Social Problems
10 solutions to untouchability.
January 5, 2023
by NepaliInfopedia
No Comments
Untouchability, also known as caste-based discrimination, is a pervasive and deeply entrenched problem in Nepal that affects millions of people. However, there are a number of major solutions that can be implemented to address this issue and promote greater social inclusion and equality. From education and legal reform, to social activism and economic empowerment, these solutions have the potential to make a significant impact in the fight against untouchability in Nepal . In this article, we will explore the major solutions to untouchability in Nepal and how they can help to create a more inclusive and just society.
It is very important to end the problem of untouchability in every corner of the world. Untouchability is practiced in different parts of the world such as China, Europe, France, India, Nepal, Tibet, and Japan. However, it is widely influential in Asian countries such as India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Bangladesh because there are many hierarchies of castes. Upper castes often try to dominate lower castes and act differently towards them, promoting untouchability
Solution to untouchability
1. education.
Education can play a crucial role in reducing the prevalence of untouchability by increasing awareness about the issue and promoting critical thinking about social hierarchies and discrimination. Providing education to marginalized groups can also help to break the cycle of poverty and social exclusion, as it can provide individuals with the skills and knowledge they need to secure better-paying jobs and improve their economic situation.
2. Legal reform
Amending laws and policies that support or reinforce the practice of untouchability can help to create a more equal and inclusive society. This could involve repealing discriminatory laws, such as those that limit the rights of certain groups to own property or hold certain jobs, or enacting new laws that explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of caste or other social identities.
3. Social activism and advocacy
NGOs, civil society organizations, and other social movements can play a critical role in raising awareness about the issue of untouchability and advocating for change. These organizations can work to educate the public about the issue, support grassroots efforts to challenge discriminatory practices, and lobby policymakers to adopt reforms that promote social inclusion and equality.
Cash Crops Of Nepal
4. Interpersonal and community-level interventions
Working at the interpersonal and community levels can help to challenge and change the attitudes and behaviors that contribute to the practice of untouchability. This could involve facilitating dialogue and discussion between members of different castes or social groups, as well as working to build bridges between these groups and promote greater understanding and cooperation.
5. Economic empowerment
Providing economic opportunities and support to marginalized groups can help to break the cycle of poverty and social exclusion. This could involve initiatives such as microfinance programs, vocational training, or support for small businesses.
6. Political representation
Ensuring that marginalized groups are represented in political decision-making processes can help to ensure that their needs and interests are taken into account. This could involve encouraging individuals from these groups to run for political office or supporting initiatives to increase their representation in government and other decision-making bodies.
7. Media campaigns
Using the media to raise awareness about the issue of untouchability and challenge harmful stereotypes and prejudices can be an effective way to promote social change. This could involve using television, radio, or social media to share stories and messages that challenge discrimination and promote inclusivity and equality.
List of Food Crops in Nepal
8. Interfaith dialogue and cooperation
Engaging in interfaith dialogue and cooperation can help to build bridges between different religious and cultural communities and promote mutual understanding and respect. This could involve initiatives such as interfaith dialogue groups, community service projects, or cultural exchange programs.
Read Important: Causes of untouchability in Nepal
9. Public policies and programs
Governments can play a role in addressing the issue of untouchability through the development and implementation of public policies and programs that promote social inclusion and equality. This could include initiatives such as affirmative action programs, policies to support marginalized groups, or funding for education and economic development programs.
10. International cooperation
Working with international organizations and other countries can help to share best practices and lessons learned in addressing the issue of untouchability, as well as provide resources and support for initiatives to address the issue in Nepal. This could involve partnering with other countries or organizations to exchange knowledge and expertise, or participating in international efforts to promote social inclusion and equality.
The solution to ending untouchability involves addressing the root causes of the problem and implementing measures to promote equality and inclusivity. This can involve educating individuals about the harm caused by untouchability, working to change social norms and attitudes that support discrimination, and providing opportunities and resources to marginalized groups. Governments and community organizations can also play a role in addressing untouchability by enacting and enforcing laws and policies that protect the rights of all individuals, regardless of their social or economic status. Ultimately, it is important to recognize that ending untouchability requires the efforts and commitment of individuals, communities, and societies as a whole.
Leave a Comment Cancel reply
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Recent Posts
Top 5 cyber security companies in nepal, sanyukta shrestha: sustainable fashion designer, cash crops of nepal – main crops, dv result check – how to check edv result name list, list of food crops in nepal, fhsu university – courses, cost, admission, harvard business school online – courses, technology, benefits, harvard university – programs, opportunities, campus life, stanford university – programs, research, innovation, exploring princeton university: programs, research, campus.
- Agriculture (4)
- Civic Awareness (15)
- Education (10)
- History (3)
- Insurance (1)
- Nepali Language (2)
- Persons (1)
- Social Problems (9)
- Tourism (3)
NepaliInfopedia
Nepali Infopedia, true and updated Nepalese information. We focus on providing all information related to Nepal which may help Nepalese and foreigners.
Get in touch
[email protected]
Bharatpur, Chitwan
Popular Readings
What is Social Rule?
10 Major Problems Of Agriculture in Nepal
Political events from 2007 to 2017 in Nepal
© NepaliInfopedia 2024 . All Rights Reserved.
Privacy Policy
- Entertainment
- International
Impact of Social Media on Nepalese Society
Sonika Lamichhane / KATHMANDU – Social media is a popular tool that facilitate people to create and share information, ideas, hobbies, and other kinds of expression through virtual spaces. People use social media to share, write, and meet new friends on the internet. When the Internet was launched in the 1980s, it represented a new era of communication.
However, our lives have been completely changed today. We can see, communicate and contact people all across the world with a click. Digital connectivity has made everything possible.
The use of the internet has spread all over the world since the invention of the world wide web in 1992 in the United States. It has an impact on Nepal as well. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Snap Chat are some of the social media platforms used in Nepal.
Social media has transformed our life. It has brought people together from all around the world, removing all the barriers between the people. We can make friends from all around the world. People can easily communicate, share their ideas, information, and thoughts. Likewise, social media could also be used to keep up with current events, it provides news through which we can know about what is going on around us. It also serves as a job search engine for people.
Certain groups are created on social media, from which we may see the vacancies for various positions. Through those posts, we can stay up to date on the most recent job openings. Similarly, it helps in the promotion of a product for business reasons. People are selling their products on social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. These days people are using this media as a publicity tool, where we don’t have to invest money for the publicity of the products.
However, looking at the flip side, we spend the majority of our time on social media, which reduces family intimacy. People are so much addicted to social media that many parents these days lament that their children spend more time on their devices than they do speaking with them. Similarly, social media reduces face-to-face communication because we feel more comfortable interacting in a virtual medium, where we can’t see the person’s face or expression, and we feel more convenient chatting online.
Many people are unable to concentrate on their work as they are distracted by social media. When we post images to social media, we become so obsessed with it that we regularly check for likes and comments, which diverts our attention. Furthermore, social media is exacerbating cyberbullying. One of the most serious issues these days is that we hear a lot of news about cyberbullying such as ending people unnecessary messages and harassing them mentally.
Impact on Nepali Society
In Nepal, social media has become important tools for the people. The number of people using social media is growing every day. People’s use of social media is based on their preferences. During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media was the most useful tools for the students. Similarly, parents are mostly working in offices and they don’t get time to take care of their children or assist in their homework. Hence, students learn and complete their homework by watching YouTube and other social media sites.
According to the Nepal Telecommunications Authority’s most recent report, there are 27.76 million individuals in Nepal who have access to the internet. While the internet has benefited us in a variety of ways, it has also ruined the lives of many people, though this technology is a boon if used wisely.
It has grown into a platform for students to explore their ideas, showcase their ability, and learn new things. Many individuals, though, have taken it for granted. According to the Cyber Bureau report for fiscal year 2020/21, a total of 3906 complaints were filed, including females filing 2003 cases, males filing 1471, and others filing 224. Similarly, 53 cases were related to Facebook issues, 2 to YouTube, 2 to Instagram, and 9 to Tiktok.
It is up to us to make best use of the social media sites. Many people believe that criminality on social media is on the rise as a result of a lack of clear norms, laws and awareness among the people.
They are in illusion that they can hide their identity and get away with it, which encourage them to commit crime. Before using social media, we must be aware of its advantages and its consequences, if we misuse it. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the way of working and reading was changed. For the students, they were able to take their online classes and continue their education through the social media sites. The government should make proper laws, create awareness and increase digital literacy in the country so that people can make best use of it and use it responsibly.
Write your comments
Related news.
Chinese ambassador calls on Speaker Ghimire
Nepal now and Nepal then
CPC Congress and Nepal’s perspective
We want to be able to give talented students from…
Is SPP chapter really closed in Nepal?
Digital Transformation Solutions and Ecosystem
Top headlines.
- Nepal, India sign long-term agreement on electricity export, materializing MoU reached during PM’s visit 1
- NC, Maoist Centre discuss about NA election 2
- Govt. forms former-judge Poudel led probe commission to investigate Balkumari incident 3
- 1.3 kilos of gold confiscated from TIA 4
- Dhakal recommended as SC chief registrar 5
- Manpower agency owner arrested for cheating more than Rs 1.9 million 6
- President expresses concern over ’emptying’ villages for lack of employment opportunities 7
- PM Dahal stresses on developing innovative agricultural system 8
UPAYA CITY CARGO LAUNCHES Version 3.0
Nepal Army initiates investigation into case of financial irregularities by Lieutenant Colonel Janmat Karki
We need to be serious about the international scenario post-Covid: Dr. Nischal N. Pandey
Lockdown 2.0: What the Government should do this time around
Nearly three dozen Chinese manufacturers show interest in supplying electric buses to Nepali government
Asheem Man Singh Basnyat: We can evolve as a company to better suit a post-covid world
Five hand sanitizers manufacturers using hazardous chemical to face action
- Architecture and Design
- Asian and Pacific Studies
- Business and Economics
- Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
- Computer Sciences
- Cultural Studies
- Engineering
- General Interest
- Geosciences
- Industrial Chemistry
- Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies
- Jewish Studies
- Library and Information Science, Book Studies
- Life Sciences
- Linguistics and Semiotics
- Literary Studies
- Materials Sciences
- Mathematics
- Social Sciences
- Sports and Recreation
- Theology and Religion
- Publish your article
- The role of authors
- Promoting your article
- Abstracting & indexing
- Publishing Ethics
- Why publish with De Gruyter
- How to publish with De Gruyter
- Our book series
- Our subject areas
- Your digital product at De Gruyter
- Contribute to our reference works
- Product information
- Tools & resources
- Product Information
- Promotional Materials
- Orders and Inquiries
- FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers
- Repository Policy
- Free access policy
- Open Access agreements
- Database portals
- For Authors
- Customer service
- People + Culture
- Journal Management
- How to join us
- Working at De Gruyter
- Mission & Vision
- De Gruyter Foundation
- De Gruyter Ebound
- Our Responsibility
- Partner publishers
Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view.
Language politics in Nepal: A socio-historical overview
This paper aims to outline the language politics in Nepal by focusing on the influences and expansions shifted from Global North to the Global South. Based on a small-scale case study of interviews and various political movements and legislative documents, this paper discusses linguistic diversity and multilingualism, globalization, and their impacts on Nepal’s linguistic landscapes. It finds that the language politics in Nepal has been shifted and changed throughout history because of different governmental and political changes. Different ideas have emerged because of globalization and neoliberal impacts which are responsible for language contact, shift, and change in Nepalese society. It concludes that the diversified politics and multilingualism in Nepal have been functioning as a double-edged sword, which on the one hand promotes and preserves linguistic and cultural diversity and on the other hand squeezes the size of diversity by vitalizing the Nepali and English languages through contact and globalization.
1 Introduction
Nepal is a multilingual, multicultural, multiracial, and multi-religious country. Despite its small size, Nepal is a country of linguistic diversity with four major language families, namely, Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Dravidian (Munda), and Austro-Asiatic, and one language isolate, Kusunda ( Poudel and Baral 2021 ). The National Population and Household Census 2011 ( Central Bureau of Statistics 2012 ) records the number of speakers for 123 languages and some other includes an additional category of ‘other unknown languages’ with close to half a million speakers. The state intervention to preserve and promote these languages remained inconsistent throughout history, as some governments intentionally discouraged the planned promotion compared to others which designed some measures to promote them. Both monolingual and multilingual ideologies remained as points of debate in political and social spaces.
Language politics is the way language is used in the political arena in which people can observe the treatment of language by various governmental and non-governmental agencies. Research related to language politics focuses on identifying and critiquing any sets of beliefs about language articulated by users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and use ( Dunmre 2012 : 742; Silverstein 1979 : 193). In this context, every political movement is the outcome of different conflicting ideas between language users and linguistic differences running through any society ( Pelinka 2018 ). The politics of language choice becomes particularly difficult when institutional choices have to be made in what language(s) the government will conduct its business and communicate its citizens, and, above all, what the language(s) of education will be ( Joseph 2006 : 10). Nepal’s language politics and democratic movements question whether democracy can promote linguistic diversity, or narrow down diversity by marginalizing ethnic/minority languages. In Nepal, linguistic diversity and democracy have been challenged by the contradiction between the normative assumption of existing demos and the reality of a society that is too complex to be defined by one orientation only by nation, culture, and religion ( Pelinka 2018 : 624). Nepal’s language politics has not been explained from such a perspective where we can see several factors influencing the issues related to language, culture, and society. Hence, this paper tries to overview the language politics in Nepal which has been influenced by various external and internal factors.
2 Brief history of language politics in Nepal
Following the Gorkha [1] conquest, Gorkhali or Khas (now known as Nepali), the language of ruling elites and mother tongue of many people in the Hills, was uplifted as the national official language in Nepal. After unification, [2] a hegemonic policy in terms of language and culture was formulated which promoted the code (linguistic and dress) of the Hill Brahmins, Chhetries, and Thakuris to the ideal national code (i.e. Nepali language and Daura Suruwal Topi-dress [3] ). This has been interpreted as one of the attempts to promote assimilatory national policy (in terms of language and culture) that contributed to curbing both linguistic and cultural diversity. However, for the rulers then, it was an attempt to establish a stronger national identity and integrity. The Rana regime further prolonged this ‘one nation-one language’ policy by uplifting the Nepali language in education and public communication. The Rana, during their rule, suppressed various language movements (Newar, Hindi, Maithili, etc.), which serves as evidence of their deliberate plan to eliminate all but one language, viz. Nepali. In this sense, we can understand that Nepal’s diversity and multilingual identity were suppressed historically in the name of nation-building and promoting national integration among people with diverse ethnic and cultural orientations.
Following the end of the Rana oligarchy in 1950, with the establishment of democracy, some changes were noticed concerning the recognition and mainstreaming of the other ethnic/indigenous languages. This instigated the policy change in terms of language use in education as well. However, the status quo of the Nepali language further strengthened as it was made the prominent language of governance and education. The Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal Education Planning Commission ( Sardar et al. 1956 ), the first national report on education, basically reflected the ideology of monolingualism with the influence of Hugh. B. Wood. It stated, “If the younger generation is taught to use Nepali as the basic language then other languages will gradually disappear” ( Sardar et al. 1956 : 72). Though this report formed the backbone of Nepal’s education system, it also paved the way for minimizing the potential for empowering the languages of the nation. Pradhan (2019 : 169) also writes that this commission attempted to “coalesce the ideas of Nepali nationalism around the “triumvirate of Nepali language, monarchy, and Hindu religion”. The same idea was reinforced by K. I. Singh’s government in 1957 by prescribing Nepali as the medium of instruction in school education.
The Panchayat regime also promoted the use of Nepali as the only language of administration, education, and media in compliance with the Panchayat slogan ‘one language, one dress, one country’ ( eutaa bhasha, eutaa bhesh, eutaa desh ), again providing a supportive environment for strengthening the monolingual nationalistic ideology (i.e. the assimilatory policy). Not only in education but also in governance, English or Nepali language was made mandatory in recording all documents of companies through the Nepal Companies Act 1964 ( Government of Nepal 1964 ). Following the Panchayat system, with the restoration of democracy in 1990, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990 ( Government of Nepal 1990 ) provisioned the Nepali language written in Devanagari script [4] as the national language, and also recognized all the mother tongues as the languages of the nation with their official eligibility as the medium of instruction in primary education. The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 ( Government of Nepal 2007 ), which came as a collective outcome of the various political movements and Andolan II continued to strengthen the Nepali language, but ensured (in Part 1, Article 5.2) that each community’s right to have education in their mother tongue and right to preserve and promote their languages, script, and culture as well.
The recognition of all the mother tongues as the languages of the nation was a progressive step ahead provisioned by the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063. Apart from further confirming the right of each community to preserve and promote its language, script, culture, cultural civility, and heritage, the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 (Part 3, Article 17) clearly explained the right to each community to acquire basic education in their mother tongue as provided for in the law. The same was well articulated in the Constitution of Nepal 2072 ( Government of Nepal 2015 ) as well, and each state was given the authority to provide one or many languages spoken by the majority population as the official languages. Along with this, the language commission was established in 2016 to study and recommend other issues related to language and multilingualism (Part 1, Article 7 of the Constitution of Nepal 2072 ). However, it can be realized that these policy provisions that embrace diversity will have less effect if the concerned communities or agencies do not translate them into practice.
3 Research method
This study, following a qualitative approach, is based on a small-scale case study with primary and secondary data sets.
The author has obtained the primary data from semi-structured interviews with two selected individuals who have spent their lives in politics and especially language movements and advocacy for language preservation and promotion in Nepal. They were observed and interviewed informally on many occasions from 2019 to 2020 related to language issues like constitutions, language movements, language diversities and democracy, and so on. The interviews (altogether 3 h each) were recorded, transcribed, and translated into English, and were checked for accuracy and reliability.
Mr. Yonjan and Dr. Thakur [5] have been selected from two different political and linguistic backgrounds. Mr. Yonjan is a liberal democratic fellow who has been working as a freelance language activist for more than 40 years, involving himself in many governmental and non-governmental policies and programs related to language issues. Dr. Thakur worked as a politician (left-wing) and teacher educator who later joined Radio Nepal, engaged in various cultural advocacy forums of the ruling Communist Party of Nepal, and again moved to politics at the later part of his life. He was a member of the parliament in the Constituent Assembly. Mr. Yonjan is the native speaker of Tamang (a major Tibeto-Burman language) and Dr. Thakur is a native speaker of Bhojpuri (a major Indo-Aryan language), and both of them learn Nepali as a second language. In that, both of the individuals have active engagement in language politics and planning, however, are from different cultural, linguistic, and geopolitical backgrounds. It is assumed that their ideas would make the understanding of language politics in Nepal more enriched.
The secondary data is obtained from a detailed reading of available literature about language politics. Nepal’s language and educational history, various political movements, constitutions and legislative documents, policy documents, and other published research papers and documents have been carefully utilized.
4 Findings and discussion
Language politics in Nepal has a very long history since the beginning of modern Nepal. After the victory of Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gurkha King whose mother tongue was Khas (Nepali), in Kathmandu valley (1769), Nepali became the language of law and administration ( Gautam 2012 ) where the vernacular language was Newar spoken by the majority of people. Since then, language politics has become the center of democratic and political movements in Nepal.
Nepali language was highlighted and became the language for all public and private activities after the Unification Movement (1736–1769) in Nepal. Janga Bahadur Rana’s visit to the United Kingdom and his relation to British India made it possible for the Nepalese rulers to start English Education formally in Durbar High school in 1854. After Rana Regime, Nepal experienced an unstable political scenario for 10 years before the establishment of the Panchayat Regime in 1961 which employed assimilatory language policy until 1990. The country was converted into a multiparty democratic system and eventually, most of the ethnic and minority linguistic groups flourished for the preservation and documentation of their ethnic and cultural heritages. At present, Nepalese politics has been influenced by ethnic, cultural, and language issues at the center.
4.1 Legal and constitutional provisions
Nepalese constitutions are the main sources of language politics in Nepal. Before the construction of the constitution in the country, some government policies played a vital role in creating language issues debatable all the time. The first legal court Muluki Ain [6] (1854) enforced Hinduisation and Nepalization in Nepal by ignoring most of the other ethnic languages. The establishment of the Nepal National Education Planning Commission (NNEPC) by the recommendation of the National Education Board of the Government of Nepal emphasized the Nepali language by implementing it as a medium of instruction in all levels of education.
The medium of instruction should be the national language (Nepali) in primary, middle, and higher educational institutions because any language which cannot be made lingua franca and which does not serve legal proceedings in court should not find a place. The use of national language can bring about equality among all classes of people. ( Sardar et al. 1956 : 56)
This excerpt indicates the emphasis given to the Nepali language by the government then. The use of Nepali in education was further reinforced by the K. I. Singh government in 1957 by prescribing Nepali as the medium of instruction. The case of Nepali was again strengthened during the Panchayat regime. In 1961, the National System of Education was introduced to promote the use of only Nepali in administration, education, and media in compliance with the Panchayat’s popular slogan of ‘one language, one dress, and one country’. In addition, the Nepal Companies Act was passed in 1964 directing all companies to keep their records in English or Nepali. The Panchayat constitution followed a nationalist assimilation policy to promote the Nepali language in different ways.
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990 ( Government of Nepal 1990 : 4) framed after the restoration of democracy recognized languages other than Nepali and made the following provisions about the non-Nepali languages:
(1) The Nepali language in the Devanagari script is the language of the nation of Nepal. The Nepali language shall be the official language. (Part 1, Article 6.1) (2) All the languages spoken as the mother tongue in the various parts of Nepal are the national languages of Nepal. (Part 1, Article 6.2)
In addition, the constitution also made a provision for the use of mother tongues in primary education (Part 1, Article 18.2). It also guaranteed a fundamental right to the people to preserve their culture, scripts, and their languages (Part 1, Article 26.2).
Similarly, the Maoist movement that started in 1996 brought new changes and dynamics among all the ethnic minorities of Nepal. This political campaign motivated them to preserve and promote their languages and cultures which has been documented in the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 . The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 ( Government of Nepal 2007 : 2), an outcome of the people’s revolution (Andolan II), made the following provisions for languages:
(1) All the languages spoken as the mother tongue in Nepal are the national languages of Nepal. (2) The Nepali Language in Devanagari script shall be the official language. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (2), it shall not be deemed to have hindered to use the mother language in local bodies and offices. State shall translate the languages when they are used for official purpose. (Part 1, Article 5)
Regarding education and cultural rights, the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 ( Government of Nepal 2007 : 8) enshrined the following provisions:
(1) Each community shall have the right to receive basic education in their mother tongue as provided for in the law. (2) Every citizen shall have the right to receive free education from the State up to secondary level as provided for in the law (3) Each community residing in Nepal has the right to preserve and promote its language, script, culture, cultural civilization and heritage. (Part 3 Article 17)
The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was more progressive and liberal than the constitution of 1991. For the first time, this constitution recognized all the languages spoken in Nepal as the national languages. Apart from further confirming the right of each community to preserve and promote its language, script, culture, cultural civility, and heritage, this constitution (Part 3, Article 17) discussed the right to each community to acquire basic education in their mother tongue as provided for in the law. However, the role of the government was to facilitate the speech communities to materialize these rights which still are not effective.
Likewise, the latest Constitution of Nepal 2072 ( Government of Nepal 2015 : 4) has clearly stated the following provisions:
Languages of the nation: All languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal are the languages of the nation. (Part 1, Article 6)
Official language: (1) The Nepali language in the Devanagari script shall be the official language of Nepal. (2) A State may, by a State law, determine one or more than one languages of the nation spoken by a majority of people within the State as its official language(s), in addition to the Nepali language. (3) Other matters relating to language shall be as decided by the Government of Nepal, on recommendation of the Language Commission. (Part 1 Article 7)
The Constitution of Nepal 2072 ( Government of Nepal 2015 ) conferred the right to basic education in mother tongue (Article 31.1), the right to use mother language (Article 32.1), and preservation and promotion of language (Article 32.3). This constitution states that each community shall have the right to preserve and promote its language, script, culture, cultural civility, and heritage. Unless the constitution articulates the responsibility of the government to preserve and promote the endangered languages, the efforts of the communities will be useless. Observing and analyzing the legal provisions, Nepal has manifested significant progress and gradual development in the use of languages along with historical events. The key measure of a language’s viability is not the number of people who speak it, but the extent to which children are still learning the language as their native tongue. The Constitution of Nepal 2072 ( Government of Nepal 2015 ) also made the provision of establishing a language commission in article 287 which was a landmark in Nepalese history.
4.2 Democracy and political movements
Nepal’s language politics is guided by various democratic and political movements in different periods. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( United Nations 1948 ) asserts that democracy assures the basic human rights for self-determination and full participation of people in the aspects of their living such as decision-making about their language and culture (Article 27). Nepal’s political parties and the ruling governments never understand the seriousness of political movements and democratic practices. Human rights also provide them with ways of assuring social benefits such as equal opportunities and social justice. In Nepal, diversity was promoted by democracy through the policy provisions, especially after the promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990 . The basic rights for the use of indigenous languages were assured in the constitution as well as other educational acts formed as outcomes of democratic political turns. The changes in the policy provisions provided opportunities for linguists, language rights activists, and advocacy groups or individuals to explore more about their languages and cultures. Due to their attempts, also supported by the democratic political system, new languages were identified, and some others were streamlined through the preparation of educational materials such as textbooks for primary level education. However, pragmatic actions remained fragile for education in the schools to support the aspiration for promoting diversity, which ultimately resulted in squeezing multilingualism. The statistical data shows that the number of languages spoken as mother tongues in Nepal is 129, [7] some scholars still doubt whether these languages functionally exist in reality ( Gautam 2019a ), or if they are there, then the practice may be fragile. In having such a very weak practice in the field, it can be noted that various factors played key roles, including lack of community participation, hegemonic attitude, and agency of the individuals who could have purposive actions.
For instance, the recognition of linguistic diversity in Nepal can be observed clearly after the establishment of multiparty democracy in 1990. Sonntag (2007 : 205) stated that “the Nepali-only policy was discarded in favor of an official language policy that recognized Nepal’s linguistic diversity”. This shows that the democratic political system that remained open to the neoliberal economy embraced linguistic diversity as a resource, due to which the multilingual identity of Nepalese society was officially recognized. However, at the same time, this political system could not preserve the minority/indigenous languages as expected, which prompted us to question the co-existence of diversity and democracy. Also, “[i]t is very much a matter of democracy that everyone has the right to language and that society has a common language that everyone can understand and use” ( Rosén and Bagga-Gupta 2013 : 59). As democratic states (e.g. Nepal, India, and Sweden) which address the contradictory discourses of language rights and develop equal access for everyone to a common language (e.g. Nepali in Nepal) are struggling to settle the language issues. However, the fundamental question still not well-answered, at least in the case of Nepal, is whether democracy can, in a real sense, promote linguistic diversity, or it narrows down the diversity by marginalizing the ethnic/minority languages. While responding to this unanswered concern, this article finds that diversity as a resource and diversity as a problem are the two distinct discourses that emerged during the evolutionary process of democracy in Nepal, which is also emphasized by the two participants.
4.3 Linguistic diversity and politics
Linguistic, cultural, and geographical diversities are the essences of Nepalese democratic practices in different periods in history. Nepal’s modern history starts with the unification campaign of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the first Shah King of Nepal. Prithvi Narayan Shah’s unification modality worked indirectly to promote the politics of assimilation in nation-building, national integration, and identity. Roughly, all other systems of governance following the unification adopted similar ideological orientations, which (in) directly contributed to the marginalization of other mother tongues. Mr. Yonjan expressed his view as, “Historically, even before the unification movement of Nepal, there were several territories in which the state Kings used to speak their own languages, and the linguistic diversity was preserved and strengthened”. He further claimed, “The geopolitical, historical, socio-political, and anthropological history recognized the multilingual social dynamics, however, the national policies after the unification too could not embrace such diversity”. By saying so, Mr. Yonjan expressed that the current political systems and the ideologies of Nepali nationalism were guided by the notion of ultra-nationalism. Dr. Thakur also emphasized that the government’s multilingual policies would not operate as the practice had largely shaped people’s orientation towards Nepali and English, side-lining the regional and local languages. The same perception was reported by Mr. Yonjan as, “Though careful efforts were made in the policy level to promote the regional/local languages through status planning, there still existed the attitudinal problem which undermined the potential of bringing local and minority languages into practice”. Their claims also adhered to the statements made in the documents which reflect the hidden language politics of Nepal.
Both informants in this study argued that diversity has two different outcomes viz. as a resource and as a problem. Mr. Yonjan claims, “If any language of a community dies, the culture and lifestyle of that community disappears and it reduces biodiversity, and that ultimately will be a great threat to humanity”. He understands linguistic diversity as a part of the ecology and strongly argues that it should be protected. Agnihotri (2017 : 185) also echoes a similar belief as “Just as biodiversity enriches the life of a forest, linguistic diversity enhances the intellectual well-being of individuals and groups, both small and large”. But Dr. Thakur views that “In Nepal, along with the history, there remains an ideological problem that diversity is understood as a construct for division, rather than understanding it as a potential tool for nation-building”. He further clears that this community-level ideology and practice has led to the fragmentation of values associated with their languages, most probably harming the socio-historical harmony among languages. Mr. Yonjan further added, “No language should die or move towards the edge of extinction in the name of developing our own existence and condition”. Both Mr. Yonjan and Dr. Thakur pointed out that the discourse on diversity and multilingualism in Nepal had been strengthened and institutionalized after 1990 when the country entered a multiparty democratic system.
However, Mr. Yonjan thinks that the current legislative provisions have partially addressed the diversity needs to fit Nepal’s super diverse context. Dr. Thakur again indicates that the rulers for long “undermined the potential of the linguistic diversity and wished to impose a monolingual national system that marginalized the use of these languages”. Mr. Yonjan also provided a similar view as “in Nepal, throughout the history, there remained a political problem that diversity was understood as a construct for division, rather than a potential tool for nation-building”. His understanding also reflects what was discussed in the western countries as Nettle (2000 : 335) clarifies “the linguistic and ethnic fragmentation relates to low levels of economic development since it is associated with societal divisions and conflicts, low mobility, limited trade, imperfect markets, and poor communications in general”. Therefore, the direct economic benefits from learning a language were a great motivation for the people in the communities. In other words, they have preserved the sentimental functions of the minority languages while they have embraced the dominant languages associating them with educational and economic potential gains. This community-level politics and practices have led to the fragmentation of values associated with their languages, most probably harming the socio-historical harmony among languages. Gautam (2018) has pointed out this concern as a cause of intergenerational shifts in languages among the youths of indigenous languages (such as Newar, Sherpa, and Maithili in Kathmandu Valley). Consequently, this trend has influenced the participation of the relevant communities in campaigns for the revitalization of their languages that points to the influence of the Global North in bringing ultranationalist values in Nepal’s language politics and diversity.
4.4 Impact of globalization
The international political-economic structure seems stacked against a substantial or near future diminishment of “the North-South gap” ( Thompson and Reuveny 2009 : 66). The neoliberal trends that emerged from the Global North have traveled to the Global South, influencing these countries through the language and culture of the countries in the Global North. The unprecedented expansion of English as a global phenomenon ( Dearden 2014 ) can be a good example of such an effect. It involved various combinations of developmental states recalling domestic markets from foreign exporters (import substitution) and the recapture of domestic business (nationalization). The outcome, aided by investments in education, was a new elite of technical managers and professionals who could build on historical experiences and opportunities in the post-war environment to manufacture and market commodities involving increasing product complexity and scale. Migration and demographic changes have had variable impacts on the North-South gap. Nepali youths’ labor migration and their English preference have also influenced the generational shifts in languages ( Gautam 2020 : 140). The youths’ migration to the countries in the Middle East, and their participation in the global marketplaces in the Global North countries have contributed to the reshaping of their ideologies towards the home languages and English. Mr. Yonjan states, “We have made lots of choices in our society and education systems (e.g. choice of language for education, western culture, and lifestyles) attracted by the politics and ideologies created even by our immigrant Nepali population usually in the western world”. Among many, this expression can be understood as one of the causes for stressed deviating tendencies in language shifts, usually from mother tongues or heritage languages and dominant national languages to English. In the context of Nepal, either English or Nepali has been highlighted even though there have been lots of attempts of implementing mother tongue-based multilingual education.
4.4.1 English and globalization
English has become the global language because of its use, function, and popularity in most of the social, cultural, and academic areas. A sizeable body of scholarship has addressed the topic of globalization and its impact on the modern world ( Giddens 1991 ; Levitt 1983 ). Among several definitions, globalization refers to the multifarious transformations in time and place that influence human activities through the creation of linkages and connections across geographical borders and national differences ( Giddens 1991 ; Held et al. 1999 ). In the context of Nepal, these linkages and connections are often facilitated through various globalized activities, such as marketing, transportation, shipping, telecommunications, and banking. Similarly, sociolinguists and language planners have examined the phenomenon of global English and its impact on the linguistic landscape around the world. Crystal (2012) maintains that a language attains a global status once it has gained a distinctive role in every nation-state around the globe. This special role is manifested in three ways: functioning as the mother tongue of the majority of citizens, being assigned the official status, and/or playing the role of the major foreign language. Many observers view English as the global language par excellence of the Internet, science and education, entertainment, popular culture, music, and sports. The emergence of global English is also attributable to some factors, notably the economy, military, and politics.
Historical records show that English was used in Nepal as early as the seventeenth century ( Giri 2015 ). However, English language education started formally after Janga Bahadur visited the UK during British rule in India. He knew the importance of English and started English Education in Durbar School for selected Ranas. It was the first government-run English medium school in Nepal. It was only established for the Rana family as the Ranas saw an educated person as a threat to their control ( Caddell 2007 ). The first post-secondary (higher) educational institution in Nepal was Trichandra College (1918) where the language of instruction was English. The main purpose was to shelter students of Durbar School and to stop them from going abroad (India) for further education. The underlying purpose was to prevent Nepalese from getting radical ideas that could be dangerous for them and the entire Rana regime. Tri-Chandra College was affiliated with Patna University, India. It borrowed the syllabus and assessment system from there; therefore, there was a direct influence of the British Indian Education System in the Nepalese system. Another very important reason for the spread of English was the recruitment and the retirement of the Nepalese British army. As English was mandatory for their recruitment in the British army, the youngsters willing to join the British army learned English. After their retirement, these armies returned to their homeland and inspired their younger generations to learn English. In South Asian countries, English is viewed as a language of power and as a means of economic uplift and upward social mobility ( Kachru et al. 2006 : 90). It led to the establishment of many private schools and colleges and made English indispensable to the Nepalese curriculum. Later, it became the language of attraction for all academic activities. The spread of global English as an international lingua franca intensifies socio-economic disparities both within and between speech communities. Tollefson (1995) and Pennycook (1995) explain that the promotion of English as an international language is driven by social, economic, and political forces, thereby giving rise to economic inequalities. In the same way, Canagarajah (1999) noted that generally, native speakers of English are presented with better compensation and benefits packages compared to non-natives, regardless of their academic qualifications. In Nepal, the state’s neoliberal ideology in the post-1990 era, however, has valorized the commodity value of English as a global language, creating a hierarchy of languages in which minoritized languages like Newar, Sherpa, Maithili, Tharu, Limbu, etc. remain at the bottom ( Gautam 2021 ). Following the state’s neoliberal structural reforms, a large number of private schools popularly known as ‘English medium’ and ‘boarding’ schools have been established with private investments in many parts of the country ( Sharma and Phyak 2017 : 5). The establishment of various international non-governmental organizations like the United Nations Organization (UNO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United National Education, the Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and regional organizations like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) have spread the use and demand of English. After the restoration of democracy in 1990, Nepal’s active participation in such organizations made English vital in Nepalese society. Although it has a sort of colonial liability, it is now accepted as an asset in the form of a national and international language representing educational and economic processes ( Kachru et al. 2006 : 90). As Kachru (2005) opines that Nepalese learners do not learn English to communicate in their homeland but they learn to talk in their work abroad. Now, this view is partially true since mostly Nepalese learn English to talk in their workplace either it can be at home or abroad. Therefore, from the time of commencement of English education, English has been learned and taught for professional development, scientific and technological knowledge, international communication, mass media, travel, and tourism. Globalization and its impact on the flourishing of English in Nepal have been very productive in recent days when the country was converted into a Federal republic state after the 2006/2007 political change. Learning English is deeply rooted among Nepalese people across the country, although the government seems reluctant to force the users to use English as a medium of instruction formally and officially ( Gautam 2021 ).
4.4.2 Language contact and shift
The present world is diversified and multilingual by nature and practice. Language contact is the common phenomenon of multilingualism where people choose their codes in their conversations and discourses. Social, historical, political, and economic power relations are major forces that influence the linguistic outcome of language contact ( Thomason and Kaufman 1992 ) as they may shape ideologies and attitudes that social actors hold toward such languages. Consequently, there is always a change in the linguistic behavior of language communities in contact which may even result in language loss due to displacement ( Sankoff 2001 ). In the context of Nepal, language contact has been the common phenomenon in Nepalese discourse of all aspects of society which is moving slowly towards code-mixing, switching, translanguaging, and the shifting from the heritage languages to the dominant and global languages.
In multilingual countries like Nepal, speakers tend to switch back and forth between two languages (or more) in different situations, formal and informal contexts, and even within the same conversation. People may code switch for various reasons. They sometimes shift within the same domain or social situation depending on the audience. A speaker might code switch to indicate group membership and similar ethnicity with the addressee. The linguistic situation of Nepal is very complex since people in their daily lives often use their respective mother tongues, Nepali, Hindi, and English within the same conversation ( Milroy and Muysken 1995 ). Language practices are inherently political in so far as they are among the ways individuals have at their disposal of gaining access to the production, distribution, and consumption of symbolic and material resources, that is, in so far as language forms part of the process of power ( Heller 1995 : 161) which we can easily observe and experience in Nepal. Code-switching in Nepal is shifting towards Nepali and English among the minority and other language communities ( Gautam 2019b ) as a mark of modernization, high socioeconomic position, and identity with a certain type of elite group; and in stylistic terms, it marks what may be termed as “deliberate” style. A marker of “modernization” or civilization is the impact of western music and culture in Nepal ( Gautam 2021 : 20). Dr. Thakur says “Our political leaders speak multiple languages in different places to collect the emotional feelings of the speakers attached with their mother tongues. Many Madhesi politicians speak Hindi, Maithili, and Bhojpuri in Terai and Nepali in Kathmandu”. This indicates that language contact and shift have also been the center of Nepalese politics for collecting votes to win the election.
4.4.3 Christianity and neoliberal impact
Christianity started when Father Juan Craybrawl (Portuguese) entered Nepal in 1628, during the reign of Laxmi Narsingha Malla in Kantipuri Nagari. [8] He had permission from the King to preach Christianity in Kathmandu valley. But basically, the gospel was brought to Nepal by Nepalese who were outside Nepal, as they come in and go. Slowly, missionaries started to enter Nepal during the 1950s but were not directly involved in preaching the gospel. They focused on social services like hospitals, education, and development works. Two major missionary organizations to serve Nepal, the United Mission to Nepal (UMN) and the International Nepal Fellowship (INF), came into existence in the early 1950s ( Kirchheiner 2016 ). The Nepal Christian Fellowship (NCF), now the National Churches Fellowship of Nepal (NCFN), played a significant role during the first 30 years from the 1960s to the 1990s. From just a single secret Christian residing in Nepal in 1951, the number of Nepali Christians grew to about 40,000 baptized believers by 1990 and has increased more rapidly since then. Groups of International Christian agency made United Mission to Nepal and founded Saint Xavier School in Godawari, Patan Hospital, and Tansen Hospital which provided grade one services to the people of Nepal. It was possible only after Nepal became a democratic country and many people accepted Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and savior. Christians in Nepal were overjoyed when Nepal has declared a secular state in 2008. The Christian population in Nepal outgrew to triple in 2011 from 2001, but this record is not accurate. Now, according to the World Christian Database, which tracks global trends in Christianity, Nepal has seen the fastest-growing Christian population. Times are changing in Nepal, not only because of democracy but also because of globalization. The influx of media, computers, and new types of secular education is guiding young generations into fields where Nepalese habits, customs, and traditional ways of approaching matters are challenged.
Christianity has developed cross-cultural practices in the country developing various neoliberal activities in the Global South. The new generation has become more concerned about the use of foreign goods, music, and activities in the name of religion or westernization. Many ethnic language communities (e.g. Tamang, Limbu, Newar, Magar, Gurung, etc.) are motivated towards English and Nepali by following Christianity through Bible translation. As a result, their cultural festivals have been converted into birthday, anniversary ceremonies in the churches with lots of western music and songs. Neoliberal ideology has influenced the construction of institutional language policies and the corporatized individual subject in the socio-historical context of Nepal ( Sharma and Phyak 2017 : 4). Migrated urban areas are very important sites in imposing language dominance, particularly capital cities and trade and commercial centers; towns tend to dominate the surrounding rural areas and their influence radiates out those areas ( Gautam 2021 : 127). People’s motivation and migration for economic benefit have also been noted as keys to encouraging people to adopt languages that deploy more instrumental functions in their job market ( Gautam 2021 : 151).
4.4.4 Ideological impacts on Global South
Nepal’s growing engagement with the international community (through its membership in UN, WTO, IMF, etc.) and its political systems have largely influenced the attitudinal patterns in Nepalese society. From a geopolitical perspective, as Nepal is sandwiched between two giant countries, India and China, the changes in the neighborhood would influence it on a larger scale. In addition, the development of the Global North would always have a chain effect on the countries of the Global South. For instance, the British colonial government of India then promoted English amidst other languages, and a similar trend emerged in Nepal with the effect of a similar environment in the neighborhood. Such geopolitical conditions and the waves gravely influenced the closely related communities to the development of nationalism and the creation of nation-states, including a new Europe perceived as superior to other parts of the world ( Bagga-Gupta 2010 ; Gal and Irvine 1995 ; Rosén and Bagga-Gupta 2013 ; Shohamy 2006 ). The ideologies of the countries of the Global North have influenced the countries of the Global South in many ways, including ideologies of language planning and policy ( Gautam and Poudel 2021 ). This has generated a perception and a social space that differentiates “us” and “the other” through the formation of linguistic-cultural ideologies ( Gynne et al. 2016 ) in the communities that have multiple languages in place. This made some languages valued more than others in the domains of governance and educational spaces ( Poudel 2019 ; Poudel and Choi 2021 ). In the case of Nepal, the first educational commission ( Sardar et al. 1956 ) was influenced by Hugh B. Wood’s ideologies and politics. He formed out of his involvement in the Indian and the western world, and the committee under the huge influence in collaboration with academia and Nepalese politicians, and then recommended for streamlining the education systems through monolingual ideology. The same politico-ideological structure continued for a long. And even today Nepali is the national language to be used in governance and education, while at the same time the constitution allows other regional or ethnic languages for such purposes as an outcome of democratic political development. It can, in a sense, be understood as an ideological link with the Englishization efforts of many developing countries in the world.
5 Conclusion
This paper discusses the way Nepal has undergone a process of democratizing its macro-policies for the promotion and preservation of its linguistic diversity and provides evidence that such practices have minimal impact on the substantial results due to the processes of glocalization ( Choi 2017 ). The identification of new languages and recognition of multilingualism have been the visible results of democratic governance. However, largely monolingual and bilingual practices in governance, education, and public communication remain rooted in every community throughout the country. Nepal’s language politics has been largely influenced by various political movements and changes in the governments over history. The interviews and the secondary data indicate that Nepal’s language politics has been influenced by globalization and neoliberal impacts which indicate massive language shift and change from minority to the major and dominant languages. It can be concluded that democracy in Nepal functioned as a double-edged sword ( Gautam and Poudel 2021 ), which on the one hand promoted efforts of preservation and promotion of cultural and linguistic diversity, while on the other hand, contributed to clutching the size of diversity by vitalizing Nepali and English relegating the prospective of indigenous languages as pointed out by the informants above in various contexts and the reality of Nepal’s language politics.
The democratic ideology fundamentally borrowed from the Global North had done more justice at the policy level while creating inequalities in the practice, and that consequently made the investments and attempts in promoting linguistic diversity futile. Democracy also promoted monolingual/bilingual ways of thinking about multilingualism, which became counterproductive to the mission of protecting linguistic diversity in Nepal ( Gautam and Poudel 2021 ). Piller’s (2016 : 32) critical understanding of the monolingual ways of seeing multilingualism entails a focus on the product of the monolingual academic texts which was equally applicable in the case of Nepal. The democracy in Nepal did not practically contribute to promoting linguistic diversity though it developed awareness of the linguistic rights of the individuals and communities of minority languages. The state’s intervention to preserve and promote these languages remained inconsistent throughout history, as some governments intentionally discouraged the planned promotion compared to others which designed some measures to promote them. Both monolingual and multilingual ideologies remained as points of debate in political and social spaces in the context of Nepalese society where we can see the conflict among the languages, language users, and policymakers.
Agnihotri, Rama Kant. 2017. Identity and multilingualism: The case of India. In Amy B. M. Tsui & James W. Tollefson (eds.), Language policy, culture, and identity in Asian contexts , 185–204. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315092034-10 Search in Google Scholar
Bagga-Gupta, Sangeeta. 2010. Creating and (re) negotiating boundaries: Representations as mediation in visually oriented multilingual Swedish school settings. Language, Culture and Curriculum 23(3). 251–276. 10.1080/07908318.2010.515997 Search in Google Scholar
Caddell, Martha. 2007. Education and change: A historical perspective on schooling, development and the Nepali nation-state. In Krishna Kumar & Joachim Oesterheld (eds.), Education and social change in South Asia , 251–284. New Delhi: Orient Longman. Search in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 1999. Resisting linguistic imperialism in language teaching . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics . 2012. National population and household census 2011 (National report) . Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf (accessed 8 March 2020). Search in Google Scholar
Choi, Tae Hee. 2017. Glocalisation of English language education: Comparison of three contexts in East Asia. In Chi-Ming Lam & Jae Park (eds.), Sociological and philosophical perspectives on education in the Asia-Pacific region , 147–164. Singapore: Springer. 10.1007/978-981-287-940-0_10 Search in Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2012. English as a global language . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139196970 Search in Google Scholar
Dearden, Julie. 2014. English as a medium of instruction – a growing global phenomenon . London: British Council. Search in Google Scholar
Dunmire, Patricia. 2012. Political discourse analysis: Exploring the language of politics and the politics of language. Language and Language Compass 6(11). 735–751. 10.1002/lnc3.365 Search in Google Scholar
Gal, Susan & Judith T. Irvine. 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research 62(4). 967–1001. Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2012. Contact Nepali in Kathmandu valley: Convergence between TB and IA languages. Nepalese Linguistics 27(1). 38–42. Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2018. Language Shift in Newar: A case study in the Kathmandu valley. Nepalese Linguistics 33(1). 33–42. 10.3126/nl.v33i1.41079 Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2019a. Badalindo pribesh ma bhasa [language in the changing context]. Nayapatrika Daily. https://www.nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/13971/2019-05-gbPA (accessed 13 May 2019). Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2019b. Sociolinguistic survey of Nepalese languages: A critical evaluation. Language Ecology 3(2). 190–208. 10.1075/le.19004.gau Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2020. Language contact in Kathmandu Valley . Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University dissertation. Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal. 2021. Language contact in Nepal: A study on language use and attitudes . Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978-3-030-68810-3 Search in Google Scholar
Gautam, Bhim Lal & Prem Poudel. 2021. Diversity, democracy and multilingual practices in Nepal. Bandung 9. 79–102. Search in Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. The consequences of modernity . Cambridge: Polity Press. Search in Google Scholar
Giri, Ram Ashish. 2015. The many faces of English in Nepal. Asian Englishes 17(2). 94–105. 10.1080/13488678.2015.1003452 Search in Google Scholar
Government of Nepal . 1964. Nepal companies act 1964. http://www.asianlii.org/np/legis/laws/ca1964107/ (accessed 3 January 2021). Search in Google Scholar
Government of Nepal . 1990. Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1990. https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/1990_constitution_english.pdf (accessed 3 January 2021). Search in Google Scholar
Government of Nepal . 2007. Interim constitution of Nepal 2063. https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/interim_constitution_of_nepal_2007_as_amended_by_first_second_and_third_amendments.pdf (accessed 3 January 2021). Search in Google Scholar
Government of Nepal . 2015. Constitution of Nepal 2072. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/np/np029en.pdf (accessed 3 January 2021). Search in Google Scholar
Gynne, Annaliina, Sangeeta Bagga-Gupta & Jarmo Lainio. 2016. Practiced linguistic-cultural ideologies and educational policies: A case study of a bilingual Sweden Finnish school. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 15(6). 329–343. 10.1080/15348458.2016.1217160 Search in Google Scholar
Held, David, McGrew Anthony, David Goldblatt & Jonathan Perraton. 1999. Global transformation: Politics, economics and culture . Stanford: Stanford University Press. 10.1057/9780333981689_2 Search in Google Scholar
Heller, Monica. 1995. Code switching and the politics of language. One speaker, two languages. Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching , 156–174. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620867.008 Search in Google Scholar
Joseph, John E. 2006. Language and politics . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 2005. Asian Englishes beyond the cannon . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj, Yamuna Kachru & Cecil Nelson (eds.). 2006. The handbook of world Englishes . Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1111/b.9781405111850.2006.00001.x Search in Google Scholar
Kirchheiner, Ole. 2016. Culture and Christianity negotiated in Hindu society: A case study of a church in Central and Western Nepal . London: Middlesex University dissertation. 10.2307/j.ctv1ddcp4r Search in Google Scholar
Levitt, Theodore. 1983. The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review 61(6). 92–102. Search in Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley & Pieter Muyskin (eds.). 1995. One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511620867 Search in Google Scholar
Nettle, Daniel. 2000. Linguistic fragmentation and the wealth of nations: The Fishman-pool hypothesis reexamined. Economic Development and Cultural Change 48(2). 335–348. 10.1086/452461 Search in Google Scholar
Pelinka, Anon. 2018. Identity politics, populism and the far right. In Wodak Ruth & Bernhard Forchtner (eds.), The Rutledge handbook of language and politics , 618–629. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315183718-47 Search in Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 1995. English in the world/the world in English. In James W. Tollefson (ed.), Power and inequality in language education , 34–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2016. Linguistic diversity and social justice: An introduction to applied sociolinguistics . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199937240.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar
Poudel, Prem Prasad. 2019. The medium of instruction policy in Nepal: Towards critical engagement on the ideological and pedagogical debate. Journal of Language and Education 5(3). 102–110. 10.17323/jle.2019.8995 Search in Google Scholar
Poudel, Prem Prasad & Madan Prasad Baral. 2021. Examining foreign language teaching and learning in Nepal: An ecological perspective. Journal of World Languages 7(1). 104–123. 10.1515/jwl-2021-0006 Search in Google Scholar
Poudel, Prem Prasad & Tae Hee Choi. 2021. Policymakers’ agency and the structure: The case of medium of instruction policy in multilingual Nepal. Current Issues in Language Planning 22(1–2). 79–98. 10.1080/14664208.2020.1741235 Search in Google Scholar
Pradhan, Uma. 2019. Simultaneous identities: Ethnicity and nationalism in mother tongue education in Nepal. Nations and Nationalism 25(2). 718–738. 10.1111/nana.12463 Search in Google Scholar
Rosén, Jenny Karin & Sangeeta Bagga-Gupta. 2013. Shifting identity positions in the development of language education for immigrants: An analysis of discourses associated with ‘Swedish for immigrants. Language, Culture and Curriculum 26(1). 68–88. 10.1080/07908318.2013.765889 Search in Google Scholar
Sankoff, Gilian. 2001. Linguistic outcomes of language contact. In J. K. Chambers, Trudgill Peter & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change , 638–668. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9780470756591.ch25 Search in Google Scholar
Sardar, Rudra Raj Pandey, K. C. Kaisher Bahadur & Hugh B. Wood (eds.). 1956. Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal education planning commission . Kathmandu: The Bureau of Publications College of Education Kathmandu, Nepal. http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/Education_in_Nepal.pdf (accessed 3 January 2021). Search in Google Scholar
Sharma, Balkrishna & Prem Phyak. 2017. Neoliberalism, linguistic commodification, and ethno linguistic identity in multilingual Nepal. Language in Society 46(2). 1–26. Search in Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana Goldberg. 2006. Language policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches . Oxon: Psychology Press. 10.4324/9780203387962 Search in Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Paul R. Clyne, William F. Hanks & Carol L. Hofbauer (eds.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels , 193–247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Search in Google Scholar
Sonntag, Selma K. 2007. Change and permanence in language politics in Nepal. In Amy B. M. Tsui & James W. Tollefson (eds.), Language policy, culture, and identity in Asian contexts , 205–217. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum. 10.4324/9781315092034-11 Search in Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terrence Kaufman. 1992. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics . Berkeley: University of California Press. Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, William R. & Rafael Reuveny. 2009. Limits to globalization: North-South divergence . London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203872796 Search in Google Scholar
Tollefson, James W. 1995. Introduction: Language policy, power, and inequality. In James W. Tollefson (ed.), Power and inequality in language education , 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Search in Google Scholar
United Nations . 1948. Universal declaration of human rights . https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights (accessed 3 January 2021). Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Bhim Lal Gautam, published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- X / Twitter
Supplementary Materials
Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product.
Journal and Issue
Articles in the same issue.
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .
Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
Unemployed in Nepalese Society: A Sociological Study After the Declaration of World Unemployed Movement on 1 January 2008
World Unemployed Movement started from Nepal in 1 January 2008 affected several sectors of the Nepalese society. Basically: Effect on those who are unemployed: unemployed started to talk and gather for their rights. They’d begin organization and with organizational move unemployed started rally, conferences, membership distribution, discourses, and wall painting etc. demanding unemployed rights. Effect on the Country: Thousands of Nepalese youth participated in Self-employment project declared by Nepal Government. Loan without Deposit (Bina Dhito Rin) was a famous program all youth were interestingly participated on it. Effect on Government: after the movement, Government was fully serious to tackle this issue, though it was not on successes. Nepal Government, Ministry of Finance led by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai announced, first ever program for unemployed in Nepal. When Bhattarai led the government later as Prime Minister of Nepal again he continued it with ‘Youth Self-employment Fund’ project. All other Governments after him continued it. Effects on Politics: All political parties declared their understanding about unemployed in their manifesto and speeches. Agenda of unemployed was a central agenda for all political parties. In CA it is a major agenda to discuss. Unemployed movement seems to be the beginning of Non-labor movement, an anti-thesis of Marxist tradition. Which may deny Marxism at all when it makes its height; proving non-workers, non-peasants, non-labors and unemployed are true proletariat; and they are exploited by the workers.
Related Papers
His Holiness Mokshatit (सर्वचेतनसर्वोच्चेतन)
This research article is an introduction about unemployed movement. It constructs the claim unemployed movement was began from Nepal in January 1, 2008, so this date is significant turning point from historical point of view to intake a new kind of revolution is human society. It appeals to celebrate world unemployed day each year on 1 January. Furthermore it asks for further depth research in the field with experimentation. KEY WORDS: Unemployment, Movement, World, History.
Dilli Raj Khanal
Kirit Vaidya
Employee Relations
Dr. Bojindra Prasad Tulachan
Michael Hoffmann
What does 'unfree labour' mean in a post-revolutionary context? Based on an ethnographic fieldwork undertaken between 2008 and 2009 in the far-western lowlands of Nepal, this article argues that the brick kiln owners on the Nepal–India border continued their attempts to bind labour by handing out advances and delaying payments, despite the fact that the state had prohibited all forms of bonded labour under the Bonded Labour Abolition Act of 2001. However, the employers and the workers accepted this system of unfree labour only as long as it remained within certain boundaries. I conclude by suggesting that the Maoist Revolution should be judged as a partial revolution: although it addressed some inequalities, it neglected others due to an ideologically narrow framing of the meaning of unfree labour.
Jeevan Sharma
Prof. Neenu Kumar
Mahatma Gandhi enjoyed the stature of a person who had unique integrity, truthfulness, reliability and compassion. He was a man of deeds. His thoughts influenced all sectors of society: social, educational, cultural, economic, and political. He was not an economist but his economic vision holds immense relevance for the modern times. His vision of Sarvodya, his call for Swadeshi, full employment, use of country’s own resources, preservation of ecology, equality in income distribution and employment opportunities, where everyone is given right to earn according to his capacity, are of great importance in today’s world as well. This paper aims to bring these factors to the fore-front in order to deal with the never-ending problem of unemployment faced by the Indian population. Keywords: Gandhi, Sarvodya, Swadeshi, economy, unemployment, self-reliance, twenty first century.
Sunil Khatiwada
Introduction-In 2019, the Government of Nepal introduced the 'Prime Minister Employment Programme' with the aim of reducing poverty and enhancing the country's workforce by generating employment opportunities. Purpose-This paper aims to address the following research inquiries: What is the impact of PMEP on agricultural projects and the rural economy in Nepal? How successful is PMEP in creating employment for rural individuals? To what extent does PMEP encourage women's involvement, and how do local governments contribute to its implementation? Design/methodology/approach-This study collected and examined secondary data from various sources, such as the PMEP website, policies, legal documents, annual reports, and relevant literature. Additionally, informal discussions and unstructured interviews were conducted with government stakeholders to gain insights into the implementation process. Current newspapers and reports were also utilized to provide additional information and perspectives. The data in this study is presented using textual, descriptive, tabular, and diagrammatic formats. Findings-The findings reveal that the program has faced challenges in delivering on its commitment to generate employment, with a significant gap between registered individuals and actual employment opportunities. Additionally, there is a disproportionate emphasis on road and community infrastructure development, neglecting the vital agriculture sector. The involvement of local governments falls below the intended level considering the allocated budget for the local level. Relevance to development-There is growing literature that shows the key role that labour intensive public works can at least provide a short term social protection function. In the context of Nepal where employment opportunities are extremely limited, Prime Minister's Employment Program has an important role to play in bringing appropriate employment opportunities to secure social and economic rights of the people in the lon run.
Rizwanul Islam
PRI Publication Series 005
Sujeet Karn
Social security programs are integral to realize the constitution’s goal of achieving inclusive economic development, equity and democracy-based socialism in Nepal. The major political parties have shown a strong commitment towards social security and protection. The programs have seen gradual expansion over the years and have seen good share in total government expenditure. This is a step in the right direction to ensure social security and protection of the people. However, inadequate human resources, planning and coordination have constrained its effectiveness. In long run, the sustainability of social security programs, for example, the old age pensions, depends on the Social Security Fund’s ability to make productive investments and its ability to adjust to changing demographic parameters. Policymakers need to learn from the experience of other countries including the OECD where population ageing due to the demographic shift has posed increased pressure on public finance. In those countries, the long-run sustainability of the pension system is at the center of policy debates. In Nepal, in recent past, new initiatives have been taken to ensure and include a larger population in social security. For instance, politically ambitious Prime Minister’s Employment Program can be viewed among one of them. In this study, while discussing various aspects of social security measures, an attempt is made to explore what is desired for policy improvement in overall social protection policy of Nepal while taking a case of newly introduced PM employment program.
RELATED PAPERS
JURNAL KIMIA MULAWARMAN
Chairul Saleh
Lawrence Aber
Bart Cuyper
Teknois : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi dan Sains
Mochamad Sanwasih
Celine Cantat
Orthodontic Journal of Nepal
Basanta Shrestha
Mushtaq Muhammad
i-Perception
david cuartielles
V. 13, n. 03
Revista de Direito da Cidade
THE JOURNAL OF MUHAMMADIYAH MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST
Agus Hartono
Metszet 2018/4 pp. 40-45
Wettstein Domonkos
Journal of Applied Life Sciences International
Rifqi Aditya
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
Ahmad Hallajisani
Transport and Communications
Umar Salisu
luc multigner
Jurnal INSTEK (Informatika Sains dan Teknologi)
Laras Sitoayu
Acta Dermato Venereologica
Cecilia Bivik
International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems
Yanchun Bao
Wil Thissen
Trabajos de Prehistoria
linda chapon
Journal of Economics and Engineering
Belghis Rovshan
Pattern Recognition
Tommy Gerdes
Call Girls in Yamuna Vihar
Call Girls in Paharganj Delhi (Just_dial 9599632723)
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
- Find new research papers in:
- Health Sciences
- Earth Sciences
- Cognitive Science
- Mathematics
- Computer Science
- Academia ©2024
- Privacy policy
- Terms and conditions
Essay on Social evils in Nepal-2021
SOCIAL EVILS
WHAT IS SOCIAL EVIL?
The anti-social practices prevalent in the society are said to be social evils. These practices harm the society and its good social tradition. Those evils must be rooted out for the prosperity of the people and the country as soon as possible.
EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL EVILS
The people of different nature and attitude live in a society. Good people do well to the society where as the bad one harms the society. These bad people introduce social evils like theft, robbery, untouchability and other forms of social discrimination. Early marriage, polygamy, dowry system, drug addiction, girls trafficking etc. are other examples of social evils. They harm the feeling of equality and mutual respect.
CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL EVILS
Social evils are increasing rapidly. Robberies are committed in broad daylight. We often hear robbers robbing a bank. Smugglers carry out their business farelessly. Public are unsafe. Women are raped in public. Wishing to be rich overnight idols are smuggled, girls are trafficked, youth are lured to addiction. The poor girls are allured for money, threatened and compelled to involve in prostitution. The young children have been the drug addicts. On the account of their bad habit, they do not hesitate to steal things and commit crimes.
Our country is facing those problems at present. They exist because of the ignorance of the people. Most of the people are uneducated in developing countries like Nepal. They do not know about the way to fight against the social evils. They are mostly traditional minded. Therefore, they have strong faith in superstition. They regard untouchability, dowry and some other practices as their tradition. They strongly support them rather than discarding. Similarly, government and civil society seem to be quite ignorant toward these problems. It is the duty of the government to carry out effective programs to educate the people against these problems and punish those who encourage these evils in the society. The smugglers and traffickers must be strictly punished. The role of civil society is vital to fight against these evils because they can easily aware and educate the local people in the society against them.
SOLUTIONS FOR SOCIAL EVILS
To sum up, elimination of social evils has been the urgent need of the country. It can be eliminated with the joint effort of the government, people, civil society and other social organization. If they are not checked on time our future will be nowhere.
Posted by Nepticle Blog
You may like these posts, post a comment, popular posts.
Essay on social service in 300 words-2021
SOCIAL SERVICE Social service…
Essay on importance of women education in Nepal in 300 words
IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN EDUCATION IN NEPAL WHAT IS EDUCATION? Education …
Drug addiction in Nepal | Essay | Nepal -2021
DRUG ADDICTION The excessive u…
- Book articles
- environmentalpollution
- formationofFossil
- human brain
- importance of agriculture
- pleasure of reading
- Rights and duties
- rivers in nepal
- student life
Featured post
Structures and Function of brain
Hello Everyone! Welcome to my blog. Here you can find any articles related to General knowledge, creative stories, articles on different subjects, Essay writting, photography and so on.
- anti-social practices (1)
- Articles (24)
- Be positive (1)
- Book articles (1)
- children day special (1)
- conscious mind (1)
- creativity (1)
- cyber law (1)
- Democracy (1)
- dowry system (1)
- drug addiction (1)
- Education (1)
- environmentalpollution (1)
- excursion (1)
- Forest in Nepal (1)
- formationofFossil (1)
- health is wealth (1)
- history (1)
- history of earth (1)
- human brain (1)
- importance of agriculture (1)
- internet (1)
- multimedia (1)
- newspapers (1)
- patriotism (1)
- pleasure of reading (1)
- quiz time (1)
- Rights and duties (1)
- rivers in nepal (1)
- social service (1)
- student life (1)
- student mind (1)
- subconscious in plants (1)
- tourism industry (1)
- unix and linux (1)
- value of science (1)
Most Popular
Essay on democracy in Nepal in 250 words.
DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL Democracy is a …
SOCIAL EVILS …
Essay on Student life in 250 words
STUDENT LIFE The period of a human life spent at school or college for …
Essay on rights and duties in 250+ words
RIGHTS AND DU…
HUMAN BRAIN Brain There are vario…
Essay on 'Tourism in Nepal' in 250 words
TOURISM IN NEPAL We want to visi…
essay on science and human values in 300 words
THE VALUE OF SCIENCE The present of era is t…
Essay on pleasures of reading | School Essay | College Essay-2021
PLEASURES OF READING …
essay on environmental pollution in 250 words-Nepal-2022
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Environment simply…
Social Widget
- WishesinEnglish
- Birthday Wishes
- Hindi Wishes Shayari
- Nepali Wishes Shayari
- Write for us
Major 15 Social Problems, Evils & Inequalities in Nepal
Major 15 social problems, evils & inequalities in nepal, social problems.
Immoral, illegal, rootless and unscientific activities which backward the societies are social problems. Girl trafficking, forced or unwilling physical relationship between two individuals of opposite sex, smoking in public, gambling, corruptions, drinking alcohol and misbehaving in public places or at home, drug misuse, violence against women, theft, robbery, kidnapping, murder, rape etc are a few examples. Such social problems are great hindrances to our peace, security, harmony, well-being and development.
Social Evils
The part or whole of social norms, values, rituals, cultures and traditions existing in the society which have negative or adverse impacts on a particular gender or sex, caste or ethnic group, children, elderly people etc is known as Social Evils’. Child marriage, untouchability, caste-based discrimination, gender discrimination, polygamy, Bat Bibah, Chhaupadi Pratha, Deuki Pratha, Ghumto Pratha, Jhuma Pratha, accusing of women and men as witches, mistreating widows, spending excessive money in the name of social and cultural practices, superstition and habiswas), dowry system (Daljo Pratha), etc. are social evils. Such evil social practices harm the peace, harmony and development of the society.
- Child marriage, bal Bibah
- untouchability: Untouchability is one of the evil social practices or tradition in Nepal. Untouchability was legally prohibited on 2020 BS but it is deep rooted still now. The practice of untouchability among human beings is a disgrace. It can be taken as the remnants of feudalistic culture. The practice of discriminating people on the basis of so-called higher and lower class has created a big gap in the society. It has given birth to conflicts in the society. Therefore, the practices of untouchability existing in our societies should be eliminated in a joint effort.
- caste-based discrimination,
- gender discrimination,
- color discrimination like madheshi pahadi feelings,
- Chhaupadi Pratha,
- Deuki Pratha : Deuki system one of the evil social practices or tradition or culture in Nepal. In the hilly area of the far western region, poor people offer their young daughter to the god. But the rich people do not offer their own daughters. They purchase the poor girls for it. The offered girls do not get married which is the violation of their human right. This system may create social absurdity. But Deuki. system is not so common in these days.
- Ghumto Pratha: Parda or Ghumto system is one of the evil social practices or tradition or culture in Nepal. The married women in Tarai area cover their face with the part of sari or shawl to keep their face unseen by males. This practice is a burning example of gender discrimination.
- Jhuma Pratha,
- accusing of women and men as witches,
- mistreating widows,
- spending excessive money in the name of social and cultural practices,
- superstition and habiswas),
- dowry system (Daijo Pratha): Dowry system is one of the evil social practices or tradition in Nepal. The cash or goods given to bridegroom from the bride’s father in the marriage ceremony is called dowry. The bridegroom side bargains saying that they would stop the marriage if they do not get enough dowry. So it is a serious social problem. We can see or hear news that some recently married women are facing mental trouble because they could not bring enough dowry. The Tarai area is seriously affected by the dowry system. This system is spreading in other parts of the country also. The conscious people should fight against this system.
Causes of Social Problems, Evils & Inequalities in Nepal
There are many social problems and evils traditionally existing in our country. These are immoral, bad, illegal and unpleasant actions practiced due to different reasons. Some of the main causes of social problems and evils are as follows:
Advertisement
(a) Superstitious beliefs (b) Radical values and beliefs (c) Poverty, unemployment and inequality (d) Illiteracy (e) Corruption, lust for money and consumerism (g) Population explosion and urbanization (h) A decline of community and individualism
(i) A decline of values (j) Drugs and alcohol
Related Posts
Celebrating the spirit of freedom: reflecting on nepal’s democracy day.
A Day of Reflection: What Democracy Means to Nepal in the 21st Century
The Most Popular Traditional Sports in Nepal
How Does a Nepali Welcome a Guest?
Three Remarkable Nepalese Figures Who Shaped History
6 Best Music Stores Around Kathmandu Nepal
Recent Posts
- Sexy And Hot Looks Unveiled: Meet Nepal’s Most Captivating Glamourous Models (61 Images)
- 150 Soulful Facebook Status in Nepali: Reflections for a Better Life
- Nepal Adventure Challenges: Push Your Limits
- What to Look for When Choosing High-Quality THC Gummies
- Nepal Jungle Safari: Encounter The Best Exotic Wildlife
- Privacy Policy
© 2023 Wishes, Messages, Travel, Lifestyle, Tips in English, Hindi and Nepali Mount Everest. Legal Support by Quotes .
- Travel, Information And Lifestyle Blog For Nepal & Nepalese People
Natural language processing for Nepali text: a review
- Published: 27 October 2021
- Volume 55 , pages 3401–3429, ( 2022 )
Cite this article
- Tej Bahadur Shahi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-3180 1 , 2 &
- Chiranjibi Sitaula 3 , 4
1304 Accesses
14 Citations
3 Altmetric
Explore all metrics
Because of the proliferation of Nepali textual documents online, researchers in Nepal and overseas have started working towards its automated analysis for quick inferences, using different machine learning (ML) algorithms, ranging from traditional ML-based algorithms to recent deep learning (DL)-based algorithms. However, researchers are still unaware about the recent trends of NLP research direction in the Nepali language. In this paper, we survey different natural language processing (NLP) research works with associated resources in Nepali language. Furthermore, we organize the NLP approaches, techniques, and application tasks used in the Nepali language processing using the comprehensive taxonomy for each of them. Finally, we discuss and analyze based on such assimilated information for further improvement in NLP research works in the Nepali language. Our thorough survey bestows the detailed backgrounds and motivations to researchers, which not only opens up new potential avenues but also ushers towards further progress of NLP research works in the Nepali language.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Rent this article via DeepDyve
Institutional subscriptions
Similar content being viewed by others
Natural language processing: state of the art, current trends and challenges
Diksha Khurana, Aditya Koli, … Sukhdev Singh
A survey on deep learning approaches for text-to-SQL
George Katsogiannis-Meimarakis & Georgia Koutrika
Impact of word embedding models on text analytics in deep learning environment: a review
Deepak Suresh Asudani, Naresh Kumar Nagwani & Pradeep Singh
http://www.mpp.org.np , (accessed date: 02/07/2021).
www.ltk.org.np , (accessed date: 02/07/2021).
http://www.elra.info/en/catalogues/free-resources/nepali-corpora/ (accessed date: 17/02/2021).
https://data.ldcil.org/a-gold-standard-nepali-raw-text-corpus (accessed at 17/02/2021).
https://ieee-dataport.org/open-access/large-scale-nepali-text-corpus (accessed date: 16/02/2021).
https://github.com/sndsabin/Nepali-News-Classifier (accessed date: 17/01/2021), Information and Language Processing Research Lab, Kathmandu University, Nepal.
https://www.kaggle.com/ashokpant/nepali-news-dataset-large (accessed date :16/02/2021).
https://ieee-dataport.org/documents/nepaliliinguistic (accessed date: 16/02/2021).
http://xixona.dlsi.ua.es/~fran/apertium2-documentation.pdf (accessed date: 13/02/2021).
https://ekantipur.com/ (accessed date: 13/02/2021).
https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/ (accessed date: 13/02/2021).
http://www.statmt.org/moses/ .
https://github.com/moses-smt/giza-pp .
https://sourceforge.net/projects/irstlm/ .
https://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/festival/ .
Acharya P, Bal BK (2018) A comparative study of SMT and NMT: case study of English-Nepali language pair. In: SLTU, pp 90–93
Acharya S, Pant AK, Gyawali PK (2015) Deep learning based large scale handwritten devanagari character recognition. In: 2015 9th International conference on software, knowledge, information management and applications (SKIMA). IEEE, pp 1–6
Adhikari A, Ghimire S (2019) Nepali image captioning. In: 2019 artificial intelligence for transforming business and society (AITB), IEEE 1:1–6
Bachchan RK, Timalsina AK (2018) Plagiarism detection framework using monte carlo based artificial neural network for Nepali language. 2018 IEEE 3rd international conference on computing. Communication and security (ICCCS). IEEE, pp 122–127
Bal BK (2009) Towards building advanced natural language applications–an overview of the existing primary resources and applications in Nepali. In: Proceedings of the 7th workshop on Asian language resources (ALR7), Association for Computational Linguistics, Suntec, Singapore, pp 165–170
Bal BK, Shrestha P (2004) A morphological analyzer and a stemmer for Nepali. PAN Localization, Working Papers 2007:324–331
Bal BK, Shrestha P, Pustakalaya MP, PatanDhoka N (2007) Architectural and system design of the Nepali grammar checker. PAN Localization Working Paper
Bam S, Shahi T (2014) Named entity recognition for Nepali text using support vector machines. Intell Inf Manag 6(2):21–29. https://doi.org/10.4236/iim.2014.62004
Article Google Scholar
Basnet A, Timalsina AK (2018) Improving Nepali news recommendation using classification based on LSTM recurrent neural networks. In: 2018 IEEE 3rd international conference on computing. Communication and Security (ICCCS), IEEE, pp 138–142
Basnet A, Timalsina AK (2018) Improving Nepali news recommendation using classification based on lstm recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of international conference on computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS), pp 138–142
Bhala RV, Abirami S (2014) Trends in word sense disambiguation. Artif Intell Rev 42(2):159–171
Bhat SM, Rai R (2012) Building morphological analyzer for Nepali. J Modern Lang 22(1):45–58
Google Scholar
Bista S, Keshari B, Bhatta J, Parajuli K (2005) Dobhase: online English to Nepali machine translation system. In: The proceedings of the 26th Annual conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal
Bista S, Khatiwada L, Keshari B (2004) Nepali lexicon development. PAN Localization, Working Papers 2007:311–15
Borah S, Choden U, Lepcha N (2017) Design of a morph analyzer for non-declinable adjectives of nepali language. In: Proceedings of the 2017 international conference on machine learning and soft computing, pp 126–130
Brown PF, Della Pietra VJ, Desouza PV, Lai JC, Mercer RL (1992) Class-based n-gram models of natural language. Comput Linguist 18(4):467–480
Carpuat M, Wu D (2007) Improving statistical machine translation using word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 2007 joint conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and computational natural language learning (EMNLP-CoNLL), pp 61–72
Chhetri I, Dey G, Das SK, Borah S (2015) Development of a morph analyser for Nepali noun token. In: 2015 international conference on advances in computer engineering and applications. IEEE, pp 984–987
Choudhary N, Ramamoorthy L (2019) LDC-IL raw text corpora: an overview. Linguistic resources for AI/NLP in Indian languages. Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru pp 1–10
Cristianini N, Shawe-Taylor J (2000) An introduction to support vector machines and other kernel-based learning methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Book Google Scholar
Dangol D, Shrestha RD, Timalsina A (2018) Automated news classification using n-gram model and key features of Nepali language. SCITECH Nepal 13(1):64–69
Daud A, Khan W, Che D (2017) Urdu language processing: a survey. Artif Intell Rev 47(3):279–311
Dey A, Paul A, Purkayastha BS (2014) Named entity recognition for Nepali language: a semi hybrid approach. Int J Eng Innov Technol (IJEIT) 3:21–25
Dhungana UR, Shakya S (2014) Word sense disambiguation in Nepali language. In: 2014 Fourth international conference on digital information and communication technology and its applications (DICTAP). IEEE, pp 46–50
Ekbal A, Bandyopadhyay S (2008) Bengali named entity recognition using support vector machine. In: Proceedings of the IJCNLP-08 workshop on named entity recognition for south and south east Asian Languages
Gupta CP, Bal BK (2015) Detecting sentiment in Nepali texts: a bootstrap approach for sentiment analysis of texts in the Nepali language. In: 2015 international conference on cognitive computing and information processing (CCIP). IEEE, pp 1–4
Guzmán F, Chen P, Ott M, Pino J, Lample G, Koehn P, Chaudhary V, Ranzato M (2019) Two new evaluation datasets for low-resource machine translation: Nepali-English and Sinhala-English. CoRR abs/1902.01382. http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01382
Hung C, Chen SJ (2016) Word sense disambiguation based sentiment lexicons for sentiment classification. Knowl-Based Syst 110:224–232
Kafle K, Sharma D, Subedi A, Timalsina AK (2016) Improving Nepali document classification by neural network. In: Proceedings of IOE graduate conference, pp 317–322
Khanal R (2019) Linguistic geography of nepalese languages. Third Pole J Geogr Educ 18:45–54. https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27994
Khatiwada R (2009) Nepali. J Int Phon Assoc 39(3):373–380
Lamsal R (2020) A large scale Nepali text corpus. IEEEdataport. https://doi.org/10.21227/jxrd-d245
Lappin S, Leass HJ (1994) An algorithm for pronominal anaphora resolution. Comput Linguist 20(4):535–561
Laskar SR, Pakray P, Bandyopadhyay S (2019) Neural machine translation: Hindi-Nepali. In: Proceedings of the fourth conference on machine translation (Volume 3: Shared Task Papers, Day 2), pp 202–207
Lesk M (1986) Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries: how to tell a pine cone from an ice cream cone. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual international conference on Systems documentation, pp 24–26
Lewis DD (1998) Naive (bayes) at forty: the independence assumption in information retrieval. In: European conference on machine learning. Springer, pp 4–15
MacQueen J et al (1967) Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, Oakland, CA, USA 1:281–297
Mikolov T, Chen K, Corrado G, Dean J (2013) Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv:13013781
Miller GA (1995) Wordnet: a lexical database for english. Commun ACM 38(11):39–41
Pant AK, Panday SP, Joshi SR (2012) Off-line nepali handwritten character recognition using multilayer perceptron and radial basis function neural networks. In: 2012 third Asian Himalayas international conference on internet, IEEE, pp 1–5
Pant N, Bal BK (2016) Improving Nepali ocr performance by using hybrid recognition approaches. In: 2016 7th international conference on information, intelligence, systems & applications (IISA). IEEE, pp 1–6
Papineni K, Roukos S, Ward T, Zhu WJ (2002) BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp 311–318
Paul A, Purkayastha BS (2018) English to Nepali statistical machine translation system. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computing and communication systems. Springer, pp 423–431
Paul A, Purkayastha BS, Sarkar S (2015) Hidden Markov model based part of speech tagging for Nepali language. In: 2015 international symposium on advanced computing and communication (ISACC). IEEE, pp 149–156
Piryani R, Piryani B, Singh VK, Pinto D (2020) Sentiment analysis in Nepali: exploring machine learning and lexicon-based approaches. J Intell Fuzzy Syst (Preprint):1–12
Poli R, Kennedy J, Blackwell T (2007) Particle swarm optimization. Swarm Intell 1(1):33–57
Prabha G, Jyothsna P, Shahina K, Premjith B, Soman K (2018) A deep learning approach for part-of-speech tagging in nepali language. In: 2018 international conference on advances in computing. Communications and informatics (ICACCI). IEEE, pp 1132–1136
Prajwal R, Prasad KL, Bal BK (2008) Report on Nepali computational grammar. Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya https://www.academia.edu/2414578/Report_on_Nepali_Computational_Grammar
Prasain B (2008) Computational analysis of Nepali basic verbs (written forms). Nepalese Linguistics 23:262–270
Prasain B, Khatiwada L, Bal B, Shrestha P (2008) Part-of-speech tagset for Nepali. Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya, Unpublished
Regmi S, Bal BK, Kultsova M (2017) Analyzing facts and opinions in Nepali subjective texts. In: 2017 8th international conference on information, intelligence, systems & applications (IISA). IEEE, pp 1–4
Salton G, McGill MJ (1983) Introduction to modern information retrieval. Mcgraw-Hill, New York
MATH Google Scholar
Sarkar S, Roy A, Purkayastha B (2014) A comparative analysis of particle swarm optimization and K-means algorithm for text clustering using Nepali wordnet. Int J Nat Lang Comput (IJNLC) 3(3):83–92. http://www.airccse.org/journal/ijnlc/papers/3314ijnlc08.pdf
Senapati A, Poudyal A, Adhikary P, Kaushar S, Mahajan A, Saha BN (2020) A machine learning approach to anaphora resolution in Nepali language. In: 2020 international conference on computational performance evaluation (ComPE). IEEE, pp 436–441
Shah KB, Chaudhary KK, Ghimire A (2018) Nepali text to speech synthesis system using FreeTTS. SCITECH Nepal 13(1):24–31
Shahi TB, Dhamala TN, Balami B (2013) Support vector machines based part of speech tagging for Nepali text. Int J Comput Appl 70(24):38–42. https://doi.org/10.5120/12217-8374
Shahi TB, Pant AK (2018) Nepali news classification using naïve bayes, support vector machines and neural networks. In: 2018 International conference on communication information and computing technology (ICCICT). IEEE, pp 1–5
Shahi TB, Shakya S (2018) Nepali SMS filtering using decision trees, neural network and support vector machine. In: 2018 international conference on advances in computing. Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN). IEEE, pp 1038–1042
Shahi TB, Yadav A et al (2014) Mobile sms spam filtering for Nepali text using naïve bayesian and support vector machine. Int J Intell Sci 4(01):24–28
Shrestha BB, Bal BK (2020) Named-entity based sentiment analysis of Nepali news media texts. In: Proceedings of the 6th workshop on natural language processing techniques for educational applications, pp 114–120
Shrestha I, Dhakal SS (2016) A new stemmer for Nepali language. In: 2016 2nd international conference on advances in computing, communication, & automation (ICACCA). IEEE, pp 1–5
Shrestha N, Hall PA, Bista SK (2008) Resources for nepali word sense disambiguation. In: 2008 international conference on natural language processing and knowledge engineering. IEEE, pp 1–5
Singh OM, Padia A, Joshi A (2019) Named entity recognition for nepali language. In: 2019 IEEE 5th international conference on collaboration and internet computing (CIC). IEEE, pp 184–190
Singh OM, Timilsina S, Bal BK, Joshi A (2020) Aspect based abusive sentiment detection in Nepali social media texts. In: 2020 IEEE/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (ASONAM). IEEE, pp 301–308
Singh J, Gupta V (2017) A systematic review of text stemming techniques. Artif Intell Rev 48(2):157–217
Sitaula C (2012) Semantic text clustering using enhanced vector space model using Nepali language. Comput Sci Telecommun 4:41–46
Sitaula C (2013) A hybrid algorithm for stemming of Nepali text. Intell Inf Manag. https://doi.org/10.4236/iim.2013.54014
Sitaula C (2014) Semantic orientation of texts using iterative finite state machine. J Comput Sci Control Syst 7(1):51
Sitaula C, Ojha YR (2013) Semantic sentence similarity using finite state machine. Intell Inf Manag 5(6):171–174
Sitaula C, Basnet A, Aryal S (2021) Vector representation based on a supervised codebook for nepali documents classification. PeerJ Comput Sci 7:e412
Subba S, Paudel N, Shahi TB (2019) Nepali text document classification using deep neural network. Tribhuvan Univ J 33(1):11–22
Tamrakar S, Bal BK, Thapa RB (2020) Aspect based sentiment analysis of Nepali text using support vector machine and naive bayes. Tech J 2(1):22–29
Taylor P, Black AW, Caley R (1998) The architecture of the festival speech synthesis system. In: The third ESCA/COCOSDA workshop (ETRW) on speech synthesis
Thakur SK, Singh VK (2014) A lexicon pool augmented Naive Bayes classifier for Nepali text. In: Proceedings of seventh international conference on contemporary computing (IC3), pp 542–546
Thapa LBR, Bal BK (2016) Classifying sentiments in Nepali subjective texts. In: 2016 7th international conference on information, intelligence, systems & applications (IISA). IEEE, pp 1–6
Wang Y, Wang M, Fujita H (2020) Word sense disambiguation: a comprehensive knowledge exploitation framework. Knowl-Based Syst 190(105):030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2019.105030
Yadava YP, Hardie A, Lohani RR, Regmi BN, Gurung S, Gurung A, McEnery T, Allwood J, Hall P (2008) Construction and annotation of a corpus of contemporary Nepali. Corpora 3(2):213–225
Yajnik A (2017) Part of speech tagging using statistical approach for Nepali text. World Acad Sci Eng Technol Int J Comput Electr Autom Control Inf Eng 11(1):76–79
Yajnik A (2018) Ann based pos tagging for nepali text. Int J Nat Lang Comput 7:13–18
Zhong Z, Ng HT (2012) Word sense disambiguation improves information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 50th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp 273–282
Download references
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia
Tej Bahadur Shahi
Central Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CDCSIT), Tribhuvan University, TU Rd, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
School of Information Technology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
Chiranjibi Sitaula
Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Tej Bahadur Shahi .
Additional information
Publisher's note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Shahi, T.B., Sitaula, C. Natural language processing for Nepali text: a review. Artif Intell Rev 55 , 3401–3429 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-021-10093-1
Download citation
Published : 27 October 2021
Issue Date : April 2022
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-021-10093-1
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
- Machine learning
- Nepali language
- Nepali linguistics
- Natural language processing
- Classification
- Sentiment analysis
- Find a journal
- Publish with us
- Track your research
- Login / Register
- Intenet & Communication
- Electronics
Information Technology
- Data science and AI
- Biotechnology
- Marketing & Sales
- Startups & Business
- Imports & Exports
- Stock & Investment
- Manufacturing
- Agricultural
- Religion and Culture
- Hotel and Tourism
- Natural Resources
- Metals & Mining
- Infrastructure
- Renewable Energy
Join Our Newsletter
Join our subscribers list to get the latest news, updates and special offers directly in your inbox
Role of social media in Nepali society
The impact of social media in the nepali market, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of social media.
Social media is a platform that connects people from different places using the internet. Nowadays, social media is a must for people because it gives us so much knowledge that we can learn in our lifetime. In today's generation, social media is used by billions of people daily.
In the 21st century, the use of social media has spread all over the world and has an impact on Nepal as well. In the context of Nepal, social media has become an important tool for people. According to the latest report of the Nepal Telecommunication Authority, there are 27.76 million individuals in Nepal who have access to the Internet. While the internet has benefited us in many ways, it has also ruined many people's lives, although this technology is a boon if used wisely. In today's society, using social media has become a necessary daily activity. Social media is typically used for social interaction and decision-making. It is a valuable tool for communicating with others locally and globally, as well as for sharing, creating, and disseminating information. Social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok , YouTube, and various platforms are used for social sharing.
Globally and in Nepal, social media is now dynamically used for texting, chatting, sharing ideas, views, opinions, and much more. Social media is the greatest human discovery of this generation. Social media is a form of quick access to information. In Nepal, the number of social media users increased by 3.0 million between 2020 and 2021. The number of social media users in Nepal corresponded to 44.2% of the total population in January 2021.
The use of social media has both positive and negative effects on our society, positive effects include:
1. Connecting people
2. Gaining knowledge
3. Non-formal education
4. Learning new skills
5. Increasing communication skills and so on.
Unfortunately, it also has negative effects that include:
1. Social wars or social conflict
2. Different people give different thoughts
3. Cybercrime is on the rise
4. Cannot continue the current generation
5. Decline or neglect of cultural tradition.
However, social media plays a vital role in influencing people about the right things. Awareness can spread among people, and social problems and evils can be thrown out by aware people of their flaws and incidents. Therefore, it plays a vital role in society in people's lives.
- social media
- social network
- social site
Previous Article
Investing in Government Bonds in Nepal - Understanding the Market and the Economy
Next Article
Nepali Rudraksha: A Symbol of Divine Connection and Protection
What's your reaction.
Alisha Dahal
Related Posts
Growth of TikTok and its Market in Nepal
Anurag Bhusal Jun 24, 2022 2
Rise of E-commerce and its effect on FMCG distribution...
Swostika Shrestha Feb 6, 2023 0
The Role of Technology in Advancing Nepal's Economy and...
Swostika Shrestha Feb 23, 2023 0
Problem of Bus Tickets in Nepal
Sanish_T Apr 27, 2023 0
Apple Vision Pro: Revolutionizing VR/AR in Nepal | Price...
Bijay Bastola Jun 7, 2023 0
The impact of technology on education and learning
Alisha Dahal Apr 6, 2023 0
Popular Posts
Top 5 richest person in Nepal
Alisha Dahal May 30, 2023 0
Industrial Development in Nepal: Importance, Sectors, Challenges,...
Anisha Khanal Feb 10, 2023 0
Top 5 Electric Vehicles in Nepal: Explore the Best EV Models...
Rima jha Jun 3, 2023 1
Private Companies in Nepal - A Guide to the Business and...
Alisha Dahal Dec 17, 2022 1
The Current State of Business in Nepal: Challenges and...
Anisha Khanal Feb 19, 2023 2
Recommended Posts
Anurag Bhusal Apr 7, 2024 0
Discover Authentic Nepali Rudraksha at Rudraksha Market
Bhushan Lamsal Apr 5, 2024 0
The Ancient Power of Nepali Rudraksha: A Comprehensive...
Bhushan Lamsal Apr 2, 2024 0
Is AI Boon or a Bane ? AI Good or Bad
Anish Timalsina Mar 30, 2024 0
The Psychology of Decision Making
Bijay Bastola Mar 27, 2024 0
Random Posts
Healthy eating habits: a guide to nutrient-rich diets.
Swostika Shrestha Feb 10, 2024 0
Explore the world of nutrient-rich diets and discover the keys to sustained vitality....
Jugaad - The Best Cafe in Kathmandu
Vivaan Bhatt Feb 3, 2024 0
Jugaad Cafe in Buddhanager, Kathmandu offers a unique culinary adventure. Affordable,...
Revolutionizing Everyday Tasks: The Rabbit R1 Walkie-Talkie...
Rima jha Jan 10, 2024 0
Explore Rabbit R1: The pocket-friendly assistant redefining daily tasks by eliminating...
Bhaktapur Durbar Square: A Journey Through Time and Culture...
Swostika Shrestha May 10, 2023 1
Discover the rich history and culture of Bhaktapur Durbar Square, a UNESCO World...
Nepal's Media Industry: Current Status and Future Prospects
Swostika Shrestha Dec 29, 2022 0
Get an in-depth understanding of Nepal's media industry, including its history,...
Popular Tags
- personal finance
- Trekking in Nepal
- cultural heritage
- digital marketing
- Agriculture
Voting Poll
Table of Content
- 1. Travel and Holidays
- 1. Language Development
Nepali Society: Past Present and Future
The nepali society: past, present and future .
By society, we mean a long-standing group of people sharing cultural aspects such as language, dress, norms of behaviour and artistic forms. Nepali society has a mixed culture. Even though different cultures live together, cultural practices are often mixed and one cultural group can be seen practising the traditions of another. People are free to choose their own cultural practices and no one is forced to follow any particular pattern. As a Nepali citizen, I like Nepali society much. I have seen as well as read about Nepali society and its change.
Over time, many changes have been seen in the context of Nepali society. The condition of Nepali society wasn't good in the past time. Nepali society was so rigid in the past time. Most people were uneducated and there was a lack of awareness among the people. Patriarchal norms and values were at their height. Class, as well as sex subjection, had played a vital role in every society.
The concept of Feudalism was prevalent everywhere. Ordinary people had to face miserable life under the feudalists. They were quite a way from the concept of rights and opportunities of lives. Life was so difficult for most of the peasants. There was a lack of facilities in people's lives. In most societies, there were feudalists or lords who used to determine others fate. Talking about women's lives during that time, women had very bad conditions. They were living being dependent on males. The patriarchal norms and values had made them remain limited within the boundaries of their houses. Child marriage was so common. Life in the past was really not favourable for ordinary people including women. In the present time, different changes are seen in various sectors of Nepal.
Nepali societies seem quite different from that of past Nepalese societies. In the present, Nepali society is on the way to development. In the matter of facilities as electricity, drinking water, roads and transportation, education etc, Nepali society has been changed. People in the present time have various rights regarding various things. If there is one thing that upsets me about Nepali society is the political aspect. People in the present time are totally involved in the dirty game of politics. Due to this, Nepali society is facing disorders every single day. At present, the condition of Nepali women is much better than expected.
Over time, Nepali women have got many rights according to the constitution of Nepal. I think the future of Nepali society will be so good if we all Nepali citizens choose the right candidates for the betterment of Nepalese society. We should be away from this dirty game of politics and think about the bright future of Nepali people and society.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
सामाजिक समस्या निबंध नेपालीमा | Essay on Social Problems in Nepali Language | सामाजिक समस्या Your Queries ...
Introduction A social problem is a social condition that a segment of society views as harmful to members of society and in need of remedy. Social problems are the general factors that affect the society. Social problems often involve problems that affect real life. It also affects how people react to certain situations. People practice and promote social evils because they are ignorant of the ...
Solution to untouchability. 1. Education. Education can play a crucial role in reducing the prevalence of untouchability by increasing awareness about the issue and promoting critical thinking about social hierarchies and discrimination. Providing education to marginalized groups can also help to break the cycle of poverty and social exclusion ...
KathmanduPati October 25, 2021. Sonika Lamichhane / KATHMANDU - Social media is a popular tool that facilitate people to create and share information, ideas, hobbies, and other kinds of expression through virtual spaces. People use social media to share, write, and meet new friends on the internet. When the Internet was launched in the 1980s ...
social problems and contextualizes these issues within the cultural, economic, and political spheres of Nepal. In this course, you will be asked to explore social issues in Nepal, with the goal of fostering a more nuanced worldview and expanding global consciousness, looking beyond western perspectives for "solutions" to these social problems.
To highlight the existing forms and patterns of social discrimination experienced by people of Nepal on the grounds of their caste, ethnicity, gender, and religion-based identities, 2. To draw attention to the differences of social discrimination experienced by people of the aforementioned social categories, 3.
An analysis about the inclusivity of Nepal's civic space warrants a brief overview of the events that led inclusion to be an inevitable aspect of Nepali social and political life The current discourse about inclusion in Nepal is an outcome of several landmark political events as well as social movements of marginalized groups, particularly
1 Introduction. Nepal is a multilingual, multicultural, multiracial, and multi-religious country. Despite its small size, Nepal is a country of linguistic diversity with four major language families, namely, Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Dravidian (Munda), and Austro-Asiatic, and one language isolate, Kusunda (Poudel and Baral 2021).The National Population and Household Census 2011 (Central ...
The Rising Nepal, a leading English language government newspaper reported it with following …Member fed rice to a dog, which was symbolized as the government and lit a fire in the middle of the road in New 21 Baneshwor to cooked rice. ... • Create employment in the nation to solved unemployed youth's problem (Nepali Congress: 2013, P. 48 ...
Nepal. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications. Practices of Sociology in Nepal contains seven different chapters by Gaurab KC and Pranab Kharel (introduction), Youba Raj Luintel (ethnography of the 2015 bifurcation between Sociology and Anthropology at Tribhuvan University), Pratyoush Onta (state and problems of Sociology/Anthropology
real and just society through different images, symbols and issues. He pokes the real identity of people and splits the instinct of social transformation in the core of its heart. Keywords: Post-Rana Nepali society, Representation, patriotism, Social transformation Post-Rana Nepali society, both in terms of politics and poetry stood on a
Official language: (1) The Nepali language in the Devanagari script shall be the official language of Nepal. 3. A State may, by a State law, determine one or more than one languages of the nation spoken by a majority of people within the State to be its official language (s), in addition to the Nepali language. 4.
Social Problems, evils and Their solution in Nepal. We know that all those activities which have carried out to fill full of own's personal interests misunderstanding at the feeling up others' and such activities as mentioned below:- Some social problems are immoral, illegal, bad, undesirable, untouchability, third Gender, drug abuse, child labour, domestic violence action of the people in ...
By far, the largest social groups are Indigenous peoples called adibasi janajati. They include 59 groups 2 constituting 35% of the total population. Similarly, Dalits and Muslims constitute 12.60% ...
The report provides an overview of gender and social inclusion issues in the context of Nepal and analyzes the relations of gender, caste, ethnicity, and other social identities and their impact on development outcomes. Recent policy and legal frameworks to address gender equality and social inclusion are reviewed.
Good people do well to the society where as the bad one harms the society. These bad people introduce social evils like theft, robbery, untouchability and other forms of social discrimination. Early marriage, polygamy, dowry system, drug addiction, girls trafficking etc. are other examples of social evils. They harm the feeling of equality and ...
Nepalese social work is still young but s lowly developing. Presently, it has many challenge s, including relying on western methods. and approaches because ther e i s not any ex isting Ne palese ...
Some of the main causes of social problems and evils are as follows: Advertisement. (a) Superstitious beliefs. (b) Radical values and beliefs. (c) Poverty, unemployment and inequality. (d) Illiteracy. (e) Corruption, lust for money and consumerism. (g) Population explosion and urbanization.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge negative impact on the economy, politics and everyday lives of Nepali people. Much of Nepal's economy depends upon remittances from Nepali workers abroad and tourism, and both came to a screeching halt with the pandemic. Tourism suffered an astounding 80% drop, causing many to lose their jobs and homes.
Large language groups, such as Magar, Gurung and Tamang live in the hilly regions of central Nepal. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages. In the southern lowland of the Terai, Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Munda and North Dravidian languages are spoken. 1.4. The Residential Situation of the Language Communities of Nepal.
Natural language processing (NLP) works in the Nepali language can be traced back to 2004 when authors in Bista et al. introduced a first Nepali lexicon in various file formats with root word, head word, pronunciation, part of speech, synonyms, and idiom for each word.The main purpose of building this lexicon is attributed to several factors such as building spell checker, and machine ...
In Nepal, the number of social media users increased by 3.0 million between 2020 and 2021. The number of social media users in Nepal corresponded to 44.2% of the total population in January 2021. The use of social media has both positive and negative effects on our society, positive effects include: 1. Connecting people. 2. Gaining knowledge. 3.
Nepali societies seem quite different from that of past Nepalese societies. In the present, Nepali society is on the way to development. In the matter of facilities as electricity, drinking water, roads and transportation, education etc, Nepali society has been changed. People in the present time have various rights regarding various things.