to life cannot be repaid. Besides, still what the environment has done for us, in return we only have damaged and degraded it.

FAQs about Essay on Environment

Q.1 What is the true meaning of the environment?

A.1 The ecosystem that includes all the plants, animals, birds, reptiles, insects, water bodies, fishes, human beings, trees, microorganisms and many more are part of the environment. Besides, all these constitute the environment.

Q.2 What is the three types of the environment?

A.2 The three types of environment includes the physical, social, and cultural environment. Besides, various scientists have defined different types and numbers of environment.

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Environmental influences on alcohol use: Informing research on the joint effects of genes and the environment in diverse U.S. populations

Karen g. chartier.

1 School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

2 Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe

3 Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA

Cory R. Cummings

Kenneth s. kendler.

4 Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

5 Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Background and Objectives

This review aimed to inform the current state of alcohol research on the joint effects of genes and the environment conducted in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations, focusing on African Americans, Latinos/Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians.

A key-word and author-based search was conducted and supplemented with direct contact to researchers in this area to ensure a comprehensive inclusion of published, peer-reviewed studies. These studies were considered in terms of the racial/ethnic population groups, phenotypes, genetic variants, and environmental influences covered. Research findings from alcohol epidemiologic studies were highlighted to introduce some potential environmental variables for future studies of gene and environment (G–E) relationships.

Twenty-six ( N =26) studies were reviewed. They predominantly involved African American and Asian samples and had a very limited focus on Latinos/Hispanics and American Indians. There was a wide range of alcohol-related phenotypes examined, and studies almost exclusively used a candidate gene approach. Environmental influences focused on the most proximate social network relationships with family and peers. There was far less examination of community- and societal-level environmental influences on drinking. Epidemiologic studies informing the selection of potential environmental factors at these higher-order levels suggest inclusion of indicators of drinking norms, alcohol availability, socioeconomic disadvantage, and unfair treatment.

Conclusions

The review of current literature identified a critical gap in the study of environments: There is the need to study exposures at community and societal levels.

Scientific Significance

These initial studies provide an important foundation for evolving the dialogue and generating other investigations of G–E relationships in diverse racial/ethnic groups.

1. Introduction

There is a recognizable shortage of genetic studies of alcohol consumption and related phenotypes in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations (the focus of this special issue). This is occurring alongside a growing interest in understanding how environmental conditions enhance or reduce genetic effects in light of long-held evidence that sociocultural factors and the built environment are associated with levels of alcohol consumption and risk for related problems in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations (e.g., Karriker-Jaffe et al. 1 , Zapolski et al. 2 , Zemore et al. 3 ). The current review seeks to bring together two large areas of alcohol research in racial/ethnic minority populations. The first are studies of relationships between genes and the environment (G–E) and the second are alcohol epidemiologic studies, and both literatures include a range of features of drinking, from normative behaviors to binge or heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD).

We conceptualize G–E relationships from an integrated perspective, to mean that genetic and environmental effects come together (in different ways) to contribute to alcohol-related phenotypes 4 . Three fundamental relationships include: 1) additive effects of genes and the environment; 2) gene-environment correlations; and 3) gene × environment interactions (G×E). An additive relationship is characterized by independent genetic and environmental contributions to an alcohol outcome. Gene-environment correlations and G×E, respectively, describe mediation and moderation relationships in predicting an outcome. A gene-environment correlation identifies a selection effect where genetic vulnerability is associated with exposure to an environment. GxE relationships indicate that genetic vulnerability – or protection – can vary depending on the level of environmental exposure, or, equally, that the effect of the environmental exposure can be different depending on genotype.

The study of GxE relationships has garnered attention and excitement, but also caution and concern 5 , 6 . Therefore, we seek to encourage careful and systematic analyses of G–E relationships as an important tool to further our understanding of the complex etiology of AUD and to identify environmental targets for prevention and intervention efforts. Previous papers have outlined recommendations for rigorous GxE research practices (e.g., Dick et al. 5 ). We focus here on the selection of environmental factors that have both theoretical plausibility and empirical precedent for inclusion in the study of G–E relationships.

This report begins with a presentation of two theoretical mechanisms for conceptualizing environmental influences on alcohol consumption and related phenotypes, offered as a model to help synthesize and critique the extant literature in this area. We then review studies that have tested hypotheses about the interplay between measured genes and the environment in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations, focusing on African Americans, Latinos/Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. By measured gene studies, we refer to those that have used molecular methods and examined genetic variation in a given region or at a specific marker on a chromosome. (See Agrawal et al. in this issue for a discussion of latent genetic studies using twin designs.) However, because these genetic studies are few, we also identify some key environmental exposures shown to be associated with greater risks or protections for drinking and AUD in these populations.

2. Theoretical mechanisms

We use the term environment to broadly refer to community- or societal-level factors like per capita alcohol consumption, drinking norms, and alcohol outlet density, as well as social network factors like peer relationships and family circumstances (e.g., childhood abuse/neglect). This conceptualization of the environment is consistent with a multi-level perspective on health 7 , 8 and risk behavior including substance use 9 in that we emphasize contexts in which individuals are embedded, including peer groups, organizations, physical and social spaces, and the broader culture. This multi-level perspective is reflected in the model presented here (See Figure 1 ) as a means of organizing environmental exposures across three spheres of influence: social network, community, and societal. Additionally, we categorize these environments under two central mechanisms, social control and trigger, that are thought to modify genetic predisposition to AUD and that have previously been the focus of GxE studies. Earlier literature (e.g. Dick & Kendler 10 , Shanahan & Hofer 11 , and Sher et al. 12 ) offers a solid place to start in identifying examples of environmental social controls and triggers important to AUD, although issues relevant to specific racial/ethnic groups have not been widely considered in prior research. Therefore, here, we sought to introduce these mechanisms in order to set the stage for a wider discussion of environmental conditions related to alcohol use for racial/ethnic minority groups.

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Theoretical mechanisms for genetic and environmental influences on AUD

Social control

Elements of social control include both protective and risk environments that primarily operate to constrain or enable opportunities to use alcohol, thereby influencing the contribution of genetic effects to AUD. Shanahan and Hofer 11 emphasized elements of social control such as social norms or structural constraints that help maintain social order by decreasing deviant behaviors such as excessive alcohol use. They highlighted involvement with community institutions including churches and social norms surrounding alcohol use. For example, the Higuchi et al. 13 study is often highlighted in discussions of the relationship of societal-level effects on genetic influences for alcoholism, as the protective ALDH2 *2 variant was reported to be weaker in younger Japanese cohorts, suggesting a link to more liberal drinking norms and an increase in per capita alcohol consumption. In the U.S., there is evidence for strong cohort effects on drinking, with some birth cohorts drinking much more heavily than others 14 , 15 ; however, corresponding studies in U.S. samples on the relationship of these changes to genetic influences for alcohol use have not been conducted. Dick and Kendler 10 and Sher et al. 12 also underscored more proximate environmental social controls related to peer and family networks, including role transitions like marriage or marriage-like relationships, parental monitoring, and relationships with deviant or antisocial peers. Kendler et al. 16 showed that low parental monitoring and high peer deviance were associated with increased genetic influences on alcohol use in youth. Similar social control processes also may be happening on the community level. Neighborhood environments characterized by urbanicity and increased access to alcohol (which have been associated with increased genetic influences on alcohol consumption) may be associated with lower monitoring and control of others’ behavior, particularly in concert with high residential mobility 16 , 17 .

Social trigger

By contrast, adverse environmental conditions may act as social stressors that trigger or strengthen genetic effects for AUD; evidence points to an individual’s responsiveness or sensitivity to stressful conditions being influenced by genetic factors 18 . Nurturing environments conceptually may be placed at the other end of this spectrum, but have not been the focus of G–E studies of AUD. For example, Turkheimer et al. 19 examined a continuum of socioeconomic conditions, showing different relationships for genetic and environment effects with intelligence when comparing impoverished and affluent family environments. Conversely, studies of GxE triggering mechanisms for AUD, as well as for major depression and aggression, have focused more on contextual variables like stressful life events and childhood maltreatment 10 , 11 . Two recent measured-gene studies identified significant interactions between genetic effects and childhood adversities (e.g., abuse, parental divorce or death, witnessed violence) in predicting AUD: Meyers et al. 20 and Sartor et al. 21 reported, respectively, an enhanced association of the ADH1B risk variant and a reduced association of the ADH1B protective variant with AUD under adverse childhood conditions. These studies are complemented by evidence suggesting strong main effects of these stressors on AUD, including robust evidence for adverse effects of early child abuse and parental loss on alcohol outcomes in adulthood 22 – 24 . Additional indicators of environmental stress may be relevant moderators of genetic influences, including at community and societal levels. Boardman et al. 8 suggest a reframing of the ‘environment’ in studies of G–E relationships to include macro-level factors that characterize where people live and work when assessing their exposure to risks and resources. One potential trigger for AUD is neighborhood disadvantage, which has consistently been associated with illicit drug use, and in some studies has also shown associations with heavy drinking and AUD 25 . Later we return to a discussion of neighborhood disadvantage as an environmental variable that may be relevant to studies of AUD and G–E relationships for ethnic/racial minority populations.

3. Studies of joint G–E effects in U.S. ethnic minority populations

We conducted a focused survey of the peer-reviewed, published literature for measured gene and environment alcohol studies that focus on U.S. racial and ethnic minority populations to inform the current state of the science in this area. The results of our literature review are presented in Table 1 . Key terms for this search included “gene-environment”, “gene × environment”, “alcohol”, “substance use”, “divers*”, “ethnic*”, “race”, “racial”, “Latin*”, “Hispanic”, “African American”, “Asian American”, “Native American”, and “American Indian”. The primary search engine used was Google Scholar. In addition, an author search based on key researchers in this area was conducted and a number of researchers were contacted directly to explore any current research efforts being conducted and additional relevant researchers that should be considered. Below, we have reviewed the identified studies in terms of the racial/ethnic population groups, phenotypes, genetic variants, and environmental influences studied. We also present some of the challenges for GxE research evidenced in these studies.

Studies of genetic and environmental influences with diverse population groups: Summary characteristics

Population groups, phenotypes, and genetic variants covered

There were a limited number of studies addressing this topic, but even among those identified some population groups were more represented than others. Predominantly, studies involved African American 26 – 33 or Asian American 34 – 38 samples. There was a very limited focus on Latinos/Hispanics (one study on Mexican Americans 39 ) and American Indians (two studies identified 40 , 41 ). Additionally, across population groups, most samples included younger subjects, for example, older children and adolescents. Studies including adults fell into two categories, with most being conducted with young adult/college student samples and fewer involving samples representing a wide range of adult ages.

Due to the relative paucity of research in this area, the scope of the literature review was expanded to include studies with some degree of racial or ethnic diversity. Some of these studies reported G–E results separately for each population included 21 , 42 , 43 , while others reflected the results of a combined sample 44 – 49 . These multi-population studies primarily included European Americans and African Americans, although some did include subjects of Latino/Hispanic or Asian descent. The search was also expanded to studies that examined both alcohol and other substance use phenotypes 26 , 27 , 29 – 31 , 40 . Therefore, the included studies either examined alcohol use discretely or as a part of a composite measure of substance use or risky behavior.

Studies of GxE relationships face a number of limitations to which the identified studies are vulnerable. These include challenges with small sample sizes, related concerns about false positive findings and the replicability of results, statistical and conceptual issues about the nature of the interaction, and publishing biases 5 , 6 , 50 , 51 . Therefore, excluding several large studies that used combined samples of more than one population, study sample sizes for racial/ethnic minority groups were as small as 34 and 97 subjects and otherwise ranged from 108 to 703, with two larger samples including 963 and 2,617 subjects. Ideally, sample sizes greater than 1,000 participants are recommended to help protect against potentially spurious GxE effects 5 , although the realities of limited resources and restricted access to some population groups can provide a challenge to robust sample sizes. To address this concern, Argawal et al. 52 promote greater consistency in the phenotypic measures utilized across studies, which would allow for the harmonization of results and meta-analysis across studies to provide more confidence in the findings drawn. However, even in the small number of studies reviewed here, one can note the wide variation in phenotypes that were examined, which ranged from different measures of alcohol consumption and alcohol use diagnoses to complex composite measures of more than one alcohol or drug use outcome.

Additionally, these studies relied almost exclusively on a candidate gene approach. Examples of the genes studied are SLC6A4 (i.e., the short, long 5-HTTLPR variant); DRD4; GABRA2; ADH1B ; and ALDH2 . Unfortunately, the replication of findings from candidate GxE studies can be challenging; most often noted are inconsistencies reported for the relationship between the 5-HTTLPR variant and stressful life events (see Duncan and Keller 6 and Dick et al. 5 for an expanded discussion of this topic). Some studies did examine candidate genes with relatively well-understood biological mechanisms related to alcohol consumption and AUD (e.g., ADH1B and ALDH2 ; see Hurley et al. 53 ), and a few tested multiple markers or a sum score of risk variants across multiple genes 28 , 45 . However, other techniques, including polygenic risk scores that aggregate the effect of a number of gene markers, offer researchers newer alternatives that could help to increase confidence in the genetic associations that are being studied 54 , 55 . Studies using a polygenic score approach were not represented in the literature we reviewed.

Environmental influences

The environmental influences examined across these studies were considered, based on our organizational framework in Figure 1 , for their representation of the mechanisms of social controls and triggers and our three levels of environmental influence (social network, community, and societal). In the sections below, we provide an overview of the environmental influences covered. Additionally, Table 2 presents relevant key findings for the genetic and environment effects studied and their inter-relationships. These studies point to some inconsistencies and mixed findings that underscore the need for further replication and other empirical support. There may be many reasons for these differences 11 , which are perhaps unsurprising based on the earlier challenges discussed (e.g., sample size, variations in phenotypic measures). Alcohol use in some population groups could also be less affected by certain genetic or environmental factors, including when samples involve younger subjects early in their development of drinking behaviors 35 . Regardless, this research does provide an important foundation for evolving the dialogue in this area. These initial studies hopefully will serve to generate other investigations of G–E relationships in diverse racial/ethnic population groups.

Key findings from studies of G–E relationships by environmental feature and level

Notes : G–E = gene-environment;

Social networks

There was considerable attention given to the most proximate social network influences, as both constraints and triggers. Environmental variables at this level were characterized by parental influences 34 – 36 , 38 , 43 , including parental alcoholism, which, framed within the context of our model, presents both potentially controlling and triggering influences. Parental alcoholism, for example, may foster conditions where alcohol is more accessible and drinking is more acceptable or that contribute to a turbulent and stress-inducing home environment. However, this environmental influence is strongly confounded with genetic effects, unless examined using highly robust designs to isolate genetic and environmental factors, e.g., an adoption paradigm (see Irons et al. 35 ). Also examining the role of parental influence, there was a subset of randomized studies that examined interventions targeting parenting skills 26 – 30 , including communication skills around risks and expectations for substance use and providing emotional support and instrumental assistance to children.

Social-network level variables also focused on other family relationships 35 , 36 , 39 , 46 , including marriage and sibling relationships, and peer influences 35 , 44 . Genetic factors can inter-relate with marital status or peer groups in influencing alcohol use and AUD through both gene-environment correlations and GxE effects 46 , 56 . These factors all potentially contribute to varying degrees of increased or decreased constraint related to access to alcohol and perceived permissiveness for drinking in the immediate environment.

Adverse life events were a prominent environmental (triggering) variable across many of the studies 21 , 31 – 33 , 41 , 47 , 49 . As a category, they represented a number of different experiences: childhood maltreatment; early life trauma; life transitions; experiences of illness and death; disruptions in the home; and witnessing/exposure to family violence. These risk factors sometimes extended beyond social network influences to include exposure to violence and crime at the community or neighborhood level (e.g., Goyal et al. 32 , Sartor et al. 21 ). Generally, composite measures of stressful life events incorporated a wide variety of circumstances, which can complicate the understanding and isolation of environmental exposures that contribute to a GxE effect 12 .

Only a handful of studies examined how broader social influences on drinking may influence the relationship between genetic risk or protection and alcohol use. These studies included the use of variables related to religious involvement and school-level (e.g., high school) drinking 37 , 45 , 48 to examine the effects of instituational social control and group-level social drinking norms. At this level, we also included several studies that used membership in various social groups 34 , 38 – 40 , 42 , 57 , like ethnicity, gender, and level of education as indirect measures indexing group differences in social norms about drinking or vulnerability to environmental stressors. However, these variables can be difficult to assess as cultural indicators in G–E associations. Ethnicity may be confounded by population stratification, as the pattern of association between alleles (linkage disequilibrium) and genotype frequencies can vary across ancestry groups 42 , 45 , and gender may indicate other biological features (e.g., sex hormone levels) 40 . Level of education also has a complex relationship with alcohol-related phenotypes, both as a moderator of genetic effects and through shared genetic influences with alcohol problems 58 . One study examined acculturation 34 , which also may gauge changes in social drinking norms tied to exposure to mainstream American culture.

Even more striking was the absence of higher-order societal variables, for both social control and trigger mechanisms. This runs contrary to historic understandings that structural influences and differential exposures to risks and access to resources are related to the health differences experienced by racial/ethnic minority groups 59 .

4. Some considerations when selecting an environment

The above review of the current literature identified a critical gap in the study of environments: There is a need to include exposures at community and societal levels 8 . Some environmental conditions are also potentially more relevant to racial/ethnic minority populations. We start here by offering a few key considerations for selecting an environmental factor for inclusion in a G–E relationship study, and then highlight research findings from alcohol epidemiologic studies to introduce some potential environmental variables, at these higher levels of influence, that have not been previously studied in this manner.

Fit with a theoretical mechanism

There has been some debate as to whether it is important to establish a link between an environmental exposure and the neurobiological changes associated with the psychiatric disorder being studied 60 . We do not weigh in on that here; existing literature provides an examination of proposed pathways of environmental exposure to neurobiological functioning and the association with alcohol use, relapse, and recovery (e.g., Koob & Volkow, 2016 61 ; Seo & Sinha, 2015 62 ). Research on neurobiological changes is more consistently linked to social triggers like stress and trauma, but social control influences, such as those studied by Brody and colleagues 26 – 30 , may offer actionable targets for intervention. Here, we contend that for G–E studies of AUD, environmental conditions should be logically associated with changes in both exposure to alcohol and levels of drinking (see Figure 1 ). This could mean that an environmental feature increases risk for greater alcohol exposure and a resultant escalation of drinking, or it may be protective and decreases drinking. Such conditions can occur at the social network, community, and societal levels, but identification of plausible mediating mechanisms from higher-order (community or societal) factors to changes in alcohol consumption is needed. Social control mechanisms, compared to social triggers, may offer a strong theoretical link to changes in opportunities to use alcohol. Studies of adolescent psychiatric symptoms 63 and alcohol use 64 , for example, point to intermediate social control influences (parental supervision and peer delinquency) that help explain the triggering effects of poverty and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage.

Ability to rule out alternative explanations

One end goal for this area of research is the identification and understanding of causal environmental influences on genetic effects as targets for prevention and intervention efforts. The selection of environmental features for G–E studies should consider fundamental conditions for causality including statistical association, time order of relationships, and whether there are other plausible explanations 65 . Particularly relevant to this topic are gene-environment correlations as alternative explanations for a GxE effect 5 . A classic example is the correlation between genetic susceptibility for alcohol use and the selection into a deviant peer group 56 . At the community level, a related phenomenon is the selection of people who drink heavily into more disadvantaged areas over time 66 , which is likely to happen in addition to neighborhood causal effects on heavy drinking and AUD. To rule out alternative explanations in GxE studies, it is therefore advantageous to select environmental features that are exogenous to the individual and that exclude individual choice whenever possible.

Ability to predict phenotype variability

The selected environmental exposure must be predictive of phenotype variability 60 . This point is straightforward, but should be extended to take into consideration the specific subgroup being studied. In order to examine the inter-relationships between genetic and environment effects, a predisposing or protective environment must be selected that varies in the targeted population group. For instance, while protective effects for religion are widely documented for African Americans 67 – 69 , as well as Latinos/Hispanics and Whites 70 , genetic studies of AUD that include highly-religious subgroups, such as rural and Southern African Americans or immigrant and first-generation Latinas, should carefully assess whether respondents have had enough exposure to alcohol to test G–E relationships. Certain religious affiliations (such as Southern/American Baptist, conservative Protestant, fundamentalist Christian, Mormon, Muslim, and others) are strongly associated with abstinence from alcohol 71 .

The consideration of variability can also be extended to provide an explanation for why GxE effects might be observed in one racial/ethnic group but not another. Social control and social trigger mechanisms, according to Dick and Kendler 10 and Boardman et al. 8 , predict reduced genetic influences under low-risk environmental conditions and, conversely, increased genetic influences under more adverse conditions (illustrated in Figure 2 , top panel). GxE effects are more likely observed in population groups when members are represented along the continuum of low- to high-risk environments, and less likely when members are overly represented at any single point along the continuum, whether more low-risk or adverse (illustrated in Figure 2 , bottom left and right panels, respectively). Alike, selected genetic marker(s) must vary in the targeted population, with GxE effects being more likely observed when, in the case of biallelic markers, the frequencies of the common and minor alleles are more balanced. See Duncan and Keller 6 for a more detailed illustration of the relationships between sample size, variance, and statistical power to detect GxE effects.

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Hypothetical fan-shaped GxE relationship for full distribution of environmental risk (top), compared to truncated distributions for low-risk (bottom left) and high-risk environments (bottom right)

Developmental timing of exposure

Developmental timing of environmental exposures is another important consideration for G–E studies, and evidence suggests that sensitive developmental periods may differ for U.S. racial/ethnic subgroups due to differences in alcohol use over the lifespan. One longitudinal study of a U.S. national sample 72 showed an upward trend in heavy drinking by African Americans and, to a lesser extent, Latinos/Hispanics occurring in their 30s. This trend was accompanied by an increase in alcohol problems among African Americans starting in their mid-20s into their late 30s, which eventually exceeded those of Whites and Latinos/Hispanics. Thus, when assessing G–E relationships in groups with later onset of drinking, timing of the environmental exposure assessment should coincide with the periods in which the individuals may be starting to drink or escalating their alcohol use.

5. Special consideration of select environments for U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups

When we consider racial/ethnic minority groups, additional indicators of environmental social control and trigger mechanisms may be potential moderators of genetic influences. In this section we will consider selected environments for which there is empirical precedent, including evidence of strong main effects for greater risk of heavy drinking and AUD in racial/ethnic minority groups, or evidence that the environmental influence may be more important for racial/ethnic minority subgroups than for Whites. These may be strong candidates for study in G–E relationships. Additionally, social contexts that constrain drinking also are important to consider in analyses of G–E effects on AUD.

Social norms about drinking

Many studies suggest that social norms and attitudes about drinking have fairly uniform associations with alcohol use and problems across gender and race/ethnicity 73 , 74 . When considering racial/ethnic minority groups, additional norm-related cultural elements may be relevant as environmental modifiers of genetic risk. Among Asian Americans, ethnic drinking culture tied to the country of origin, measured by per capita alcohol consumption, is associated with heavy drinking and drunkenness for certain subgroups such as Korean and Japanese adolescents and adults 75 . Acculturation and birthplace also are predictors of heavy drinking and alcohol problems among some Latino/Hispanic 76 (particularly women) and Asian 77 subgroups living in the U.S. Among African Americans, elements of ethnic identity, or the affiliation and identification with people of common ancestry, language and religion in different social and civic contexts, also are associated with religiosity, drinking norms and alcohol consumption 78 . Protective effects on AUD of ethnic and cultural identity (or enculturation) also have been documented for some American Indian groups 79 .

At the neighborhood level, co-ethnic density may be a protective factor or a risk factor, depending on the specific racial/ethnic group in question. A higher density of African Americans may be a risk factor contributing to heavy drinking 80 , but a higher density of Latinos/Hispanics may be a protective factor 81 . In addition to the social context, physical drinking contexts may contribute to heavy drinking, perhaps through influences on perceptions about behaviors that are normative in that setting. As examples, drinking at bars and parties may encourage drinkers to drink more heavily or more quickly than they might do during a quiet evening at home. Compared to Whites, Latinos/Hispanics and Blacks tend to drink in public more frequently and to consume higher volumes in these settings 82 . It may be useful to assess contexts where people drink to supplement information on social norms about drinking for G–E studies.

Alcohol availability

As alcohol availability increases, alcohol consumption also increases. Alcohol availability can be operationalized based on respondent-reported perceptions or using objective administrative data. Studies using objective measures suggest neighborhood alcohol outlet density is associated with greater alcohol consumption 83 and alcohol problems 84 . Similarly, greater neighborhood drug availability can increase substance use 85 , alcohol dependence 86 , and drug abuse relapse 87 . Some evidence suggests African Americans may be at even higher risk than other groups for alcohol-related health problems in areas with higher densities of off-premise alcohol outlets 84 . In addition to increasing alcohol availability, a high density of alcohol outlets also may operate as a trigger for heavy drinking or as a stressor, as some evidence suggests a proliferation of alcohol outlets can increase violence in the surrounding area 84 , 88 .

Other factors influencing alcohol availability are state licensure and tax structures, as well as alcohol advertising. Higher alcohol prices are associated with reductions in heavy drinking and alcohol problems, particularly among adolescents and young adults 89 . Low-income youth may be especially sensitive to alcohol prices; this may manifest in stronger deterrent impacts of higher alcohol taxes on drinking of racial/ethnic minority youth and adults. Regarding advertising, evidence suggests that youth delay drinking and drink less frequently in areas with more restrictive policies about alcohol marketing 90 , and some studies also have found greater exposure to alcohol advertising is associated with increased consumption, particularly by youth 83 . Neighborhoods with a high density of African Americans (which often are economically disadvantaged) are selectively targeted for marketing of high-alcohol content beverages such as malt liquor beer and spirits 91 , 92 . Indicators of local alcohol availability, including tax policies and advertisements for alcohol, are good candidates for studies of G–E relationships in racial/ethnic minority populations as they are likely to be exogenous exposures, particularly for youth and young adults.

Social triggers

Socioeconomic disadvantage.

Socioeconomic disadvantage 93 , 94 , long-term poverty 95 , 96 and cumulative disadvantage 97 from multiple sources are associated with heavy drinking and alcohol problems, and experiencing multiple and persistent forms of socioeconomic disadvantage across childhood and into adulthood is associated with heavy drinking and alcohol problems in adulthood 98 . In the U.S., African Americans have much higher rates of poverty than Whites, and they also are more likely to experience long-term poverty 99 . These socioeconomic risk factors for alcohol problems may be stronger for Blacks and Latinos/Hispanics than Whites 100 , 101 .

Neighborhood poverty also can be a stressor that increases alcohol use and problems (or, as an alternative explanation, heavy drinkers may select into certain neighborhoods). In one longitudinal study of young adults, there was a strong effect of cumulative exposure to neighborhood poverty over 20 years on heavy alcohol use, but acute exposure to neighborhood poverty also increased heavy alcohol use 102 . African Americans are more likely than Whites to live in poor neighborhoods 103 , 104 . Stronger associations of neighborhood disadvantage with alcohol use and alcohol problems have been noted for African Americans than for Whites or Latinos/Hispanics 1 , 101 , with neighborhood disadvantage associated with less heavy drinking by White adult drinkers, but more heavy drinking by African American drinkers and marginally more heavy drinking by Latino/Hispanic drinkers 1 . In addition to neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, neighborhood disorder is associated with many substance use outcomes 105 , including heavy drinking 106 , 107 . Thus, indicators of socioeconomic status encompass multiple levels of exposure across the lifecourse, including both acute and chronic disadvantage.

Racial discrimination and stigma

Racial discrimination is a stressor that contributes to adverse mental health and risk behaviors in adults and youth 108 . Racial discrimination and perceived racial/ethnic stigma can increase heavy consumption, alcohol abuse, and drinking problems among Blacks and Latinos/Hispanics 109 , 110 . Mulia et al. 97 and Chae et al. 111 examined the related constructs of perceived ethnic group stigma and unfair treatment, and found positive relationships for these variables in predicting problem drinking among Blacks, Latinos/Hispanics, and Asians. Among American Indians, discrimination may be associated with feelings of historical loss associated with long-term, intergenerational impacts of genocide and cultural “reformation” of American Indians in the U.S.; these stressors are associated with adverse alcohol outcomes including AUD 79 , 112 .

Co-occurrence of environmental triggers

Socioeconomic status, racial discrimination, and neighborhood disadvantage often are closely related, with race/ethnicity impacting all three 113 , 114 . The Mulia et al. 97 study detailed above found that experiencing multiple forms of social adversities (racial/ethnic stigma, unfair treatment, and poverty) increased risk for problem drinking across ethnic groups. Zemore et al. 3 showed that adversities accumulate in their association with alcohol problems: Specifically, unfair treatment for Blacks and perceived ethnic stigma for Latinos/Hispanics each were associated with alcohol problems among those living below the poverty level but not above. At the neighborhood level, there also is co-occurrence with certain environmental constraints. Disadvantaged neighborhoods often contain an excess of alcohol outlets 115 , 116 . We also note that low-income minority communities may be more likely to have more liquor stores, while low-income white communities may be more likely to have more bars 117 ; thus, choosing the most appropriate measure(s) of alcohol availability is essential.

6. Conclusions and next steps

Through this survey of published, peer-reviewed studies, we sought to document the current state of the research on the joint effects of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol consumption and related phenotypes in U.S. racial/ethnic minority population groups. Although the reviewed studies made important contributions to science, we identified additional advances that are warranted. First, and most generally, there is a need for an overall increase in the inclusion of more diverse U.S. populations. Our focus here was on African Americans, Latinos/Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. Studies are especially needed that include Latino/Hispanic and American Indian samples, as well as studies including adults from a range of age groups to coincide with key developmental periods for alcohol use initiation and escalation in different racial/ethnic groups. While important, we do recognize that it may not always be possible to compare differences in G–E relationships across racial/ethnic groups, because the frequency of alleles at specific markers, the associations between alleles, and the distribution of exposure to specific environmental conditions can be different by population group. Regardless, it is important to recognize and address the relevant ethical and cultural issues that will emerge in this effort to be more inclusive and to provide equal access to this area of research (a topic covered by other articles in this special issue). Second, methodological advancements will strengthen our confidence in study findings, including larger sample sizes, greater consistency in phenotypic measures to facilitate meta-analysis, and careful selection of genetic effects and rigorous testing of G–E relationships 5 , 50 – 52 . Third, we focused on selection of environmental factors that have both theoretical and empirical precedent for inclusion in the study of G–E relationships. This revealed a relative dearth of studies that examined higher-order social control and trigger mechanisms, e.g., at the community- and societal-levels, which have broadly been shown to influence racial/ethnic differences in a variety of health outcomes. New investigations need to consider the challenge of how to more accurately capture and reflect the role of the environment in using a multi-level and longitudinal framework, as suggested by Boardman et al. 8 , and to conceptualize the mechanisms through which these influences shape GxE interactions 8 , 10 – 12 . We proposed a number of community and societal variables (under both social control and triggering mechanisms) that are associated with alcohol use behaviors in U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups as potential environmental indicators to study alongside genetic effects. It will be an important next step, as has been recommended for phenotypic measures, that we test and identify a core of validated and standardized environmental measures for use in studies of G–E relationships.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health (K.C., K01AA021145; and K.K., P50AA022537, R37AA011408, R01AA023534).

Declaration of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.

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Essay on Environmental Pollution: 100 Words, 200 Words

Updated on
Apr 1, 2024

One of the biggest risks to life as we know it is environmental degradation. The water we drink, the air we breathe, and the ecosystems on which we depend are all impacted by pollution. People, animals, and plants will decline if pollution levels continue to rise since they won’t be able to adapt to a significantly altered environment. Are you struggling to write an essay on environmental pollution? If the answer is yes, then this blog will help you get some ideas to write an effective essay. Keep reading further to know more!

Table of Contents

1 What is Environmental Pollution?
2 Essay on Environmental Pollution – 100 Words
3 Essay on Environmental Pollution – 250 Words
4 Essay on Environmental Pollution – 500 Words

What is Environmental Pollution?

The phenomenon of undesirable changes in the surroundings that are harmful to animals and plants, and leads to environmental degradation is known as environmental pollution. These changes can occur because of the solid, liquid or gaseous pollutants. For example, DDT, plastic, and heavy materials take more time to degrade and are known as notable pollutants. For the determination of risk assessment of public health, concentration of pollutants is measured.

Essay on Environmental Pollution – 100 Words

The presence of contaminants in the environment is referred to as pollution. Gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO), among others; solid pollutants like plastic, sewage, etc.; and chemicals like fertilisers, as well as those produced as byproducts in manufacturing, transportation, etc., are a few examples of polluting substances.

The immediate result of pollution is that it makes the world’s natural resources useless or toxic to use, as well as leads to the extinction of species and ecological imbalance. To stop more harm from occurring to the earth and its inhabitants due to environmental pollution, it is imperative to take proactive precautions.

Essay on Environmental Pollution – 250 Words

When undesired elements, or pollutants, are present in the environment, it is said to be polluted. The environment is severely harmed by pollution, which poses a direct threat to it. Although the world has begun to understand the importance of addressing pollution if the planet and its biodiversity are to be conserved there is still a long way to go.

Everything that makes up the environment, including the air, water bodies, flora, and wildlife, is impacted by pollution in one way or another. There are four main types of pollution – Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Noise Pollution and Soil or Land Pollution . Additionally, pollution contributes to global issues including acid rain, global warming, and greenhouse gas consequences. A rise in the planet’s average surface temperature is referred to as global warming, and it causes starvation, floods, and droughts.

Environmental pollution has a wide-ranging impact. In addition to the current effects of pollution, a lack of effective pollution prevention measures also imperils the future of various species. The pollution is causing harm at a far faster rate than it can be healed. Reversing the environmental harm we have caused could take generations, and even then, it won’t be simple. It will require tight discipline and commitment to stop pollution.

The best ways feasible are being used by various nations to respond to these catastrophes. More efforts are being launched to raise public awareness about the dangers of pollution and the importance of preserving our ecosystem. Greener lifestyles are gaining popularity; examples include using wind and solar energy, new climate-friendly cars, and energy-efficient lighting.

Essay on Environmental Pollution – 500 Words

Pollution is the term used to describe the entry of pollutants into the environment. Noise, water, and air pollution are only a few of the several types of pollution. There is a direct relationship between the rise of pollution levels and illnesses among people. Therefore, it is important for everyone to be knowledgeable about pollution, its impacts, and effective ways to eliminate it. Our environment needs a balanced combination of all components, just like our body requires a balanced diet. The environment is polluted by any substance that is present above that limit for example rise in the levels of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes harm to human health due to poor air quality.

All forms of pollution, whether in the air, water, soil, or noise, have a negative impact on living things. Deadly diseases that are brought on by the contamination of soil, water, air, or sound affect organisms.

Among the most common disorders brought on by air pollution are acute lower respiratory infections in children, ischemic heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. Air pollution is a major contributor to a number of ailments in India, including strokes, bronchitis, heart attacks, lung diseases, cancer, and early mortality from heart disorders. The most pressing issue in the world now is global warming, which is caused by air pollution.

Around the world, poor drinking water quality is the reason behind 50% of child deaths and 80% of illnesses, including more than 50 different diseases. Water pollution causes diarrhoea, skin diseases, malnutrition, and even cancer, as well as other issues that are related to it.

Every day, noise pollution has an effect on millions of people. The most frequent result of this is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Loud noises have the potential to cause stress, high blood pressure, heart disease, and sleep difficulties. Children in particular are prone to these health issues across the board in terms of age groups. Noise pollution is extremely harmful, and it’s especially deadlier for people with heart issues.

Use of the 3Rs, or reduce, reuse, and recycle, is the first step in reducing pollution. People should use air conditioners less since they generate noxious gases, such as ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons, which will minimise air pollution.

Reducing the number of vehicles on the road will also help to clean up the planet’s air. The more often cars are used, the more dangerous chemicals like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons that contribute to major air pollution are released into the atmosphere.

Increasing public awareness is a further means of reducing pollution on Earth. Through programmes like the “Go Green” campaign, which urges people to plant more trees and use recyclable materials in their daily lives, awareness can be raised about the significance of eliminating pollution on Earth. The “Earth Hour” is another globally recognised event that calls for everyone to turn off all lights for one hour in order to raise awareness of the significance of reducing electricity usage in order to minimise pollution on Earth.

The government’s obligation to maintain national laws is one way to reduce pollution on Earth. Offenders should be subject to harsh penalties, such as increased fines and longer prison terms, which will force them to reconsider their influence on the environment and serve as a message to those who are not currently involved but who might be in the future.

Must Read: Essay on Pollution: Elements, Type, Format & Samples

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Prachi has 1.5 yrs of experience in Content & Copywriting. Her skills entail SEO, researching, brainstorming marketing campaigns, suggesting content ideas, graphic designing, Keyword research, understanding user intent etc. She thrives on a work culture that helps her unlearn redundant ways of thinking. Besides this, she always has her binoculars on looking for good books and music recommendations, cocktails and world history.

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Environmental Concerns in the Modern World Essay

There are many environmental concerns faced by human race. These concerns are defined as the environmental problems that directly or indirectly affect human beings. There is need therefore to work on these environmental problems with an aim of reducing their impacts. Climate change is one of the major concern facing human beings globally.

Ozone layer depletion and loss of biodiversity have also negatively affected human race thus calling for strategies to combat these environmental issues. Other environmental concerns are in reverence to land degradation, pollution among others. The following discussion is inclusive of the first three concerns.

Ozone layer depletion occurring at the stratosphere which contains the ozone gas, has led to direct ultra-violet rays reaching the earth surface. Oxygen molecules present in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet waves which are harmful.

The depletion of ozone layer occurs when the gas is broken down by increased chlorine compounds in the atmosphere which are man-made and also the bromine compounds. The direct reach of ultraviolet (UV) rays to human beings has increased diseases such skin cancer and eye problems.

There has also been an increase in infectious diseases. Ultra violet rays also causes drying up plants which are the major primary source of food to humans (Díez & Dwivedi, 2008). UV rays affect the aquatic life such as fish which are also source of food to human beings.

Climate change is the change in temperatures either by increase or decrease. The increase of temperature which has led to global warming is the major concern facing human beings on climate change.

Anthropogenic activities are however the major cause of climate change on global warming out of increased deforestation by the increasing population, increased release of fossil fuel and the green house gases such as chlorofluorocarbons which increases green house effect.

The further implications to human beings is the increase in sea levels which causes flooding thus loss of human lives, displacements and loss of properties. There is also decrease in water resources due to changes in evaporation thus lowering the agricultural output. Human beings are then faced by food shortages leading to hunger, nutritional diseases, and deaths.

Loss of biodiversity which is the decrease of species in ecosystems is also among the major concern faced by human race. Human beings are the major cause of loss of biodiversity through habitat destruction such as clearing of forest cover, burning of bush which kills the active micro organisms in the soil, and dumping of wastes in water resources which endanger aquatic life.

Biodiversity promotes better lives to human beings such as: ecosystem services through climate stability a role played by trees, soil formation by micro-organisms.

Loss of biodiversity is also inclusive of decrease of biological resources to human like plants which are source of food and medicines. Sociological benefits are also lost as the biodiversity is used by humans for education, recreation, and cultural values (Díez & Dwivedi, 2008).

In conclusion, human beings are the major contributors of the environmental issues which have raised the concerns. There is however natural factors which have lead to environmental concerns but their impact is too minimal compared to those caused by human beings. Human race is therefore faced with the challenge of reducing the environmental issues.

On climate change, there is need to practice reforestation, use electric, solar and wind energy to replace the fossil fuels thus reducing the green house effect. On ozone layer depletion just like climate change, there is need to reduce the release of carbons such as chlorofluorocarbons.

It is also important for humans to protect the existing species like reducing the dumping of untreated waste in water resources and clearing of forest at the same time opting for better farming methods other than burning (Rourke, 2008).

Díez, J., & Dwivedi, P. (2008). Global Environmental Challenges: Perspectives from the South. New York: Broadview Press.

Rourke, J. T. (2008). International Politics on the World Stage. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

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IvyPanda. (2023, October 31). Environmental Concerns in the Modern World. https://ivypanda.com/essays/environmental-concerns/

"Environmental Concerns in the Modern World." IvyPanda , 31 Oct. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/environmental-concerns/.

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Efforts to Alleviate Ozone Depletion
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ozone Depletion
Ozone Hole, Greenhouse Effect and Montreal Protocol
Ozone Depletion: A Case of Humans Fixing What They Broke
The Effect of the Ozone Layer on the earth
Physical Science Explorations: Ozone
Chemistry and Physics of Stratospheric Ozone
What we can do to protect Ozone layer
Ozone Holes, Their Causes, Effects and Reduction
Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries
Comparison of Secondary and Tertiary Waste Water Management
A Discussion of Air Pollution & Related Health Implications on the Community
Effects of the Columbia River Dams on Salmon Population
The Effects of the US Army Corp Engineers Lock and Dam System on Recreation

International edition
Australia edition
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Portrait photograph of UK climate activist Trudi Warner

‘I felt this was an abuse of power’: the climate activist who took on the law and won

Trudi Warner on a year being pursued by government lawyers determined to prosecute her over a jurors’ rights protest

Two days before Trudi Warner faced court under threat of a contempt of court prosecution, she fell off her bike and ruptured the tendons in her hand.

Now the hand is black and blue, tightly bandaged, and requires surgery. It is an indication that 69-year-old Warner, who spent her working life as a child social worker and has committed her retirement to climate action, is not as tough and unflappable as her demeanour suggests.

“I cycled back from a friend’s house and all this was going through my head,” she said. “My mind wasn’t really focused on what I was doing. I was very tired, all of this was weighing on me, and I came off the bike.”

For a year government lawyers pursued Warner, determined to take proceedings against her for contempt of court – which can result in a maximum two years’ jail or an unlimited fine – for a lone, silent protest in March last year in which she held up a placard highlighting the independence of juries.

It was a protest outside a London court that was born out of the increasing restrictions being placed on defendants in climate trials, which in effect removed their ability to explain their motivations for their peaceful but disruptive actions to a jury.

Warner holding a sign reading ‘jurors have an absolute right to acquit a defendant according to their conscience’

In a series of trials, individuals have been banned from mentioning to the jury the words “climate change”, the history of the civil rights movement or the issue of fuel poverty.

Those individuals who ignored the restrictions imposed by Judge Silas Reid at inner London crown court were sent to jail for contempt of court as a result.

“The state had been losing these climate cases until this point, and I think these restrictions were a pushback,” said Warner. “They left individuals with no defence in court.

“I just felt that this was an abuse of power, a miscarriage of justice. I thought, why are we having jury trials where defendants are supposed to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, and not letting defendants speak to the jury about their actions? It made no sense. It felt like a scam. I wanted to challenge that.”

Her challenge last March was solitary, and mute. Its aim was to highlight a principle in UK law that juries can acquit defendants on their conscience, even in the face of facts that suggest their guilt and a judge’s direction.

Known as jury equity, its most famous enactment was in 1670 at the central criminal court in the Bushel case, when a jury refused a judge’s orders to convict two Quakers of unlawful assembly despite being jailed and denied food and water by the judge. It was a case that cemented the independence of juries and is celebrated with a marble plaque in the corridors of the Old Bailey.

In a hat-tip to the Bushel case, Warner made a handwritten sign that said: “Jurors have an absolute right to acquit a defendant according to their conscience,” and stood outside the side entrance to inner London crown court on the opening day of a trial of Insulate Britain campaigners.

“I was like a human billboard. I said nothing, I didn’t engage with anyone, even if they came up and asked me questions,” she said.

But the protest had been noted by court officials who reported her to Reid. The following day Warner was handcuffed, locked up in the court’s custody unit, and later taken into the dock to face the judge.

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Rather than make the decision himself, Reid referred her case to the government’s highest law officer, the attorney general, for a decision on whether to charge her with contempt of court.

Over the weeks and months that followed, Warner says, she felt like David facing Goliath in a battle that pitched a team of government law officers, paid for by taxpayers, against a lone woman in her late 60s.

“I got letters saying: ‘His Majesty’s solicitor general versus Trudi Ann Warner,’” she told the Guardian. “They sent a 133-page indictment on me. A hundred and thirty-three pages … all those government lawyers working on this for months – I mean just how much public money have the government spent?”

As the weeks of waiting went on, in May last year Warner fulfilled a promise to help a sheep farmer in Scotland with lambing. Living on the Isle of Eigg in a farmhouse with no wifi, she was contacted by a friend who suggested she find an internet connection and check her phone the following day.

“I went to the village hall and used their wifi the next day. When I checked my phone I saw an image of about 20 people outside inner London crown court. They were all holding placards saying: ‘If you prosecute Trudi, prosecute us too.’ When I saw that I broke down, to see all those people prepared to be prosecuted for contempt of court as well. It was an astonishing and moving act of solidarity,” she said.

It is the support of others involved in climate action that has helped Warner as she faced a possible prison term for contempt for her actions. As the case against her was thrown out on Monday, ensuring her liberty and rejecting the government argument to prosecute her, supporters were again outside court.

“This decision is empowering for people who have cases coming to court,” said Warner. “It is a victory in one battle. It has restored my faith a little in British justice. I was lucky, I had a balanced, independent and deeply thoughtful judge and I am grateful to him.”

Environmental activism
Climate crisis

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Retired UK GP suspended for five months after climate protests

Cava firm Freixenet to furlough 80% of its workers in Catalonia due to drought

Sunak’s weakening of climate targets ‘retrograde’, says former Tory minister

‘Children won’t be able to survive’: inter-American court to hear from climate victims

Far right’s rise in Portugal could threaten ambitious climate action

Weatherwatch: how reducing air pollution adds to climate crisis

Today in Focus How Swiss women won a landmark climate case for Europe

Copernicus online portal offers terrifying view of climate emergency

What’s really happening with emissions and the climate crisis in Australia

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In Environmental and Animal Abuse Denial, subtitled Averting Our Gaze, the editors Tomaž Grušovnik, Reingard Spannring and Karen Lykke Syse gather eleven chapters in which authors attend to various aspects of practiced denial and its possible sources in the areas of animal abuse and environmental devastation.
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Sample Essay 2. Essay on Save Environment. As human beings, we exist because of environmental support. Had there be no air, no freshwater, no other natural resources, our existence would have been impossible. It is because of innumerable trees around us, we are able to breath fresh air. We eat when the process of photosynthesis takes place in ...
Environmental Protection Essay
500 Words Essay On Environmental Protection. On a larger scale, governments should create regulations that protect the environment in a comprehensive manner. This could involve implementing laws that limit carbon dioxide emissions, mandating energy efficiency standards for buildings and machines, creating protected areas for wildlife ...
Environmental Protection Essay
Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by maintaining the quality of air, water, land or ecosystem. The effects that humans have on their environment create issues for the natural environment. This can include air pollution, water pollution, and degradation of land. Governments and people are involved ...
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Protecting the environment is the act of taking care of natural resources and using them rationally to prevent annihilation and pollution. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the effects of mining on the environment. This approach is sustainable and capable of reducing the dangers of mining.
Environmental Abuse Essay Example
Sample Essay On Environmental Abuse. Type of paper: Essay. Topic: Nature, Ownership, Business, Law, Commerce, Property, Economics, Public. Pages: 2. Words: 500. Published: 10/25/2020. In his article, Bailey argues that people do not have incentive to conserve ad protect resources, as they do not own them. Thus, ownership would result in less ...
Environmental Protection Essay
The Environmental Protection Agency. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a federal government agency of the United States. The EPA was created with the purpose to ensure health and environmental protection is provided to people. The agency accomplishes their function by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
Essay on Environmental Issues
The major environmental issues of the world today are global warming, green-house effect, and climate change. The reasons behind the problems are mostly related to the grave amount of neglect and intolerance of humans towards the environment. 10 Lines on Environmental Issues Essay in English. Environmental issues are a matter of concern these days.
Eco-Crime and Justice: Essays on Environmental Crime
2009. Length. 124 pages. Annotation. The four essays in this publication contribute to its aim of framing a global research agenda on environmental crime based in a commitment to the value of evidence-based policymaking, the importance of theoretical insights drawn from different disciplines, and the balancing of human and ecological rights.
Environmental Essay: Importance of Environment Protection and
Furthermore, people were less aware of the environmental issues; rather concerning about the environment, they kept themselves busy buying materialistic Stuff to make their lifestyle better, however, people didn`t know that making the environment better makes mankind`s lifestyle better as well.
The abuse of the environment Definition Essay Example
Essay on Environment. The environment plays a pivotal role in the existence, growth and development of all living things on earth and importantly to humankind's daily lives. The condition of the environment is very important for the quality of life that we lead. ... The abuse of the environment is a hot topic for discussion in the recent ...
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500+ Words Essay on Environment. Essay on Environment - All living things that live on this earth comes under the environment. Whether they live on land or water they are part of the environment. The environment also includes air, water, sunlight, plants, animals, etc. Moreover, the earth is considered the only planet in the universe that ...
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Previous papers have outlined recommendations for rigorous GxE research practices (e.g., Dick et al. 5). We focus here on the selection of environmental factors that have both theoretical plausibility and empirical precedent for inclusion in the study of G-E relationships.
Essay on Environmental Pollution: 100 Words, 200 Words
Essay on Environmental Pollution - 500 Words . Pollution is the term used to describe the entry of pollutants into the environment. Noise, water, and air pollution are only a few of the several types of pollution. ... The abuse of entrusted power for personal or unconstitutional activities is defined as corruption. Corruption weakens ...
Environmental Concerns in the Modern World Essay
These concerns are defined as the environmental problems that directly or indirectly affect human beings. There is need therefore to work on these environmental problems with an aim of reducing their impacts. Climate change is one of the major concern facing human beings globally. Ozone layer depletion and loss of biodiversity have also ...
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Review Essay: Environmental and Animal Abuse Denial: Averting Our Gaze. Tomaž Grušovnik, Reingard Spannring and Karen Lykke Syse (eds). Lexington Books 2021.

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