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• Transparent and Antimicrobial Surfaces
• New Catalyst for Using Captured Carbon
• Activity Stirs Up Nanoparticles from Sprays
• Speeding Up Spectroscopic Analysis
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Thursday, april 25, 2024.

• 'Like a Nanoscopic Moon Lander': Scientists Unlock Secret of How Pyramidal Molecules Move Across Surfaces

Wednesday, April 24, 2024

• Pattern Formation in the Nano-Cosmos

Tuesday, April 23, 2024

• Laser-Treated Cork Absorbs Oil for Carbon-Neutral Ocean Cleanup

Monday, April 22, 2024

• Magnetic With a Pinch of Hydrogen

Friday, April 19, 2024

• Energy Scientists Unravel the Mystery of Gold's Glow

Wednesday, April 17, 2024

• Atom-by-Atom: Imaging Structural Transformations in 2D Materials
• Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial Sets Record for Expert-Defying, Counter-Intuitive Expansion

Tuesday, April 16, 2024

• 'Nanostitches' Enable Lighter and Tougher Composite Materials
• Trash to Treasure -- Researchers Turn Metal Waste Into Catalyst for Hydrogen
• Cooler Transformers Could Help Electric Grid
• A Single Atom Layer of Gold: Researchers Create Goldene
• Quantum Electronics: Charge Travels Like Light in Bilayer Graphene

Thursday, April 11, 2024

• Nanoscale Movies Shed Light on One Barrier to a Clean Energy Future
• Nothing Is Everything: How Hidden Emptiness Can Define the Usefulness of Filtration Materials

Wednesday, April 10, 2024

• Waterproof 'e-Glove' Could Help Scuba Divers Communicate

Wednesday, April 3, 2024

• Researchers Discover 'neutronic Molecules'

Tuesday, April 2, 2024

• Researchers Discover Dual Topological Phases in an Intrinsic Monolayer Crystal

Thursday, March 28, 2024

• Can Metalens Be Commercialized at a Fraction of the Cost?

Wednesday, March 27, 2024

• A Tiny Spot Leads to a Large Advancement in Nano-Processing, Researchers Reveal
• Researchers Create Biocompatible Nanoparticles to Enhance Systemic Delivery of Cancer Immunotherapy

Tuesday, March 26, 2024

• New Method to Measure Entropy Production on the Nanoscale
• Silicon Spikes Take out 96% of Virus Particles
• Micro-Lisa! Making a Mark With Novel Nano-Scale Laser Writing

Monday, March 25, 2024

• Research Lights Up Process for Turning CO2 Into Sustainable Fuel
• A Self-Cleaning Wall Paint
• Quantum Interference Could Lead to Smaller, Faster, and More Energy-Efficient Transistors
• In-Situ Observation of Nanoscale Heat Propagation
• Metamaterials and AI Converge, Igniting Innovative Breakthroughs
• Artificial Nanofluidic Synapses Can Store Computational Memory

Wednesday, March 20, 2024

• Robotic Metamaterial: An Endless Domino Effect

Tuesday, March 19, 2024

• Toxic Metal Particles Can Be Present in Cannabis Vapes Even Before the First Use, Study Finds
• Sustainable Solution for Wastewater Polluted by Dyes Used in Many Industries
• Bendable Energy Storage Materials by Cool Science

Monday, March 18, 2024

• Backyard Insect Inspires Invisibility Devices, Next Gen Tech
• Fast-Charging Lithium-Sulphur Batteries on the Horizon

Friday, March 15, 2024

• DNA Origami-Based Vaccines Toward Safe and Highly-Effective Precision Cancer Immunotherapy

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

• New High-Speed Microscale 3D Printing Technique

Tuesday, March 12, 2024

• Spiral Wrappers Switch Nanotubes from Conductors to Semiconductors and Back
• Have Metalenses Expanded Their Reach Into the Ultraviolet Region?

Monday, March 11, 2024

• Giving Particle Detectors a Boost
• GPS Nanoparticle Platform Precisely Delivers Therapeutic Payload to Cancer Cells
• Breakthrough in Nanostructure Technology for Real-Time Color Display
• Combined Microscopy Technique Catches Light-Driven Polymers in the Act

Wednesday, March 6, 2024

• New Type of Nanoparticle Makes Vaccines More Powerful

Tuesday, March 5, 2024

• Aluminum Nanoparticles Make Tunable Green Catalysts
• Using Light to Precisely Control Single-Molecule Devices
• 'Like a Lab in Your Pocket' -- New Test Strips Raise Game in Gene-Based Diagnostics
• Researchers Closing in on Genetic Treatments for Hereditary Lung Disease, Vision Loss

Monday, March 4, 2024

• Spontaneous Curvature the Key to Shape-Shifting Nanomaterials

Friday, March 1, 2024

• Scientists Make Nanoparticles Dance to Unravel Quantum Limits
• Umbrella for Atoms: The First Protective Layer for 2D Quantum Materials

Thursday, February 29, 2024

• AI Technique 'decodes' Microscope Images, Overcoming Fundamental Limit

Wednesday, February 28, 2024

• Want Fewer Microplastics in Your Tap Water? Try Boiling It First
• Nanocarrier With Escape Reflex

Tuesday, February 27, 2024

• New Disease Testing Component Facilitates Lower-Cost Diagnostics
• You May Be Breathing in More Tiny Nanoparticles from Your Gas Stove Than from Car Exhaust

Thursday, February 22, 2024

• Researchers Harness 2D Magnetic Materials for Energy-Efficient Computing
• Graphene Research: Numerous Products, No Acute Dangers Found by Study

Wednesday, February 21, 2024

• An Environmentally Friendly Way to Turn Seafood Waste Into Value-Added Products
• Revolutionary Breakthrough in Solar Energy: Most Efficient QD Solar Cells

Tuesday, February 20, 2024

• Angle-Dependent Holograms Made Possible by Metasurfaces
• Engineering a Coating for Disease-Free Produce
• Plastic Recycling With a Protein Anchor

Friday, February 16, 2024

• New Chip Opens Door to AI Computing at Light Speed
• First Human Trial Shows 'wonder' Material Can Be Developed Safely

Wednesday, February 14, 2024

• Microscopy: Overcoming the Traditional Resolution Limit for the Fast Co-Tracking of Molecules
• Nanoparticles That Can Light Up the Lymph Node Cancer Cells Otherwise Undetectable by MRI

Tuesday, February 13, 2024

• Exploring the Effect of Ring Closing on Fluorescence of Supramolecular Polymers
• Scientists Study the Behaviors of Chiral Skyrmions in Chiral Flower-Like Obstacles

Monday, February 12, 2024

• Can Hydrogels Help Mend a Broken Heart?

Wednesday, February 7, 2024

• EVs That Go 1,000 Km on a Single Charge: Gel Makes It Possible
• New Approach for Fast and Cost-Effective Pathogen Detection

Tuesday, February 6, 2024

• Researchers Reveal Elusive Bottleneck Holding Back Global Effort to Convert Carbon Dioxide Waste Into Usable Products
• Structural Isomerization of Individual Molecules Using a Scanning Tunneling Microscope Probe

Monday, February 5, 2024

• Unveiling the Generation Principles of Charged Particles 'trion' In 2D Semiconductor
• Ultra-Sensitive Lead Detector Could Significantly Improve Water Quality Monitoring
• Direct View of Tantalum Oxidation That Impedes Qubit Coherence

Friday, February 2, 2024

• A Sleeker Facial Recognition Technology Tested on Michelangelo's David
• Unveiling Oxidation-Induced Super-Elasticity in Metallic Glass Nanotubes
• Edge-to-Edge Assembly Technique for 2D Nanosheets

Thursday, February 1, 2024

• Single Proton Illuminates Perovskite Nanocrystals-Based Transmissive Thin Scintillators
• Key Dynamics of 2D Nanomaterials: View to Larger-Scale Production
• Machine Learning Guides Carbon Nanotechnology

Tuesday, January 30, 2024

• New Breakthroughs for Unlocking the Potential of Plasmonics
• Small Yet Mighty: Showcasing Precision Nanocluster Formation With Molecular Traps
• Structural Color Ink: Printable, Non-Iridescent and Lightweight

Monday, January 29, 2024

• High-Efficiency Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction System Reduces Our Carbon Footprint and Progressing Carbon Neutrality Goals

Friday, January 26, 2024

• Locusts' Sense of Smell Boosted With Custom-Made Nanoparticles
• Turning Glass Into a 'transparent' Light-Energy Harvester

Wednesday, January 24, 2024

• Breakthrough in Muscle Regeneration: Nanotech Scaffolding Supports Tissue Growth
• Hacking DNA to Make Next-Gen Materials

Monday, January 22, 2024

• Plumber's Nightmare Structure in Block Polymers

Friday, January 19, 2024

• DNA Origami Folded Into Tiny Motor

Thursday, January 18, 2024

• Using Magnetized Neurons to Treat Parkinson's Disease Symptoms
• Researchers Create Faster and Cheaper Way to Print Tiny Metal Structures With Light
• DNA Becomes Our 'hands' To Construct Advanced Nanoparticle Materials

Wednesday, January 17, 2024

• The Metalens Meets the Stars
• Researchers Optimize 3D Printing of Optically Active Nanostructures
• New Insight Into Frictionless Surfaces Is Slippery Slope to Energy-Efficient Technology

Tuesday, January 16, 2024

• Cryo-Microscopy Reveals Nano-Sized Copy Machine Implicated in Origin of Life
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Exploring frontiers of mechanical engineering

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Physicists arrange atoms in extremely close proximity

The technique opens possibilities for exploring exotic states of matter and building new quantum materials.

May 2, 2024

How light can vaporize water without the need for heat

Surprising “photomolecular effect” discovered by MIT researchers could affect calculations of climate change and may lead to improved desalination and drying processes.

April 23, 2024

“Nanostitches” enable lighter and tougher composite materials

In research that may lead to next-generation airplanes and spacecraft, MIT engineers used carbon nanotubes to prevent cracking in multilayered composites.

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Tackling cancer at the nanoscale

In MIT’s 2024 Killian Lecture, chemical engineer Paula Hammond described her groundbreaking work on nanoparticles designed to attack tumor cells.

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Propelling atomically layered magnets toward green computers

MIT scientists have tackled key obstacles to bringing 2D magnetic materials into practical use, setting the stage for the next generation of energy-efficient computers.

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Seron Electronics, founded by Mo Mirvakili PhD ’17, makes research equipment with applications including microelectronics, clean energy, optics, biomedicine, and beyond.

MIT researchers discover “neutronic molecules”

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Students explore career opportunities in semiconductors

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Nanotechnology

Purpose-led Publishing is a coalition of three not-for-profit publishers in the field of physical sciences: AIP Publishing, the American Physical Society and IOP Publishing.

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Nanotechnology encompasses the understanding of the fundamental physics, chemistry, biology and technology of nanometre-scale objects.

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Andrew Maicke et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 275204

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ)-based true-random number generators (RNGs) can consume orders of magnitude less energy per bit than CMOS pseudo-RNGs. Here, we numerically investigate with a macrospin Landau–Lifshitz-Gilbert equation solver the use of pMTJs driven by spin–orbit torque to directly sample numbers from arbitrary probability distributions with the help of a tunable probability tree. The tree operates by dynamically biasing sequences of pMTJ relaxation events, called 'coinflips', via an additional applied spin-transfer-torque current. Specifically, using a single, ideal pMTJ device we successfully draw integer samples on the interval [0, 255] from an exponential distribution based on p -value distribution analysis. In order to investigate device-to-device variations, the thermal stability of the pMTJs are varied based on manufactured device data. It is found that while repeatedly using a varied device inhibits ability to recover the probability distribution, the device variations average out when considering the entire set of devices as a 'bucket' to agnostically draw random numbers from. Further, it is noted that the device variations most significantly impact the highest level of the probability tree, with diminishing errors at lower levels. The devices are then used to draw both uniformly and exponentially distributed numbers for the Monte Carlo computation of a problem from particle transport, showing excellent data fit with the analytical solution. Finally, the devices are benchmarked against CMOS and memristor RNGs, showing faster bit generation and significantly lower energy use.

Syed Nabeel Ahmed and Waseem Haider 2018 Nanotechnology 29 342001

There has been a considerable amount of research in the development of sustainable water treatment techniques capable of improving the quality of water. Unavailability of drinkable water is a crucial issue especially in regions where conventional drinking water treatment systems fail to eradicate aquatic pathogens, toxic metal ions and industrial waste. The research and development in this area have given rise to a new class of processes called advanced oxidation processes, particularly in the form of heterogeneous photocatalysis, which converts photon energy into chemical energy. Advances in nanotechnology have improved the ability to develop and specifically tailor the properties of photocatalytic materials used in this area. This paper discusses many of those photocatalytic nanomaterials, both metal-based and metal-free, which have been studied for water and waste water purification and treatment in recent years. It also discusses the design and performance of the recently studied photocatalytic reactors, along with the recent advancements in the visible-light photocatalysis. Additionally, the effects of the fundamental parameters such as temperature, pH, catalyst-loading and reaction time have also been reviewed. Moreover, different techniques that can increase the photocatalytic efficiency as well as recyclability have been systematically presented, followed by a discussion on the photocatalytic treatment of actual wastewater samples and the future challenges associated with it.

Daniele Ielmini and Stefano Ambrogio 2020 Nanotechnology 31 092001

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the ability of revolutionizing our lives and society in a radical way, by enabling machine learning in the industry, business, health, transportation, and many other fields. The ability to recognize objects, faces, and speech, requires, however, exceptional computational power and time, which is conflicting with the current difficulties in transistor scaling due to physical and architectural limitations. As a result, to accelerate the progress of AI, it is necessary to develop materials, devices, and systems that closely mimic the human brain. In this work, we review the current status and challenges on the emerging neuromorphic devices for brain-inspired computing. First, we provide an overview of the memory device technologies which have been proposed for synapse and neuron circuits in neuromorphic systems. Then, we describe the implementation of synaptic learning in the two main types of neural networks, namely the deep neural network and the spiking neural network (SNN). Bio-inspired learning, such as the spike-timing dependent plasticity scheme, is shown to enable unsupervised learning processes which are typical of the human brain. Hardware implementations of SNNs for the recognition of spatial and spatio-temporal patterns are also shown to support the cognitive computation in silico . Finally, we explore the recent advances in reproducing bio-neural processes via device physics, such as insulating-metal transitions, nanoionics drift/diffusion, and magnetization flipping in spintronic devices. By harnessing the device physics in emerging materials, neuromorphic engineering with advanced functionality, higher density and better energy efficiency can be developed.

Karl Berggren et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 012002

Recent progress in artificial intelligence is largely attributed to the rapid development of machine learning, especially in the algorithm and neural network models. However, it is the performance of the hardware, in particular the energy efficiency of a computing system that sets the fundamental limit of the capability of machine learning. Data-centric computing requires a revolution in hardware systems, since traditional digital computers based on transistors and the von Neumann architecture were not purposely designed for neuromorphic computing. A hardware platform based on emerging devices and new architecture is the hope for future computing with dramatically improved throughput and energy efficiency. Building such a system, nevertheless, faces a number of challenges, ranging from materials selection, device optimization, circuit fabrication and system integration, to name a few. The aim of this Roadmap is to present a snapshot of emerging hardware technologies that are potentially beneficial for machine learning, providing the Nanotechnology readers with a perspective of challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field.

Achint Jain et al 2018 Nanotechnology 29 265203

Integrating layered two-dimensional (2D) materials into 3D heterostructures offers opportunities for novel material functionalities and applications in electronics and photonics. In order to build the highest quality heterostructures, it is crucial to preserve the cleanliness and morphology of 2D material surfaces that come in contact with polymers such as PDMS during transfer. Here we report that substantial residues and up to ∼0.22% compressive strain can be present in monolayer MoS 2 transferred using PDMS. We show that a UV-ozone pre-cleaning of the PDMS surface before exfoliation significantly reduces organic residues on transferred MoS 2 flakes. An additional 200 ◦ C vacuum anneal after transfer efficiently removes interfacial bubbles and wrinkles as well as accumulated strain, thereby restoring the surface morphology of transferred flakes to their native state. Our recipe is important for building clean heterostructures of 2D materials and increasing the reproducibility and reliability of devices based on them.

Ali Al Hassan et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 295705

We report on the fabrication of a novel design of GaAs/(In,Ga)As/GaAs radial nanowire heterostructures on a Si 111 substrate, where, for the first time, the growth of inhomogeneous shells on a lattice mismatched core results in straight nanowires instead of bent. Nanowire bending caused by axial tensile strain induced by the (In,Ga)As shell on the GaAs core is reversed by axial compressive strain caused by the GaAs outer shell on the (In,Ga)As shell. Progressive nanowire bending and reverse bending in addition to the axial strain evolution during the two processes are accessed by in situ by x-ray diffraction. The diameter of the core, thicknesses of the shells, as well as the indium concentration and distribution within the (In,Ga)As quantum well are revealed by 2D energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy using a transmission electron microscope. Shell(s) growth on one side of the core without substrate rotation results in planar-like radial heterostructures in the form of free standing straight nanowires.

Wei Cheat Lee et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 295301

A hierarchical sea urchin-like hybrid metal oxide nanostructure of ZnO nanorods deposited on TiO 2 porous hollow hemispheres with a thin zinc titanate interface layer is specifically designed and synthesized to form a combined type I straddling and type II staggered junctions. The HHSs, synthesized by electrospinning, facilitate light trapping and scattering. The ZnO nanorods offer a large surface area for improved surface oxidation kinetics. The interface layer of zinc titanate (ZnTiO 3 ) between the TiO 2 HHSs and ZnO nanorods regulates the charge separation in a closely coupled hierarchy structure of ZnO/ZnTiO 3 /TiO 2 . The synergistic effects of the improved light trapping, charge separation, and fast surface reaction kinetics result in a superior photoconversion efficiency of 1.07% for the photoelectrochemical water splitting with an outstanding photocurrent density of 2.8 mA cm −2 at 1.23 V versus RHE.

U Banin et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 042003

This roadmap on Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion focuses on the application of nanotechnology in addressing the current challenges of energy conversion: 'high efficiency, stability, safety, and the potential for low-cost/scalable manufacturing' to quote from the contributed article by Nathan Lewis. This roadmap focuses on solar-to-fuel conversion, solar water splitting, solar photovoltaics and bio-catalysis. It includes dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells, and organic photovoltaics. Smart engineering of colloidal quantum materials and nanostructured electrodes will improve solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, as described in the articles by Waiskopf and Banin and Meyer. Semiconductor nanoparticles will also improve solar energy conversion efficiency, as discussed by Boschloo et al in their article on DSSCs. Perovskite solar cells have advanced rapidly in recent years, including new ideas on 2D and 3D hybrid halide perovskites, as described by Spanopoulos et al 'Next generation' solar cells using multiple exciton generation (MEG) from hot carriers, described in the article by Nozik and Beard, could lead to remarkable improvement in photovoltaic efficiency by using quantization effects in semiconductor nanostructures (quantum dots, wires or wells). These challenges will not be met without simultaneous improvement in nanoscale characterization methods. Terahertz spectroscopy, discussed in the article by Milot et al is one example of a method that is overcoming the difficulties associated with nanoscale materials characterization by avoiding electrical contacts to nanoparticles, allowing characterization during device operation, and enabling characterization of a single nanoparticle. Besides experimental advances, computational science is also meeting the challenges of nanomaterials synthesis. The article by Kohlstedt and Schatz discusses the computational frameworks being used to predict structure–property relationships in materials and devices, including machine learning methods, with an emphasis on organic photovoltaics. The contribution by Megarity and Armstrong presents the 'electrochemical leaf' for improvements in electrochemistry and beyond. In addition, biohybrid approaches can take advantage of efficient and specific enzyme catalysts. These articles present the nanoscience and technology at the forefront of renewable energy development that will have significant benefits to society.

Arne Laucht et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 162003

Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.

Yucheng Hu et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 295702

Cathodoluminescence and electron backscatter diffraction have been applied to exactly the same grain boundaries (GBs) in a Cu(In,Ga)S 2 solar absorber in order to investigate the influence of microstructure on the radiative recombination behaviour at the GBs. Two different types of GB with different microstructure were analysed in detail: random high angle grain boundaries (RHAGBs) and Σ3 GBs. We found that the radiative recombination at all RHAGBs was inhibited to some extent, whereas at Σ3 GBs three different observations were made: unchanged, hindered, or promoted radiative recombination. These distinct behaviours may be linked to atomic-scale grain boundary structural differences. The majority of GBs also exhibited a small spectral shift of about ±10 meV relative to the local grain interior (GI) and a few of them showed spectral shifts of up to ±40 meV. Red and blue shifts were observed with roughly equal frequency.

Latest articles

Yutao Zhou et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 315601

The overuse of antibiotics currently results in the presence of various antibiotics being detected in water bodies, which poses potential risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is highly significant to remove antibiotics from water. In this study, we developed novel rod-like NiCo-phyllosilicate hybrid catalysts on calcined natural zeolite (NiCo@C-zeolite) via a facile one-pot process. The presence of the zeolite served as both a silicon source and a support, maintaining a high specific surface area of the NiCo@C-zeolite. Remarkably, NiCo@C-zeolite exhibited outstanding catalytic performance in antibiotic degradation under PMS activation. Within just 5 min, the degradation rate of metronidazole (MNZ) reached 96.14%, ultimately achieving a final degradation rate of 99.28%. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, MNZ concentration, initial pH value, and various inorganic anions on the degradation efficiency of MNZ. The results demonstrated that NiCo@C-zeolite displayed outstanding efficacy in degrading MNZ under diverse conditions and maintained a degradation rate of 94.86% at 60 min after three consecutive cycles of degradation. Free radical quenching experiments revealed that SO •− 4 played a significant role in the presence of NiCo@C-zeolite-PMS system. These findings indicate that the novel rod-like NiCo-phyllosilicate hybrid catalysts had excellent performance in antibiotic degradation.

Min Fu and Kevin Critchley 2024 Nanotechnology 35 302002

Inkjet printing (IJP) has become a versatile, cost-effective technology for fabricating organic and hybrid electronic devices. Heavy-metal-based quantum dots (HM QDs) play a significant role in these inkjet-printed devices due to their excellent optoelectrical properties. Despite their utility, the intrinsic toxicity of HM QDs limits their applications in commercial products. To address this limitation, developing alternative HM-free quantum dots (HMF QDs) that have equivalent optoelectronic properties to HM QD is a promising approach to reduce toxicity and environmental impact. This article comprehensively reviews HMF QD-based devices fabricated using IJP methods. The discussion includes the basics of IJP technology, the formulation of printable HMF QD inks, and solutions to the coffee ring effect. Additionally, this review briefly explores the performance of typical state-of-the-art HMF QDs and cutting-edge characterization techniques for QD inks and printed QD films. The performance of printed devices based on HMF QDs is discussed and compared with those fabricated by other techniques. In the conclusion, the persisting challenges are identified, and perspectives on potential avenues for further progress in this rapidly developing research field are provided.

Xinlong Yang et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305709

Recently, CrSe 2 , a new ferromagnetic van der Waals two-dimensional material, was discovered to be highly stable under ambient conditions, making it an attractive candidate for fundamental research and potential device applications. Here, we study the interlayer interactions of bilayer CrSe 2 using first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that the interlayer interaction depends on the stacking structure. The AA and AB stackings exhibit antiferromagnetic (AFM) interlayer interactions, while the AC stacking exhibits ferromagnetic (FM) interlayer interaction. Furthermore, the interlayer interaction can be further tuned by tensile strain and charge doping. Specifically, under large tensile strain, most stacking structures exhibit FM interlayer interactions. Conversely, under heavy electron doping, all stacking structures exhibit AFM interlayer interactions. These findings are useful for designing spintronic devices based on CrSe 2 .

Khalfan Almarzooqi et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305606

Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes hold significant promise for applications ranging from energy storage to protective coatings, to saline water and produced water treatment, owing to their chemical stability and unique barrier properties achieving a high selectivity for water permeation. However, unmodified GO membranes are not stable when submerged in liquid water, creating challenges with their commercial utilization in aqueous filtration and pervaporation applications. To mitigate this, we develop an approach to modify GO membranes through a combination of low temperature thermal reduction and metal cation crosslinking. We demonstrate that Zn 2+ –rGO and Fe 3+ –rGO membranes had the highest permeation flux of 8.3 ± 1.5 l m −2 h −1 and 7.0 ± 0.4 l m −2 h −1 , for saline water separation, respectively, when thermally reduced after metal cross-linking; These membranes maintained a high flux of 7.5 ± 0.7 l m −2 h −1 , and 5.5 ± 0.3 l m −2 h −1 for produced water separation, respectively. All the membranes had a salt rejection higher than 99%. Fe 3+ crosslinked membranes presented the highest organic solute rejections for produced water of 69%. Moreover, long term pervaporation testing was done for the Zn 2+ –rGO membrane for 12 h, and only a minor drop of 6% in permeation flux was observed, while Zn 2+ –GO had a drop of 24%. Both modifiers significantly enhanced the stability with Fe 3+ –rGO membranes displaying the highest mechanical abrasion resistance of 95% compared to non-reduced and non-crosslinked GO. Improved stability for all samples also led to higher selectivity to water over organic contaminants and only slightly reduced water flux across the membrane.

Sabreen Jarrar et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305708

Carbon-based electrode materials have widely been used in supercapacitors. Unfortunately, the fabrication of the supercapacitors includes a polymeric binding material that leads to an undesirable addition of weight along with an increased charge transfer resistance. Herein, binder-free and lightweight electrodes were fabricated using powder processing of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) resulting in a hybrid all-carbon composite material. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the composite electrodes were studied at different concentrations of GNPs. The specific capacitance (Cs) of the CNFs/GNPs composite was improved by increasing the concentration of GNPs. A maximum Cs of around 120 F g −1 was achieved at 90 wt% GNPs which is around 5-fold higher in value than the pristine CNFs in 1 M potassium hydroxides (KOH), which then further increased to 189 F g −1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The energy density of around 20 Wh kg −1 with the corresponding power density of 340 W kg −1 was achieved in the supercapacitor containing 90 wt% GNPs. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the composite is related to the presence of a synergistic effect and the CNFs establishing conductive/percolating networks. Such binder-free all-carbon electrodes can be a potential candidate for next-generation energy applications.

Review articles

Antonio del Bosque et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 292003

The fundamentals, performance, and applications of piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites are summarized herein. The addition of conductive nanoparticles to a flexible polymer matrix has emerged as a possible alternative to conventional strain gauges, which have limitations in detecting small strain levels and adapting to different surfaces. The evaluation of the properties or performance parameters of strain sensors such as the elongation at break, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, transient response, stability, and durability are explained in this review. Moreover, these nanocomposites can be exposed to different environmental conditions throughout their lifetime, including different temperature, humidity or acidity/alkalinity levels, that can affect performance parameters. The development of flexible piezoresistive sensors based on nanocomposites has emerged in recent years for applications related to the biomedical field, smart robotics, and structural health monitoring. However, there are still challenges to overcome in designing high-performance flexible sensors for practical implementation. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on flexible piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites, which can be a viable option to address some of the major technological challenges that the future holds.

Songjun Feng and Hui Liu 2024 Nanotechnology 35 302001

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has extensively utilized in electric vehicles and portable electronics due to their high energy density and prolonged lifespan. However, the current commercial LIBs are plagued by relatively low energy density. High-entropy materials with multiple components have emerged as an efficient strategic approach for developing novel materials that effectively improve the overall performance of LIBs. This article provides a comprehensive review the recent advancements in rational design of innovative high-entropy materials for LIBs, as well as the exceptional lithium ion storage mechanism for high-entropy electrodes and considerable ionic conductivity for high-entropy electrolytes. This review also analyses the prominent effects of individual components on the high-entropy materials' exceptional capacity, considerable structural stability, rapid lithium ion diffusion, and excellent ionic conductivity. Furthermore, this review presents the synthesis methods and their influence on the morphology and properties of high-entropy materials. Ultimately, the remaining challenges and future research directions are outlined, aimed at developing more effective high-entropy materials and improving the overall electrochemical performance of LIBs.

Haonan Zhao et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 292002

Recent advances in materials science, device designs and advanced fabrication technologies have enabled the rapid development of transient electronics, which represents a class of devices or systems that their functionalities and constitutions can be partially/completely degraded via chemical reaction or physical disintegration over a stable operation. Therefore, numerous potentials, including zero/reduced waste electronics, bioresorbable electronic implants, hardware security, and others, are expected. In particular, transient electronics with biocompatible and bioresorbable properties could completely eliminate the secondary retrieval surgical procedure after their in-body operation, thus offering significant potentials for biomedical applications. In terms of material strategies for the manufacturing of transient electronics, silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs) are of great interest because of their good physical/chemical properties, modest mechanical flexibility (depending on their dimensions), robust and outstanding device performances, and state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies. As a result, continuous efforts have been made to develop silicon-based transient electronics, mainly focusing on designing manufacturing strategies, fabricating various devices with different functionalities, investigating degradation or failure mechanisms, and exploring their applications. In this review, we will summarize the recent progresses of silicon-based transient electronics, with an emphasis on the manufacturing of SiNMs, devices, as well as their applications. After a brief introduction, strategies and basics for utilizing SiNMs for transient electronics will be discussed. Then, various silicon-based transient electronic devices with different functionalities are described. After that, several examples regarding on the applications, with an emphasis on the biomedical engineering, of silicon-based transient electronics are presented. Finally, summary and perspectives on transient electronics are exhibited.

Zhongliang Xiao et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 292001

In the context of 'energy shortage', developing a novel energy-based power system is essential for advancing the current power system towards low-carbon solutions. As the usage duration of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage increases, the nonlinear changes in their aging process pose challenges to accurately assess their performance. This paper focuses on the study LiFeO 4 (LFP), used for energy storage, and explores their performance degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, it introduces common battery models and data structures and algorithms, which used for predicting the correlation between electrode materials and physical parameters, applying to state of health assessment and thermal warning. This paper also discusses the establishment of digital management system. Compared to conventional battery networks, dynamically reconfigurable battery networks can realize real-time monitoring of lithium-ion batteries, and reduce the probability of fault occurrence to an acceptably low level.

Accepted manuscripts

He et al 

The massive volume dilation, unsteady solid electrolyte interphase, and weak conductivity about Si have failed to bring it to practical applications, although its potential capacity is up to 4200 mAh g -1 . For solving these problems, novel binary regulated silicon-carbon materials (Si/BPC) were done by a sol-gel procedure combined with single carbonization. Analytical techniques were systematically utilized to examine the effects of element doping at several gradients on morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of composites, thus the optimal content was identified. Si/BPC preserves a discharge specific capacity of 1021.6 mAh g -1 with a coulomb efficiency of 99.27% after 180 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 , within the upgrade than single-doped and undoped. In rate test, it has a specific capacity of 1003.2 mAh g -1 at a high current density of 5000 mA g -1 , quickly back towards 2838.6 mAh g -1 at 200 mA g -1 . The inclusion of B and P elements is linked to the electrochemical characteristics. In the co-doped carbon layers, the synergistic impact of doping B and P accelerates the diffusion kinetics of lithium ions, boosts diffusion rate of Li + , offers low electrochemical impedance (45.75 Ω). This brings more defects to provide transport carriers and induces a substantial amount of electrochemically active sites, which fosters the storage of Li + , thus making silicon material electrochemically more active and potential.

Tang et al 

Li metal batteries with polymer electrolyte are of great interest for next-generation batteries for high safety and high energy density. However, uneven deposition on the lithium metal surface can greatly affect battery life. Therefore, surface modification on the Li metal become necessary to achieve good performance. Herein, an artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) modified lithium metal anode is prepared using cation-polymerization process, as triggered by PF5 generated from CsPF6. As a result, the polarization voltage of Li||Li symmetric battery assembled with artificial SEI-modified Li metal anode was stable with a small over-potential of 25 mV after 3000 h at current density of 1.5 mA cm-2. Electrochemical performance of Li||NCM 622 (LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2) full cell with soft-matter polymer electrolyte is significantly improved than bare Li-metal, the capacity retention is 75% after 120 cycles with N/P=3:1 at a cut-off voltage of 4.3 V. Our work has shed lights on the commercialization of Li metal battery with polymer electrolyte.

Jadhav et al 

The tunability of the Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) properties has gained attention from numerous researchers due to their wide application in various fields including quantum technology. In the present work, WS2 has been deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate and its properties have been studied systematically. These samples were irradiated using gamma radiation for various doses, and the effect on structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties has been reported. The crystallinity of the material is observed to be decreased, and the results are well supported by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy techniques. The increase in grain boundaries has been supported by the agglomeration observed in the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The XPS results of WS2 after gamma irradiation show evolution of oxygen, carbon, C=O, W-O and SO42- peaks, confirming the addition of impurities and formation of point defect. The gamma irradiation creates point defects, and their density increases considerably with increasing gamma dosage. These defects crucially altered the structural, optical and electrical properties of the material. The reduction in the optical band gap with increased gamma irradiation is evident from the absorption spectra and respective Tauc plots. The I-V graphs show a 1000-fold increase in the saturation current after 100 kGy gamma irradiation dose. This work has explored the gamma irradiation effect on the WS2 and suggests substantial modification in the material and enhancement in electrical properties. 

Shen et al 

Conventional metal sulfide (SnS2) gas-sensitive sensing materials still have insufficient surface area and slow response/recovery times. To increase its gas-sensing performance, MoS2 nanoflower was produced hydrothermally and mechanically combined with SnS2 nanoplate. Extensive characterization results show that MoS2 was effectively integrated into SnS2. Four different concentrations of SnS2-MoS2 composites were evaluated for their NO2 gas sensitization capabilities. Among them, SnS2-15% MoS2 at 170 °C demonstrated the greatest response values to NO2, 7.3 for 1 ppm NO2, which is about three times greater than the SnS2 sensor at 170 °C (2.58). The creation of pn junctions following compositing with SnS2 was determined to be the primary reason for the composite's faster recovery time, while the heterojunction allowed for the rapid separation of hole-electron pairs. Because the MoS2 surface has multiple vacancy defects, the adsorption energy of these vacancies is significantly higher than that of other places, resulting in increased NO2 adsorption. Furthermore, MoS2 can serve as active adsorption sites for SnS2 micrometer sheets during gas sensing. This study may help to build new NO2 gas sensors.

Havigh et al 

The self-powered PVP-Co@C nanofibers/n-GaAs heterojunction photodetector (HJPD) was fabricated by electrospinning of the PVP-Co@C nanofibers onto GaAs. An excellent rectification ratio of 6.60 × 106 was obtained from I-V measurements of the device in the dark. The I-V measurements of the fabricated device under 365 nm, 395 nm and 850 nm lights, as well as I-V measurements in visible light depending on the light intensity, were performed. The HJPD demonstrated excellent photodetection performance in terms of a good responsivity of ∼ 225 mA/W (at -1.72 V) and at zero bias, an impressive detectivity of 6.28 × 1012 Jones, and a high on/off ratio of 8.38 × 105, all at 365 nm wavelength. In addition, the maximum external quantum efficiency and NPDR values were 3495% (V=-1.72 V) and 2.60 × 1010 W-1 (V=0.0 V), respectively, while the minimum NEP value was ∼10-14 W.Hz-1/2 for 365 nm at V=0.V volts. The HJPD also exhibited good long-term stability in air after 30 days without any encapsulation.

More Accepted manuscripts

Open access

Justinas Jorudas et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305705

Fifty percents absorption by thin film, with thickness is much smaller than the skin depth and optical thickness much smaller than the wavelength, is a well-known concept of classical electrodynamics. This is a valuable feature that has been numerously widely explored for metal films, while chemically inert nanomembranes are a real fabrication challenge. Here we report the 20 nm thin pyrolyzed carbon film (PyC) placed on 300 nm thick silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) membrane demonstrating an efficient broadband absorption in the terahertz and near infrared ranges. While the bare Si 3 N 4 membrane is completely transparent in the THz range, the 20 nm thick PyC layer increases the absorption of the PyC coated Si 3 N 4 membrane to 40%. The reflection and transmission spectra in the near infrared region reveal that the PyC film absorption persists to a level of at least 10% of the incident power. Such a broadband absorption of the PyC film opens new pathways toward broadband bolometric radiation detectors.

Nanqin Mei et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305101

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. The toxicity of amyloid to neuronal cell surfaces arises from interactions between small intermediate aggregates, namely amyloid oligomers, and the cell membrane. The nature of these interactions changes with age and disease progression. In our previous work, we demonstrated that both membrane composition and nanoscale structure play crucial roles in amyloid toxicity, and that membrane models mimicking healthy neuron were less affected by amyloid than model membranes mimicking AD neuronal membranes. This understanding introduces the possibility of modifying membrane properties with membrane-active molecules, such as melatonin, to protect them from amyloid-induced damage. In this study, we employed atomic force microscopy and localized surface plasmon resonance to investigate the protective effects of melatonin. We utilized synthetic lipid membranes that mimic the neuronal cellular membrane at various stages of AD and explored their interactions with amyloid- β (1–42) in the presence of melatonin. Our findings reveal that the early diseased membrane model is particularly vulnerable to amyloid binding and subsequent damage. However, melatonin exerts its most potent protective effect on this early-stage membrane. These results suggest that melatonin could act at the membrane level to alleviate amyloid toxicity, offering the most protection during the initial stages of AD.

Busra Arvas et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305602

Despite the discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that prevent uncontrolled cell division processes in the last century, many studies are still being carried out to develop drugs with higher anticancer efficacy and lower level of side effects. Herein, we designed, synthesized, and characterized six novel coumarin-triazole hybrids, and evaluated for anticancer activity of the one with the highest potential against the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 and human cervical cancer cell line, human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Compound 21 which was the coumarin derivative including phenyl substituent with the lowest IC50 value displayed the highest cytotoxicity against the studied cancer cell line. Furthermore, the potential use of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) prepared by the emulsifying solvent evaporation method as a platform for a drug delivery system was studied on a selected coumarin derivative 21 . This coumarin derivative - loaded PLGA NPs were produced with an average size of 225.90 ± 2.96 nm, −16.90 ± 0.85 mV zeta potential, and 4.12 ± 0.90% drug loading capacity. The obtained 21 -loaded PLGA nanoparticles were analyzed spectroscopically and microscopically with FT-IR, UV–vis, and scanning electron microscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis, Raman, and x-ray diffraction. The in vitro release of 21 from the nanoparticles exhibited a controlled release profile just over one month following a burst release in the initial six hours and in addition to this a total release ratio of %50 and %85 were obtained at pH 7.4 and 5.5, respectively. 21 -loaded PLGA nanoparticles displayed remarkably effective anticancer activity than 21 . The IC50 values were determined as IC 50 ( 21 -loaded PLGA nanoparticles): 0.42 ± 0.01 mg ml −1 and IC 50 (free 21 molecule): 5.74 ± 3.82 mg ml −1 against MCF-7 cells, and as IC 50 ( 21 -loaded PLGA nanoparticles): 0.77 ± 0.12 mg ml −1 and IC 50 (free 21 molecule): 1.32 ± 0.31 mg ml −1 against HeLa cells after the incubation period of 24 h. Our findings indicated that triazole-substituted coumarins may be used as an anticancer agent by integrating them into a polymeric drug delivery system providing improved drug loading and effective controlled drug release.

Hon Nhien Le et al 2024 Nanotechnology 35 305601

Graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) is a multifunctional platform for binding with nanoparticles and stacking with two dimensional substrates. In this study, GO nanosheets were sonochemically decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and self-assembled into a hydrogel of GO–ZnO nanocomposite. The GO–ZnO hydrogel structure is a bioinspired approach for preserving graphene-based nanosheets from van der Waals stacking. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the sonochemical synthesis led to the formation of ZnO crystals on GO platforms. High water content (97.2%) of GO–ZnO hydrogel provided good property of ultrasonic dispersibility in water. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis (UV–vis) revealed that optical band gap energy of ZnO nanoparticles (∼3.2 eV) GO–ZnO nanosheets (∼2.83 eV). Agar well diffusion tests presented effective antibacterial activities of GO–ZnO hydrogel against gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli ) and gram-positive bacteria ( S. aureus ). Especially, GO–ZnO hydrogel was directly used for brush painting on biodegradable polylactide (PLA) thin films. Graphene-based nanosheets with large surface area are key to van der Waals stacking and adhesion of GO–ZnO coating to the PLA substrate. The GO–ZnO/PLA films were characterized using photography, light transmittance spectroscopy, coating stability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopic mapping (EDS), antibacterial test and mechanical tensile measurement. Specifically, GO–ZnO coating on PLA substrate exhibited stability in aqueous food simulants for packaging application. GO–ZnO coating inhibited the infectious growth of E. coli biofilm. GO–ZnO/PLA films had strong tensile strength and elastic modulus. As a result, the investigation of antibacterial GO–ZnO hydrogel and GO–ZnO coating on PLA film is fundamental for sustainable development of packaging and biomedical applications.

Mathijs Mientjes et al 2024 Nanotechnology

Topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) are interesting for their topological surface states, which hold great promise for scattering-free transport channels and fault-tolerant quantum computing. A promising TCI is SnTe. However, Sn-vacancies form in SnTe, causing a high hole density, hindering topological transport from the surface being measured. This issue could be relieved by using nanowires with a high surface-to-volume ratio. Furthermore, SnTe can be alloyed with Pb reducing the Sn-vacancies while maintaining its topological phase. Here we present the catalyst-free growth of monocrystalline PbSnTe in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By the addition of a pre-deposition stage before the growth, we have control over the nucleation phase and thereby increase the nanowire yield. This facilitates tuning the nanowire aspect ratio by a factor of four by varying the growth parameters. These results allow us to grow specific morphologies for future transport experiments to probe the topological surface states in a Pb1-xSnxTe-based platform.

Marlen Alexis Gonzalez-Reyna et al 2024 Nanotechnology

For the first time, this study shows the nanoarchitectonic process to obtain an acetogenin-enriched nanosystem (AuNPs-Ac) using an aqueous extract from Annona cherimola Mill (ACM) composed of gold nanoparticles embedded in an organic matrix that acts as stabilizing agent and presents anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxical effect against HepG2 cell line, promoting apoptosis. The synthesis of AuNPs-Ac was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, showing metallic gold as the only phase, and the scanning transmission microscope showed an organic cap covering the AuNPs-Ac. Fourier-transformed infrared suggests that the organic cap comprises a combination of different annonaceous acetogenins, alkaloids, and phenols by the presence of bands corresponding to aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography has demonstrated the presence of annonacin, a potent acetogenin, in the extract of ACM. An in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of ACM and the AuNPs-Ac was performed using the albumin denaturation method, showing a nonlinear response, which is better than sodium diclofenac salt in a wide range of concentrations that goes from 200 to 400 µg/mL with both samples. The viability assay was studied using trypan blue, treating IMR90 and HepG2 at different concentrations of AuNPs-Ac. The results defined a median lethal dose of 800 µg/mL against HepG2 through apoptosis according to the ratio of caspase-cleaved 9/alpha-tubulin evaluated. It was also demonstrated that the nanosystem presents a higher cytotoxic effect on the HepG2 cell line than in IMR90, suggesting a targeted mechanism. In addition, the nanosystem performs better than using only the extract of ACM in the anti-inflammatory or antiproliferative test, attributed to their higher surface area.

Ibukun Israel Olaniyan et al 2024 Nanotechnology

The realization of perovskite oxide nanostructures with controlled shape and dimensions remains a challenge. Here, we investigate the use of helium and neon focused ion beam (FIB) milling in an ion microscope to fabricate BaTiO3 nanopillars of sub-500 nm diameter from BaTiO3 (001) single crystals. Irradiation of BaTiO3 with He ions induces the formation of nanobubbles inside the material eventually leading to surface swelling and blistering. Ne FIB is shown to be suitable for milling without inducing surface swelling. The resulting defect-free single crystal nanostructures are enveloped by a neon-rich amorphous and a point defect-rich crystalline layers both on top and lateral sides. The amorphous shell can be selectively removed by dipping the nanostructures in diluted HF. The geometry and beam-induced damage of the milled nanostructures depend strongly on the patterning parameters and can be well controlled. Ne ion milling is shown to be an effective method to rapidly prototype BaTiO3 crystalline nanostructures.

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• 1990-present Nanotechnology doi: 10.1088/issn.0957-4484 Online ISSN: 1361-6528 Print ISSN: 0957-4484

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Synergistic ru/ruo 2 heterojunctions stabilized by carbon coating as efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for acidic overall water splitting.

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Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for CO 2 -to-CH 4 electrochemical conversion

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Multiscale engineering of molecular electrocatalysts for the rapid hydrogen evolution reaction

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The configuration of Au δ + -ZrO 2 δ − species induced activation enhances electrocatalytic CO 2 to formate conversion

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Eighth nano research award goes to zhongfan liu and cees dekker.

Tsinghua University Press and Springer Nature honor two of the world’s leading experts in nanoscience and nanotechnology

Two outstanding scientists have been awarded the annual Nano Research Award which is sponsored by Tsinghua University Press (TUP) and Springer Nature. Zhongfan Liu is the Professor at the Peking University. Cees Dekker is the Professor at Delft University of Technology. Both winners have been invited to give keynote speeches at the 2021 Sino-US Forum on Nanoscale Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China.

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Research articles

Intracerebral fate of organic and inorganic nanoparticles is dependent on microglial extracellular vesicle function

Nanoparticle clearance is critical for safety and therapeutic applicability. Here the authors report the modulatory role of microglial extracellular vesicles on the brain clearance of organic and inorganic nanoparticles and provide a strategy to control their intracerebral fate.

• Jinchao Gao
• Qingxiang Song
• Xiaoling Gao

3D spatiotemporally scalable in vivo neural probes based on fluorinated elastomers

Fluorinated elastomers as photoresists in the fabrication of soft neural probes are used to enhance the spatiotemporal recording capability at single-neuron resolution within the central nervous system of rodents.

• Paul Le Floch
• Siyuan Zhao

Associating growth factor secretions and transcriptomes of single cells in nanovials using SEC-seq

Using hydrogel nanovials to capture single mesenchymal stromal cells and their growth factor secretions, the authors link cell secretion to the transcriptome for thousands of cells, SEC-seq, enabling the study of secretion-associated cell states and mechanisms in therapeutic cell types.

• Shreya Udani
• Justin Langerman
• Dino Di Carlo

All-optical free-space routing of upconverted light by metasurfaces via nonlinear interferometry

The interference between two frequency-degenerate upconversion processes enables a metasurface-based, all-optical routing by controlling the phase delay between pump beams.

• Agostino Di Francescantonio
• Attilio Zilli
• Michele Celebrano

Bacteria-derived nanovesicles enhance tumour vaccination by trained immunity

The level of immune response in cancer vaccines can limit application. Here, an immune mobilization strategy, using bacteria-derived nanovesicles, enhances therapeutic outcomes of tumour vaccination by stimulating interleukin-1β secretion to elicit trained immunity with lineage shifts and epigenetic changes in myeloid progenitor pools.

• Guangna Liu
• Guangjun Nie

Ultraviolet interlayer excitons in bilayer WSe 2

High-energy interlayer excitons in van der Waals semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides lie far above the bandgap and emit in the ultraviolet range.

• Kai-Qiang Lin
• Paulo E. Faria Junior
• John M. Lupton

Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit

Resonant laser excitation is used to control the charge states of colour centre clusters in diamond with sub-diffraction resolution. These states are long-lived and can be read out non-destructively with low energy consumption.

• Richard Monge
• Carlos A. Meriles

Nanoscale one-dimensional close packing of interfacial alkali ions driven by water-mediated attraction

Ion–ion interactions are crucial to the functioning of biological and artificial ion channels. Here the authors reveal that hydrated alkali metal ions can form one-dimensional closely packed chain structures at charged surfaces to facilitate ion transport.

Asymmetric conducting route and potential redistribution determine the polarization-dependent conductivity in layered ferroelectrics

Combined theoretical and experimental efforts provide systematic insights into the origin of self-switchable conductivity in layered semiconductor ferroelectrics. These mechanistic findings may enable advanced logic-in-memory devices.

Oligomeric organization of membrane proteins from native membranes at nanoscale spatial and single-molecule resolution

Native-nanoBleach, a single-molecule imaging technique with a spatial resolution of ~10 nm, quantifies the oligomeric distribution of membrane proteins directly from native membranes at endogenous expression levels with their proximal native membrane environment using amphipathic copolymer nanodiscs.

• Gerard Walker
• Caroline Brown
• Moitrayee Bhattacharyya

Single-molecule force stability of the SARS-CoV-2–ACE2 interface in variants-of-concern

Mechanistic origins of force stability and bond kinetics of interaction of the receptor-binding domain from the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a key selection factor for mutations, are revealed at the single-molecule resolution using magnetic tweezers and molecular dynamics simulations.

• Magnus S. Bauer
• Sophia Gruber
• Jan Lipfert

Efficient multicarbon formation in acidic CO 2 reduction via tandem electrocatalysis

The development of a tandem catalyst, consisting of two distinct nanoscale-engineered layers, enables efficient multicarbon production with high CO 2 utilization in an acidic CO 2 electroreduction environment.

• Yuanjun Chen
• Xiao-Yan Li
• Edward H. Sargent

Spontaneous broken-symmetry insulator and metals in tetralayer rhombohedral graphene

Stacking graphene in the rhombohedral order to the tetralayer yields stronger Coulomb interactions, which results in insulating and metallic states with spontaneous symmetry breaking in spin, valley and layer degrees of freedom.

• Guorui Chen

Combinatorial development of nebulized mRNA delivery formulations for the lungs

Nebulized mRNA delivery has broad therapeutic potential but has proven challenging. Here, the authors report on a modified lipid nanoparticle with improved conditions to allow nebulization and demonstrate its application for delivering mRNA to the lungs.

• Allen Y. Jiang
• Jacob Witten
• Daniel G. Anderson

Dynamic configurations of metallic atoms in the liquid state for selective propylene synthesis

Catalytic metals dissolved in a liquid gallium solvent remain atomically dispersed. Alignments among the liquid atoms and reactants facilitate selective propylene synthesis from various hydrocarbon feedstocks.

• Andrew J. Christofferson
• Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh

Microplastic fragmentation by rotifers in aquatic ecosystems contributes to global nanoplastic pollution

Here the authors show that the trophi or jaws of the chitinous masticatory apparatus of marine and freshwater zooplankton rotifers can grind microplastics, independent of polymer composition, and generate particulate nanoplastics, which may accelerate the nanoplastic flux in global surface waters.

• Baoshan Xing

A modular approach to enhancing cell membrane-coated nanoparticle functionality using genetic engineering

Synthetic nanoparticles coated with cell membranes show immune evasion and circulate longer. Here, a genetically engineered cell membrane expressing a SpyCatcher anchor is used as a modular nanotherapeutic drug delivery platform for high-affinity targeting and suppression of ovarian cancer.

• Nishta Krishnan
• Liangfang Zhang

Ceria-vesicle nanohybrid therapeutic for modulation of innate and adaptive immunity in a collagen-induced arthritis model

Rheumatoid arthritis involves both inflammation and immune dysfunction, yet most therapies only target one aspect. Here, the authors report on ceria nanoparticle vesicle hybrids producing anti-inflammatory action and immunomodulation to relieve symptoms and restore normal function.

• Hee Su Sohn
• Taeghwan Hyeon

A DNA turbine powered by a transmembrane potential across a nanopore

A nanoscale DNA origami turbine is shown to perform mechanical rotation by directly harvesting transmembrane potential energy from an ion-concentration gradient across a solid-state nanopore. The direction of rotation is set by the designed chiral twist in the turbine’s blades.

• Anna-Katharina Pumm
• Cees Dekker

Adapted poling to break the nonlinear efficiency limit in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides

A major limiting factor for nonlinear efficiencies in lithium niobate waveguides, nanoscale thickness inhomogeneity, has been tackled using a fabrication approach called adapted poling.

• Pao-Kang Chen

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

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Nanotechnology involves the understanding and control of matter at the nanometer -scale. The so-called nanoscale deals with dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers .

A nanometer is an extremely small unit of length—a billionth (10 - 9) of a meter. Just how small is a nanometer (nm)?

On the nanometer-scale, materials may exhibit unusual properties. When you change the size of a particle , it can change color, for example. That’s because in nanometer-scale particles, the arrangement of atoms reflects light differently. Gold can appear dark red or purple, while silver can appear yellowish or amber -colored.

Nanotechnology can increase the surface area of a material. This allows more atoms to interact with other materials. An increased surface area is one of the chief reasons nanometer-scale materials can be stronger, more durable , and more conductive than their larger-scale (called bulk) counterparts.

Nanotechnology is not microscopy. "Nanotechnology is not simply working at ever smaller dimensions," the U.S.-based National Nanotechnology Initiative says. "Rather, working at the nanoscale enables scientists to utilize the unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of materials that naturally occur at that scale."

Scientists study these properties for a range of uses, from altering consumer products such as clothes to revolutionizing medicine and tackling environmental issues.

Classifying Nanomaterials

There are different types of nanomaterials, and different ways to classify them.

Natural nanomaterials, as the name suggests, are those that occur naturally in the world. These include particles that make up volcanic ash , smoke, and even some molecules in our bodies, such as the hemoglobin in our blood. The brilliant colors of a peacock’s feathers are the result of spacing between nanometer-scale structures on their surface.

Artificial nanomaterials are those that occur from objects or processes created by people. Examples include exhaust from fossil fuel burning engines and some forms of pollution . But while some of these just happen to be nanomaterials—vehicle exhaust, for instance, was not developed as one—scientists and engineers are working to create them for use in industries from manufacturing to medicine. These are called intentionally produced nanomaterials.

Fullerenes and Nanoparticles

One way to classify nanomaterials is between fullerenes and nanoparticles. This classification includes both naturally occurring and artificial nanomaterials.

Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon. Allotropes are different molecular forms of the same element. The most familiar carbon allotropes are probably diamond and graphite , a type of coal .

Fullerenes are atom-thick sheets of another carbon allotrope, graphene , rolled into spheres or tubes.

The most familiar type of spherical fullerene is probably the buckminsterfullerene, nicknamed the buckyball . Buckyballs are nanometer-sized carbon molecules shaped like soccer balls—tightly bonded hexagons and pentagons .

Buckyballs are very stable—able to withstand extreme temperatures and pressure. For this reason, buckyballs are able to exist in extremely harsh environments, such as outer space. In fact, buckyballs are the largest molecules ever discovered in space, detected around planetary nebula in 2010.

Buckyballs’ cage-like structure seems to protect any atom or molecule trapped within it. Many researchers are experimenting with "impregnating" buckyballs with elements, such as helium. These impregnated buckyballs may make excellent chemical "tracers," meaning scientists could follow them as they wind through a system. For example, scientists could track water pollution kilometers away from where it entered a river, lake, or ocean.

Tubular fullerenes are called nanotubes . Thanks to the way carbon atoms bond to each other, carbon nanotubes are remarkably strong and flexible. Carbon nanotubes are harder than diamond and more flexible than rubber.

Carbon nanotubes hold great potential for science and technology. The U.S. space agency NASA, for example, is experimenting with carbon nanotubes to produce "blacker than black" coloration on satellites . This would reduce reflection, so data collected by the satellite are not "polluted" by light.

Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles can include carbon, like fullerenes, as well as nanometer-scale versions of many other elements, such as gold, silicon, and titanium. Quantum dots , a type of nanoparticle, are semiconductors made of different elements, including cadmium and sulfur. Quantum dots have unusual fluorescent capabilities. Scientists and engineers have experimented with using quantum dots in everything from photovoltaic cells (used for solar power) to fabric dye.

The properties of nanoparticles have been important in the study of nanomedicine. One promising development in nanomedicine is the use of gold nanoparticles to fight lymphoma , a type of cancer that attacks cholesterol cells. Researchers have developed a nanoparticle that looks like a cholesterol cell, but with gold at its core. When this nanoparticle attaches to a lymphoma cell, it prevents the lymphoma from "feeding" off actual cholesterol cells, starving it to death.

Intentionally Produced Nanomaterials

There are four main types of intentionally produced nanomaterials: carbon-based, metal-based, dendrimers , and nanocomposites .

Carbon-based nanomaterials

Carbon-based nanomaterials are intentionally produced fullerenes. These include carbon nanotubes and buckyballs.

Carbon nanotubes are often produced using a process called carbon assisted vapor deposition. (This is the process NASA uses to create its "blacker than black" satellite color.) In this process, scientists establish a substrate , or base material, where the nanotubes grow. Silicon is a common substrate. Then, a catalyst helps the chemical reaction that grows the nanotubes. Iron is a common catalyst. Finally, the process requires a heated gas, blown over the substrate and catalyst. The gas contains the carbon that grows into nanotubes.

Metal-based nanomaterials

Metal-based nanomaterials include gold nanoparticles and quantum dots.

Quantum dots are synthesized using different methods. In one method, small crystals of two different elements are formed under high temperatures. By controlling the temperature and other conditions, the size of the nanometer-scale crystals can be carefully controlled. The size is what determines the fluorescent color. These nanocrystals are quantum dots—tiny semiconductors—suspended in a solution.

Dendrimers are complex nanoparticles built from linked, branched units. Each dendrimer has three sections: a core, an inner shell, and an outer shell. In addition, each dendrimer has branched ends. Each part of a dendrimer—its core, inner shell, outer shell, and branched ends—can be designed to perform a specific chemical function.

Dendrimers can be fabricated either from the core outward (divergent method) or from the outer shell inward (convergent method).

Like buckyballs and some other nanomaterials, dendrimers have strong, cage-like cavities in their structure. Scientists and researchers are experimenting with dendrimers as multifunctional drug-delivery methods. A single dendrimer, for example, may deliver a drug to a specific cell, and also trace that drug's impact on the surrounding tissue .

Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites combine nanomaterials with other nanomaterials, or with larger, bulk materials. There are three main types of nanocomposites: nano ceramic matrix composites ( NCMCs ), metal matrix composites ( MMCs ), and polymer matrix composites (PMCs).

NCMCs, sometimes called nanoclays , are often used to coat packing materials. They strengthen the material’s heat resistance and flame- retardant properties.

MMCs are stronger and lighter than bulk metals. MMCs may be used to reduce heat in computer " server farms" or build vehicles light enough to airlift.

Industrial plastics are often composed of PMCs. One promising area of nanomedical research is creating PMC "tissue scaffolding ." Tissue scaffolds are nanostructures that provide a frame around which tissue, such as an organ or skin, can be grown. This could revolutionize the treatment of burn injuries and organ loss.

Nanomanufacturing  

Nanotech equipment

Scientists and engineers working at the nanometer-scale need special microscopes. The atomic force microscope ( AFM ) and the scanning tunneling microscope ( STM ) are essential in the study of nanotechnology. These powerful tools allow scientists and engineers to see and manipulate individual atoms.

AFMs use a very small probe —a cantilever with a tiny tip—to scan a nanostructure. The tip is only nanometers in diameter. As the tip is brought close to the sample being examined, the cantilever moves because of the atomic forces between the tip and the surface of the sample.

With STMs, an electronic signal is passed between the microscope’s tip—formed by one single atom—and the surface of the sample being scanned. The tip moves up and down to keep both the signal and the distance from the sample constant.

AFMs and STMs allow researchers to create an image of an individual atom or molecule that looks just like a topographic map . Using an AFM’s or STM’s sensitive tip, researchers can also pick up and move atoms and molecules like tiny building blocks.

Nanomanufacturing

There are two ways to build materials on the nanometer-scale: top-down or bottom-up.

Top-down nanomanufacturing involves carving bulk materials to create features with nanometer-scale dimensions. For decades, the process used to produce computer chips has been top-down. Producers work to increase the speed and efficiency of each "generation" of microchip . The manufacture of graphene-based (as opposed to silicon-based) microchips may revolutionize the industry.

Bottom-up nanomanufacturing builds products atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule. Experimenting with quantum dots and other nanomaterials, tech companies are starting to develop transistors and other electronic devices using individual molecules. These atom-thick transistors may mark the future development of the microchip industry.

History of Nanotechnology

U.S. physicist Richard Feynman is considered the father of nanotechnology. He introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech in a 1959 talk titled "There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Feynman did not use the term "nanotechnology," but described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.

Modern nanotechnology truly began in 1981, when the scanning tunneling microscope allowed scientists and engineers to see and manipulate individual atoms. IBM scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the scanning tunneling microscope. The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center in Zurich, Switzerland, continues to build on the work of these pioneering scientists by conducting research and developing new applications for nanotechnology.

The iconic example of the development of nanotechnology was an effort led by Don Eigler at IBM to spell out "IBM" using 35 individual atoms of xenon.

By the end of the 20th century, many companies and governments were investing in nanotechnology. Major nanotech discoveries, such as carbon nanotubes, were made throughout the 1990s. By the early 2000s, nanomaterials were being used in consumer products from sports equipment to digital cameras.

Modern nanotechnology may be quite new, but nanometer-scale materials have been used for centuries. 

As early as the 4th century, Roman artists had discovered that adding gold and silver to glass created a startling effect: The glass appeared slate green when lit from the outside, but glowed red when lit from within. Nanoparticles of gold and silver were suspended in the glass solution, coloring it. The most famous surviving example of this technique is a ceremonial vessel , the Lycurgus Cup.

Artists from China, western Asia, and Europe were also using nanoparticles of silver and copper, this time in pottery glazes. This gave a distinctive luster to ceramics such as tiles and bowls.

In 2006, modern microscopy revealed the technology of Damascus steel , a metal used in South Asia and the Middle East until the technique was lost in the 18th century—carbon nanotubes. Swords made with Damascus steel are legendary for their strength, durability, and ability to maintain a very sharp edge.

One of the most well-known examples of premodern use of nanomaterials is in European medieval stained-glass windows. Like the Romans before them, medieval artisans knew that by putting varying, small amounts of gold and silver in glass, they could produce bright reds and yellows.

Nanotech and the Environment

Many governments, scientists, and engineers are researching the potential of nanotechnology to bring affordable, high-tech, and energy-efficient products to millions of people around the world. Nanotechnology has improved the design of products such as light bulbs, paints, computer screens, and fuels.

Nanotechnology is helping inform the development of alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Solar cells, for instance, turn sunlight into electric currents . Nanotechnology could change the way solar cells are used, making them more efficient and affordable.

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, are usually assembled as a series of large, flat panels. These solar panels are big and bulky. They are also expensive and often difficult to install. Using nanotechnology, scientists and engineers have been able to experiment with print-like development processes, which reduces manufacturing costs. Some experimental solar panels have been made in flexible rolls rather than rigid panels. In the future, panels might even be "painted" with photovoltaic technology.

The bulky, heavy blades on wind turbines may also benefit from nanotech. An epoxy containing carbon nanotubes is being used to make turbine blades that are longer, stronger, and lighter. Other nanotech innovations may include a coating to reduce ice buildup.

Nanotech is already helping increase the energy-efficiency of products. One of the United Kingdom's biggest bus operators, for instance, has been using a nano-fuel additive for close to a decade. Engineers mix a tiny amount of the additive with diesel fuel, and the cerium-oxide nanoparticles help the fuel burn more cleanly and efficiently. Use of the additive has achieved a 5 percent annual reduction in fuel consumption and emissions .

Access to clean water has become a problem in many parts of the world. Nanomaterials may be a tiny solution to this large problem.

Nanomaterials can strip water of toxic metals and organic molecules. For example, researchers have discovered that nanometer-scale specks of rust are magnetic, which can help remove dangerous chemicals from water. Other engineers are developing nanostructured filters that can remove viruses from water.

Researchers are also experimenting with using nanotechnology to safely, affordably, and efficiently turn saltwater into freshwater, a process called desalination . In one experiment, nano-sized electrodes are being used to reduce the cost and energy requirements of removing salts from water.

Oil Spill Clean-Up

Scientists and engineers are experimenting with nanotechnology to help isolate and remove oil spilled from offshore oil platforms and container ships.

One method uses nanoparticles' unique magnetic properties to help isolate oil. Oil itself is not magnetic, but when mixed with water-resistant iron nanoparticles, it can be magnetically separated from seawater. The nanoparticles can later be removed so the oil can be used.

Another method involves the use of a nanofabric "towel" woven from nanowires. These towels can absorb 20 times their weight in oil.

Nanotech and People

Hundreds of consumer products are already benefiting from nanotechnology. You may be wearing, eating, or breathing nanoparticles right now! 

Scientists and engineers are using nanotechnology to enhance clothing. By coating fabrics with a thin layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles, for instance, manufacturers can create clothes that give better protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation , like that from the sun. Some clothes have nanoparticles in the form of little hairs or whiskers that help repel water and other materials, making fabric more stain-resistant.

Some researchers are experimenting with nanotechnology for "personal climate control." Nanofiber jackets allow the wearer to control the jacket’s warmth using a small set of batteries.

Many cosmetic products contain nanoparticles. Nanometer-scale materials in these products provide greater clarity , coverage, cleansing, or absorption. For instance, the nanoparticles used in sunscreen (titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) provide reliable, extensive protection from harmful UV radiation. These nanomaterials offer better light reflection for a longer time period.

Nanotechnology may also provide better "delivery systems" for cosmetic ingredients. Nanomaterials may be able to penetrate a skin’s cell membranes to augment the cell’s features, such as elasticity or moisture.

Nanotech is revolutionizing the sports world. Nanometer-scale additives can make sporting equipment lightweight, stiff, and durable.

Carbon nanotubes, for example, are used to make bicycle frames and tennis rackets lighter, thinner, and more resilient . Nanotubes give golf clubs and hockey sticks a more powerful and accurate drive.

Carbon nanotubes embedded in epoxy coatings make kayaks faster and more stable in the water. A similar epoxy keeps tennis balls bouncy.

The food industry is using nanomaterials in both the packaging and agricultural sectors. Clay nanocomposites provide an impenetrable barrier to gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons, and packaging films. Silver nanoparticles, embedded in the plastic of storage containers, kill bacteria .

Engineers and chemists use nanotechnology to adapt the texture and flavor of foods. Nanomaterials’ greater surface area may improve the "spreadability" of foods such as mayonnaise, for instance. 

Nanotech engineers have isolated and studied the way our taste buds perceive flavor. By targeting individual cells on a taste bud, nanomaterials can enhance the sweetness or saltiness of a particular food. A chemical nicknamed "bitter blocker," for instance, can trick the tongue into not tasting the naturally bitter taste of many foods.

Electronics

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the realm of electronics. It provides faster and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of data.

Nanotech has improved display screens on electronic devices. This involves reducing power consumption while decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens.

Nanotechnology has allowed glass to be more consumer friendly. One glass uses nanomaterials to clean itself, for example. As ultraviolet light hits the glass, nanoparticles become energized and begin to break down and loosen organic molecules—dirt—on the glass. Rain cleanly washes the dirt away. Similar technology could be applied to touch-screen devices to resist sweat.

Nanomedicine

Nanotechnology can help medical tools and procedures be more personalized, portable, cheaper, safer, and easier to administer . Silver nanoparticles incorporated into bandages, for example, smother and kill harmful microbes . This can be especially useful in healing burns.

Nanotech is also furthering advances in disease treatments. Researchers are developing ways to use nanoparticles to deliver medications directly to specific cells. This is especially promising for the treatment of cancer, because chemotherapy and radiation treatments can damage healthy as well as diseased tissue.

Dendrimers, nanomaterials with multiple branches, may improve the speed and efficiency of drug delivery. Researchers have experimented with dendrimers that deliver drugs that slow the spread of cerebral palsy -like symptoms in rabbits, for example.

The list goes on. Fullerenes can be manipulated to have anti- inflammatory properties to slow or even stop allergic reactions. Nanomaterials may reduce bleeding and speed coagulation . Diagnostic testing and imaging can be improved by arranging nanoparticles to detect and attach themselves to specific proteins or diseased cells.

Grey Goo and Other Concerns

Unregulated pursuit of nanotechnology is controversial. In 1986, Eric Drexler wrote a book called Engines of Creation , which painted a vision of the future of nanotech, but also warned of the dangers. The book’s apocalyptic vision included self-replicating nanometer-scale robots that malfunctioned , duplicating themselves a trillion times over. These nano-bots rapidly consumed the entire world as they pulled carbon from the environment to replicate themselves.

Drexler’s vision is nicknamed the "grey goo" scenario. Many experts think concerns like "grey goo" are probably premature . Even so, many scientists and engineers continue to voice their concerns about nanotech’s future.

Nanopollution is the nickname given to the waste created by the manufacturing of nanomaterials. Some forms of nanopollution are toxic, and environmentalists are concerned about the bioaccumulation , or buildup, of these toxic nanomaterials in microbes, plants, and animals.

Nanotoxicology is the study of toxic nanoparticles, particularly their interaction with the human body. Nanotoxicology is an important research field, as nanomaterials can enter the body both intentionally and unintentionally. 

“Research is needed,” writes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “to determine whether exposure to manufactured nanomaterials can lead to adverse effects to the heart, lungs, skin; alter reproductive performance; or contribute to cancer.”

Another concern about nanotechnology is the price. Nanotech is an expensive area of research, and largely confined to developed nations with strong infrastructure . Many social scientists are concerned that underdeveloped countries will fall further behind as they cannot afford to develop a nanotechnology industry.

Investing in Nanotech

There are many ways of assessing investment in nanotechnology: government funding of research, venture capital funding of start-ups, or the number of new nanotech companies. These nations have made significant investment in nanotechnology.

• United States

Nano-Cartography

In 2010, researchers at IBM used nanotechnology to create a 3-D relief map of the world . . . 1/1000 the size of a grain of salt. Researchers used a sophisticated silicon tip in their microscope to carve into a glass substrate.

Nano-Graffiti

In 1989, IBM researchers spelled out their company’s logo using 35 xenon atoms. Twenty years later, researchers at Stanford University spelled out “SU” using subatomic particles. The letters were so small they could be used to print the 32-volume Encyclopedia Britannica 2,000 times and the contents would fit on the head of a pin.

Nanoscale Perspective

• Your fingernails grow about one nanometer every second.
• When a seagull lands on an aircraft carrier, the carrier sinks about one nanometer.
• A man’s beard grows about a nanometer between the time he picks up a razor and lifts it to his face.

Nano-Soccer

Nanosoccer is an event where computer-driven “nanobots” the size of dust mites challenge one another on fields no bigger than a grain of rice. Often sponsored by government laboratories, nanosoccer teams from all over the world compete in events such as the “RoboCup.” See the rules and results of the 2009 nanosoccer tournament here .

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Last updated.

October 19, 2023

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