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The Indian Air Force

Last updated on January 30, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is the Air wing of the Indian armed forces. Its objective is to ensure the Indian airspace and to engage in aerial warfare during a conflict.

India Air Force is the fourth largest in the world after the USA, China, and Russia.

Table of Contents

Indian Air Force

IAF or the Bharatiya Vayu Sena was initially established as an auxiliary air force unit of the Royal Air Force of Britain. The title Royal was given to the Air Force in honor of India’s aviation service during World War II .

The name Royal Airforce was kept until India had dominion status. As the government transitioned to a republic in 1950, the prefix Royal was removed.

The President of India holds the rank of supreme commander or Commander-in-chief of the IAF. The operational command of the Air Force lies with the Chief of Air Staff, an air chief marshal, who is a four-star officer.

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The rank of Marshal of the Air Force is a five-star rank and has been conferred by the President of India on one occasion in history, to Arjan Singh.

The motto of the IAF is ‘Nabhah Sparhsam Diptam’ which is taken from the Bhagavad Gita, and means to ‘Touch the sky with glory’

Since 1950, the IAF has been a part of four wars with Pakistan. They have also played an important role in other major operations like Operation Vijay,  Operation Meghdoot, Operation Cactus, and Operation Poomalai.

They engage on international and humanitarian levels in the national interest, by participating in UN peacekeeping missions.

History of the Indian Air Force

IAF was officially established on 8 th October 1932 as an auxiliary arm of the Royal Air Force of Britain. This was stipulated by the Indian Air Force Act of 1932.

The first aircraft flight came into being on 1 st April 1933 when its first squadron of 4 Westland Wapiti airplanes was commissioned. It included 5 Indian pilots led by a British officer.

During World War II, the IAF played a key role in stopping the Japanese advance in Burma. Arjan Singh was a flight lieutenant during this mission and went on to become India’s first and only Marshal of the Air Force.

In 1943, the first flying school was established in Ambala to provide basic and advanced training for IAF pilots.

IAF after independence

Immediately after independence, during partition, the Royal Indian Air Force provided effective logistics support and transport to Indian troops. But there was no direct air-to-air combat with the Pakistani air force.

1960: IAF activated the No. 5 Squadron to support the United Nations operation in Congo when Belgium’s 75-year rule ended abruptly causing widespread violence.

1961: IAF played a very important role in the annexation of Goa from the Portuguese. This was called Operation Vijay, where IAF provided support to the ground forces.

1962: During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, India ended up losing significantly Chinese as the military planners failed to effectively use the IAF.

1965: IAF engaged the enemy air force quite effectively during the Indo-Pak war of 1965 or the Second Kashmir War. The IAF was successful in preventing the Pakistan Air Force from gaining air superiority.

The IAF changed to improve its capabilities after the 1965 war. The Para Commandos regiment was created in 1966 to increase its logistics supply and rescue operations ability. India started to put more stress on the indigenous manufacture of fighter aircraft.

1971: During the Indo-Pak War of 1971 or the Bangladesh Liberation War, the role of the IAF was very crucial. IAF carried out numerous sorties and even supported the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. IAF has complete air superiority during the conflict.

After the 1971 war with Pakistan, the IAF received the highest award for gallantry in India , the Param Vir Chakra which was awarded posthumously to Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon.

1984: India launched Operation Meghdoot to capture the Siachen Glacier in the contested Kashmir region. In Op Meghdoot, IAF’s Mi-8, Chetak, and Cheetah helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen.

1987: Operation Poomalai or Eagle Mission 4 was the codename assigned to a mission undertaken by the IAF for airdropping supplies over the besieged town of Jaffna in Sri Lanka on 4 June 1987 to support the Tamil Tigers during the Sr Lankan civil war.

Operation Pawan was the operation in which the air force supported the Indian peacekeeping forces (IPKF) in northern and eastern Sri Lanka.

1988: IAF also provided support to the Maldives in Operation Cactus or the Maldives coup d’etat attempt.

1999: Operation Safed Sagar, as the air operations in the Kargil area were called, was a milestone in the history of military aviation, as this was the first time that airpower was employed in such an environment.

After the Kargil conflict, IAF has been actively guarding the Indian air space and numerous events have been recorded of their proficiency.

2019: The Balakot Airstrike was carried out after the 2019 Pulwama attack carried out by Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) killing 46 CRPF personnel. A group of 12 Mirage aircraft carried out attacks on the JeM camps in PoK and Balakot.

The Pakistan air force retaliated after the Balakot airstrikes, and during this stand-off, IAF MiG-21 pilot Abhinandan Varthaman was captured by Pakistan. He was later released as per the Third Geneva Convention’s obligations.

Training intitutues for IAF

Apart from the National Defence Academy, other training institutes for air force personnel include the Air Force Academy, Dindigul; the Pilot Training Establishment at Allahabad; the Institute of Aerospace Medicine at Bangalore; the Air Force Administrative College at Coimbatore; the Air Force Technical College, Bangalore; the Paratrooper’s Training School at Agra and the Tactics and Air Combat and Defence Establishment at Gwalior.

IAF inventory

The IAF inventory includes several aircraft such as the MiG series, Sukhoi Su-30, HAL Tejas, SEPECAT Jaguar, Boeing 707, Ilyushin series, helicopters like the indigenously developed HAL Dhruv, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for reconnaissance and surveillance, and missiles.

Dassault Rafale is the latest addition to India’s aircraft arsenal and India has signed a deal for 36 Dassault Rafale. As of Oct 2021, 29 Rafale fighters are in service with the Indian Air Force.

The Air Force Network (AFNET), a robust digital information grid that enabled quick and accurate threat responses, was launched in 2010, helping the IAF become a truly network-centric air force. AFNET is a secure communication network linking command and control centers with offensive aircraft, sensor platforms, and ground missile batteries. Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), an automated system for Air Defence operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating ground and airborne sensors, weapon systems, and command and control nodes.

Air Force day

Every year 8 th October is celebrated as Air Force Day to commemorate the day of its establishment in 1932.

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Home » Science & Technology » Defence Technology » INDIAN AIR FORCE

History of Indian Air Force

• IAF was effective right from the first campaign which was in 1948 where Pakistan intruded into J&K. The IAF played a very critical role.
• In 1962 Indo-China war air power was not used. So the loss was ours.
• In 1965 Indo-Pakistan war air power was used with little less coordination, but they played an effective role.
• In 1971 India had complete air superiority because we have 12 to 14 F 86 Sabre’s which made a difference. In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) there are many tributaries of small rivers. Crossing these rivers was a problematic area. This was overcome by the IAF, providing a huge amount of helicopter support.
• In 1999 Kargil war , there was effective use of air power. This was first time in the history of air power that weaponry was delivered from high altitudes and with accuracy. No other air force in the world had done before which was a tremendous achievement for IAF.

The importance of Air Force

• Air power today is the most lethal component of the 3 services. The flexibility and mobility, the precision of striking the targets which are 1000s of miles away very accurately.
• From 1999 to 2016, new technologies have emerged, evolved and changed. It is not the air force but the air space we are looking at.
• We always discuss about the number of squadrons saying we must have 42 or 44 squadrons. The fact is we have 33 at present. We are going to retire about 11 squadrons of MIG-21 and MIG-27 by 2022. These aircraft have to be replaced. The 36 Rafale air craft takes 70 months to come in. Engineers, pilots, and technicians have to be trained for it. Considering all these we need to think of a balance force.

Need to modernize:

• To derivate from threat perception in future days.
• Doctrine which has now become two front war policy.
• Net centric warfare.
• Aerospace kind of IAF to handle space assets in a required manner.
• Force multipliers that is air to air refuelers.
• To protect the airspace in a high manner.
• The induction rate in the air force has been slow.
• MIG 21 is accident prone as mentioned.
• Cost of making aircrafts indigenously has proved to be costly.
• The concern for the military in general, for the country and for the political leadership is to manage the two fronts. The immediate threat is from the western front i.e., Pakistan. The medium or the long term would be china. It is very important to make the threat assessment and based on that is to counter the threat.
• There is a lack of collaboration between PSUs and the private sector wrt airforce.
• For Pakistan it will have to be complete air superiority which means the IAF must be prepared to carry counter air operations and effective air defence operations.
• The expenditure diverted is not enough and is a concern.
• For the Chinese threat, it should be the missiles. It will not be platform based like fighter aircraft, because they have the technology. For this the force levels have to be different. We need an integrated air and missile defence system , ballistic missile defence system . It will be a different formulation of the threat assessment for the two neighbours.
• Today technology is power. We should have a smaller number but high technology which is very effective for its objectives rather than having quantities. Certainly we need quantities, but the overwhelming factor should be technology.
• Order outflow is a concern.
• Volume I consisting of seven chapters discusses the systematic issues in the acquisition process. It includes details of ten acquisition contracts.
• Volume-II consists of audit findings relating to the acquisition of Medium Multi Role Combat Aircraft through an Inter Government Agreement (IGA) with the Government of France. This includes examination of the pricing.
• To acquire the right product at the right price, it is essential that the qualitative requirements (Air Staff Qualitative Requirements in the IAF- ASQRs ) truly reflect the users functional need. This helps in generation of maximum possible competition and technical and price evaluation is done objectively.
• Audit noted that IAF did not define the ASQRs properly. As a result none of the vendors could fully meet the ASQRs. ASQRs were changed repeatedly during the procurement process.
• Audit noted that the vendor response to solicitation of offers was low, which restricted competition. Number of vendors who responded to the Request For Proposal (RFP) was far less than the number of vendors who were invited to bid.
• Defence Ministry faced difficulties in realistically estimating the Benchmark price, making it difficult to establish the reasonability of price. This also caused delay in price evaluation and contract negotiations.
• There were severe delays at various stages of the acquisition process. Against three years envisaged in Defence Procurement Process, four cases took more than three years and seven cases took more than five years to reach the contract conclusion stage.
• Delays in acquisition were essentially due to a complex and multi-level approval process, where objections could be raised at any stage.

The issues being faced by IAF with respect to maintaining numerical adequacy are:

• Even if the Air Force gets the sanctioned 42 squadrons, India’s strength would be “less than the combined strength of our two adversaries.
• IAF fleet strength has been plagued by poor decision-making, poor acquisition strategy and shoddy quality control and contract delivery .
• It is stymied by serious constraints on India’s defence budget , the meagre achievements of the country’s domestic development organisations and India’s inability to reconcile the need for self-sufficiency in defence production with the necessity of maintaining technological superiority over rivals
• The IAF had also ordered 43 Tejas jet fighters with another 83 planned for the Mark 1A version. However, though there is a value in procuring them to encourage domestic R&D, these aircraft are simply not capable of combat flying. The present version of the Tejas is an excellent aircraft as a Lead-in fighter trainer (LIFT) , but the IAF doesn’t set much store by this concept, unlike most advanced air forces.
• For example it has yet to get 25 Su-30MKI that were to be delivered by 2017 by HAL . Upgrades, such as that of 47 Mirage 2000s have also been delayed. Likewise none of the 61 Jaguars which were to have been upgraded have yet joined service.
• The LCA, is, of course, a story of its own marked by delays and performance problems . In addition, in the last 10 years, 90 combat aircraft have crashed.

Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas

• Tejas is a single-engine lightweight multirole fighter jet.  It is the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary supersonic combat aircraft.
• It will replace the country’s aging MiG-21 fighters.
• It is manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
• LCA Tejas has a limited reach of a little over 400-km. It will be mainly used for close air-to-ground operations.
• The first squadron of indigenously designed and manufactured Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas was inducted into Indian Air Force (IAF). The first squadron of LCA Tejas has been named as ‘Flying Daggers’
• LCA Tejas is not the first indigenous fighter to be inducted into the IAF. In 1967, IAF had formed the first operational squadron with the indigenous HF24 Marut fighter

The HAL Tejas Mark 2, or Medium Weight Fighter (MWF),[2] is an Indian single-engine, canard delta wing, Multirole combat aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)[3] of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF).

It is a further development of the HAL Tejas, with an elongated airframe, close coupled canards, new sensors, and a more powerful engine. The Tejas Mark 2 is being designed and developed to replace multiple strike fighters of IAF viz, SEPECAT Jaguar, Dassault Mirage 2000 and MiG-29.] The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in 2023 with series production to begin by 2026

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Historical missions by the Indian Air Force you need to know

Monday October 08, 2018 , 4 min Read

The Indian Airforce completes 86 years and since its beginning, it has come a long way through many wars and operations protecting the nation since its independence.

The Indian Air Force completes 86 years of service to the nation on October 8, and in this time, has secured and protected India’s borders on numerous occasions, with brave soldiers never once caring for their own lives.

While bravery and valor cannot be measured or timed, here are some instances of the IAF helping write history as we know it.

The first Indo-Pak war - 1947

India paid a heavy price for her independence – the partition. What followed were regular skirmishes, and four wars with neighbouring Pakistan – 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999.

The 1947 war was the first test for independent India’s armed forces, and the army and the air force together pushed the enemy back to win the war .

Liberation of Goa - 1961

In December 1961 , the army, navy and air force liberated Goa, Daman, and Diu from Portuguese rule in an action that lasted three days.

After independence, India asked Goa to be integrated, but the Portuguese didn’t agree. Then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru escalated the issue to the UN but nothing came of it.

The air force, in December, launched an offensive, bombing the radio station at Bambolim and at the airport at Dabolim. The attack was led by Air Marshall A Pinto Do Rosario. On December 19, the Indian flag was hoisted in Goa.

Indo-Pak war - 1965

The year 1965 saw Pakistan’s second attempt to invade Jammu and Kashmir. The IAF used 176 aircraft to fend off the attack from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

The war initiated with  Pakistan Air Force attacking IAF’s three radio stations in the northern region.

Liberation of East Pakistan - 1971

The Bangladesh liberation war lasted from December 2 to 16, 1971. The three armed forces approached targeted from land, sea, and air to liberate Bangladesh. The air force shot down 94 aircraft of the Pakistan air force, and the IAF’s fighter aircraft MiG-21 shot to prominence for the role it played in the war.

On the western side, the Pakistani army had entered Longelwala, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. By then due to the desert terrain, the Indian army couldn’t fight the numbers of enemy tanks alone. It was because most of the Indian forces were deployed on the eastern side.

On December 5 & 6, IAF continuously hit the targets as there was no aerial opposition. By the end of December 6, the land of Longewala had become a graveyard of Pakistan’s troops. Out of 40, 37 tanks with all the infantry equipment of the enemy were destroyed by a small fleet of IAF’s aircraft .

Operation Meghdoot - 1983

Siachen, at a height of 5,400 meters above sea level, is a critical battlefield. The IAF has, since the occupation of the glacier, played a crucial role in transporting supplies and men with its Chetak and Cheetah helicopters .

The Kargil war – 1999

The IAF played a crucial role in the 1999 Kargil war, deploying Jaguar, Mirage 2000, MiG 21s, MiG 23s, and MiG 27 aircraft. The air fleet bombed several ground bases. Due to enemy attacks, the attack pattern was changed, and the IAF deployed the weapon between 26,000 and 32,000 feet.

At such heights, the atmospheric density is low and reduces the potential ballistic of missiles .

Besides the war operation, IAF has also rescued many lives in rescue operations such as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2005 Kashmir earthquake, 2008 cyclone Nargis, 2013 Uttarakhand floods (Operation Rahat), 2015 Nepal Earthquake (Operation Maitri) and thi year's Kerala flood rescue.

Do you have an interesting story to share? Please write to us at  [email protected] . To stay updated with more positive news, please connect with us on  Facebook  and  Twitter

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100 Words Essay on Indian Defence System

Introduction.

India’s Defence System is a robust structure, designed to protect the country’s sovereignty. It comprises the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Indian Army

The Indian Army is the land-based branch, protecting our borders on land. They are trained to handle various terrains and weather conditions.

Indian Navy

The Indian Navy safeguards India’s maritime borders. They ensure the safety of our seas and oceanic territories.

Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force protects our airspace. They are equipped with advanced aircraft and weapons to counter aerial threats.

250 Words Essay on Indian Defence System

India, a sovereign nation, boasts a robust and comprehensive defence system. The Indian Defence System is a tri-service framework comprising the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It is designed to safeguard the country’s territorial integrity and maintain peace and security.

The Tri-Service Framework

The Indian Army, the land-based division, is the largest component of the Indian Defence System. It is responsible for defending the country’s borders and maintaining internal security. The Indian Navy, responsible for securing the country’s maritime borders, plays a critical role in India’s defence framework. The Indian Air Force, the air-based division, is tasked with air defence, air superiority, and conducting aerial warfare during armed conflicts.

Modernization and Technological Advancement

The Indian Defence System has undergone significant modernization. The focus has shifted towards developing advanced defence technologies and improving existing systems. India has successfully developed ballistic missile defence systems, nuclear weapons, and advanced combat vehicles. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) plays a pivotal role in this advancement.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite the progress, the Indian Defence System faces challenges such as budget constraints, bureaucratic hurdles, and the need for self-reliance in defence production. However, initiatives like the ‘Make in India’ campaign are pushing towards domestic production and reducing dependency on imports.

In conclusion, the Indian Defence System, with its tri-service framework and technological advancements, is a formidable force. However, it needs to address existing challenges to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. The future of India’s defence lies in self-reliance and technological innovation.

500 Words Essay on Indian Defence System

Introduction to the indian defence system, the indian army: the ground warriors.

The Indian Army, the largest component of the Indian Defence System, is responsible for maintaining peace and security within the nation’s borders and defending against ground-based attacks. The Indian Army’s strength lies in its diverse capabilities, ranging from counter-insurgency operations to participating in United Nations peacekeeping missions. The army has been progressively modernizing its equipment and enhancing its combat capabilities through the induction of advanced technology.

The Indian Navy: Guardians of the Sea

The Indian Navy, the maritime arm of the Indian Defence System, plays a crucial role in protecting the country’s over 7,500 km long coastline. The Navy’s role extends beyond mere seafaring; it ensures maritime security, conducts anti-piracy operations, and provides humanitarian aid during disasters. The Navy’s blue-water capabilities have been significantly bolstered by the induction of aircraft carriers, nuclear-powered submarines, and advanced multi-role helicopters.

The Indian Air Force: Masters of the Sky

Defence space agency and cyber agency: the new frontiers.

Recognising the evolving nature of threats, India has established the Defence Space Agency and the Cyber Agency. The Defence Space Agency aims to harness space technology for defence purposes, while the Cyber Agency is tasked with securing India’s cyberspace against threats and attacks. These agencies represent India’s commitment to staying abreast of technological advancements in warfare.

Strategic, Economic, and Diplomatic Aspects

The Indian Defence System’s strategic dimension includes the nuclear triad capability, which provides a credible deterrence against nuclear threats. Economically, the defence sector contributes to India’s GDP and fosters technological innovation. On the diplomatic front, defence diplomacy has become a significant tool for India to foster relationships with other countries through joint military exercises, defence deals, and strategic dialogues.

Conclusion: The Future of the Indian Defence System

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The Big Picture – Need to Modernise Indian Air Force

• 31 Aug 2019
• GS Paper - 3
• Various Security Forces & Agencies & Their Mandate
• Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks
• Government Policies & Interventions

Amid escalating tension between India and Pakistan over the abrogation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa has said that the Indian Air Force (IAF) is still flying 44-year-old MiG-21 Russian fighter jets. MiG-21s have been the most accident-prone of all IAF fighter jets, thus earning the name "flying coffin” . From 1963-2015, the MiG-21 had a total of 210 accidents. Of these, a maximum of 16 accidents took place in 1999. India is currently the largest operator of MiG-21 Bison, with an estimated 100+ aircraft on duty.

Speaking at an IAF seminar in New Delhi, Dhanoa said that the basic version of the Russian fighter jet would be phased out in 2019. He also said that the IAF is replacing high-end obsolete weapons with indigenously developed ones that will boost in-house defence manufacturing, however, to win a war, the country also needs high-end, high-tech items, which need to be imported.

Factors Deciding Modernisation

• Modernisation need for the IAF is derivative of the threat perception as well as the kind of wars the country will fight.
• Modernisation is not only limited to fighter aircraft. There is a need to think whether Force Multipliers like air to air refuelers, communication networks etc. also to be upgraded .
• The offensive operations capability of the warfare equipment also need to be looked upon.
• Other things that need to be considered include country’s war policy turning into two-front war policy (considering neighbours Pakistan and China), network centric warfare, aerospace i.e. the IAF including space assets into its war domain.
• The induction rate and the retirement rate is another factor. In the IAF, induction rate of fighter jets is much slower than their retirement rate.
• It needs to be considered what kind of aircraft country need i.e. whether all of rafale type, or some lightweight etc.
• The term “network-centric warfare” broadly describes the combination of emerging tactics, techniques, and procedures that a fully or even partially networked force can employ to create a decisive warfighting advantage.
• NCW essentially focuses on using computers, high speed data links, and networking software to link military personnel, platforms, and formations in the battlespace, into highly integrated local and global networks.

Progress So Far

• The IAF has implemented Integrated Materials Management Online System (IMMOLS) .
• As far as the net centricity is concerned, the IAF has Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) , which integrates all ground and air sensors.
• The IAF is taking care of Force Multipliers like Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRA), Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) etc.
• On the missile front, India has got a strategic missile segment in which the country is doing well: Agni 1- V and the Prithvi, for the layered defense, it has got Long Range Surface to Air Missiles ( LR-SAM ), Medium Range Surface to Air Missiles (MR-SAMs), etc. India also has BrahMos , a missile which has been indigenously manufactured.
• India has added heavy lift helicopters like Chinook and attack helicopters like Apache .
• The IAF now also has a dedicated satellite for its operations.
• On the infrastructure front, the IAF had a project called Modernisation of AirField Infrastructure (MAFI) . 30 of the airfields have been upgraded into all weather 24X7 flying capabilities.
• Other initiatives include Indian (Designed, Developed and Manufactured)- IDDM , strategic partnership policy in Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) , etc.
• The immediate short term worry is shortage of fighter jets in the coming future.
• India has a perspective plan in its place, i.e. the IAF is aware of calendar life of its aircraft but has not been able to execute it yet .
• India has an additional challenge of talent which is needed to manufacture high tech aircraft.
• India does not have a ‘technology development roadmap for an aircraft’ i.e. there is no plan to upgrade the technology in existing aircraft timely .
• Access To Technology and Talent
• Large Capital Expenditure (Capex) and the long gestation period required for return on investment.
• Enabling Ecosystem
• Financial burden: India is not able to bear the cost of indigenisation. For instance, Su-30 is more than 1.8 times costlier than Su-30 which can be bought directly from Russia.
• As of now, the IAF has to follow a lengthy process for procuring an equipment, which takes about 4-5 years.

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and the Private Industry

• For instance, HAL Kanpur has a large manufacturing base. It has all the requirements that any aerospace industry needs, manufacturing set up, proper infrastructure etc. but no manufacturing orders.
• HAL trusts private industry as it outsourced some products of LCA Tejas to private companies and received the same timely.
• The Ministry of Defence has also given permission to the private industry for usage of its facility whether in ordnance factories, or in public sector units.
• The government can let HAL tie up with the foreign vendor or a foreign manufacturers.

Way Forward

• There is a need to form a National Aeronautic Commission so that the industry, armed forces, and the government can sit together to discuss related issues.
• Private companies are doing well as thus the government needs to encourage them.
• The modernisation needs to be coupled with indigenous capability. India cannot be a superpower without having the indigenous capability to manufacture and service its own fleet.
• To cut the procurement time, the IAF should be allowed to choose what fits best for it and then the government should go for government to government deals. Also, procurement should be done timely.

Modernisation has indeed taken place and there are several aspects that have been addressed in the recent past as well. However, India still needs to do more.

Commentary for the U.S. Senate India Caucus

India's military modernization plans and strategic underpinnings.

As India is emerging a important strategic partner for the U.S. in the Asia-Pacific, Gurmeet Kanwal assesses the progress of India’s military modernization and argues that in order to achieve interoperability with U.S. and other friendly armed forces, the Indian military needs to create force structures capable of undertaking network-centric warfare on land, at sea, and in the air.

As a key player in Asia and a large democracy with which the United States shares common interests, India is emerging as an important U.S. strategic partner. There is a broad national consensus in India on the contours of this emerging relationship with Washington, particularly with respect to enhanced defense and civil nuclear energy cooperation. During his visit to New Delhi in June 2012, U.S. defense secretary Leon Panetta identified India as a “linchpin” in Washington’s emerging “rebalancing” strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. While there was no reaction from the Indian government, it is clear that these two large democracies need to work together militarily in order to maintain freedom of the seas in the Indian Ocean region and to ensure peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific more generally. Should China experience political instability or behave irresponsibly in asserting its territorial rights—as it has shown a tendency to do in the South China Sea—both India and the United States will need strong strategic partners to face worst-case scenarios effectively.

In order to meet future threats and challenges and achieve interoperability with U.S. and other friendly armed forces for joint operations in India’s area of strategic interest, the Indian military needs to modernize and create force structures that are capable of undertaking network-centric warfare on land, at sea, and in the air. Gradually, but perceptibly, the Indian armed forces are upgrading their capabilities, enhancing their kinetic effectiveness and command and control, and improving interoperability. This brief analyzes the threats and challenges that India must address, the measures being adopted to modernize the country’s armed forces, and the strategic underpinnings behind this slow but steady modernization effort.

Preparing for a Two-Front War

South Asia is among the world’s most unstable regions due to the ongoing war against al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan and on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. In addition, growing fundamentalist terrorism; creeping “Talibanization” in Pakistan; political instability in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka; unrest in Tibet and Xinjiang; narcotics trafficking; and the proliferation of small arms and light weapons are also destabilizing factors. Unresolved territorial and boundary disputes with China and Pakistan, over which India has fought four wars; internal security challenges in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and the northeastern states; and the rising tide of the Maoist insurgency in the heartland further vitiate India’s strategic environment. Further, many Indian security analysts worry that China is engaged in the strategic encirclement of India through its nuclear and missile nexus with Pakistan; the sale of military hardware to Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka; and a “string of pearls” strategy to surround India with naval bases in the northern Indian Ocean region.

India-China relations are stable at the strategic level. Resolution of the territorial dispute is being discussed by India’s national security adviser and China’s vice foreign minister, military confidence-building measures are holding up, bilateral trade has increased to $60 billion, and both countries are cooperating in international forums like the World Trade Organization and the UN Climate Change Conference. However, the relationship is more contentious at the tactical level. For example, China refuses to issue proper visas to Indian citizens of Arunachal Pradesh, Beijing denied the commander-in-chief of India’s Northern Command a visa for an official visit because it believes that J&K is a disputed territory, and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has been making frequent forays across the Line of Actual Control into Indian territory simply to push Chinese territorial claims. China has also rapidly developed military infrastructure in Tibet to allow for quicker induction of troops and their sustenance over a longer period of time. Another destabilizing factor is the large Chinese presence in the Gilgit-Baltistan area of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. These developments do not augur well for long-term peace and stability.

The prevailing strategic environment has forced India’s armed forces to prepare for the possibility of a “two front” war, while the army and other security forces are engaged in fighting an ongoing “half front” internal security war. Even though the probability of conventional conflict remains low due to steadily improving relations and military confidence-building measures with China and Pakistan, this possibility cannot be completely ruled out. Nuclear deterrence also plays a positive role in conflict avoidance, but the prevailing wisdom in India is that there is space for conventional conflict below the nuclear threshold. There is now increasing realization that unless India takes immediate measures to accelerate the pace of its military modernization, the gap with China, which is only a quantitative gap at present, will soon become a qualitative gap, given the rapid rate of PLA modernization. Likewise, the slender edge that the Indian armed forces now enjoy over the Pakistani armed forces in conventional conflict is being eroded as Pakistan is spending considerable sums of money on its military modernization under the garb of fighting radical extremism. [1]

Although the Indian armed forces have drawn up elaborate plans for modernizing and qualitatively upgrading their capabilities for future combat, including the ability to secure the sea lanes of communication and project power in India’s area of strategic interest, the pace of modernization has been slow due to the lack of adequate funding, delayed decision-making, and a low-tech defense industrial base. India’s defense budget is pegged at less than 2% of its GDP at present, and the bulk of the expenditure is on the revenue account—that is, pay and allowances, rations, fuel, oil and lubricants, ammunition, and vehicles. [2] Very little remains in the capital account to be spent on modernization. In the case of the army, spending on modernization is as little as 20% to 25% of total capital expenditure in 2012–13. [3] According to Indian defense minister A.K. Antony, “New procurements have commenced…but we are still lagging by 15 years.” [4] Nonetheless, an inadequate defense industrial base—imports constitute 70% of defense acquisitions—and bureaucratic inefficiency, rather than lack of funds, are the main causes of the slow pace of modernization. India is expected to procure defense equipment worth $100 billion, most of it imported, over the next two five-year plans. Simultaneously, however, efforts are being stepped up to enhance indigenous capabilities and thereby reduce India’s dependence on imports by an order of magnitude. The following three sections will survey India’s modernization of its army, navy, and air force.

Army Modernization: Enhancing Capabilities without Reducing Manpower

With personnel strength of 1.1 million soldiers (6 regional commands, a training command, 13 corps, and 38 divisions), the Indian Army has kept the nation together through various crises, including four wars since independence, Pakistan’s “proxy war” in J&K since 1989–90, and insurgencies in many of the northeastern states. [5] Given its large-scale operational commitments on border management and counterinsurgency, the army cannot afford to reduce its manpower numbers until these challenges are overcome. Many of its weapons and equipment are bordering on obsolescence and need to be replaced. The next step would be to move gradually toward acquiring network-centric capabilities for effects-based operations so as to optimize the army’s full combat potential for defensive and offensive operations. The army is also preparing to join the navy and the air force in launching intervention operations in India’s area of strategic interest when called on to do so in the future.

Lieutenant General J.P. Singh (retired), former deputy chief of the army staff (planning and systems), stated in an interview with the CLAWS Journal that “the critical capabilities that are being enhanced to meet challenges across the spectrum include battlefield transparency, battlefield management systems, night-fighting capability, enhanced firepower, including terminally guided munitions, integrated maneuver capability to include self-propelled artillery, quick reaction surface-to-air missiles, the latest assault engineer equipment, tactical control systems, integral combat aviation support and network centricity.” [6] The army’s mechanized forces are still mostly “night blind.” Its artillery lacks towed and self-propelled 155-mm howitzers for the plains and the mountains and has little capability by way of multi-barrel rocket launchers and surface-to-surface missiles. Infantry battalions urgently need to acquire modern weapons and equipment for counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations to increase operational effectiveness and lower casualties.

Main battle tanks (MBT) and infantry combat vehicles (ICV) are the driving forces of India’s conventional deterrence in the plains. This fleet is being modernized gradually by inducting two regiments of the indigenously developed Arjun MBT and importing 310 T-90S MBTs from Russia. A contract has also been signed for 347 additional T-90S tanks to be assembled in India. The BMP-1 and BMP-2 Russian ICVs, which have long been the mainstay of the mechanized infantry battalions, need to be replaced as well. The new ICVs must be capable of performing internal security duties and counterinsurgency operations in addition to their primary role in conventional conflicts.

Artillery modernization plans include the acquisition of towed, wheeled, and self-propelled 155-mm guns and howitzers for the plains and the mountains through import as well as indigenous development. The Corps of Army Air Defence is also faced with problems of obsolescence. The vintage L-70 40-mm air defense (AD) gun system, the four-barreled ZSU-23-4 Schilka (SP) AD gun system, the SAM-6 (Kvadrat), and the SAM-8 OSA-AK, among others, need to be replaced by more responsive modern AD systems that are capable of defeating current and future threats.

The modernization of India’s infantry battalions is moving forward but at a similarly slow pace. This initiative is aimed at enhancing the battalions’ capability for surveillance and target acquisition at night and boosting their firepower for precise retaliation against infiltrating columns and terrorists hiding in built-up areas. These plans include the acquisition of shoulder-fired missiles, hand-held battlefield surveillance radars, and hand-held thermal imaging devices for observation at night. A system called F-INSAS (future infantry soldier as a system) is also under development. One infantry division has been designated as a rapid reaction force for employment on land or in intervention operations and will have one amphibious brigade and two air assault brigades.

Similarly, the Indian Army proposes to substantially enhance the operational capabilities of army aviation, engineers, signal communications, reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition branches in order to improve the army’s overall combat potential by an order of magnitude. Modern strategic and tactical level command and control systems need to be acquired on priority for better synergies during conventional and sub-conventional conflict. Plans for the acquisition of a mobile corps-to-battalion tactical communications system and a battalion-level battlefield management system likewise need to be hastened. Despite being the largest user of space, the army does not yet have a dedicated military satellite for its space surveillance needs. Cyberwarfare capabilities are also at a nascent stage. The emphasis thus far has been on developing protective capabilities to safeguard Indian networks and C4I2SR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, information, surveillance, and reconnaissance) from cyberattack. Offensive capabilities have yet to be adequately developed. All these capabilities will make it easier for the army to undertake joint operations with multinational forces when the need arises and the government approves such a policy option.

Naval Modernization: Major Fleet Expansion

The Indian Navy’s ambitious Maritime Capabilities Perspective Plan seeks to dominate the Indian Ocean region by acquiring blue water operational capability while effectively countering current and emerging threats closer to the coastline. There is a perceptible shift in emphasis from an increase in the number of platforms to the enhancement of capabilities. According to a report tabled in the Indian Parliament in the last week of April 2012 by the Standing Committee on Defence, the navy’s modernization plan seeks to achieve the following objectives:

• Augment airborne maritime surveillance, strike, anti-submarine warfare [ASW] and air defence capability through induction of shore-based aircraft, integral helos, carrier based aircraft, space based [assets] and UAVs [unmanned aerial vehicles], along with suitable weapons and sensors.
• Develop ASW capability through induction of suitable platforms, weapons and sensors.
• Build adequate stand off capability for sea lift and expeditionary operations to achieve desired power projection force levels, influence events ashore and undertake military operations other than war.
• Induct assets and develop suitable infrastructure to augment forces available for low intensity maritime operations (LIMO), protection of off-shore assets and [for] coastal security.
• Induct force multipliers like satellite based global communications, reconnaissance and network enabled platforms to achieve battle-space dominance capability and perform network centric operations.
• Induct state-of-the-art equipment and specialized platforms for special forces to enhance niche capabilities to conduct maritime intervention operations and other envisaged roles.
• Develop support infrastructure in island territories to support the planned force levels as well as support infrastructure for ships/submarines/aircrafts at ports and airbases. [7]

According to Admiral Arun Prakash (retired), former chief of naval staff, India’s naval modernization plans are designed to meet the following aims: [8]

• Acquiring a capability for maritime domain awareness in the area of responsibility, including space-based surveillance, maritime reconnaissance, airborne early warning and control (AEW&C), and UAVs
• Developing the capability for expeditionary and joint warfare, supported by special operations
• Acquiring reach and sustainability through long endurance, tankers, turnaround facilities in friendly foreign ports, and longer intervals between maintenance cycles
• Acquiring modern capabilities in fields of tactical aviation, ASW, anti-air/anti-missile, land-attack, mine countermeasures, and electronic warfare
• Networking ships, submarines, and airborne platforms via satellite
• Committing to self-reliance and indigenization, with the objective of harnessing national strengths in shipbuilding, engineering, electronics, and IT

The Indian Navy has two operational fleets—the Eastern Naval Command and Western Naval Command—and has proposed to center both fleets around an aircraft carrier. Eventually the navy plans to graduate to three carrier battle groups. The INS Chakra, a nuclear-powered submarine leased from Russia, will join the fleet later in 2012, while the INS Arihant, the first of three to four indigenously designed and developed nuclear-armed submarines, is expected to become fully operational by late 2014. India has also begun to induct Russian Nerpa-class submarines, which will give the navy a much needed fillip to the submarine fleet and considerably enhance sea-denial capabilities. Three stealth frigates have only recently been added to the fleet.

The Indian Navy’s modernization plans, though much delayed, have thus finally begun to pick up steam. Pointing out the navy’s role as a key facilitator in promoting peace and stability in the Indian Ocean region, Defence Minister Antony observed while commissioning a stealth frigate in July 2012 that the present operating environment of the Indian Navy “dictates that we balance our resources with a strategy that is responsive across the full range of blue and brown water operations….The maintenance of a strong and credible navy and strengthening cooperation and friendship with other countries to promote regional and global stability is the need of the hour.” [9]

The navy plans to expand to a fleet of 150 ships in the next ten to fifteen years, with 50 warships now under construction and 100 new vessels in the acquisition pipeline. The navy is also engaged in setting up operational turnaround bases, forward-operating bases, and naval air enclaves with a view to enhancing India’s surveillance efforts in the Indian Ocean region. Plans for accretions to the naval aviation fleet are likewise progressing smoothly: Boeing 737 P-8I maritime reconnaissance aircraft have begun to be inducted, and 5 additional Kamov Ka-31 AEW helicopters will be added to the existing fleet of 11 helicopters. Further, the navy’s amphibious landing capability has been enhanced considerably by the acquisition of the INS Jalashwa (ex–USS Trenton) and other landing ships, and additional capabilities for amphibious warfare are being rapidly developed. As a result of these efforts, the Indian Navy is on the cusp of acquiring the capabilities necessary to join key strategic partners such as the U.S. Navy in safeguarding the sea lanes of communication in the northern Indian Ocean and ensuring unfettered freedom of the seas for trade and commerce.

Air Force Modernization: Air Dominance and Force Projection

Until recently, India’s traditional strategic sphere lay between the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca; but with India’s global footprint expanding, the Indian Air Force should be ready to serve wherever the country’s future strategic interests lie. The air force is gearing up to provide the strategic outreach that India needs as a growing regional power and to project power where necessary in order to defend vital national interests. According to Kapil Kak, a retired air vice marshal and senior defense analyst, although there is a gap between vision and capability with regard to shaping India’s strategic neighborhood, forward movement is now visible. In his view, the modernization plans of the air force are aimed at achieving the following objectives: [10]

• Air dominance and control of the air
• Deterrence, by both denial and punishment
• Long-range offensive reach—penetration, precision, persistence, and parallelity—in simultaneous operations at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels
• Strategic air-lift capability for power projection through both hard and soft power, such as humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations and diaspora evacuation
• Build-up of capability for coercion
• Acquisition of force enablers and multipliers and related combat-support systems, including networking for tri-service command and control
• Capability of conducting cyberspace and information operations
• Indigenization of future capabilities for design and development

From a sanctioned strength of 39 squadrons, the Indian Air Force is down to 34 squadrons at present, due to decades of neglect, but hopes to enhance its strength to 42 squadrons by 2022. Yet plans to acquire 126 multi-mission, medium-range combat aircraft—in order to maintain an edge over the regional air forces—are stuck in the procurement quagmire. Tejas, the indigenously designed light combat aircraft, which is expected to replace the obsolescent Mig-21, is still a few years away from becoming fully operational. India is also developing a fifth-generation fighter jointly with Russia and aims to fly it in 2015. New fighter bombers include a fleet of 272 Sukhoi-30 MKIs, half of which have already been built. AEW aircraft are being acquired from Israel as well as being developed indigenously. India has also acquired 6 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft for its special forces and will likely order 6 more from the United States. C-17 Globemaster heavy-lift aircraft are also likely to be acquired shortly, which will take India’s defense cooperation with the United States to a new level. Although a contract has been signed with a Swiss firm for 75 Pilatus PC-7 basic trainer aircraft, India’s fleet of jet trainers continues to be deficient. In the rotary-wing category, the indigenously manufactured Dhruv utility helicopter has entered service. The air force is also in the process of acquiring medium-lift transport helicopters and attack helicopters.

In keeping with developments in the region, India’s strategic forces are also modernizing at a steady pace. The Agni-I and Agni-II missiles are now fully operational. Immediate requirements include the Agni-V intermediate-range ballistic missile, which has a 5,000-km range, and nuclear-powered submarines with suitable ballistic missiles to provide genuine second-strike capability. As noted above, the INS Arihant, India’s first indigenously built nuclear submarine, will likely become fully operational by late 2014. While India’s emphasis is on mobile missile launchers, a small number of hardened silos are also being constructed. The armed forces do not currently have a truly integrated tri-service C4I2SR system suitable for network-centric warfare, which would allow them to optimize their individual capabilities; however, plans have been made to develop such a system in the next five to ten years. In fact, all new weapons and equipment acquisitions are now being planned on a tri-service basis to ensure interoperability.

India’s Quest for Strategic Outreach

Given its growing power and responsibilities, India has been steadily enhancing its expeditionary and military intervention capabilities, which have been amply demonstrated in recent times. During the 1991 Gulf War, India airlifted 150,000 civilian workers, who had been forced to leave Iraq, from the airfield at Amman, Jordan, over a period of 30 days. This was the largest airlift since the Berlin airlift at the end of World War II. During the 2004 tsunami, the Indian armed forces were at the forefront of rescue and relief operations. Over 70 Indian Navy ships transported rescue teams and relief material to disaster zones in less than 72 hours, even though the country’s eastern seaboard had itself suffered considerable casualties and damage. Likewise, Indian Navy ships on a goodwill visit to European countries during the Lebanon war in 2006 lifted and brought back 5,000 Indian civilian refugees.

From the ongoing modernization plans described above, it is evident that India is preparing to join the world’s major powers in terms of the ability to undertake out-of-area contingency operations. Further, the acquisition of SU-30 MKI long-range fighter bombers with air-to-air refueling capability, C-130J Hercules transport aircraft, and airborne-warning-and-control-system and maritime-surveillance capabilities over the next five to ten years will give India considerable strategic outreach. New Delhi has consistently favored military interventions only under a UN umbrella. Though that position is unlikely to change in the near term, India is likely to join future coalitions of the willing even without UN approval when vital national interests are threatened and need to be defended. Shiv Shankar Menon, India’s national security adviser, stated in a speech in August 2011: “As a nation state India has consistently shown tactical caution and strategic initiative, sometimes simultaneously. But equally, initiative and risk-taking must be strategic, not tactical, if we are to avoid the fate of becoming a rentier state.” [11] He went on to mention that India was cooperating extensively with other militaries to fight piracy off the Horn of Africa. Such cooperation will increase in the future as India adds to its intervention capabilities.

Given that India faces complex strategic scenarios and is located in an increasingly unstable neighborhood, it is in New Delhi’s interest to encourage a cooperative model of regional security and work with all friendly countries toward that end. At the same time, New Delhi finds it pragmatic to hedge just in case worst-case scenarios—such as the collapse of China or China’s use of military force for territorial gains—begin to unfold and threaten India’s economic development or territorial integrity. The increasing emphasis on maritime cooperation, particularly with the United States, is part of India’s continuing efforts to fulfill growing obligations and responsibilities as a regional power. New Delhi is now working to cooperate with all the major Asian powers in order to maintain peace and stability in the Indian Ocean and the Asia-Pacific more generally, though without aligning militarily with any one power. Toward this end, the armed forces are working together to achieve joint warfare capabilities for intervention operations in India’s area of strategic interest. In sum, a rising India will soon become a net contributor to security in the Indian Ocean region, together with strategic partners such as the United States.

Nonetheless, India’s modernization plans are moving ahead at a very slow pace. Policy paralysis in New Delhi due to the vagaries of coalition politics in a parliamentary democracy, along with the reduction in the defense budget as a share of India’s GDP due to sluggish growth in the economy, has further exacerbated the difficulties in increasing the pace of modernization. However, the process is certainly underway, and there is hope that it will receive bipartisan support across the political spectrum because of the realization that no alternative exists for addressing emerging threats and challenges but for India to quickly modernize its armed forces.

India’s military modernization, however slow it might be, will lead to a qualitative increase in defense cooperation with the United States and other strategic partners by enhancing the capabilities of the Indian armed forces for joint coalition operations, if they are in India’s national interest. Overall, India will gradually acquire the capability to act as a net provider of security in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region. This positive development will allow strategic partners like the United States to reduce their military commitments to the region to a limited extent. Hence, India’s modernization efforts will enhance and further cement U.S.-India relations.

[1] The India-Pakistan combat ratio is assessed by this author as 1.2 to 1.0 in India’s favor.

[2] Laxman K. Behera, “India’s Defence Budget 2012–13,” Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), IDSA Comment, March 20, 2012, http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312.

[4] Gurmeet Kanwal, “Indian Army’s Modernisation,” India Strategic, January 2012.

[5] This section draws from the author’s analysis in “Indian Army Modernisation Needs a Major Push,” India Strategic, February 2010, http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories482.htm.

[6] “Modernisation Thrusts of Indian Army: Interview with Deputy Chief of Army Staff,” CLAWS Journal (Winter 2010): 1, http://www.claws.in/CJ-winter-2010.pdf.

[7] Standing Committee on Defence, Indian Ministry of Defence, “Demands for Grants (2012-2013),” April 30, 2012, 70-71, http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Defence/FINAL%20DFG%20%20REPORT%20-2012-13.pdf.

[8] Author’s email interview with Admiral Arun Prakash (retired), July 27, 2012.

[9] Vinay Kumar, “Credible Navy Need of the Hour: Antony,” Hindu, July 21, 2012.

[10] Author’s email interview with Kapil Kak, July 27, 2012.

[11] Shiv Shankar Menon, “India and the Global Scene” (16th Prem Bhatia Memorial Lecture, New Delhi, August 11, 2011), http://www.maritimeindia.org/article/india-and-global-scene.

Gurmeet Kanwal is a Delhi-based defense analyst and former Director of the Centre for Land Warfare Studies.

• military modernization
• antinarcotic
• narcotic trafficking
• drug trafficking

Essay On Indian Air force day For Kids & Students

8th October 1932 was the establishment day for Indian Air Force and hence they celebrate their anniversary every year on the same day. This day also is marked with an investiture ceremony for the achievers held at Air Force Station Hindan, Ghaziabad.

The ceremony is marked in order to spread awareness about the activities that the Indian Air Force executes and deals with. The Air Force day celebration follows traditional parades and colorful air canopies. There are different kinds of formations made by the fighter jet pilots with their respective aircrafts in the air which are a delight to watch. Oath taking ceremony is also conducted during the ceremony, which is administered by the commander in chief.

The parades are conducted at all the respective bases of Indian Air Force (56 in total). The day marks special tributes to the brave hearts of Indian Air force which lost their life’s during various operations executed by Indian Air Force. They have also upgraded in the types of aircrafts they have been utilizing. A proper display of all the vintage and fighter aircrafts is done. Even the latest aircrafts and recently inducted helicopters are also displayed to show the power capacity of Indian Air Force.

Operations executed by Indian Air Force Day

Indian Air Force would be celebrating its 86th establishment this year. In these eighty six years, Indian Air force has executed several significant and successful operations such as Operation Rahat (most recent operation held by Indian Air Force to rescue the people struck in Uttarakhand due to floods), Operation Poomalai (for delivering supplies at Jaffna in Sri Lanka), Operation Cactus (which was launched to rescue people from Maldives), Operation Meghdoot (which was for capturing Siachen Glacier when Kashmir issue was heated up), and Operation Vijay (which was launched to claim Goa).

About Indian Air Force

Indian Air Force has a primary responsibility to protect Indian airspace and also carry out aerial warfare for the duration of a clash. Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world. and Indian Air Force was initially referred to as ‘Royal Indian Air Force’ (from the year 1945 to 1950). But when India became Republic the prefix was dropped and then ‘Indian Air Force’ was adopted. The motto of Indian Air Force is ‘Nabha Sparsham Deeptham’, which was taken from the Bhagavad Gita’s eleventh chapter. The English translation of the motto is ‘touch the sky with glory’.

Santosh Kumar

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Home » Question Papers » Indian Air Force Airmen Group X, Y Previous Question Papers PDF Download

Indian Air Force Airmen Group X, Y Previous Question Papers PDF Download

Indian Air Force Airmen Group X, Y Previous Question Papers PDF Download: Are you in search of Air Force Airmen XY Group Previous Papers? If yes then you are in right place. Check this article, and get the data on Indian Air Force Group X & Y Question Papers. The higher officials of the Indian Air Force are planning to conduct the exam on the given date for the Airmen Group X, Y posts. Collect the IAF Airmen Group X Y Previous Years Question Papers, and start preparing for the exam. At the end of this page, we have attached the direct link to download the IAF Group X Y Previous Papers in PDF format.

From the below sections, you will also get the data on Indian Air Force Airmen Group X, Y Exam Pattern. This exam is different for each group, For Airmen Group X, the exam is for 70 Marsk of subjects English, Physics, Mathematics. The time duration is 60 Minutes. For Airmen Group X, the exam is for 50 Marsk of subjects English, Reasoning & General Awareness. The time duration is 45 Minutes. For Airmen Group X & Y, the exam is for 100 Marsk of subjects English, Physics, Mathematics, Reasoning & General Awareness. The time duration is 85 Minutes.

Table of Contents

Indian Air Force Airmen Group X, Y Previous Question Papers – Overview

Indian Air Force Group X & Y Question Papers

To qualify for the IAF Airmen Written Test, each individual must practice these IAF Airmen Group X Y Previous Years Question Papers more times. These Air Force Airmen XY Group Previous Papers will specify the difficulty level of the questions. Sometimes, the questions may repeat from the Indian Air Force Group X & Y Question Papers. So with the frequent practice of these Indian Air Force Group X, Y Previous Papers, you can be familiar with the questions also. So, download the IAF Airmen Group X Y Previous Years Question Papers from the links at the bottom of the page. Candidates can check the official site @ indianairforce.nic.in of the Indian Air Force.

Indian Air Force Airmen Group X, Y Exam Pattern

IAF Group X Y Previous Papers

This is the module where all contenders can download the IAF Group X Y Previous Papers in PDF format. Time management is very important for all candidates and that can be achieved by practicing the IAF Airmen Group X Y Previous Years Question Papers. By solving these Indian Air Force Group X & Y Question Papers as per Exam Duration, aspirants can attempt all questions within the prescribed time. So with the help of the following links, download the Air Force Airmen XY Group Previous Papers subject-wise.

 ★★ GK Questions & Answers  ★★

★★ Reasoning Questions & Answers  ★★

★★ English Questions & Answers  ★★

Bookmark our website at Freshersnow   for more latest information. We expect all candidates to have downloaded IAF Airmen Previous Question Papers in PDF format for all subjects from the above–attached direct links.

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IAF Launches 'Heroes Of The Indian Air Force' Comic Book Over 1971 Indo-Pak War

The 32-page 'heroes of the indian air force - vol. i' was released by iaf chief air chief marshal v r chaudhari at an event held at the vayu bhawan here..

New Delhi: The Indian Air Force on Wednesday launched a comic book telling the story of legendary IAF Marshal Arjan Singh and the epic Battle of Boyra fought during the 1971 Indo-Pak war, aiming to educate the youth about the glorious history of the force and motivate them to join it. The 32-page 'Heroes of the Indian Air Force - Vol. I' was released by IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal V R Chaudhari at an event held at the Vayu Bhawan here.

Arjan Singh, who fought in the Burma campaign during the World War II and the 1965 Indo-Pak war, was the IAF officer to be conferred the rank of the Marshal of the Indian Air Force and he had also earned the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) before Independence.

The project conceived last year was led by DISHA (Directorate of Induction and Selection in a Holistic Approach) Cell of the IAF under Air Chief Marshal Chaudhari's vision.

Let us know! 👂 What type of content would you like to see from us this year? — HubSpot (@HubSpot)

The medium of comic books was chosen to reach young minds especially those in schools and motivate them to take up career in the Indian Air Force, according to a video played at the launch event.

The first volume has two stories -- 'Find Your Calling' which tells the tale of a boy named Arjan Singh who went on to become the first Marshal of the Indian Air Force; and 'Battle of Boyra' that narrates the story of the epic battle in the IAF's war history fought during the 1971 Indo-Pak war.

The stories with compelling visuals aim to foster among the children better appreciation for values of courage, motivation and perseverance, and to let them learn to walk in his footsteps, said a senior official.

The second story has "adrenaline-pumping action sequences" seen through the pilot's eyes. "This air combat engagement was a significant engagement of the fighting prowess and valour of young pilots of No.22 Squadron, the Swifts, which earned the squadron the moniker Sabre Slayers," he said. The comic book's purpose is to educate young readers and depict heroics embodied in an air combat, the IAF official said. "For youngsters, it is a direct call to action," he said.

A pdf version of the book will be launched online and it will be available for "free sharing" on social media, the official added. Air Force History Cell and the Air Force Museum played a key role in providing and vetting historical facts while the IAF's Directorate of Ceremonials ensured the uniform was correctly depicted as per the period described in the stories. This project aims to educate the youth about the glorious history of the IAF and motivate them to join the force, he said.

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Indian Air Force Agniveer Previous Year Question Papers

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is conducting the exam of Agniveer Vayu under Agnipath Scheme. Candidates will be enrolled as Agniveer Vayu under the Air Force Act 1950 for four years. Only unmarried male and female candidates are allowed to take this exam. Agniveer Vayu written examination was held between 13 October to 15 October 2023. In this article, 

Indian Air Force Agniveer Previous Year Papers 

The previous year papers are essential for candidates who are preparing for the Indian Air Force Agniveer exam. These papers provide a comprehensive guide to actual examination. Practicing the Indian Air Force previous year papers improves the overall preparation of candidates and also helps with time management. Candidates should start solving the previous year papers after completing the full syllabus. 

Indian Air Force Agniveer Exam Overview 

Candidates will be recruited as Indian Air Force agniveer by written examination, physical test and medical test. Important Updates related to this exam are mentioned in the below table:  

Indian Air Force Agniveer Previous Year Papers PDFs

Candidates preparing for agniveer vayu exam should practice through previous year question papers. Candidates can download Indian Air Force Agniveer previous year question paper PDFs in the table below: 

Agniveer Vayu Intake Exam Pattern 2024

The exam pattern for Phase - 1 (Science and Other than Science subjects) as well as for the Phase 2 Physical Fitness Test (PFT) has been explained in detail below.

Science Subjects

• A total of 70 questions will be asked from three subjects which are Maths, English and Physics. 
• One mark will be rewarded for the right answer, and a negative marking of 0.25 marks for each wrong answer. 

Non-Science Subjects

• The questions will be asked from two subjects i.e.English and Reasoning and General Awarenees (RAGA).
• For each correct answer, one mark will be awarded, and 0.25 marks will be deducted for each incorrect answer. 

Science Subjects & Other than Science Subjects

• The questions will cover English, Physics, and Mathematics, as well as Reasoning and General Awareness (RAGA).
• One mark will be awarded for each correct response, and 0.25 points will be deducted for each erroneous answer. 

Indian Air Force Agniveer Previous Year Paper Benefits

• Solving the Indian Air Force Agniveer previous year question paper is always considered as one of the most impactful strategies by the experts. These papers give you first-hand knowledge of the exam format, question types, and degree of difficulty. Practice with IAF Agniveer last year papers has many benefits. These benefits include: 
• You get accustomed to the Indian Air Force Agniveer exam's format and structure by solving the previous year's papers.
• The exam papers from previous years serve as a compass, directing you toward the important subjects and trends that are commonly included in the exam. With this knowledge, you can prioritize your study schedule and concentrate on the subjects that are most important.
• In the Indian Air Force Agniveer exam, effective time management is essential. By practicing the past year's papers, you can build a sense of timing and learn how to give each area the proper amount of time. For your overall score to be maximized, you must possess this ability.
• Consistently doing well on practice exams from the Agniveer  memory based paper inspires you to approach the real exam with a positive outlook.

Tips for Solving Agniveer Vayu Previous Year Papers:

• Practice under actual exam conditions: Attempt the papers in a timed environment to simulate actual exam conditions. This practice helps you get used to the time constraints and pressure.
• Analyze Mistakes: After completing a paper, thoroughly analyze your mistakes. Understand the reasons behind each error and work on improving in those areas.
• Focus on Weak Areas: Use previous papers to identify your weak areas and dedicate more time to strengthening those concepts.
• Regular Practice: Make solving previous papers a regular part of your preparation routine. This consistent practice enhances your problem-solving skills.
• Revision: Regularly revise the concepts you've learned while solving previous papers. This helps in retaining information and reinforces your understanding.

Q. What are Indian Air Force Agniveer Previous Year Question Papers?

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