problem solving for javascript

Object notation versus normal assignment

When you assign something normally in JavaScript, you use a single equals sign, e.g.:

With Objects , however, you need to take care to use the correct syntax. The object must be surrounded by curly braces, member names must be separated from their values using colons, and members must be separated by commas. For example:

Basic definitions

• What is JavaScript?
• What is a variable?
• What are strings?
• What is an array?
• What is a loop?
• What is a function?
• What is an event?
• What is an object?
• What is JSON?
• What is a web API?
• What is the DOM?

Basic use cases

• How do you add JavaScript to your page?
• How do you add comments to JavaScript code?
• How do you declare a variable?
• How do you initialize a variable with a value?
• How do you update a variable's value? (also see Assignment operators )
• What data types can values have in JavaScript?
• What does 'loosely typed' mean?
• What types of number do you have to deal with in web development?
• How do you do basic math in JavaScript?
• What is operator precedence, and how is it handled in JavaScript?
• How do you increment and decrement values in JavaScript?
• How do you compare values in JavaScript? (e.g. to see which one is bigger, or to see if one value is equal to another).
• How do you create a string in JavaScript?
• Do you have to use single quotes or double quotes?
• How do you escape characters in strings?
• How do you join strings together?
• Can you join strings and numbers together?
• How do you find the length of a string?
• How do you find what character is at a certain position in a string?
• How do you find and extract a specific substring from a string?
• How do you change the case of a string?
• How do you replace one specific substring with another?
• How do you create an array?
• How do you access and modify the items in an array? (this includes multidimensional arrays)
• How do you find the length of an array?
• How do you add items to an array?
• How do you remove items from an array?
• How do you split a string into array items, or join array items into a string?

Debugging JavaScript

• What are the basic types of error?
• What are browser developer tools, and how do you access them?
• How do you log a value to the JavaScript console?
• How do you use breakpoints and other JavaScript debugging features?

For more information on JavaScript debugging, see Handling common JavaScript problems . Also, see Other common errors for a description of common errors.

Making decisions in code

• How do you execute different blocks of code, depending on a variable's value or other condition?
• How do you use if ...else statements?
• How do you nest one decision block inside another?
• How do you use AND, OR, and NOT operators in JavaScript?
• How do you conveniently handle a large number of choices for one condition?
• How do you use a ternary operator to make a quick choice between two options based on a true or false test?

Looping/iteration

• How do you run the same bit of code over and over again?
• How do you exit a loop before the end if a certain condition is met?
• How do you skip to the next iteration of a loop if a certain condition is met?
• How do you use while and do...while loops?

Intermediate use cases

• How do you find functions in the browser?
• What is the difference between a function and a method?
• How do you create your own functions?
• How do you run (call, or invoke) a function?
• What is an anonymous function?
• How do you specify parameters (or arguments) when invoking a function?
• What is function scope?
• What are return values, and how do you use them?
• How do you create an object?
• What is dot notation?
• What is bracket notation?
• How do you get and set the methods and properties of an object?
• What is this , in the context of an object?
• What is object-oriented programming?
• What are constructors and instances, and how do you create them?
• What different ways are there to create objects in JavaScript?
• How do you structure JSON data, and read it from JavaScript?
• How can you load a JSON file into a page?
• How do you convert a JSON object to a text string, and back again?
• What are event handlers and how do you use them?
• What are inline event handlers?
• What does the addEventListener() function do, and how do you use it?
• Which mechanism should I use to add event code to my web pages?
• What are event objects, and how do you use them?
• How do you prevent default event behavior?
• How do events fire on nested elements? (event propagation, also related — event bubbling and capturing)
• What is event delegation, and how does it work?

Object-oriented JavaScript

• What are object prototypes?
• What is the constructor property, and how can you use it?
• How do you add methods to the constructor?
• How do you create a new constructor that inherits its members from a parent constructor?
• When should you use inheritance in JavaScript?
• How do you manipulate the DOM (e.g. adding or removing elements) using JavaScript?

Want to learn and master JavaScript?

Join Exercism’s JavaScript Track for access to 147 exercises grouped into 33 JavaScript Concepts, with automatic analysis of your code and personal mentoring , all 100% free.

About JavaScript

147 coding exercises for javascript on exercism. from poetry club door policy to reverse string..

Get better at programming through fun, rewarding coding exercises that test your understanding of concepts with Exercism.

Poetry Club Door Policy

Learn about strings using poems to get into the poetry club.

Resistor Color Duo

Convert color codes, as used on resistors, to a numeric value.

Reverse String

Reverse a given string.

Key Features of JavaScript

Runs almost everywhere.

Build web-pages, write backend, create database scripts, make mobile apps, design CLI-s, and more.

Use any programming style

Use prototype-based, object-oriented, functional, or declarative programming styles, and more.

No types required

Dynamically and weakly typed by default, gain typed confidence using Flow, JSDoc, or TypeScript.

Concurrency is safe

Async/await, dedicated workers, or state sync in shared workers. No deadlocks or race conditions.

Largest package registry

No need to reinvent the wheel. Build on top of > 1.3 million packages (April, 2020).

Designed by a committee

Frequent updates, following ECMAScript, a general purpose, cross platform, vendor-neutral standard.

A taste of the concepts you'll cover

Get mentored the javascript way.

Every language has its own way of doing things. JavaScript is no different. Our mentors will help you learn to think like a JavaScript developer and how to write idiomatic code in JavaScript. Once you've solved an exercise, submit it to our volunteer team, and they'll give you hints, ideas, and feedback on how to make it feel more like what you'd normally see in JavaScript - they'll help you discover the things you don't know that you don't know.

Community-sourced JavaScript exercises

The JavaScript track on Exercism has 33 concepts and 147 exercises to help you write better code. Discover new exercises as you progress and get engrossed in learning new concepts and improving the way you currently write.

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15 Best Platforms To Practice JavaScript self.__wrap_b=(t,n,e)=>{e=e||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${t}"]`);let a=e.parentElement,r=R=>e.style.maxWidth=R+"px";e.style.maxWidth="";let o=a.clientWidth,c=a.clientHeight,i=o/2-.25,l=o+.5,u;if(o){for(;i+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+e.dataset.brr,e)})).observe(a):process.env.NODE_ENV==="development"&&console.warn("The browser you are using does not support the ResizeObserver API. Please consider add polyfill for this API to avoid potential layout shifts or upgrade your browser. Read more: https://github.com/shuding/react-wrap-balancer#browser-support-information"))};self.__wrap_b(":R4mr36:",1)

HackerEarth

Freecodecamp, geeksforgeeks, educative.io, codeacademy, javascript questions – by lydia hallie, javascript coding practice – by learning zone, 123 essential javascript questions – by yuri katkov, javascript interview question – by sudheer j.

Learning any programming language is not enough, and we need to practice.

If you are learning JavaScript, I have curated the ten best platforms to practice JavaScript for free.

Codedamn is an interactive programming platform; you will learn and build projects side by side. It offers over 500+ coding problems for you to practice.

You can solve 3-5 questions daily without waiting another day to solve more questions.

Codedamn has community support, if you get stuck on a particular problem, you can ask for help, and developers will be ready to help you anytime.

The problem’s difficulty level ranges from easy to hard. But you can go at your pace.

Here is the link to solve 500+ JavaScript problems .

If you think these problems are too advanced, you can learn about JavaScript basics, which codedamn offers for free.

Link to learn JavaScript: JavaScript basics

On codewars, you will get all types of questions ranging from easy to complex.

You will get instant feedback on your answers. Your rank will level up as you progress.

If you get stuck, codewars have a senior developers community that will help you.

Link to practice on codewars

codin games is a gamified learning platform. On codin games, you will code and execute the correct code to save yourself from obstacles and enemies.

You can compete individually or by teaming up with other fellow developers.

You can compare your and other developer code to improve your JavaScript coding skills.

You can play and build your developer profile, and You can even apply for jobs. You need to solve complex problems and be consistent on the platform to stand out from others.

Link to practice on the codin game.

If you don’t know Solo Learn, you are not a developer. Earlier, Solo learn was only available as a mobile application, and now you can also learn on the web.

Solo learn offers a JavaScript course and exercise to improve your JavaScript coding skills.

At the end of each topic, you will get practice problems you need to solve to unlock the next section.

Link to practice on Solo learn .

Edabit has interactive exercises ranging from easy to complex, and you can filter the challenges using tags. You can practice your JavaScript coding skills for free.

If you get stuck on any question, you can unlock the solution, but you will lose the XPs you have gained.

Alternatively, the resources tab contains the concepts to learn to solve that problem.

Link to practice JavaScript at edabit.

Hacker earth has a set of questions based on if you are preparing for an interview or you are a beginner at programming ,

It has a codemonk section where you will get questions based on Data Structures and algorithms. Best suited if you know DSA and algorithms, or you can practice easy and medium-difficulty problems.

On hacker earth, you can participate in challenges, try to build your developer profile, and stand out from other developers. And apply for jobs at companies.

Link to practice at HackerEarth

On programiz, you can practice JavaScript for free, and You will get the list of concepts to learn and practice problems at the end of each concept to retain what you have learned.

There are separate JavaScript examples sections available there, and you will find the JavaScript-related question and some general programming questions based on the topics you have learned.

Link to practice JavaScript examples at programiz.

Freecodecamp is popular among developers because of its ocean of totally free courses.

Freecodecamp offers 100s of exercises related to JavaScript, ranging from basic concepts, regular expressions, array methods, objects, data structure, and algorithms.

These exercises are for beginners to advanced javascript developers.

Link to practice on freecodecamp

To practice on GeeksforGeeks, you need to create an account once you create an account with them, head over to the below link to practice JavaScript.

This platform best suits you if you have Data Structure and algorithms knowledge.

You can filter out the problems based on the companies that have asked about that problem or on the concepts like Arrays, Objects, and Strings.

You can even choose the problem difficulty level from school to pro level.

Link to practice on GeeksforGeeks

The Educative has an assessment test. You can take the JavaScript assessment test, which takes around 20 minutes to complete.

The assessment test consists of all the topics, from fundamental concepts like variables, data types, and conditional statements to advanced concepts like arrays and objects.

Link to the assessment test

On Codecademy, you will find a javascript project-based course that is very helpful if you want to learn and build projects at the same time using javascript.

Link to javascript courses

I have curated four GitHub repositories that are helpful. You will gain problem-solving skills, and some repositories will help you prepare for the interview.

This repo has more than 500+ questions with answers, and this repo is available in 18 other languages. In this repo, you will find basic to very advanced questions, and some are very difficult.

Link to repo

This repo has more than 100+ javascript exercises with the answers. This repo will give you insights into How the recruiter will ask questions in a javascript-related interview.

You will find 123 essential javascript interview-related questions, which you can practice on your code editor or online to crack practical interviews. This repo has 4K stars, and you will find some exciting questions that might help you build problem-solving skills.

You will find 1000+ questions ? related to javascript on this repo, which you can practice. Questions range from the difficulty level of beginners to advanced.

I hope you found this article helpful, You can choose any platform and practice it to improve your developer profile, gain problem-solving skills and move to the next platform.

Thanks for reading.

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25+ JavaScript Coding Interview Questions (SOLVED with CODE)

Having a JavaScript Coding Interview Session on this week? Fear not, we got your covered! Check that ultimate list of 25 advanced and tricky JavaScript Coding Interview Questions and Challenges to crack on your next senior web developer interview and got your next six-figure job offer in no time!

Q1 :   Explain what a callback function is and provide a simple example

A callback function is a function that is passed to another function as an argument and is executed after some operation has been completed. Below is an example of a simple callback function that logs to the console after some operations have been completed.

Q2 :   Given a string, reverse each word in the sentence

For example Welcome to this Javascript Guide! should be become emocleW ot siht tpircsavaJ !ediuG

Q3 :   How to check if an object is an array or not? Provide some code.

The best way to find whether an object is instance of a particular class or not using toString method from Object.prototype

One of the best use cases of type checking of an object is when we do method overloading in JavaScript. For understanding this let say we have a method called greet which take one single string and also a list of string, so making our greet method workable in both situation we need to know what kind of parameter is being passed, is it single value or list of value?

However, in above implementation it might not necessary to check type for array, we can check for single value string and put array logic code in else block, let see below code for the same.

Now it's fine we can go with above two implementations, but when we have a situation like a parameter can be single value , array , and object type then we will be in trouble.

Coming back to checking type of object, As we mentioned that we can use Object.prototype.toString

If you are using jQuery then you can also used jQuery isArray method:

FYI jQuery uses Object.prototype.toString.call internally to check whether an object is an array or not.

In modern browser, you can also use:

Array.isArray is supported by Chrome 5, Firefox 4.0, IE 9, Opera 10.5 and Safari 5

Q4 :   How to empty an array in JavaScript?

How could we empty the array above?

Above code will set the variable arrayList to a new empty array. This is recommended if you don't have references to the original array arrayList anywhere else because It will actually create a new empty array. You should be careful with this way of empty the array, because if you have referenced this array from another variable, then the original reference array will remain unchanged, Only use this way if you have only referenced the array by its original variable arrayList .

For Instance:

Above code will clear the existing array by setting its length to 0. This way of empty the array also update all the reference variable which pointing to the original array. This way of empty the array is useful when you want to update all the another reference variable which pointing to arrayList .

Above implementation will also work perfectly. This way of empty the array will also update all the references of the original array.

Above implementation can also empty the array. But not recommended to use often.

Q5 :   How would you check if a number is an integer?

A very simply way to check if a number is a decimal or integer is to see if there is a remainder left when you divide by 1.

Q6 :   Implement enqueue and dequeue using only two stacks

Enqueue means to add an element, dequeue to remove an element.

Q7 :   Make this work

Q8 :   write a "mul" function which will properly when invoked as below syntax.

Here mul function accept the first argument and return anonymous function which take the second parameter and return anonymous function which take the third parameter and return multiplication of arguments which is being passed in successive

In JavaScript function defined inside has access to outer function variable and function is the first class object so it can be returned by function as well and passed as argument in another function.

• A function is an instance of the Object type
• A function can have properties and has a link back to its constructor method
• Function can be stored as variable
• Function can be pass as a parameter to another function
• Function can be returned from function

Q9 :   Write a function that would allow you to do this?

You can create a closure to keep the value passed to the function createBase even after the inner function is returned. The inner function that is being returned is created within an outer function, making it a closure, and it has access to the variables within the outer function, in this case the variable baseNumber .

Q10 :   FizzBuzz Challenge

Create a for loop that iterates up to 100 while outputting "fizz" at multiples of 3 , "buzz" at multiples of 5 and "fizzbuzz" at multiples of 3 and 5 .

Check out this version of FizzBuzz:

Q11 :   Given two strings, return true if they are anagrams of one another

For example: Mary is an anagram of Army

Q12 :   How would you use a closure to create a private counter?

You can create a function within an outer function (a closure) that allows you to update a private variable but the variable wouldn't be accessible from outside the function without the use of a helper function.

Q13 :   Provide some examples of non-bulean value coercion to a boolean one

The question is when a non-boolean value is coerced to a boolean, does it become true or false , respectively?

The specific list of "falsy" values in JavaScript is as follows:

• "" (empty string)
• 0 , -0 , NaN (invalid number)
• null , undefined

Any value that's not on this "falsy" list is "truthy." Here are some examples of those:

• [ ] , [ 1, "2", 3 ] (arrays)
• { } , { a: 42 } (objects)
• function foo() { .. } (functions)

Q14 :   What will be the output of the following code?

Above code would give output 1undefined . If condition statement evaluate using eval so eval(function f() {}) which return function f() {} which is true so inside if statement code execute. typeof f return undefined because if statement code execute at run time, so statement inside if condition evaluated at run time.

Above code will also output 1undefined .

Q15 :   What will the following code output?

The code above will output 5 even though it seems as if the variable was declared within a function and can't be accessed outside of it. This is because

is interpreted the following way:

But b is not declared anywhere in the function with var so it is set equal to 5 in the global scope .

Q16 :   Write a function that would allow you to do this

You can create a closure to keep the value of a even after the inner function is returned. The inner function that is being returned is created within an outer function, making it a closure, and it has access to the variables within the outer function, in this case the variable a .

Q17 :   How does the this keyword work? Provide some code examples

In JavaScript this always refers to the “owner” of the function we're executing, or rather, to the object that a function is a method of.

Q18 :   How would you create a private variable in JavaScript?

To create a private variable in JavaScript that cannot be changed you need to create it as a local variable within a function. Even if the function is executed the variable cannot be accessed outside of the function. For example:

To access the variable, a helper function would need to be created that returns the private variable.

Q19 :   What is Closure in JavaScript? Provide an example

A closure is a function defined inside another function (called parent function) and has access to the variable which is declared and defined in parent function scope.

The closure has access to variable in three scopes:

• Variable declared in his own scope
• Variable declared in parent function scope
• Variable declared in global namespace

innerFunction is closure which is defined inside outerFunction and has access to all variable which is declared and defined in outerFunction scope. In addition to this function defined inside function as closure has access to variable which is declared in global namespace .

Output of above code would be:

Q20 :   What will be the output of the following code?

Above code will output 0 as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is not an object it's local variable . delete operator doesn't affect local variable.

Q21 :   What will be the output of the following code?

Above code will output xyz as output. Here emp1 object got company as prototype property. delete operator doesn't delete prototype property.

emp1 object doesn't have company as its own property. You can test it like:

However, we can delete company property directly from Employee object using delete Employee.company or we can also delete from emp1 object using __proto__ property delete emp1.__proto__.company .

Q22 :   What will the following code output?

This will surprisingly output false because of floating point errors in internally representing certain numbers. 0.1 + 0.2 does not nicely come out to 0.3 but instead the result is actually 0.30000000000000004 because the computer cannot internally represent the correct number. One solution to get around this problem is to round the results when doing arithmetic with decimal numbers.

Q23 :   When would you use the bind function?

The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.

A good use of the bind function is when you have a particular function that you want to call with a specific this value. You can then use bind to pass a specific object to a function that uses a this reference.

Q24 :   Write a recursive function that performs a binary search

Q25 :   describe the revealing module pattern design pattern.

A variation of the module pattern is called the Revealing Module Pattern . The purpose is to maintain encapsulation and reveal certain variables and methods returned in an object literal. The direct implementation looks like this:

An obvious disadvantage of it is unable to reference the private methods

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Clean Architecture provides a clear and modular structure for building software systems, separating business rules from implementation details. It promotes maintainability by allowing for easier updates and changes to specific components without affe...

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JavaScript Coding Interview Practice – Sample Interview Questions and Solutions

David Goggins is an ultramarathon runner, a public speaker, a retired navy SEAL, and the author of the book ' Can't Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds '. He's one of my role models because of his physical strength and mental resilience.

You might say: "Wait a second! We get it. This person is obviously the epitome of success. But he has non-technical skills. So why is he relevant to JavaScript coding interviews?"

Well, if you're ready, let's explore this together.

Rocky Balboa As a Mentor

In response to a question, David says, 'The Rocky Movie changed my life." In that pep talk , he refers to this scene (min 1.30-1.42) where the fictional character, Rocky - despite being beaten up badly by his opponent in the final boxing round - refuses to give up no matter what.

David describes that particular moment as the time when Rocky - initially depicted as an underdog by the screenwriter - overcomes all the odds and strikes awe in his rival.

Let's admit it. Being a good programmer is not that easy. And especially if you are at the beginning of your career, technical job interviews can be seriously daunting. In short, it might be nice to reach David's (and Rocky's) mindset.

With that kind of drive and confidence, you're much less likely to consider giving up regardless of the types of challenges you face in your wonderful yet difficult journey of getting a developer job.

Why Coding Interviews Are Difficult

During coding interviews, you are expected to fix coding problems with some theoretical knowledge. But the caveat is you must do that in real time, which sometimes scares new developers off.

There are several types of coding interviews. But the most challenging one is probably a whiteboard interview. In these types of interviews, you have to code in front of a future employer / a senior software developer.

These interviews can be extra stressful because you are typically not allowed to have a computer to google any unknown concepts or to get some code snippets from the internet. You are only given a marker to solve the question on a whiteboard as the name suggests.

Do Interviews Reflect What You'll Do in Your Job?

Not necessarily. So why are they holding these scary coding interviews? Well, the reason is to test your problem solving skills in general. At times, finding the correct answer may not even be that important.

What matters is how you reach that conclusion / solution and which algorithms you prefer to use along the way. In other words, your ability to function well under stress is being tested by tech companies.

Let's face it. You'll come across lots of stressful situations in your future job, and how you deal with certain issues is especially crucial. Therefore, your future employer naturally wants to witness firsthand whether you are the right fit for the job.

What is the Purpose of This Tutorial?

In this post, I'll walk you through some popular JavaScript interview concepts through examples. I'll also do my best to show you what recruiters / interviewers might actually be looking for in a candidate while they code in front of them.

To simply put, we'll examine some models and try to solve the related puzzles together.

By the end of this tutorial, you'll hopefully have an idea about a number of important array methods. But most importantly, you'll unlock how to approach some coding challenges in the best way possible.

What Exactly is the Memory Palace Method?

Before we start, just be aware that in the sample data down below, I've used some late celebrities' names intentionally so that all those details can be catchy in the long run.

An ancient technique called the Memory Palace clearly says that the weirder the details, the easier it is to remember them – and a made-up story / creating context is even more effective.

If you try to visualise the related situation vividly and associate the given programming concepts with some bizarre details in your mind, you might feel less stressed and confused when you see a similar problem next time. This is because it might be easier for you to create specific links and as such remember things easily. This is how our brains work.

Well, even the fictional figure ' Sherlock Holmes ', the smartest guy on the planet, benefits from this method when solving complicated crimes – so why shouldn't we?

How to Approach Coding Problems

In our imaginary interview, you'll see that four extraordinary musicians from the past are listed as passengers on a flight. We have their food choices and the number of connecting flights they need to take after their incredible performances on stage in different parts of the world.

Let's say just for the sake of argument our phenomenal figures (Freddie Mercury, Amy Winehouse, Kurt Cobain, and Michael Jackson) are about to fly from different destinations to Los Angeles just to be able to dine out together at a swanky restaurant, as they enjoy each other's company so much.

After all, this is our own private memory palace, so we can absolutely do whatever we want to do in our minds. Remember unusual details will stick better. That's why I'm trying to add more to spice things up.

This method explicitly suggests describing every single detail with some vivid adjectives so that you can associate them with the things you plan to learn in the long run.

Scientists say short term memory and long term memory function very differently. To put it simply, we need a way to put all those core concepts (not necessarily the syntax) about programming in our long term memory. That's why it can be nice to benefit from the memory palace method in our journey.

Plus, I feel like you get to picture this unusual scenario with a smile on your face. Well, wouldn't it be great if these awesome souls could have seen that they are now helping us / the programming community as the guests of a freeCodeCamp article?

Sample Interview Questions

Let's get back to the real life now though. Remember you're still in the interview and as you see below, three questions in a row are waiting for you.

To solve the puzzles, you're expected to use the data inside the following array of objects in practical ways.

You'll certainly need to come up with the right algorithms and try to find the most effective solution that can satisfy the interviewer.

The above questions are in fact not that hard. But, how we'll handle them is a great opportunity to compare alternative solutions for a single problem. At the end of the day, quality is what counts for recruiters / interviewers.

Interview Question 1: How to Get Passengers' Names

Let's get the passengers' names as requested. The first solution is through a 'for loop' method. So we first need to use an empty array to push the passengers' names right inside it at the end of the loop.

Below, [i] represents the current passenger and we simply loop through the 'passengers' array to access the names of the passengers. Then, we need to lock them up in our empty array / passengerNames.

Alright, we solved the puzzle, but is it enough? Or might the interviewers expect you to come up with a better solution?

Alternative Solution #1:

We can reach the desired result by using the ' forEach ' function as well. This solution is even a bit better than the previous one because there is no index expression in this one.

To benefit from 'forEach', we need a callback function . With this arrangement, we are able to reach every passenger in the list. However, just like in the previous solution, we first need an empty array to push the items / passengers' names.

Even though the result is the same, this piece of code is shorter. Writing neater codes is what is – in fact – expected from you.

In other words, not only the solution matters, but also how you reach it is being evaluated by the recruiters. For this reason, it is a good idea to plan your action rather than writing the first idea in your mind on the whiteboard.

Alternative Solution 2:

Here comes the best solution. We can also utilise the ' map ' function to tackle the same problem. Let's see how.

The map function also loops through the array and returns a new array for every item in the list. With this set-up, we simply return a single element, not an object.

The result will again be the same in the console, but your code will even be better than the first and second one because this time, we don't need to create an empty array before the actual task.

Here is the food for thought on this topic. Those who say 'less is more' have a point when it comes to writing codes.

Interview Question 2: How to Get Vegetarian/Vegan Singers

Let's now take a look at the next challenge. The new task asks us to obtain only the vegetarian / vegan singers from the passengers' list by also keeping the first argument in the main question section.

How to Solve With a 'For Loop'

Again, we can use the same old 'for loop' for this one as well. All we need to do is to check whether there are any vegetarian / vegan singers in our passenger list through an 'if' statement inside our existing function.

We do that with the isVegetarianOrVegan property in our object. Basically, what we say is this: if the relevant statement is true (if there are any vegan / vegetarian passengers in the list), just push those items into our new array. The result will give us three singers' names as those are listed as  'vegetarian or vegan' in the data part.

How to Solve with 'forEach'

As a matter of fact, the 'forEach' function handles the problem similarly. But once again, it has too many lines of codes as you see below, so it isn't the ideal version.

How to Solve with 'Filter' & 'Map'

To come up with the best option, this time, we will use two different methods. The ' filter ' and the 'map' functions will – in a way – collaborate to create better logic when solving the given problem. Let's examine the following code snippet closely now.

With the filter method, we only get the vegetarian / vegan passengers from our array in the first place. If it finds some non-vegetarian / vegan passengers (like our beloved 'Freddie'), it will get rid of them automatically.

Briefly, the first part of the equation, the 'filter' method will simply work through 'yes' or 'no' model.

Then, the 'map' function will come in, eventually giving us a brand new array showing the vegetarian / vegan passengers only.

This final solution will prove your future employer that you genuinely know what you're doing and you are really taking the right steps to be a hotshot developer.

Interview Question #3: How to Sort Passengers by Connecting Flights

The last section asks us to sort the list of our super cool passengers by the number of the connecting flights they'll take to eventually reach LA. Let's see who has more and as such, will be pretty exhausted.

Spoiler alert! Amy with four connecting flights in total might be a bit sleepy in the get-together at that fancy restaurant. But there is no doubt that she will somehow rock where ever she goes.

Anyway, what we need for this task is to know how the ' sort ' function operates.

Primarily, it compares items one by one and returns something as a result. In our case, it will be the number of connected flights. But how does it make that comparison? What is the logic behind that?

The above lines of code are pretty clear in general. Thanks to the 'sort' function, we list those months in alphabetical order.

Well, here comes the big question. How does the code / system know that 'a' is the first letter of the alphabet and as such, the list starts with the 'd' letter (December)?

The reason is that the 'sort function' lists things in ascending order by default. But can't we change this setting? Perhaps, we need to list items in descending order. Of course, we can.

Let's see how. To achieve what we want, we may utilise 'a' and 'b' letters as parameters leading to different directions.

Simultaneously, we can benefit from the assistance of three numbers: -1,+1, 0 as seen above. When sorting items in descending or ascending order or finding the equal values, they can be quite handy.

Tricky Bit of the 'Sort' Function

In the following example, the list is sorted in ascending order. Why is it like that? Here is the reason. When we return those 'a' and 'b' parameters, we use this order:  'a - b' . That gives us ascending values by default.

However, if we swap them and say 'b - a', the list will be seen in descending order this time. That's the tricky bit when it comes to the 'sort' function.

In the above example, the first version (regular function) and the second one (arrow function) are in essence the same, but just be aware that arrow functions came with ES6 .

Although arrow functions help developers to write less code, you cannot use them everywhere. (Read this to find out when to use them.)

Testing Our New Knowledge

Shall we now analyse the situation of our passengers through our new perspective? We know that the last task asks us to sort the number of flights in descending order. But the following set-up does the opposite.

It can only give us the list in ascending order. Why? It's simply because of the pre-defined order (passenger1.connectedFlights - passenger2.connectedFlights) as in the case of a - b example.

Once we swap the order (passenger2.connectedFlights - passenger1.connectedFlights) as you see in the following code snippet, our problem will be solved and the list will come in descending order.

Can We Also Use 'for loop' or 'forEach'?

Well, yes and no. Both would be low-level solutions for this question.

We should keep in mind that the sort function mutates an array. This is a kind of side effect which changes the original array and that might be a problem if we use 'for loop' or 'forEach' as a solution.

There are of course ways to avoid mutation in the sort function, but in our example, it will lead to more lines of codes, which is not practical at all.

Wrapping Up

We've started the article with David Goggins, the symbol of resilience and grit, so let's end it with his inspiring presence and ideas.

If you happen to read this modern day hero's book or listen to one of those famous podcast episodes (For example, this one ) where he was a guest speaker, you'll immediately understand that he wasn't born that way. Rather, his secret lies in the fact that he never gives up, against all odds.

Coding interviews are tough, but if you keep going after your goals by visualising the scene of success in your mind over and over again, it will -  sooner or later - be yours.

Many thanks for reading this post. If you've liked this article, one of the best ways to support me is to share it. Should you have any questions or comments, you can always contact me via LinkedIn . I'll be more than happy to help you out with your queries.

Happy coding!

“Knowledge is power.” – Francis Bacon

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These robots know when to ask for help

Large language models combined with confidence scores help them recognize uncertainty. That could be key to making robots safe and trustworthy.

• June Kim archive page

There are two bowls on the kitchen table: one made of plastic, the other metal. You ask the robot to pick up the bowl and put it in the microwave. Which one will it choose?

A human might ask for clarification, but given the vague command, the robot may place the metal bowl in the microwave, causing sparks to fly.

A new training model, dubbed “KnowNo,” aims to address this problem by teaching robots to ask for our help when orders are unclear. At the same time, it ensures they seek clarification only when necessary, minimizing needless back-and-forth. The result is a smart assistant that tries to make sure it understands what you want without bothering you too much.

Andy Zeng, a research scientist at Google DeepMind who helped develop the new technique, says that while robots can be powerful in many specific scenarios, they are often bad at generalized tasks that require common sense.

For example, when asked to bring you a Coke, the robot needs to first understand that it needs to go into the kitchen, look for the refrigerator, and open the fridge door. Conventionally, these smaller substeps had to be manually programmed, because otherwise the robot would not know that people usually keep their drinks in the kitchen.

That’s something large language models (LLMs) could help to fix, because they have a lot of common-sense knowledge baked in, says Zeng. 

Now when the robot is asked to bring a Coke, an LLM, which has a generalized understanding of the world, can generate a step-by-step guide for the robot to follow.

The problem with LLMs, though, is that there’s no way to guarantee that their instructions are possible for the robot to execute. Maybe the person doesn’t have a refrigerator in the kitchen, or the fridge door handle is broken. In these situations, robots need to ask humans for help.

KnowNo makes that possible by combining large language models with statistical tools that quantify confidence levels. 

When given an ambiguous instruction like “Put the bowl in the microwave,” KnowNo first generates multiple possible next actions using the language model. Then it creates a confidence score predicting the likelihood that each potential choice is the best one.

These confidence estimates are sized up against a predetermined certainty threshold, which indicates exactly how confident or conservative the user wants a robot to be in its actions. For example, a robot with a success rate of 80% should make the correct decision at least 80% of the time.

This is useful in situations with varying degrees of risk, says Anirudha Majumdar, an assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton and the senior author of the study. 

You may want your cleaning robot to be more independent, despite a few mistakes here and there, so that you don’t have to supervise it too closely. But for medical applications, robots must be extremely cautious, with the highest level of success possible.

When there is more than one option for how to proceed, the robot pauses to ask for clarification instead of blindly continuing: “Which bowl should I pick up—the metal or the plastic one?”

KnownNo was tested on three robots in more than 150 different scenarios. Results showed that KnowNo-trained robots had more consistent success rates while needing less human assistance than those trained without the same statistical calculations. The paper describing the research was presented at the Conference on Robot Learning in November.

Because human language is often ambiguous, teaching robots to recognize and respond to uncertainty can improve their performance.

Studies show that people prefer robots that ask questions, says Dylan Losey, an assistant professor at Virginia Tech who specializes in human-robot interaction and was not involved in this research. When robots reach out for help, it increases transparency about how they’re deciding what to do, which leads to better interactions, he says. 

Allen Ren, a PhD student at Princeton and the study’s lead author, says there are several ways to improve KnowNo. Right now, it assumes robots’ vision is always reliable, which may not be the case with faulty sensors. Also, the model can be updated to factor in potential errors coming from human help.

Artificial intelligence

Sam altman says helpful agents are poised to become ai’s killer function.

Open AI’s CEO says we won’t need new hardware or lots more training data to get there.

• James O'Donnell archive page

Is robotics about to have its own ChatGPT moment?

Researchers are using generative AI and other techniques to teach robots new skills—including tasks they could perform in homes.

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What’s next for generative video

OpenAI's Sora has raised the bar for AI moviemaking. Here are four things to bear in mind as we wrap our heads around what's coming.

• Will Douglas Heaven archive page

An AI startup made a hyperrealistic deepfake of me that’s so good it’s scary

Synthesia's new technology is impressive but raises big questions about a world where we increasingly can’t tell what’s real.

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10 Best Math AI Solvers to Solve Math Problems Online

Tackling challenging math problems can be a time-consuming endeavor. Math AI solvers make learning math simple. These AI-powered tools use machine learning and advanced algorithms to rapidly analyze math problems at all grade levels. Whether you’re a high school student or at the college level, an AI math problem solver can help save you time, ensure accuracy, and boost your school success.

With 24/7 convenience, they can be used anytime to get instant help with confusing math problems. When curating our list of top 10 best math AI solvers, we looked at several important factors, such as pricing, features, strengths, and weaknesses. Let’s explore these tools and learn in which areas they excel:

Mathful – Best Overall Math AI Solver to Solve Math Problems

Mathful is a valuable AI math solver often used by students to get help with complicated math problems. It delivers step-by-step guidance that breaks down the problem to make it easier to digest. The tool also provides the final answer to allow students to verify their solutions and gain confidence in their math skills.

Mathful is available 24/7, making it a convenient tool for students to get instant help with their math homework. Mathful acts as the ultimate solution for boosting academic success at all math levels. 

• Helps students gain a deeper understanding of math concepts with step-by-step guidance.
• Serves as a verification tool where students can check their work without costing a dime. 
• Enables students to complete their math homework with just one click. 
• Cannot be used to supplement a real classroom education. 

Solve Math Problems Instantly with Mathful’s AI Math Solver >>>

AI Math – Best AI Math Solver for All Grade Levels

AI Math is an innovative math AI solver designed to solve a wide range of mathematical problems, ranging from basic math concepts to more challenging equations. 

The way this unique tool works is by analyzing the math problem, finding potential solutions, validating those solutions, and returning the best possible results for the given problem.

While some math AI tools are only capable of solving basic math problems, AI Math is more diverse. Use it to solve math problems at all grade levels, from elementary to university and beyond. AI Math is trained on an extensive database of mathematical information and can guarantee 98% accuracy.

• Generates solutions to math problems with a high rate of accuracy.
• Designed to provide almost instant results for efficiency. 
• Covers all types of math and homework at all grade levels. 
• Requires a subscription after the initial trial period.

HIX Tutor – Best AI Math Solver for High Accuracy

HIX Tutor provides students with the solutions they need to understand and solve their math problems. 

With this powerful math solver AI tool, users can type in a math question or upload a document or image of the question. Using this input, Math AI Solver uses machine learning technology to perform dynamic calculations and give users the correct answer. 

HIX Tutor can provide solutions for math homework problems at all levels with a 98% accuracy rate. However, the tool goes beyond mere problem-solving by offering comprehensive calculations on how to solve the problem from start to finish. 

• Provides step-by-step solutions to math problems.
• Is less expensive than hiring a math tutor.
• Can type in math questions or upload documents or images of the problem.
• May have difficulty recognizing documents with messy handwriting.

HomeworkAI – Best All-in-One Solution for Homework Help

HomeworkAI is the ultimate homework assistant that can be used to get answers to any homework question, from math and science to history and geography. Its math AI solver acts as your personal AI tutor by providing comprehensive solutions to math problems that help students better understand the material.

This unique AI tool is available 24/7, making it a convenient and accessible resource for students who need immediate help with their homework. As the tool is free to try, students can get started right away by asking a math question that they’re struggling with. HomeworkAI can also help students prepare for important tests or exams by providing step-by-step instructions on how to work through certain math questions.

• Covers all school subjects, including math.
• Provides step-by-step explanations for each math problem.
• Supports multiple math problem input methods. 
• Some math solutions may be difficult to understand. 

Question AI – Best Homework AI Tool for Greater Academic Success

Question AI is a leading homework helper that uses powerful AI technology to instantly help with any school subject. Question AI is often used for any math problems, covering algebra, geometry, calculus, arithmetic, and trigonometry. Students often waste hours struggling with challenging homework questions they simply don’t understand. Question AI simplifies the homework process by breaking down the question to make it easier to learn. The math AI solver also promises a 99% accurate answer to the math question, allowing students to verify their own work.

Question AI serves as an innovative all-in-one product for AI homework help. It is a highly effective tool for helping students reach greater academic achievement.

• Covers all homework subjects, including all branches of mathematics. 
• Boosts student grades.
• Supports many different languages.
• Accuracy may be limited beyond core math subjects.
• The mobile app is not yet available. 
• Costs money after the free trial. 

QuickMath – Best Math AI Solver for High School and College Students

QuickMath is designed to automatically answer common math problems in algebra, calculus, and equations. The tool offers several options for solving math problems, including solving an equation, inequality, or a system. It can also simplify an expression, factor an expression, or expand a product or power. The diverse AI math solver can also graph, find the greatest common factor, and the least common measure. Advanced math solvers are also available for more complex math problems.

QuickMath is geared toward high school and college-level students. The tool’s features and capabilities are always being improved to ensure that users have access to the most comprehensive AI math tools available. 

• Offers a wide range of standard and advanced math solvers.
• Available to download on the App Store and Google Play.
• Quick-solve tutorials are available to help users learn math concepts. 
• Math problems must be typed in and cannot be uploaded. 
• Not suitable for grade levels lower than high school.
• Some users may receive Timeout messages due to 15-second CPU time rules.

Smodin – Best AI Math Solver for Acing Math Exams

Smodin Math AI Homework Solver offers a fast and effective way to prepare for difficult math exams. The versatile homework helper uses machine learning and advanced algorithms to help students learn core math concepts and boost their grades in school. Simply input a question or assignment and Smodin instantly generates step-by-step solutions.  The math solver AI tool consists of a simple interface that allows students to enter a question to solve. At the click of a button, the tool starts working to analyze the problem and present the best answer based on the equation. 

While Smodin Math AI Homework Solver does lack advanced features and capabilities, it can be a useful tool for students who want to study before a big math test.

• Provides in-depth answers to math questions to help students ace math exams.
• Users are given 3 free credits a day to ask math questions. 
• The clean interface makes it easy to enter math questions to solve. 
• Offers no advanced math features or capabilities.
• Users must pay for a subscription after reaching the daily credit limit. 

StudyMonkey – Best AI Math Problem Solver for Personalized Learning

StudyMonkey is a diverse homework helper for students that uses complex machine learning capabilities to provide step-by-step guidance on many school subjects, including math.  The innovative math AI solver can be used by learners of all backgrounds and ages to improve their understanding of math concepts and enhance their academic success. With round-the-clock availability, this unique tool can save students significant time when completing homework assignments.

• Students can personalize their output based on the subject and grade level. 
• There is a free plan for users that only requires occasional homework help.
• Users can see a history of past questions and answers. 
• Users must purchase a paid plan to ask more than 3 questions daily.
• Answers to more complex math questions may not be as accurate. 
• Must upgrade to the $8 plan to use the Advanced AI Model. 

Interactive Mathematics – Best Math AI Tool for Solving Word Problems

Interactive Mathematics claims to be more accurate than ChatGPT, faster than a math tutor, and more powerful than a math calculator. The advanced AI math problem solver has been trained in a wide array of math subjects, such as basic algebra, advanced algebra, trigonometry, geometry, calculus, advanced calculus, physics, and more. It is also highly effective at solving math word problems with step-by-step solutions. 

With Interactive Mathematics, users can type in their math problems or copy and paste a photo. The tool then analyzes the problem and delivers near-instant results. 

• Efficient at solving math word problems.
• Optimized for mobile phones and tablet use.
• A subscription comes with additional discounts and bonuses. 
• Users can only ask 3 questions before having to upgrade to the paid version. 
• No app is yet available. 
• Pushes tutoring services when the tool is unable to give an accurate answer. 

SnapXam – Best AI Math Solver for On-the-Go

SnapXam is an AI-powered math tutor that can help students better understand different types of math, from calculus to trigonometry.  After entering the math problem, the tool quickly presents the final answer, as well as a step-by-step solution that shows how to work out the problem.

The unique AI math problem solver also provides access to informative YouTube videos that students can watch to learn more about different concepts in math. 

Upgrading to a Premium account can give students access to even more features and perks, including no ads, support for more than 100 math topics, and premium access to the iOS and Android apps.

• Students can get AI math help with only access to a smartphone. 
• Offers multiple solving methods.
• Covers more than 100 different math topics. 
• An ad-free environment is only available with the premium version.
• Geared toward older students. 
• Accuracy issues may occur with advanced math problems.

Completing math assignments can be a long and tedious process. Having access to the best math AI tools can help eliminate the stress and frustration that come with not understanding math problems. For convenience, efficiency, and unmatched accuracy, try some of the top math AI tools like Mathful for free today!

This is a guest post, created for informational purposes only, and should not be considered as professional advice. Readers are encouraged to conduct their own research and consult with relevant experts before making any financial or investment decisions.

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Bahadurzada H, Kerrissey M, Edmondson AC. Speaking up and taking action: psychological safety and joint problem-solving orientation in safety improvement. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(8):812. doi:10.3390/healthcare12080812.

When staff feel psychologically safe, they are more likely to engage in safety behaviors such as reporting errors and asking questions. This study explored the association of psychological safety and joint-problem-solving orientation (JPS; e.g., addressing problems as a team effort ) with safety improvement and intent to leave. When staff reported feeling psychologically safe, they reported lower intent to leave and higher levels of safety improvement; this association was stronger when they also reported high levels of JPS.

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Extended work shifts and neurobehavioral performance in resident-physicians. March 10, 2021

I-PASS Mentored Implementation Handoff Curriculum: implementation guide and resources. March 10, 2019

Cumulative effect of flexible duty-hour policies on resident outcomes: long-term follow-up results from the FIRST trial. July 15, 2020

Complexity and challenges of the clinical diagnosis and management of Long COVID. November 30, 2022

Diagnostic reliability in teledermatology: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. August 30, 2023

Racial and ethnic bias in the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder in veterans. July 19, 2023

Association of patient and family reports of hospital safety climate with language proficiency in the US. June 29, 2022

Effect on patient safety of a resident physician schedule without 24-hour shifts. July 15, 2020

Changes in medical errors after implementation of a handoff program. November 12, 2014

Recommendations to improve the usability of drug–drug interaction clinical decision support alerts. November 25, 2015

Variation in printed handoff documents: results and recommendations from a multicenter needs assessment. June 10, 2015

Development, implementation, and dissemination of the I-PASS Handoff Curriculum: a multisite educational intervention to improve patient handoffs. June 25, 2014

I-PASS mentored implementation handoff curriculum: champion training materials. March 13, 2019

Reliability of verbal handoff assessment and handoff quality before and after implementation of a resident handoff bundle. June 22, 2016

Association of pediatric resident physician depression and burnout with harmful medical errors on inpatient services. August 14, 2019

Reasons provided by prescribers when overriding drug–drug interaction alerts. November 28, 2007

Mortality trends after a voluntary checklist-based surgical safety collaborative. May 3, 2017

Scaling safety: the South Carolina Surgical Safety Checklist experience. January 9, 2019

Effective surgical safety checklist implementation. January 30, 2005

Crisis checklists for the operating room: development and pilot testing. January 30, 2005

Relationship between operating room teamwork, contextual factors, and safety checklist performance. August 31, 2016

Perception of safety of surgical practice among operating room personnel from survey data is associated with all-cause 30-day postoperative death rate in South Carolina. August 16, 2017

Clarifying radiology's role in safety events: a 5-year retrospective common cause analysis of safety events at a pediatric hospital. September 2, 2020

We're all in this together: how COVID-19 revealed the co-construction of mindful organising and organisational reliability. February 9, 2022

Association of surgeon-patient sex concordance with postoperative outcomes, December 22, 2021

The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. July 1, 2019

How safe are paediatric emergency departments? A national prospective cohort study. August 3, 2022

Implementing receiver-driven handoffs to the emergency department to reduce miscommunication. June 3, 2020

Developing standardized "receiver-driven" handoffs between referring providers and the emergency department: results of a multidisciplinary needs assessment. December 5, 2018

Contamination of health care personnel during removal of personal protective equipment. October 28, 2015

Effects on resident work hours, sleep duration and work experience in a Randomized Order Safety Trial Evaluating Resident-physician Schedules (ROSTERS). June 26, 2019

Disclosure of hospital adverse events and its association with patients' ratings of the quality of care. November 18, 2009

Identifying organizational cultures that promote patient safety. November 18, 2009

Medication-error alerts for warfarin orders detected by a bar-code-assisted medication administration system. March 9, 2011

Patient safety culture transformation in a children's hospital: an interprofessional approach. April 30, 2014

Rates of medical errors and preventable adverse events among hospitalized children following implementation of a resident handoff bundle. December 11, 2013

Consensus statement on effective communication of urgent diagnoses and significant, unexpected diagnoses in surgical pathology and cytopathology from the College of American Pathologists and Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology. October 26, 2011

I-PASS, a mnemonic to standardize verbal handoffs. April 11, 2012

I-PASS handoff program: use of a campaign to effect transformational change. August 15, 2018

Point-of-care cognitive support technology in emergency departments: a scoping review of technology acceptance by clinicians. July 18, 2018

Tools and methods for quality improvement and patient safety in perinatal care. June 14, 2017

Standardizing patient safety event reporting between care delivered or purchased by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). April 10, 2024

Preventable harm because of outpatient medication errors among children with leukemia and lymphoma: a multisite longitudinal assessment. February 15, 2023

Adverse events in the paediatric emergency department: a prospective cohort study. May 20, 2020

Pharmacist workload and pharmacy characteristics associated with the dispensing of potentially clinically important drug-drug interactions. May 9, 2007

The safety culture in a children's hospital. July 12, 2006

Effects of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour limits on sleep, work hours, and safety. August 13, 2008

Workforce perceptions of hospital safety culture: development and validation of the patient safety climate in healthcare organizations survey. September 26, 2007

Preventable harm occurring to critically ill children. September 5, 2007

Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: prospective cohort study. February 20, 2008

Evaluation of drug interaction software to identify alerts for transplant medications. March 6, 2005

Improving medication reconciliation with comprehensive evaluation at a Veterans Affairs skilled-nursing facility. July 21, 2021

Factors influencing providers' willingness to deprescribe medications. December 1, 2021

Reduced postdischarge incidents after implementation of a hospital-to-home transition intervention for children with medical complexity. October 4, 2023

Assessing the potential adoption and usefulness of concurrent, action-oriented, electronic adverse drug event triggers designed for the outpatient setting. June 24, 2015

Development of trigger tools for surveillance of adverse events in ambulatory surgery. November 10, 2010

Applying trigger tools to detect adverse events associated with outpatient surgery. March 16, 2011

A randomized controlled trial on the effect of a double check on the detection of medication errors. August 23, 2017

Leveraging patient safety research: efforts made fifteen years since To Err Is Human. September 11, 2019

Deprescribing for community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. September 16, 2020

Association between implementing comprehensive learning collaborative strategies in a statewide collaborative and changes in hospital safety culture. September 2, 2020

Implementation and sustainability of a medication reconciliation toolkit: a mixed methods evaluation. August 5, 2020

The longer the shifts for hospital nurses, the higher the levels of burnout and patient dissatisfaction. April 23, 2012

Nurse's Achilles Heel: using big data to determine workload factors that impact near misses. April 14, 2021

Patient harm resulting from medication reconciliation process failures: a study of serious events reported by Pennsylvania hospitals. March 24, 2021

Assessing reasons for decreased primary care access for individuals on prescribed opioids: an audit study. February 10, 2021

Second victim experiences of nurses in obstetrics and gynaecology: a Second Victim Experience and Support Tool Survey December 23, 2020

Perceptions of U.S. and U.K. incident reporting systems: a scoping review. May 15, 2024

Testing an intervention to improve health care worker well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cluster randomized clinical trial. May 15, 2024

Patient Safety Innovations

Suicide Prevention in an Emergency Department Population: ED-SAFE

Feeling safe in the context of digitalization in healthcare: a scoping review. April 10, 2024

Annual Perspective

RaDonda Vaught says some system practices contributed to fatal mistake. March 27, 2024

Patient safety near misses – still missing opportunities to learn. March 13, 2024

Power of saying ‘I Don’t Know’: psychological safety and participatory strategies for healthcare leaders. March 13, 2024

"Plans are worthless, but planning is everything": advancing patient safety by better managing the paradox of planning versus adaptation. March 6, 2024

Nurse leader attitudes and beliefs regarding medical errors. March 6, 2024

Perspective

The TeamSTEPPS for Improving Diagnosis Team Assessment Tool: scale development and psychometric evaluation. February 7, 2024

Interventions to support nurses as second victims of patient safety incidents: a qualitative study of nurse managers' perceptions. February 7, 2024

Rapid expansion of the Healing Emotional Lives of Peers program during COVID-19: a second victim peer support program for healthcare professionals. January 31, 2024

Hospital staff reports of coworker positive and unprofessional behaviours across eight hospitals: who reports what about whom? January 31, 2024

What and when to debrief: a scoping review examining interprofessional clinical debriefing. January 24, 2024

Validation and use of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool questionnaire: a scoping review. December 20, 2023

A proposed approach to allegations of sexual boundary violation in health care. December 13, 2023

React, reframe and engage. Establishing a receiver mindset for more effective safety negotiations. November 8, 2023

Healthcare wants to fly as high as the aviation industry. Can it? November 8, 2023

Middle manager responses to hospital co-workers' unprofessional behaviours within the context of a professional accountability culture change program: a qualitative analysis. November 8, 2023

Right Kind of Wrong: Why Learning to Fail can Teach us to Thrive. October 18, 2023

When illegitimate tasks threaten patient safety culture: a cross-sectional survey in a tertiary hospital. October 11, 2023

Abbreviation use decreases effective clinical communication and can compromise patient safety. October 4, 2023

Final Report on Prioritization of Patient Safety Practices for a New Rapid Review or Rapid Response. Making Healthcare Safer IV Series. August 9, 2023

Improving Patient Safety Culture – A Practical Guide. August 2, 2023

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Auto theft is a serious problem. But Doug Ford’s approach won’t solve it

OPINION: With the new penalties, it’s not quite clear what the government’s plan is beyond trying to look like it’s tough on crime and treading on federal territory to do so

Written by David Moscrop

May 15, 2024

Premier Doug Ford makes an announcement in Mississauga on February 13. (Christopher Katsarov/CP)

The Ontario government is proposing to suspend the driver’s licences of convicted auto thieves in a bid to look like it’s taking crime seriously. The proposed penalties are no joke. A first offence will earn offenders a 10-year licence suspension. A second offence escalates to 15 years. A third offence will result in a lifetime driving ban. The suspensions will apply when the thefts are accompanied by aggravating factors such as violence or stealing for organized crime.

Politicians love to get “tough on crime.” It’s cheap and easy policy. Never mind that it rarely works and, indeed, often makes things worse. The phrase, the approach, the spirit of punishment for the sake of punishment resonates with a good chunk of the population. It’s folksy, in a macabre sort of way. In other words, it’s very much in keeping with Doug Ford’s approach to governance — lots of showmanship, lots of faux-populism, and few results.

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Transportation Minister Prabmeet Sarkaria couched the proposed penalties in terms of privileges versus rights, perhaps preparing for the inevitable court challenge.

“Driving is a privilege, not a right,” he said. As if there were any doubt that stealing cars is bad or that carjacking someone is unacceptable, he added, “If you're shameful enough to prey on other members of the community for your own reckless gain, you'll lose that privilege.”

Ontario is also planning to suspend the licences of stunt drivers — those who go faster than 40 kilometre/hour above the speed limit in a zone marked below 80 kilometres. The new penalties for stunt drivers will be leaner than those for car thieves: one offence will mean a one-year licence suspension, a second will lead to a two-year ban, and a third will net a lifetime ban, which could be reduced.

Speaking to Mike Crawley of the CBC , Stephen Hebscher, a lawyer with the Criminal Law Team in North York, suggested the penalties may violate the Constitution by creeping into criminal-law territory, which is a federal responsibility. He noted that thefts would need to be linked to highway safety for the bill to be constitutional. He’s probably right. Hebscher, like many others, also notes that the penalties may not work — that is, they won’t reduce thefts. He’s right again.

Auto theft is a serious problem. The government would like to remind us of that as it repeats the line that a vehicle is stolen every 14 minutes or so in Ontario. That is a problem, as are the violence and organized crime inextricably linked to growing theft. But Ford’s approach isn’t going to solve the problem, since the deterrent won’t work, and when it comes to organized crime, there’s always going to be a new thief to replace one who gets pinched.

Suspending the licence of a stunt driver makes more sense, since driving is inherent to the act of driving irresponsibly and dangerously fast, so getting stunt drivers off the road will be effective even if the deterrent isn’t. But that logic doesn’t apply to car thieves.

As we often see with the Ford government, it’s not quite clear what its plan is here beyond trying to look like it’s tough on crime and treading on federal territory to do so. In February, the government shared its intent to appoint partisan judges who’d be tougher on crime, a violation of democratic norms and a perversion of the justice system . It was decried as a cynical, trust-eroding, and useless move if the goal was the reduce crime. Now Ford is going back to that well.

Once again, the province is enjoying an expensive piece of tough-on-crime theatre. But Ford may win either way. When the inevitable court challenge does arrive, if the law is ruled unconstitutional in whole or in part, the government will simply denounce soft, out-of-touch judges who don’t give a damn about suburban parents getting violently carjacked while taking the kids to soccer practice.

If he loses in court, it’s unlikely Ford would be able to rely on the notwithstanding clause, as he has before , since the provision can’t be used to override the Constitution’s division of powers. But he could at least claim he was trying to do something to stop these yahoos! ​​​​​​​

The problem, of course, is that what Ford is doing, even if it’s popular, even if it’s in response to a real problem, won’t solve anything —  or at least it won’t address the structural problem, even if it will make it look, for a time, like the government is taking the matter seriously. As I’ve written before , we’d be far better served by a long-term strategy that addresses the determinants of crime, social and economic factors, and presses car manufacturers to make cars harder to steal in the first place. That’s not to say we should let criminals off the hook, but the reality is that, if the goal is to prevent crime in the first place, threatening to suspend a driver’s licence isn’t going to get the job done. Governments, particularly the Ford government, ought to be more concerned with results than adopting show policies that won’t do anybody any good.

David Moscrop

David Moscrop is a politics writer and the author of Too Dumb for Democracy.

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