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Anatomy of a Scholarly Article

TIP: When possible, keep your research question(s) in mind when reading scholarly articles. It will help you to focus your reading.

Title : Generally are straightforward and describe what the article is about. Titles often include relevant key words.

Abstract : A summary of the author(s)'s research findings and tells what to expect when you read the full article. It is often a good idea to read the abstract first, in order to determine if you should even bother reading the whole article.

Discussion and Conclusion : Read these after the Abstract (even though they come at the end of the article). These sections can help you see if this article will meet your research needs. If you don’t think that it will, set it aside.

Introduction : Describes the topic or problem researched. The authors will present the thesis of their argument or the goal of their research.

Literature Review : May be included in the introduction or as its own separate section. Here you see where the author(s) enter the conversation on this topic. That is to say, what related research has come before, and how do they hope to advance the discussion with their current research?

Methods : This section explains how the study worked. In this section, you often learn who and how many participated in the study and what they were asked to do. You will need to think critically about the methods and whether or not they make sense given the research question.

Results : Here you will often find numbers and tables. If you aren't an expert at statistics this section may be difficult to grasp. However you should attempt to understand if the results seem reasonable given the methods.

Works Cited (also be called References or Bibliography ): This section comprises the author(s)’s sources. Always be sure to scroll through them. Good research usually cites many different kinds of sources (books, journal articles, etc.). As you read the Works Cited page, be sure to look for sources that look like they will help you to answer your own research question.

Adapted from http://library.hunter.cuny.edu/research-toolkit/how-do-i-read-stuff/anatomy-of-a-scholarly-article

A research journal is a periodical that contains articles written by experts in a particular field of study who report the results of research in that field. The articles are intended to be read by other experts or students of the field, and they are typically much more sophisticated and advanced than the articles found in general magazines. This guide offers some tips to help distinguish scholarly journals from other periodicals.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH JOURNALS

PURPOSE : Research journals communicate the results of research in the field of study covered by the journal. Research articles reflect a systematic and thorough study of a single topic, often involving experiments or surveys. Research journals may also publish review articles and book reviews that summarize the current state of knowledge on a topic.

APPEARANCE : Research journals lack the slick advertising, classified ads, coupons, etc., found in popular magazines. Articles are often printed one column to a page, as in books, and there are often graphs, tables, or charts referring to specific points in the articles.

AUTHORITY : Research articles are written by the person(s) who did the research being reported. When more than two authors are listed for a single article, the first author listed is often the primary researcher who coordinated or supervised the work done by the other authors. The most highly‑regarded scholarly journals are typically those sponsored by professional associations, such as the American Psychological Association or the American Chemical Society.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY : Articles submitted to research journals are evaluated by an editorial board and other experts before they are accepted for publication. This evaluation, called peer review, is designed to ensure that the articles published are based on solid research that meets the normal standards of the field of study covered by the journal. Professors sometimes use the term "refereed" to describe peer-reviewed journals.

WRITING STYLE : Articles in research journals usually contain an advanced vocabulary, since the authors use the technical language or jargon of their field of study. The authors assume that the reader already possesses a basic understanding of the field of study.

REFERENCES : The authors of research articles always indicate the sources of their information. These references are usually listed at the end of an article, but they may appear in the form of footnotes, endnotes, or a bibliography.

PERIODICALS THAT ARE NOT RESEARCH JOURNALS

POPULAR MAGAZINES : These are periodicals that one typically finds at grocery stores, airport newsstands, or bookstores at a shopping mall. Popular magazines are designed to appeal to a broad audience, and they usually contain relatively brief articles written in a readable, non‑technical language.

Examples include: Car and Driver , Cosmopolitan , Esquire , Essence , Gourmet , Life , People Weekly , Readers' Digest , Rolling Stone , Sports Illustrated , Vanity Fair , and Vogue .

NEWS MAGAZINES : These periodicals, which are usually issued weekly, provide information on topics of current interest, but their articles seldom have the depth or authority of scholarly articles.

Examples include: Newsweek , Time , U.S. News and World Report .

OPINION MAGAZINES : These periodicals contain articles aimed at an educated audience interested in keeping up with current events or ideas, especially those pertaining to topical issues. Very often their articles are written from a particular political, economic, or social point of view.

Examples include: Catholic World , Christianity Today , Commentary , Ms. , The Militant , Mother Jones , The Nation , National Review , The New Republic , The Progressive , and World Marxist Review .

TRADE MAGAZINES : People who need to keep up with developments in a particular industry or occupation read these magazines. Many trade magazines publish one or more special issues each year that focus on industry statistics, directory lists, or new product announcements.

Examples include: Beverage World , Progressive Grocer , Quick Frozen Foods International , Rubber World , Sales and Marketing Management , Skiing Trade News , and Stores .

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• Literature Review Guide General information on how to organize and write a literature review.
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How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal

• Open access
• Published: 30 April 2020
• Volume 36 , pages 909–913, ( 2021 )

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• Clara Busse   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-1000 1 &
• Ella August   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-1036 1 , 2  

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Communicating research findings is an essential step in the research process. Often, peer-reviewed journals are the forum for such communication, yet many researchers are never taught how to write a publishable scientific paper. In this article, we explain the basic structure of a scientific paper and describe the information that should be included in each section. We also identify common pitfalls for each section and recommend strategies to avoid them. Further, we give advice about target journal selection and authorship. In the online resource 1 , we provide an example of a high-quality scientific paper, with annotations identifying the elements we describe in this article.

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The Point Is…to Publish?

How to Write a Scientific Paper

Preprints as a Modern Publishing Model to Accelerate Scientific Dissemination

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

Writing a scientific paper is an important component of the research process, yet researchers often receive little formal training in scientific writing. This is especially true in low-resource settings. In this article, we explain why choosing a target journal is important, give advice about authorship, provide a basic structure for writing each section of a scientific paper, and describe common pitfalls and recommendations for each section. In the online resource 1 , we also include an annotated journal article that identifies the key elements and writing approaches that we detail here. Before you begin your research, make sure you have ethical clearance from all relevant ethical review boards.

Select a Target Journal Early in the Writing Process

We recommend that you select a “target journal” early in the writing process; a “target journal” is the journal to which you plan to submit your paper. Each journal has a set of core readers and you should tailor your writing to this readership. For example, if you plan to submit a manuscript about vaping during pregnancy to a pregnancy-focused journal, you will need to explain what vaping is because readers of this journal may not have a background in this topic. However, if you were to submit that same article to a tobacco journal, you would not need to provide as much background information about vaping.

Information about a journal’s core readership can be found on its website, usually in a section called “About this journal” or something similar. For example, the Journal of Cancer Education presents such information on the “Aims and Scope” page of its website, which can be found here: https://www.springer.com/journal/13187/aims-and-scope .

Peer reviewer guidelines from your target journal are an additional resource that can help you tailor your writing to the journal and provide additional advice about crafting an effective article [ 1 ]. These are not always available, but it is worth a quick web search to find out.

Identify Author Roles Early in the Process

Early in the writing process, identify authors, determine the order of authors, and discuss the responsibilities of each author. Standard author responsibilities have been identified by The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) [ 2 ]. To set clear expectations about each team member’s responsibilities and prevent errors in communication, we also suggest outlining more detailed roles, such as who will draft each section of the manuscript, write the abstract, submit the paper electronically, serve as corresponding author, and write the cover letter. It is best to formalize this agreement in writing after discussing it, circulating the document to the author team for approval. We suggest creating a title page on which all authors are listed in the agreed-upon order. It may be necessary to adjust authorship roles and order during the development of the paper. If a new author order is agreed upon, be sure to update the title page in the manuscript draft.

In the case where multiple papers will result from a single study, authors should discuss who will author each paper. Additionally, authors should agree on a deadline for each paper and the lead author should take responsibility for producing an initial draft by this deadline.

Structure of the Introduction Section

The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig.  1 . Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper. Include five main elements: why your research is important, what is already known about the topic, the “gap” or what is not yet known about the topic, why it is important to learn the new information that your research adds, and the specific research aim(s) that your paper addresses. Your research aim should address the gap you identified. Be sure to add enough background information to enable readers to understand your study. Table 1 provides common introduction section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

The main elements of the introduction section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Methods Section

The purpose of the methods section is twofold: to explain how the study was done in enough detail to enable its replication and to provide enough contextual detail to enable readers to understand and interpret the results. In general, the essential elements of a methods section are the following: a description of the setting and participants, the study design and timing, the recruitment and sampling, the data collection process, the dataset, the dependent and independent variables, the covariates, the analytic approach for each research objective, and the ethical approval. The hallmark of an exemplary methods section is the justification of why each method was used. Table 2 provides common methods section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Results Section

The focus of the results section should be associations, or lack thereof, rather than statistical tests. Two considerations should guide your writing here. First, the results should present answers to each part of the research aim. Second, return to the methods section to ensure that the analysis and variables for each result have been explained.

Begin the results section by describing the number of participants in the final sample and details such as the number who were approached to participate, the proportion who were eligible and who enrolled, and the number of participants who dropped out. The next part of the results should describe the participant characteristics. After that, you may organize your results by the aim or by putting the most exciting results first. Do not forget to report your non-significant associations. These are still findings.

Tables and figures capture the reader’s attention and efficiently communicate your main findings [ 3 ]. Each table and figure should have a clear message and should complement, rather than repeat, the text. Tables and figures should communicate all salient details necessary for a reader to understand the findings without consulting the text. Include information on comparisons and tests, as well as information about the sample and timing of the study in the title, legend, or in a footnote. Note that figures are often more visually interesting than tables, so if it is feasible to make a figure, make a figure. To avoid confusing the reader, either avoid abbreviations in tables and figures, or define them in a footnote. Note that there should not be citations in the results section and you should not interpret results here. Table 3 provides common results section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Discussion Section

Opposite the introduction section, the discussion should take the form of a right-side-up triangle beginning with interpretation of your results and moving to general implications (Fig.  2 ). This section typically begins with a restatement of the main findings, which can usually be accomplished with a few carefully-crafted sentences.

Major elements of the discussion section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Next, interpret the meaning or explain the significance of your results, lifting the reader’s gaze from the study’s specific findings to more general applications. Then, compare these study findings with other research. Are these findings in agreement or disagreement with those from other studies? Does this study impart additional nuance to well-accepted theories? Situate your findings within the broader context of scientific literature, then explain the pathways or mechanisms that might give rise to, or explain, the results.

Journals vary in their approach to strengths and limitations sections: some are embedded paragraphs within the discussion section, while some mandate separate section headings. Keep in mind that every study has strengths and limitations. Candidly reporting yours helps readers to correctly interpret your research findings.

The next element of the discussion is a summary of the potential impacts and applications of the research. Should these results be used to optimally design an intervention? Does the work have implications for clinical protocols or public policy? These considerations will help the reader to further grasp the possible impacts of the presented work.

Finally, the discussion should conclude with specific suggestions for future work. Here, you have an opportunity to illuminate specific gaps in the literature that compel further study. Avoid the phrase “future research is necessary” because the recommendation is too general to be helpful to readers. Instead, provide substantive and specific recommendations for future studies. Table 4 provides common discussion section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Follow the Journal’s Author Guidelines

After you select a target journal, identify the journal’s author guidelines to guide the formatting of your manuscript and references. Author guidelines will often (but not always) include instructions for titles, cover letters, and other components of a manuscript submission. Read the guidelines carefully. If you do not follow the guidelines, your article will be sent back to you.

Finally, do not submit your paper to more than one journal at a time. Even if this is not explicitly stated in the author guidelines of your target journal, it is considered inappropriate and unprofessional.

Your title should invite readers to continue reading beyond the first page [ 4 , 5 ]. It should be informative and interesting. Consider describing the independent and dependent variables, the population and setting, the study design, the timing, and even the main result in your title. Because the focus of the paper can change as you write and revise, we recommend you wait until you have finished writing your paper before composing the title.

Be sure that the title is useful for potential readers searching for your topic. The keywords you select should complement those in your title to maximize the likelihood that a researcher will find your paper through a database search. Avoid using abbreviations in your title unless they are very well known, such as SNP, because it is more likely that someone will use a complete word rather than an abbreviation as a search term to help readers find your paper.

After you have written a complete draft, use the checklist (Fig. 3 ) below to guide your revisions and editing. Additional resources are available on writing the abstract and citing references [ 5 ]. When you feel that your work is ready, ask a trusted colleague or two to read the work and provide informal feedback. The box below provides a checklist that summarizes the key points offered in this article.

Checklist for manuscript quality

Data Availability

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Vetto JT (2014) Short and sweet: a short course on concise medical writing. J Cancer Educ 29(1):194–195

Brett M, Kording K (2017) Ten simple rules for structuring papers. PLoS ComputBiol. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005619

Lang TA (2017) Writing a better research article. J Public Health Emerg. https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe.2017.11.06

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Acknowledgments

Ella August is grateful to the Sustainable Sciences Institute for mentoring her in training researchers on writing and publishing their research.

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Clara Busse & Ella August

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Busse, C., August, E. How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal. J Canc Educ 36 , 909–913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01751-z

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Literature Review

Top 10 Research Journal Examples You Must Know About

Discover the top 10 research journal examples you need to know about. Find detailed insights and practical examples for your research journal.

Jul 26, 2024

Starting a literature search can often feel like exploring a maze of information, struggling to find that elusive research journal example that could enhance your work. Think about having a partner tool that could streamline this process, allowing you to effortlessly locate the perfect study material to enhance your research papers and studies. 

Otio's AI research and writing partner can be your guide, helping you dive into efficient research paper writing and AI-enabled study material sourcing.

Table Of Contents

What is a research journal, purpose of a research journal, how do you write a research paper for a research journal, what is journal format in research, supercharge your researching ability with otio — try otio for free today.

Research journals communicate the results of research in a specific field of study. Their primary content consists of research articles that reflect a comprehensive and systematic investigation of a single topic, often through experiments or surveys. Additionally, research journals may feature articles and book reviews summarizing current knowledge on a particular topic. 

In contrast to popular magazines, research journals lack commercial elements like advertising, classified ads, and coupons. Articles in research journals are often printed in one column per page, similar to books, and may include graphs, tables, or charts that support specific points discussed in the articles.

Articles in research journals are authored by those who conducted the research being reported. When more than two authors are listed for a single article, the first author usually represents the primary researcher who coordinates or supervises the work of the other authors. The most prestigious scholarly journals are typically those affiliated with professional associations, such as the American Psychological Association or the American Chemical Society.

Validity and Reliability

Articles submitted to research journals undergo an evaluation process by an editorial board and other experts before publication. This evaluation, known as peer review, ensures that the published articles are based on robust research and meet the established standards of the relevant field. Professors sometimes refer to peer-reviewed journals as "refereed" journals.

Writing Style

Articles in research journals tend to employ an advanced vocabulary as authors use technical language or jargon specific to their study area. This indicates that authors assume readers already possess a foundational understanding of the field under scrutiny.

Authors of research articles always provide references for their information sources. These references are typically listed at the end of the article, although they may also appear as footnotes, endnotes, or bibliographies.

Research journals are crucial in disseminating information and knowledge to various audiences, including industry managers, researchers, and students. Research journals aim to meet the demand for valuable information by publishing top-tier papers and focusing on significant topics. 

Indexes and online searching are provided to help readers quickly locate articles. As part of their informative role, research journals also aim to enhance knowledge regarding the best practices in different realms, such as industry. These journals often present papers that test, compare, and evaluate existing and novel approaches and concepts.

The primary goal of a research journal is to address issues emerging in various industries, thus setting the stage for future research. This role allows journals to guide future research endeavors and necessitates close monitoring of industry trends and emerging problems. This close connection with industry ensures that researchers stay abreast of current issues and can utilize journals to steer the direction of their investigations effectively. Moreover, research journals guide researchers through a rigorous peer review system, where competent peers review submitted papers for appropriate research methodologies and accurate reporting.

Peer Review in Research Journals

Peer review is an essential aspect of research journals as it is a quality certification for published papers. This certification allows authors to take pride in their work and assures readers of the content's credibility. Research journals also contribute to creating a global research community where ideas and concepts can be shared across borders. One of the primary functions of these journals is to stimulate the consideration and adoption of new ideas for everyone involved. To achieve this goal, journals must present current research findings in an accessible format.

Encouraging Innovation through Journals

Journals are instrumental in encouraging innovative ideas by providing a platform to showcase the latest research findings. This is crucial for knowledge workers, researchers, and students seeking to implement new ideas in various fields. The process of creating content has become increasingly streamlined with advancements in technology. Businesses and individuals can create vast amounts of content with the click of a button, leading to information overload. To address this challenge, 

Supercharge Your Researching Ability With Otio

Otio serves as an AI research and writing partner , offering a comprehensive workspace for researchers. The platform helps researchers collect diverse data sources, extract key takeaways, and draft outputs using the compiled research. Otio facilitates a smooth transition from a reading list to a first draft, ultimately enabling researchers to produce high-quality outputs efficiently. By leveraging Otio, researchers can expedite the writing process, enhance their research capabilities, and stay ahead in the ever-evolving realm of academic research.

Related Reading

• Systematic Review Vs Meta Analysis • Impact Evaluation • How To Critique A Research Article • How To Synthesize Sources • Annotation Techniques • Skimming And Scanning • Types Of Literature Reviews • Literature Review Table • Literature Review Matrix • How To Increase Reading Speed And Comprehension • How To Read Research Papers • How To Summarize A Research Paper • Literature Gap

1. Utilize Otio: Your All-in-One AI Research and Writing Partner

Otio is a transformative AI-native workspace specifically designed to assist knowledge workers, researchers, and students in seamlessly managing content overload. Through Otio, researchers can efficiently collect data from sources like bookmarks, tweets, books, and YouTube videos. 

The platform also allows users to extract critical takeaways effortlessly with detailed AI-generated notes and source-grounded Q&A chat. The most significant advantage of Otio is its ability to help create draft outputs using the collected sources. With Otio , researchers can swiftly transition from compiling a reading list to drafting their first paper. 

Some of the standout features of Otio include AI-generated notes on all bookmarked content, AI-assisted writing, and the ability to chat with individual links or entire knowledge bases. Otio simplifies the research process, making it more efficient and less time-consuming.

2. Choose the Ideal Research Topic

Selecting the right research topic is paramount when preparing to write a paper for a research journal . While being passionate about the chosen topic is crucial, it's equally essential to gauge its novelty, credibility, and potential impact. A thorough literature search in the research field aids in understanding the existing knowledge and identifying gaps that need addressing. It also helps determine the credibility and novelty of the research question. 

By comparing the chosen topic with previous publications, researchers can save valuable time and aim to extend or refute prior studies. Research does not always have to be groundbreaking but should add value by building upon existing knowledge. Using a thematic approach while drafting the manuscript allows for creating structured subheadings and notes to organize information effectively.

3. Understand Your Audience

Identifying the target audience is critical in the research paper writing process . It enables researchers to tailor their manuscripts to cater to their readers' specific needs and expectations. Researchers can communicate their findings effectively by considering the audience's level of education, expertise, and scientific field. Clearly defining key terms and concepts is essential to ensure the audience comprehends the research topic thoroughly. While some terms may not require definition, providing context for complex ideas is vital for reader understanding.

4. Structure Your Paper Thoughtfully

After selecting the research topic and understanding the audience, structuring the research paper carefully is crucial. Academic journals typically accept original research articles in the IMRaD format: Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This structured format helps organize thoughts and information cohesively for the reader's benefit.

5. Cite Credible Research Sources

To enhance the manuscript's quality, citing credible research sources is imperative. The introduction and discussion sections of the paper heavily rely on information from published literature. Proper citation from relevant, recent, and credible sources strengthens the claims made in the research paper.

6. Choose the Right Journal

Selecting the appropriate journal for publication is a critical step affecting the research's credibility and the researcher's career trajectory. It is essential to pick a peer-reviewed journal that aligns with the research's objectives. 

Choosing a target journal early in the writing process allows researchers to tailor the manuscript to meet the journal's requirements efficiently. Considering factors like word limits, reference constraints, and the journal's scope aids in streamlining the writing process and improving the chances of acceptance.

1. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science

IRJAS focuses on agricultural and soil sciences and encourages the submission of manuscripts that cover new insights in this field. With quarterly publications, this peer-reviewed journal provides online access without restrictions.

2. The Educational Research

ER is an international, open-access journal concentrating on theories, methods, and applications within the realm of Education. It aims to publish original empirical and theoretical studies contributing to understanding and enhancing educational processes and outcomes. The journal accepts high-quality articles, reviews, and commentaries to promote education at all levels.

3. African Journal of Food Science and Technology

AJFST seeks to publish original scientific articles, reviews, and short communications that are not under consideration elsewhere. This journal emphasizes significance and scientific excellence in its published works covering various aspects of Food Science and Technology.

4. International Research Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

IRJASS focuses on Anthropology, Education, Political Science, Linguistics, and more. This multidisciplinary journal is dedicated to advancing arts and social science knowledge. The publication accepts research articles, reviews, commentaries, and short communications.

CORE is a multidisciplinary aggregator of OA research, offering access to a vast collection of OA articles. With a global commitment to providing OA articles, CORE boasts straightforward UI, advanced search options, and an extensive database of articles.

6. Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology

JREST is an international online journal focusing on Environmental Science, Toxicology, and Public Health. It aims to publish peer-reviewed research and review articles promptly, covering various topics such as pollutants, biodegradation, and environmental toxicology.

7. ScienceOpen

This network facilitates open and public communications between academics to allow merit-based judgments. With over 74 million articles available and extensive networking options, ScienceOpen provides a platform for researchers to interact, review articles, and share knowledge.

8. Directory of Open Access Journals

DOAJ offers high-quality peer-reviewed journals across various disciplines. It has archived millions of articles and allows users to browse by subject or keyword. DOAJ aims to increase the visibility and accessibility of OA scholarly journals online.

9. Education Resources Information Center

ERIC indexes journals, gray literature, and education-related books. The site allows searching for peer-reviewed sources and ensures formal review processes for all indexed material. ERIC is a valuable database for education-specific content.

10. Social Science Research Network

SSRN is a platform for scholarly articles related to social science topics. With various research networks available, SSRN offers access to abstracts and full-text papers. Membership is free and encourages global interaction among scholars.

A research journal is a publication that documents academic research and scholarly articles. It is often peer-reviewed and serves as a platform for scholars to share their original research with the educational community. When submitting a paper to a research journal, authors are typically required to follow a specific format and structure set by the journal. Let's delve into the typical research paper format for a journal submission.

The title page is the opening section of the paper. It includes essential information such as the title of the paper, the author(s), name(s), affiliation(s), and contact information for the corresponding author.

The abstract is a concise research summary , usually 150-250 words long. It briefly overviews the study, highlighting the main objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.

After the abstract, authors typically provide a list of keywords that are relevant to the research. These keywords help with indexing and search purposes, making it easier for readers to find the paper.

Introduction

The introduction provides background information, a literature review, research questions or hypotheses, and the study's objectives.

In the methods section, the authors describe the experimental or analytical procedures used in the study. This includes information on materials, equipment, techniques, and data collection and analysis methods.

The results section presents the findings of the research, often using tables, figures, and graphs. Authors provide both descriptive and statistical analyses of the data collected.

In the discussion section, authors interpret the results, compare them with previous research, discuss the implications of the findings, highlight the study's limitations, and suggest directions for future research.

The conclusion summarizes the study's main findings, discusses their implications for the field, and offers final thoughts on the research.

Acknowledgments

Authors may include an acknowledgments section recognizing individuals, institutions, or funding sources contributing to the research.

The last section of a research paper is the references list, which includes all the sources cited in the paper. Authors must format the references according to the journal's citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.

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