short essay in arabic

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Four Simple Tips to Improve Your Essay Writing Skills in Arabic

root: ق-و-ل / noun / plural: مَقالات /definition: essay, article

So, you’ve studied Arabic for a while now. Simple sentences are old news (i.e. you’re silently pleading for your teacher not to go over jumlah ismiyyah yet again) and you’ve got a decent collection of relevant words all memorised. So you’re all set when your teacher asks you to write an essay about the topic in Arabic…right?

“Wrong!” says the fear in your eyes when you see the word count, as minuscule as it may be; a few hundred words in your native language definitely doesn’t seem as daunting as this .

It’s almost as if writing an essay in our target language makes us forget everything we’ve ever learnt about essays. And writing, unfortunately.

But there’s no need for stress—here’s four easy tips to simplify the process:

1 Think In Arabic

Often, when we’re writing in our target language, we tend to think of the exact sentence we want to produce in our native language then essentially try to translate it as pen hits paper. That’s where the problem comes in.

Trying to write via the process of translation is much more difficult and will most likely make your writing sound unnatural.

Instead, focus on what idea you want to convey and use the Arabic words and structures that you already know to express it. Much easier.

2 Learn “Copy and Paste” Phrases

One effective way to make your writing sound more sophisticated (and, well, to use up more of the word count) is to learn phrases that you can slot into pretty much any essay.

For example, here’s two simple phrases that I found whilst reading through Arabic articles: مهّد/يُمهِّد الطريق لِـ (“to pave the way for”) and على حافة الاِنهِيار (“on the verge of collapse”).

These phrases really came in handy during my writing tasks and exams at university since I could use them in the context of various topics. (A lot of things are on the verge of collapse, apparently).

3 Punctuate !

Okay, so maybe this was just me, but while my essays in English would be full of a plethora of punctuation, my Arabic essays would be lucky to get a comma thrown in. I think it probably took me three years to even get a bracket down on paper.

So throw those commas in! And the semicolons, colons, dashes, etc…

4 Remember What You Know About Essays

Think structure, connectives, varying sentence lengths, creating interest, clarity of expression.

There may be slight differences in certain aspects of writing style between English and Arabic, but don’t forget what you already know about writing essays in general. And definitely try to use Arabic texts as a source from which you can replicate structures and styles.

And, finally, remember that improvement takes practice —so keep writing .

If you have any other tips for writing Arabic essays, or any phrases that you yourself like to use, please do share them in the comments!

Edit: the book How to Write in Arabic (which I talked in the post Arabic Books on My Bookshelf ) has great guidelines for writing different types of text in Arabic—including a section for those “copy and paste” phrases!

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7 thoughts on “ Four Simple Tips to Improve Your Essay Writing Skills in Arabic ”

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Arabic Texts for Beginners

Arabic texts for beginners to practice reading and comprehension in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Mastering written MSA is both challenging and essential. Here's a simple and enjoyable method to test your progress.

Experienced Arabic teachers have crafted easy articles and straightforward conversations in MSA for beginners (levels A1 and A2) and intermediates (levels B1 and B2) to assess your understanding and ensure you are both challenged and gratified. Just click, read, and then respond to the multiple-choice questions of the associated test. Your answers are evaluated immediately, allowing you to progress to the next exercise seamlessly.

For additional convenience, you can download and print a PDF version of all texts and exercises.

Arabic Reading Practice for Beginners

Unlock the world of Arabic literature and information with consistent Arabic reading practice. It is the key to strengthening your understanding and truly connecting with the language, whether you’re a complete beginner or an advanced learner, there’s a path for you to improve your reading fluency and comprehension.  Effective Arabic reading practice incorporates various materials tailored to learners’ proficiency levels and interests; beginners may start with simplified texts. Let’s embark on this exciting journey together. 

The magic of Arabic awaits, we’ll begin your reading journey with baby steps, focusing on fun and building confidence, we offer an unparalleled Arabic reading practice experience designed to empower learners on their journey to mastery, here’s how:

Arabic Alphabet Learning

First things first, learn the alphabet, using games, songs, or apps, you can master letter recognition and pronunciation. The Arabic alphabet is the key to unlocking the beauty of the language, here’s how we can practice reading those letters:

• Hear and Repeat Find resources online or an app that has audio pronunciations for each letter, listen carefully, then try repeating the sound out loud. Focus on getting the basic sounds right at first, don’t worry about perfect pronunciation yet.
• See and Write Look at visuals of each letter, paying attention to its shape and how it connects to other letters (some connect, some standalone). Try writing the letters yourself – tracing worksheets or practicing on your own.
• Match and Learn Make flashcards, write the Arabic letter on one side and its transliteration (representation in English letters) or a picture on the other. Test yourself by matching the letters to their sounds or pictures.
• Learn with Games There are many fun games and activities online or in apps designed to help learn the alphabet, these can make practicing engaging and memorable.
• Learn with Stories Dive into short, vowelized texts, these little gems, with helpful vowel markings, will have you sounding out words and building reading muscles in no time.

Exercise and Test Yourself

Ready to take your Arabic reading practice to the next level? Here are some exercises tailored to different levels:

• Matching Exercise Find words with pictures, this classic exercise helps connect written words with their visual representations.
• Scrambled Sentences Unscramble short, vowelized sentences to form a complete thought, this reinforces basic sentence structure.
• Fill in the Blank Practice using high-frequency words by filling in the blanks with the missing word from a provided list.

Intermediate

• Dialogue Drills Read short dialogues out loud, paying attention to pronunciation and conversation flow, try practicing with a friend for an interactive experience.
• Newspaper Articles Search online Arabic news articles (with translations if needed) for specific vocabulary or answer comprehension questions based on the headlines.
• Missing Vowels Test your knowledge of vowel sounds by reading texts with missing vowel markings (harakat) and trying to insert the correct ones.
• Speed Reading Challenge Time yourself reading a passage silently and then answer questions about the content, this helps improve reading fluency and comprehension.
• Summarize It Read a short story or article and then write a concise summary in your own words, this strengthens your understanding and ability to analyze information.
• Read Aloud & Discuss Find an interesting Arabic text (poem, essay etc.) Read it aloud, focusing on clear pronunciation and expression, then, discuss the meaning and themes with a classmate or language partner.

Practice with Listening

eArabic.io can be your launchpad for engaging practice, here’s how:

Dive into Vowelized Gems

We’ll offer a treasure trove of short, beginner-friendly Arabic stories and passages, look for those sparkling with vowel markings (harakat) – they’ll be your guiding light in sounding out words with confidence.  As you embark on this reading adventure, feel free to utilize our built-in recording tool (if available), record yourself reading aloud, then listen back to identify areas for improvement.

Challenge Yourself with Interactive Activities

Get ready for some interactive fun, we might have exercises like fill in the blank or matching activities with audio recordings of the missing words or answer choices.  Embrace the challenge by reading the prompts and answer choices aloud, did your pronunciation match the audio perfectly.

Become Part of the Arabic Reading Community

Our website allows user-generated content, you can potentially record yourself reading short passages or poems in Arabic and share them with fellow learners, this opens the door for valuable feedback and a sense of community.  In Conclusion, with our Arabic reading practice tests, learners can assess their progress and identify areas for improvement, ensuring a personalized and effective learning experience. Join us at eArabic.io and unlock the key to successful Arabic reading proficiency from the very beginning. Book a free lesson now!

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• Creative Writing in Arabic

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Immerse yourself in an arabic language writing journey, developing memorable short stories that express your creative mind.

This course focuses on how to write a short story in Arabic while using your creative and innovative skills. The course covers many aspects including, how to create a compelling opening that will grab the attention of your readers, develop the characters in your story, and build the story structure. You will learn the role of brevity in writing, point-of-view, setting, description, conflict, characterization, and dialogue. Throughout the workshop, stories of important contemporary writers will be read and discussed to model and examine the different structural elements that go into crafting a short story. All sessions will combine a tutor-led presentation with discussions and hands-on writing exercises.

Learning Outcomes

• Write one complete short story
• Recognize strengths and areas for improvement in their own work
• Learn to read more attentively to understand how writers succeed in writing their stories

Duration and Location

• July 7 - July 11, 2024 
• Sessions will run daily from 9 am to 3 pm
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Students aged 16 to 22 years with a good level of Arabic. Students are encouraged to send a writing sample (a short story or essay) in Arabic to [email protected] to ensure their Arabic level fits the course.

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All the bootcamp participants will receive a certificate of participation from AUC.

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Montasser Al-Qaffash

Montasser Al-Qaffash is a senior instructor in the Department of Arabic Language Instruction at The American University in Cairo. He obtained a BA in Arabic literature and an MA in literary criticism. He has published four collections of short stories and three novels. In 2002, he won the Egyptian State Incentive Award for the short story. He’s a two-time recipient of the Sawiris Cultural Award for the novel and the short story. His novel To See Now was translated into Italian in 2012, and many of his stories have been translated into European languages. He has served as chairman of the First Book Committee in the Supreme Council of Culture in Egypt. He is the editor of the narrative section in the magazine The word e-Month. He has participated as a judge for a number of prizes and awards.

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Arabic Grammar

Arabic Grammar Made Easy – a series of concise Arabic grammar lessons that systematically cover the entire language in a step-by-step manner.

About Arabic Grammar

The science of the Arabic language known as نحو – basically translated as Arabic grammar and Arabic syntax – is a topic through which we learn to correctly convey meaning in Arabic, form coherent sentences, and protect ourselves from verbal error. Where Lexicology and Arabic Morphology are concerned with being able to work with the internals of words, Arabic grammar is concerned with being able to work with the endings of words in order to read and comprehend in a sentential milieu.

Arabic grammar (نحو‎ /naḥw/) is centered around a single topic; grammatical inflection. Anything studied in the language is studied only because it relates to this issue. It is a feat of staggering genius on the part of medieval grammarians that almost all aspects of the Arabic language are covered just by concentrating on the issue of grammatical inflection. In studying the rules of Arabic grammar, we start with this topic, and it branches out to cover the entire language.

How we Study Arabic Grammar

The following is a breakdown of how we approach and study Arabic grammar here at Learn Arabic Online . This approach allows us to cover all the core issues.

1.        some basics

a.        Arabic words – a look at the different types of words in the language and how they’re divided and categorized

b.       Arabic phrases – a close look at some of the more common phrasal structures, serving to introduce some key concepts and terminology

c.        Arabic sentences – a look at the different types of sentences as preparation for more advanced Arabic grammar rules

2.        grammatical inflection – the study of what grammatical inflection is, how it works, and the different grammatical states

3.        inflection in Arabic words – a deep look at those words in the language that inflect and those that do not

4.        reflection and diptotes – the study of how grammatical states are represented on different types of words that do inflect

5.        the grammatical states – the study of each grammatical state and when it is used

a.        nominal sentences – this topic covers about 30% of the grammatical states

b.       verbal sentences and Arabic adverbs – this topic covers about 20% of the grammatical states

c.        other verbal associates ( circumstantial adverb , exclusion , Tamyiz ) – this topic covers about 10% of the grammatical states

d.       the genitive states – this topic covers about 5% of the grammatical states

e.       grammatical states of verbs – this topic covers about 30% of the grammatical states

f.         grammatical extension – this topic concludes the discussion on grammatical states

6.        side topics and advanced Arabic grammar rules

a.        definiteness

b.       gender in Arabic

c.        plurality in Arabic

d.       Arabic numbers

The rest of this tutorial gives some introductory data dealing with the different types of words, phrases, and sentences in the language. This paves the way for the study of further grammar topics and helps put further tutorials into perspective. But one must realize that an essential part of learning the grammar of any language is practicing through reading. In order to learn Arabic grammar correctly, theory must be supplemented by reading texts with and without vowels in front of a teacher. This can only be achieved through Arabic courses such as the Shariah Program.

If you’d like a video intro on these Arabic grammar topics, click the image below and fill the short form for free instant access:

Table of Contents

Map of the Language

Any sound released from the mouth of a human is termed by the Arabs as ‘utterance’ ( لفظ ) /lafz/ . Now utterance may be sensible or it may not be. Sensible utterance is that which makes sense to the Arabs, and it is termed ‘coined utterance’ ( موضوع ) /maudhoo3/ . Non-sensible utterance is that which does not carry any meaning for the Arabs. This includes things like foreign speech, awkward sounds, and so forth, and it is termed ‘unpointed utterance’ ( مهمل ) /muhmal/ .

Coined utterance is then either realized as single words ( كلمة ) /kalima/ , or as multiple words ( كلام ) /kalam/ . If these multiple words have a copula (a link between the subject and predicate) then the speech is termed a ‘sentence’ ( جملة ) /jumla/ . Otherwise, the speech is known as a phrase ( كلام غير مفيد ) /kalam ghayr mufeed/ . Examples of sentences are “he is back” and “I ate the apple”, where “is” is the copula in the first sentence and the copula in the second sentence is abstract. Examples of phrases include “the old woman across the street”. Within these words there is no copula, hence the speech is a phrase.

Words in Arabic Grammar

Words are divided into three categories which are mutually exclusive and cover all words in the language. The first category is called ‘noun’ ( اسم ) /ism/ and it includes what we know in English as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs. The second category is that of verbs ( فعل ) /fe’l/ . And finally, the third category is that of particles ( حرف ) /harf/ which include English prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and particles. Note that particle is a catch-all term that includes things like interjections and other words that are not well-categorized.

Practice : Under which of the three categories in Arabic would the following English words fits?

·          boy

·          cheap

·          within

·          an

·          lifted

·          brownies

·          silently

·          Oh no!

·          our

Phrases in Arabic Grammar

There are many types of phrases in the language. Most of them are introduced at calculated points in time, but two are of very special interest due to their productiveness and pedagogical benefits. These are covered below under the heading Arabic Phrases .

Sentences in Arabic Grammar

There are two main types of sentences; nominal and verbal. The former is that sentence which effectively begins with a noun, and the latter is that which effectively begins with a verb. There are actually other ways in which we can categorize different types of sentences, but this method is by far the most productive and by far the most relevant. Other methods of categorization will be introduced in subsequent tutorials as needed.

Having now introduced the 3 parts of speech in Arabic by comparing them to the English parts of speech (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.), we’ll now proceed to develop them further.

Defining and Categorizing the Parts of Speech in Arabic

As mentioned in the introduction above, words in Arabic are divided into three categories. The following is a more detailed treatment of this.

·          اسم pl. أسماء (noun): This category is defined as those words that impart a single meaning on their own   and do not afford a tense. Roughly speaking, this is equivalent to what we know in English as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

·          فعل pl. أفعال (verb): This category is defined as those words that impart a single meaning on their own   and afford a tense. This is exactly what we in English know as verbs.

·          حرف pl. حروف (particle): This category is defined as those words that do not impart a meaning on their own . Roughly speaking, this is equivalent to what we know in English as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and other particles.

Particles don’t impart a meaning on their own. This means that they are only understood when other words are mentioned along with them. In fact, their very purpose is to expose certain attributes in the words around them. For example, the word “and” cannot be understood fully unless it has something to its right and left, as in “you and I”. The purpose of “and” in this example is to expose the attribute of conjunction in the words “you” and “I”. Another example is the word “from”. On its own, it doesn’t give a clear meaning and it needs to have something after it, as in “from Basra”. In the example, the word “from” exposes the attribute within Basra of being an origin. Without “from”, this attribute would not have otherwise been apparent.

Hence any word that does not impart a meaning of its own accord, rather it helps expose attributes of other words, is a particle. If this is not the case, then the word is either a noun or a verb.

Now, nouns do not afford a tense whereas verbs do. Consider the word “yesterday”. This is either a noun or a verb since it imparts a single meaning on its own. But which of the two is it? The word “yesterday”, although its meaning has something to do with time, does not afford a tense. Hence it is a noun. On the other hand, a word such as “go” does afford a tense (the future in this case). Hence it is a verb.

These three categories cover all of the words in the Arabic language and they are mutually exclusive. That is to say, any given word must fit into one, and only one, of the above.

Nouns are categorized in many ways. Here is a short lesson on the types of noun in Arabic grammar . It gives you a list of all the useful ways in which a noun can be classified. This includes based on gender (masculine vs. feminine), based on plurality (singular, dual, and plural), based on grammatical reflection (those that reflect and show their grammatical case and those that do not), definiteness, gender and other considerations.

·          gender: all nouns are either

o    masculine or

o    feminine

·          plurality: all nouns are either

o    singular,

o    dual, or

o    plural

·          derivation: all nouns are either

o    not derived and nothing is derived from them,

o    a source of derivation (also known as a gerund), or

o    derived from a gerund

·          definiteness: all nouns are either

o    indefinite or

o    definite

·          grammatical reflection

o    many sub-categories

Arabic morphology has its own way of classifying and dealing with verbs. The main topic of grammar, however, is grammatical inflection . In light of this concept, grammar divides verbs into the following categories.

·          ماضي (perfect): the past tense verb

·          مضارع (imperfect): this includes the present, future, prohibition and all variations

·          أمر حاضر معروف (imperative): this includes only the active, second-person conjugations of the command verb

The Grammatical Inflection tutorial discusses which of the above types of verbs inflect for grammatical case, and the Grammatical Reflection tutorial discusses how that inflection is reflected on the verb.

There are less than 80 particles in the entire language. Due to the number being so small, it is possible to categorize them based on their meanings and their effects, explaining the meaning of each particle one by one.

Particles are divided into the following 15 categories.

1.        حروف الجر : genitival particles

2.        الحروف المشبهة بالفعل : the particles that resemble verbs

3.        الحروف العاطفة : conjunctions (e.g. “and”)

4.        حروف التنبيه : particles used for alerting (e.g. “Hey!”)

5.        حروف النداء : vocative particles (e.g. “O”)

6.        حروف الإيجاب : particles for affirmative answers (e.g. “yes”)

7.        حروف الردع : particles used for negative answers (e.g. “never”)

8.        الحروف الزائدة : extra

9.        حروف التفسير : particles that introduce an explanatory sentence (e.g. “i.e.”)

10.    حروف المصدر : gerundival particles

11.    حروف التحضيض : particles use for prodding

12.    حروف القرب : particles used to indicate nearness in time or certainty (e.g. “has/had”)

13.    حروف الإستفهام : interrogative particles

14.    حروف الشرط : conditional particles

15.    Miscellaneous

Since there are so many categories, they will not be discussed at this point.

Having now developed the 3 parts of speech to some extent, let’s now speak about the phrase in Arabic grammar. The rest of this tutorial will deal with the most common phrase structures in Arabic grammar.

Intro to Phrases in Arabic Grammar

When we talk about speech in Arabic grammar , we typically divide it into three categories:

·          words

·          phrases

·          sentences

There are many types of phrases in the language – over a dozen, in fact. Each of these are introduced slowly and gradually as a student studies sentences and grammatical structures. They are studied as needed and as encountered.

Two types of phrases, however, are of fundamental importance and they are very productive in the language. These are:

·          the adjectival phrase (a noun and an adjective describing it)

·          the possessive phrase (two nouns, one “belonging” to the other)

The Adjectival Phrase

What is the english equivalent.

Examples of this type of phrase in English include “the ferocious lion”, “the slow children”, “an unfortunate accident”.

Notice that we have two words – the first is an adjective and the second is the noun that it describes or qualifies. And needless to say, the adjective will always stay the same while the noun that it describes can be of any gender, plurality, or definiteness. For example, we can say

·          Gender: “the ferocious lion ” and “the ferocious lioness ”

·          Plurality: “the ferocious lion ” and “the ferocious lions ”

·          Definiteness: “ the ferocious lion” and “ a ferocious lion”

How is this Done in Arabic?

So let’s take a look at how this adjectival phrase works in Arabic. In order to do this, consider the example below.

الأَسَدُ الضَارِيْ the ferocious lion

The first thing to notice is that, in Arabic, the noun comes first and the adjective follows it (reading from right to left, of course). In the example, the word “ الأسد ” is the noun and it is called مَوْصُوْف (one being described) and “ الضاري ” is the adjective and it is termed صِفَة (description).

A single noun may have many successive adjectives, as in the following example.

الأَطْفَالُ البِطَاءُ السِمَانُ

the slow, fat children

Arabic Grammar Rules

Unlike in English, where the adjective stays the same and the noun inflects for gender, plurality, and definiteness, both parts in Arabic must match. And the aspects in which they match are four:

1.        gender – masculine or feminine

2.        plurality – singular, dual, or plural

3.        definiteness – definite or indefinite

4.        grammatical case – nominative, accusative, or genitive

That is to say, if the noun being described is masculine, then the adjective(s) will also be masculine. If it is feminine, then the adjective(s) will also be feminine. And similarly, the adjective(s) will follow the noun in being singular, dual, plural, definite, indefinite, nominative, accusative, and genitive. The grammatical case of the noun will be based on the circumstances of the sentence. But the case of the adjective will have to match.

Below are a few examples. Confirm that the noun and its adjective(s) are matching in gender . There are 4 ways in which a noun could be feminine but, usually, words in Arabic are feminine if they end in the round ة , and they are masculine otherwise.

Below are a few more illustrations of the noun and adjective. Confirm that they match in plurality. If a noun is dual, it will end in either the ـانِ or the ـيْنِ suffix. Plurality is more complicated.

Confirm that the words below match in definiteness. A word can be definite in 7 ways. Some of these include having the الـ prefix, being a proper noun, and being possessive.

Finally, confirm that the words below match in grammatical case. Grammatical case can be reflected in 9 ways but, usually, a word is said to be nominative if it’s last letter has a ضمة , accusative if it has a فتحة , and genitive if it has a كسرة .

But it is important to understand that all of gender, plurality, definiteness, and grammatical case are non-trivial issues. They have their rulings and their place in Arabic grammar. To get an idea of this, below is a   noun-adjective phrase which does not seemingly match in three of the four mentioned aspects. In reality, the words do match, but this will only become apparent after studying more grammar.

The Possessive Phrase

The English equivalent of a possessive phrase is, for example, “the pelican’s bill” or one can say “the bill of the pelican”.

Notice that two nouns are used here. With the adjectival phrase, one noun and one adjective was used. Moreover, both nouns will inflect for gender, plurality, and definiteness and each worries about its own inflection. In the adjectival phrase, it was only the noun that inflected for these things and the adjective simply followed suit.

Consider the phrases below for tangible examples of gender, plurality, and definiteness. Read these examples, but do not spend too much effort analyzing them; they are here simply to illustrate a point and are not meant to be the topic of discussion.

·          Gender:

o    both masculine: a man’s son

o    1 st masculine and 2 nd feminine: a man’s daughter

o    1 st feminine and 2 nd masculine: a woman’s son

o    both feminine: a woman’s daughter

·          Plurality

o    both singular: the pelican’s bill

o    1 st singular and 2 nd plural: the pelican’s eyes

o    1 st plural and 2 nd singular: the pelicans’ home

o    both plural: the pelicans’ bills

·          Definiteness

o    definite: the pelican’s bill

o    indefinite: a pelican’s bill

Consider the example below.

مِنْقَار البَجَعَةِ

the pelican’s bill

Notice that in Arabic, we follow the “ X of Y ” structure, where the thing being possessed comes first and the one possessing it comes second. In the example, the first noun – the thing possessed – is “ منقار ” and it is termed the مُضَاف . The second noun – the possessor – is “ البجعة ” and it is termed the مُضَاف إلَيْه .

A point worth noting here is that this phrase doesn’t always denote possession; it merely establishes a form of association between the two nouns that’s a lot like possession. Compare the translations in the examples below for an idea of what this really means. Sometimes the second noun genuinely doesn’t “possess” the first, and sometimes it’s the translation that distorts the “possession”.

When speaking about the adjectival phrase, recall that we considered four aspects:

·          gender

·          plurality

·          definiteness

·          grammatical case

Gender & Plurality

Both the first and second noun in a possessive phrase worry about their own gender and plurality, just as in English. Consider the examples below.

Definiteness

As for definiteness, however, the first noun derives its definiteness from the second. If the second is definite, so too will the first be definite. And   if the second is indefinite, then the first will be indefinite also. This is the same in English. Consider the following.

Aside : A small point to note here is that even when the second noun is indefinite, the first noun may be indefinite, but it does have some specificity. For example, in the phrase “a pelican’s bill” the word “bill” may be indefinite, but it’s still slightly specific in the sense that we know it’s a pelican’s bill and not an eagle’s, or a sparrow’s, or any other bird’s.

As a result of this definiteness situation, the first noun in a possessive phrase will never have the definite article الـ , nor will it have nunation ( تنوين ). Moreover, the نون that is the suffix for duality and masculine sound plurality will also drop.

Consider the examples below. Notice that the first word does not have any of the four mentioned affixes.

Grammatical Case

When we talked about the adjectival phrase, we said that the grammatical case of the noun – whatever it may be – will carry over to the adjective. Here however, the first noun – whatever it’s grammatical case may be – will always render the second noun genitive. And this is clear from all the examples above; the first noun will be reflected based on the circumstances of the sentence, and the second noun will be fixed genitive.

Adjectival Phrase

·          the noun comes first and the adjective(s) follow

·          the adjectives must match the noun in

o    gender

o    plurality

o    definiteness

o    the grammatical case of the noun will be determined by external factors; the case of the adjectives will be determined by the noun (they will match it)

Possessive Phrase

·          the thing possessed (a noun) comes first and the owner (also a noun) comes second

·          the meaning of this structure is not always that of possession as it’s generally understood

·          the two nouns worry about their own gender and plurality

·          the definiteness of the first noun is determined by that of the second noun

·          the first noun will never have الـ , تنوين , nor the نون suffix of the dual or sound masculine plural

·          the grammatical case of the first noun will be determined by external factors; the case of the second noun will always be genitive

Below is a list of very common phrases – both adjectival and possessive. Read each one carefully and try your best to verify that the associated Arabic grammar rules are being applied.

Notice that some of the adjectival phrases have multiple adjectives, some of the possessive phrases are compound, and some phrases are a combination of the two types. See if you can confirm that the rules you’ve learned apply in each of these complex cases.

Lesson Index

Below you will find a Lesson Index for just the Arabic Grammar related lessons we have on this website.

(Other areas of the Arabic language such as the Arabic Alphabet, Morphology, vocabulary lists, and Arabic Rhetoric should be accessed through the menu at the top of every page).

Core Arabic Grammar Topics

• Lesson 1: Introduction to Arabic Grammar
• Lesson 2: Parts of Speech in Arabic
• Lesson 3: Types of Phrases in Arabic
• Lesson 4: Arabic Sentences
• Lesson 5: What is Inflection or Declension in Arabic (الإعراب)
• Lesson 6: Declinable vs. Indeclinable Words in Arabic (المعرب والمبني)
• Lesson 7: Methods of Reflection (أصناف إعراب الإسم والفعل)
• Lesson 8: Diptotes (الممنوع من الصرف)
• Lesson 9: Grammatical Processes within Nominal Sentences
• Lesson 10: Grammatical Processes within Verbal Sentences
• Lesson 11: Arabic Adverbs and Direct Objects
• Lesson 12: Haal or the Circumstantial Adverb in Arabic
• Lesson 13: Tamyiz in Arabic (Disambiguation)
• Lesson 14: Mustathna (Exclusion)
• Lesson 15: The Genitive Case in Arabic (المجرورات)
• Lesson 16: Arabic Grammar Summary
• Lesson 17: Sentence Parsing and How It’s Done

Arabic Grammar Subtopics

• Lesson 18: Definiteness and Arabic Pronouns
• Lesson 19: Masculine and Feminine in Arabic
• Lesson 20: Singular and Plural Nouns in Arabic
• Lesson 21: Broken Plurals and How to Form Them
• Lesson 22: Arabic Numbers
• Lesson 23: List of Arabic Word Patterns
• Lesson 24: Types of ما
• Proceed to the next lesson: Arabic Sentences
• Go to the home page: Learn Arabic Online

Arabic Grammar FAQ

Is arabic an svo language.

VSO is the default for verbal sentences in Arabic. A verb and 2 nouns in Arabic can be arranged in 6 different ways though. Depending on what’s more important, a speaker can begin the sentence with the subject or object, resulting in SVO, OSV or any other possible arrangement. This is because the grammar is not determined by sequence, but rather through inflection.

Is Arabic grammar hard?

Arabic can be difficult if it’s taught as a series of disconnected Arabic grammar rules with too much emphasis on rote memorization. Especially early on this can lead to overwhelm and it’s the main reason students quit. However, if the core of how the language works is taught first by focusing on the single topic of grammatical inflection, learning Arabic can be made easy and actually becomes enjoyable and very manageable.

Is Arabic gendered?

Only nouns in Arabic have gender. There is masculine and feminine and no neutral. A noun does not need to have anything to be masculine. Femininity on the other hand requires a sign such as a round ta.

How many pronouns are there in Arabic?

60 in total. This considers pronouns which are used to represent nouns in all three cases, both attached versions and detached versions.

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• e-Arabic Learners Portal | بوابة التعليم الإلكتروني لطلاب اللغة العربية

USEFUL PHRASES for Writing in Arabic

• Skill Level:  Beginners, Intermediate & Advanced
• Resources : Written by Mourad Diouri, U. of Edinburgh
• Useful Writing Techniques for Summarising Arabic Texts  
• Talking about my Family in Arabic [Useful Expressions]
• Talking about my Experience w/ Crime and the Law [Useful Arabic Expressions]
• Talking about Places: Common Conversation Questions [Beg.]
•   Talking about the Future [Useful Arabic Expressions]
•   Talking about Time [Useful Arabic Expressions]
• Talking About Tourism & Travelling [Useful Arabic Expressions]
• Arabic Letter Writing [Useful Expressions]

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• Video Catalogue | Languages and Humanities Centre 1

Arabic Literature الأدب العربي: Arabic Fiction - The novel الرواية العربية

• Home الصفحة الرئيسية
• General Handbooks & Guides
• Dictionaries, Thesauri, & Acronyms
• Database Research
• Encyclopedias
• Bibliographies, Autobiographies & Bio-bibliographies & سيرذاتية * ببليوغرافيات
• Journals & Persiodicals دوريات ومجلات
• الأدب العربي* العصر الجاهلي = ‘Agnostic’ or Jahiliyah (Pre-Islamic) & Early Islam Literature
• Classical (Islamic Era) & Medieval Arabic Literature الأدب العربي الكلاسيكي و العصر الوسيط
• الشعر العربي * Arabic Poetry "The Register of the Arabs” * "ديوان العرب"
• Arabic Fiction - The novel الرواية العربية
• Science Fiction (Arabic literature) أدب الخيال العلمي
• Help مساعدة

Individual Authors (Selection)

• Writing the revolution. Egypt’s leading novelist surveys the Arab uprising [PROFILE of Egyptian novelist Alaa Al Aswany] by Wendell Steavenson.  The New Yorker . January 16, 2012
• Aishah Abd al-Rahman
• Taqrir Lajnat Fahs Riwayat "Walimah li-Ashab al-Bahr" (al-Hayat 5/11/2000) ARABIC--[PDF]
• Interview with Haydar Haydar (al-Hayat 5/11/2000) [PDF])
• Ajwa' tudhakkir bi-maqtal Fudah wa-muhawalat ightiyal Najib Mahfuz [Atmosphere Reminds of Fudah's Assassination and Attempt on Life of Najib Mahfuz] (al-Hayat 5/18/2000: p.5 [PDF])
• "Walimah li-Ashab al-Bahr" ... Ala wajh al-kitabah al-riwaiyah / Waddah Shararah
• Raja al-Naqqash Yafdah al-Alaqah Bayna "Dhakirat al-Jasad wa-al-"Walimah" [Ahlam Mustaghanimi 7& Haydar Haydar] (al-Hayat 3/4/2001: p. 16)
• Sonallah Ibrahim: Egypt¹s Oracular Novelist  by Robyn Creswell
• The Imagination as Transitive Act: an Interview with Sonallah Ibrahim  by  Elliott Colla
• Dossier  in  al-Âdâb  (2008)
• In Memoriam: Suheil Idriss (1925-2008) Founder of Al Adab ‘moved the waters’ of Arab Literature  / By Mahmoud Saeed (This essay appears in Al Jadid, Vol. 15, no. 60 (2009))
• Banipal (UK) - Contributors -  Suhail Idriss
• Saudi Arabian writer Abdo Khal wins International prize for Arabic fiction  (Abdo Khal's satirical Saudi Arabian novel Spewing Sparks as Big as Castles wins $60,000 'Arabic Booker') /  guardian.co.uk , Wednesday 3 March 2010.
• Who are the ‘Arabic Booker’ Nominees? Abdo Khal
• Is the Arab world ready for a reading revolution?  (Abdo Khal's 'Arabic Booker'-winning novel is effectively banned in his native Saudi Arabia. But he says a new generation of readers is seeking out his work)
• Naguib Mahfouz
• Naguib Mahfouz, a Bibliography: Arabic, English, French.
• A Brief Guide to Naguib Mahfouz and Modern Arabic Prose
• The Mahfouz Dialogs by Gamal al-Ghitani  / Humphrey Davies
• NOBEL LECTURE, December 8, 1988 by NAGUIB MAHFOUZ  (Read at the Swedish Academy by Mr. Mohammed Salmawy (first in Arabic, then in English) 

• Egypt's Revolution Foreseen in Fiction  : "BEFORE THE THRONE" BY NAGUIB MAHFOUZ / Raymond Stock (Foreign Policy Research Institute, May 10, 2011).
• Ninetieth birthday: Interviews, Essays, etc. ---------PT. 1 (al-Hayat 12/5/2001) ARABIC--[PDF]
• -------------------------------------------------------------------PT. 2 (al-Hayat 12/5/2001) ARABIC--[PDF]
• -------------------------------------------------------------------PT. 3 (al-Hayat 12/5/2001) ARABIC--[PDF]
• Naguib Mahfouz / The AUC Library  [video]
• Cruelty of memory : To have taken history not only seriously but also literally is the central achievement of Mahfouz's work, argues Edward Said (Al-Ahram Weekly Online,13 - 19 December 2001, Issue No.564)
• A Cairo Storyteller With Time to Dream (The New York Times, September 16, 2002)
• Lexical Cohesion in the Translated Novels of Naguib Mahfouz: the Evidence from The Thief and the Dogs.

نجيب محفوظ والقضية الفلسطينية

• Novelist Abd al-Rahman Munif dies / al Jazeera, 24 January 2004
• Abd al-Rahman Munif (misc. essays about him) / al-Hayat, Saturday, 25 January, 2004, p. 16 [PDF-ARABIC]
• Abd al-Rahman Munif fi al-Riwayah al-Arabiyah / Antwan Al-Maqdisi, al-Hayat, 26 January, 2004, p. 16 [PDF-ARABIC]
• Farewell to Munif A Patriarch of Arab Literature  By TARIQ ALI (January 31 / February 1, 2004, CounterPunch)
• Project Khalid
• The Book of Khalid  can be read online at  Project Gutenberg  & Here  Gutenberg
• Arab-American literature/English and Arabic
• For Writer Ameen Rihani, A Postscript and An Introduction (Washington Post, Monday, April 22, 2002; Page C01)
• Google Doodle الطيب صالح
• Tayeb Salih Biography | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays
• Ali Salim : Egyptian Writer Shunned for His Views on Israel
• AL-Hayat (London), Special on Muhammad Shukri, 2003/11/17. p. 18 [PDF-ARABIC]
• "Muhammad Shukri Yarhal 'An 64 Sanah" = Muhammad Shukri, 64, Passes Away / AL-Hayat (London), 2003/11/17
• "Muhammad Shukri Yarhal Tarikan Adab al-Fadihah Zahirah Faridah" = Muhammad Shukri Dead, Leaving Scandal Literature A Unique Phenomenon / AL-Hayat (London), 2003/11/17
• Briefing for an Inquisition / By Robert Irwin [Review of THE COMMITTEE]

Literature Prizes * جوائز أدبية

الجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية

The annual International Prize for Arabic Fiction (IPAF) is given to a novel in Arabic which IPAF's judges consider to be the best of that year. The International Prize for Arabic Fiction (IPAF), modelled on the internationally acclaimed Man Booker Prize , is the most prestigious and important literary prize in the Arab world. Its aim is to reward excellence in contemporary Arabic creative writing and to encourage the readership of high quality Arabic literature internationally through the translation and publication of winning and shortlisted novels in other major languages. 

Translations: One of the main aims of the International Prize for Arabic Fiction is to encourage the translation of Arabic literature into other languages.

الفلسطيني ربعي المدهون يفوز بالجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية «بوكر » 2016

April 26, 2016

لندن- «القدس العربي»: توّجت رواية «مصائر»: كونشرتو الهولوكوست والنكبة»، للفلسطيني ربعي المدهون، أمس الثلاثاء، بالجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية «بوكر» 2016، وقيمتها 50 ألف دولار أمريكي، إضافة إلى ترجمة العمل للغة الإنكليزية.

تحميل رواية مصائر.pdf ربعي المدهون – بيت الحكمة

السيدة من تل أبيب PDF - ربعي المدهون | غرفة القراءة

طعم الفراق PDF - ربعي المدهون | غرفة القراءة

Video Presentations

Tayeb Salih الطيب صالح ‎; 12 July 1929 – 18 February 2009

Arabic Graphic Novel * روايات مصورة عربية

روايات مصورة عربية, arab graphic novels and comics from the middle east - goodreads, nineteen graphic novels set in the middle east - the national, 10 graphic novels from & about the arab world — afikra | عفكرة, five of the best arab comic and graphic novels , middle east and maghreb graphic novels - goodreads, the apartment in bab el-louk.

A blue door graces the front cover of the graphic novel,  The Apartment in Bab el-Louk , written by Donia Maher and illustrated by Ganzeer. It earned the title the’ noir of Arab graphic novels.’ The novel has been described as a  “fabulous noir poem,”  and it is unique because it doesn’t fit any narrative styles or genre norms (?). The artist chose to focus more on art and on little details, the glossy pages of the novel features aesthetic portraits of everyday Cairo.

“In just 84 pages, downtown Cairo comes to life in all its messy glory.” (Bookblast). 

The novel is revealing it gives readers an intimate look inside apartment Bab el-Louk. Right in the middle of Downtown Cairo where one can easily forget each other, caught in the bustle and roaring of the busy city there is a stillness in each apartment, a recluse from the outside world (a refugee from the outside).

As readers flip through the pages of the novel, they are introduced to a new apartment with new strangers (each page is a new apartment with new strangers) and get an inside look on their private world. It almost feels like prying. The intimacy is meant to offer a new perspective that despite our close proximity we are world apart. The apartments are personal and each item is an expression of the resident’s character, personality. and life experiences. Though the items are the same, every person that uses it is different and has their own unique story. The novel is a reminder of how we tend to forget that those around us are like us, they are human too.

Surprisingly, the novel was published as an experiment and won the Kahil Award for Best Graphic Novel in 2015. The novel is an immersive experience as the beauty of Cairo is presented to readers on glossy pages and aesthetic portraits, exploring the city’s richness, from the rich to the poor, to the young and the old.

The Unwanted: Stories of the Syrian Refugees

How does it feel to be unwanted, to have no home or future, nowhere to turn to? Syrian refugees are caught between two harsh realities, having no home and feeling like they don’t belong. The novel is a must read its as if you are walking in their shoes. After escaping war and losing everything Syrians must deal with the mental and physical toll of war. There is the mental strain of invisibility, being casted aside and ignored, feeling unwanted, and having been forced to leave their home, combined with the physical toll of fleeing day to day, traveling long distances, starving, suffering from sleep deprivation and exhaustion. These are some examples they had to deal with, having travelled from their turmoiled home to a safer one. Where can Syrian Refugees go to for help if no one wants to offer a lending hand.

This graphic novel was published in 2018, at the height of the Syrian refugee crisis. Syrians at the time were dealing with the world turning their backs on them, at first they were welcomed with open arms but the problems of overpopulation, funding, resources and a growing resentment of natives dealing with a never-ending flood of people overtook the beginning sentiments of compassion, and willingness to help. Europeans and North Americans were blinded by fear and politics and the resentment and hostility began to bubble towards Syrian refugees in their homeland. Slowly refugees began to feel unwanted and like a problem.

The graphic novel is a gold mine because it is “shining a light on the stories of the survivors,” they are more than refugees but humans. The readers are given an intimate look on how does it feel to be a refugee, especially a Syrian refugee at the height of global media attention, and an ever- growing hate.

Where to, Marie?

This graphic novel is a must-read, it stresses an important topic of women in Lebanon and their plight against sexism and fight for equality. The women in the novel are not in favor of westernization but to be liberated in their own way, to be liberated the Lebanese way. They yearn to be free of sexism but without losing their Arab identity claiming that feminism is not a western ideology, but is “indigenous to Arab society.”

The stories are refreshing and it is a new perspective on the plight of women, not what we think Arab women go through, but what they actually go through. The novel focuses on the life of the stories of 5 fictional characters and the stories are based on research done between 2010- 2015, a collection of personal stories of Lebanese women from different generations.

The novel also offers a fresh perspective on the Lebanese civil war and its effect on women. The novel is intense as it is aesthetic, showing the real complexity of issues told by women and not men. Each woman offers a unique perspective on what’s it like being a female in Lebanon as they share their values, perceptions on Lebanese society and their opinion on Arab norms, culture, and customs.

Only in Dubai: An Essential Guide to the Emirate’s Expats

The graphic novel  Only in Dubai: An Essential Guide to the Emirate’s Expats,  sheds light on the life for expiates living in Dubai. There is more to Dubai than meets the eye, it is more than its luxury, it is more about its people, culture, and different way of living. Each expat shares their personal story of what its like living in this man-made desert city. The novel entertains its audience with different experiences, expats who love Dubai and those that don’t and it is twenty chapters of pure bliss, comedy and authenticity.

Poppies of Iraq

Poppies of Iraq, is a graphic novel detailing the life of an orthodox Christian family growing up in Saddam era Iraq. This graphic novel is an intimate account, offering sparing details of the main character’s childhood and what it was like living as a Christian in Iraq. The main character illuminates the readers on everyday life, from its cultural practices, education system, to its treatment of Orthodox Christians. Saddam’s regime, becoming oppressive over time, changed the life for not only her and her family but millions as the country shifted from a secular country with years of peaceful co-existence between faiths and peoples, to a country riddled with sectarian fighting. With Iraq’s stability falling down the rabbit hole and worsening as separatist fighters are hung in public, she is forced her family to leave with her family.

After her family escape to Paris, author Brigitte feels lost and she feeling like she doesn’t belong in Paris. Having feeling estranged in her homeland and not feeling like she belongs in her new land, she is forced to find meaning in a home that is not her own.

The Arab of the Future = L’Arabe du futur

The Arab of the Future, L’Arabe du futur , is an award-winning graphic novel written and drawn by French- Syrian Riad Sattoufm. It is a memoire, (detailed narrative of life under Arab dictators),, an intimate illustration of Sattouf’s childhood to his adult life, 1970s-1990s. Having grown up in France, Libya, and Syria he recounts the feelings he had from each country.

His father calls him Arab of the future, raising his son with ideals in hopes of becoming a better Arab. In his childhood, he travels from Syria, to Libya, to France, and back again to Syria. He must deal with the frustrations of being half white and half Syrian; him being a kid with blonde hair gets him bullied by other children. Throughout his personal journey, he grew up with two clashing ideals, French secular ones and Arab conservatism. He witnessed first hand the oppression of people from authoritarian governments.

Throughout the novel, symbolism is pertinent, and the author uses colors to represent meaning. The color red symbolizes anything dangerous or violent, and any speech that is loud. Non-verbal noises are green. What is odd is certain countries mean specific colors, France is blue, Libya is yellow, Syria is pink.

The graphic novel has garnered international attention and has been translated into sixteen languages. The book focuses on his father, his change from an idealist to authoritarian, and his changing perception from young Sattouf to older Sattouf. The novel is a journey of how life’s event has shifted his perception and ideals.

Anthologies * Collections

Arabic Fiction: a Bilbiography

Arabian Folklore: 7 Myths And Legends Of The Arab World   [ From Harper’s Bazaar Arabia’s September 2021 issue ]

Traditional Arab Folktales

al-Riwāyah : qaḍāyā wa-āfāq : majallah faṣlīyah tuʻná bi-al-ibdaʻ al-riwāʼī al-maḥallī wa-al-ʻālamī / ǂc [taḥrīr Midḥat al-Jayyār]. القاهرة : الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، -<2014>

Arabic Novel In Translation: Reading List   *  الرواية العربية المترجمة: قائمة القراءة  

قائمة أفضل مئة رواية عربية - ويكيبيديا.

• Arabic Political Fiction in English Translation: A Bibliography
• The Arab Novel: Visions of Social Reality / By Andrea Shalal-Esa
• Arabic novels in English translation
• Arabic Literature (in English)
• Arabic into English  ( Banipal: Magazine of Arab Literature, Spring, Summer & Autumn/Winter 2002)
• Translating contemporary Iraq’s Arabic literature: ten years of Banipal’s record, 1998–2008 / Salih J. Altoma   (International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies Volume 3 Number 3© 2009).
• Contemporary Short Stories by Kuwaiti Women: A Study of Their Social Context and Characteristics

The Kuwaiti short story - Enlighten: Theses - University of Glasgow

Feminism and Postmodernism in Kuwaiti Women's Fiction

" Dead tyrants, foiled dreams and failed states: How Arab literature captures the spirit of the times ," By Khalid Hajji - 07 Feb. 2020.

10 modern Arab writers who are proving that Arabic still matters

• " Mapping Women Writers in the Mahjar " --  StoryMap from the  Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies at NC State.
• Teaching Arab women's literature: / Radwa Wshour's Gharnāṭa  Caroline Seymour-Jorn - Jstor 

        هل نجحت الرواية الخليجية في تفكيك الخطاب العنصري؟

خطاب العنصرية في الرواية الخليجية... الهامش والمهمّش

منعطفات الرواية العربيّة. . منذ النكسة حتى احتلال العراق ... - مجلة الفيصل

هل أصبحت أسماء الروايات العربية الجديدة فخاخا لاصطياد ... - صحيفة العرب

 - الرواية العربية: الإبداع وكسر التابوهات

العرب والرواية التركية.. متى نتخلى عن الوسيط الأوروبي؟ | نون بوست, مجلة فكر الثقافية - الغرب ونشأة الرواية العربية, العمارة والمدينة والرواية - تحليل العمران المصري والعربي في الإبداع الروائي المعاصر, "الرواية النسوية خارج فضاءات الوطن" يناقش الأدب النسوي العراقي .

• << Previous: الشعر العربي * Arabic Poetry "The Register of the Arabs” * "ديوان العرب"
• Next: Science Fiction (Arabic literature) أدب الخيال العلمي >>
• Last Updated: Jun 12, 2024 11:28 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.cornell.edu/ArabicLiterature

Egypt , Lit Lists , WiTMonth #WITMonth , Amal Al Banna , Camellia Hussein , Egypt , Esraa Mokaidam , Farah Abey , Hend Ja'far , Miral al-Tahawy , Radwa Ashour , Salwa Bakr , Sherin Younis , Women in Translation Month

9 Short Stories by Egyptian Women, in Translation

In 1993, University of Texas Press brought out a collection of short stories by Egyptian women, in translation, edited by Marilyn Booth, called My Grandmother’s Cactus :

In her introduction, Booth notes that Egyptian women writers have been contributing to the short-story genre since the 1890s; her collection presents work by eight writers whose work began to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s: Salwa Bakr, Seham Bayomi, Mona Ragab, Etidal Osman, Ibtihal Salem, Neamat el-Biheiri, Radwa Ashour, and Sahar Tawfiq.

Although this list does include short stories by Radwa Ashour and Salwa Bakr — who also has a whole collection, The Wiles of Men , translated by Denys Johnson-Davies — it largely focuses on work by women writers who emerged in the ’90s, ’00s, and ’10s.

Esraa Mokaidam’s “ Red, Shiny, and Pleasing to the Eyes ,” translated by Basma Ghalayini

Egyptian storyteller and scriptwriter Esraa Mokaidam published her first poetry collection in colloquial Egyptian in 2014, won first place for the short story coffee library project contest in 2016, and second place for the Goethe Institute Cairo Short Stories competition in 2018. Her “ Red, Shiny, and Pleasing to the Eyes ” was translated by Ghalayini; it centers around a strange wooden mannequin who stands in, brilliantly, for a wife. It opens:

She stood naked in the window display; still, she seemed fully made up. This was not the first time he had seen her, with her red cascading hair setting her apart from the bald ones. However, the cause of the crowd this morning was her round breasts which she had exposed for the first time.

Amal Al Banna’s “ The Drowned ,” translated by Ahmed Salah Al-Mahdi

This tale, which mixes elements of horror, folktales, and magical realism, opens on a moonless night.

It was a harsh cold night, and the moon was nowhere to be seen. It was at the end of its cycle, the high clouds covering its penumbra and concealing the light of the stars. The superstitious say the spirits live at night, and that they even take over the roads, especially during the long winter nights. Thunder, they say, is nothing but the sound of their fighting, and lightning the blood from their endless wars.

Farah Abey’s “ Behind the Casuarina Trees ,” translated by Katharine Halls

Egyptian author Farah Abey, born in 1998, writes short stories and reviews books and films. Her “ Behind the Casuarina Trees ,” translated by Halls, is a surreal, meta-folktale set around the village of Kafr al-Walga, in which: 

The deeds of our ancestresses were passed on. The craft of fashioning a story in this way was inherited by generation after generation. The killers were given distinctive details to ensure that the story born would be exciting, that trees and tongues would pass it on.

Hend Ja’far’s “ Running in Circles ,” translated by Basma Ghalayini

Hend Jaʿfar is a writer and academic from Ismailiyya who works in the manuscripts department at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Her story, “The Soul at Rest,” appeared in her first collection, which was published in 2015 and took a Sawiris Prize. A translation by Basma Ghalayini appeared in  The Book of Cairo , ed. Raph Cormack, and she spoke about storycraft with ArabLit . “Running in Circles,” also translated by Ghalayini, begins with a dream that seeps into the protagonist’s waking life:

About a year ago, specifically on the night of 28 October, I dreamt that I was running scared in a circular forest filled with medium-height, triangular-shaped trees. The trees had been attentively pruned by some gardener whom I hadn’t met in my dream so far, but the exaggerated coordination of the forest made me imagine him to be a dexterous man with phenomenally skilled workmanship and a rigid mind, explaining why he had duplicated the forest trees from originals in public parks.  No one was chasing me, but the density of trees formed a maze that made running necessary.

Sherin Younis, “ A Fish in Search of Its Limbs ,” translated by Enas El-Torky

This surreal story about motherhood in search of a self opens:

Drowsily, I opened my eyes, only to be overwhelmed by a strong fishy smell that made me nauseous. I cursed the allergy that transformed my nose into a hotbed of intermingling scents, prone to sudden bouts of flu. It looked like a fake clown nose, while it was as effective as that of a bloodhound. The smell controlled me like a strong drug, compelling me to wake up, as if it were a higher power. Then it forced me to stagger until I sat on the toilet, then shoved me, unwilling, under the showerhead to take my morning wash, in hopes of getting rid of the scent. And still, my body remained as if hypnotized, the odor holding me in a stupor-like state. 

Camellia Hussein’s “ Spiders ,” translated by Basma Ghalayini

This terrifying short-short story was written as part of Short Stories Cairo, a collaboration between KfW Stiftung and the Goethe-Institut for the promotion of young literary talent. It opens: 

Every morning he shaves his beard so spider legs fall, fill the sink and block the plug hole. He emerges from the bathroom with a soft shiny face, and leaves the sink for me to clean after him.

Miral Al-Tahawy’s “ The Guest ,” translated by Samah Selim

This story, by the Mahfouz Medal-winning Al-Tahawy, focuses on the lives and bodies of women. It opens:

She has become more like her grandmother than her mother, Hend thinks to herself. She remembered how she used to squirm in her grandmother’s lap, an angry child with a bare bottom. She was hard to keep up with as a child, light and thin, teething and crawling and speaking well before any of her brothers did. She proved that she was a creature capable of surviving and flourishing on the barest necessities of life. Her mother often left her to her own devices. She would crawl up the hill behind the western balcony right up to the solitary room roofed in wood and clay that looked, for all the world, like a heavenly dome. They called it “the high place.” A woman sat at its door, a woman that they did not call “Grandmother” but rather “the Guest,” though she never once stepped out of the confines of the family home. “The Guest is sleeping,” they would say, or “The Guest wants such and such” or “Go bring the buttermilk pan from the Guest’s room.”

Salwa Bakr’s “ How The Peasant Woman Kneads Her Dough ,” translated by Srpko Leštarić and Edward Alexander

Stories by Salwa Bakr blend satire, feminism, and folk stories, often setting characters against unachievable desires. This story opens:

The door opened suddenly and the sunlight soaked the dark mud hut which had no other openings. At this, all three monkeys began to shriek and jump up and down, in the hope that it could be the beginning of the end to the suffering which they had endured throughout the whole of the previous night. The first monkey, who was named Zaqzuq by their keeper Sharshar, attempted to be courteous and, when Sharshar burst through the door, raised a hand as though to greet him. He didn’t respond to this in any way, maybe out of haughtiness (since he looked down on the monkeys), but maybe just because he had quickly turned to his wife who had entered after him, leading a goat. They had, namely, brought a goat, for whose presence at that moment the three monkeys could not see a single sane reason. In any case, when Zaqzuq saw that the man did not acknowledge him with any sort of polite gesture, he swallowed the insult and dropped his hand back down onto the floor, as though he were waiting for something.

Radwa Ashour’s “ The Man Sitting in the Park is Waiting ,” translated by Emily Drumsta

This short story, by the great Radwa Ashour, focuses on the interplay between a mother, a son, and a man sitting in the park. It opens:

At first I didn’t notice him. I was busy playing with the little one: he would throw the ball, I’d raise my head to follow it as it flew up high, then I’d run with my arms open to meet it as it fell. The little one was jumping and running, babbling and laughing endlessly, and like him I was running and laughing, though my movements were heavier, my cries fewer.

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تَاجِرُ بَغْدَادَ, بِنْتُ الصَّبَّاغ, الْعُلْبَةُ الْمَسْحُوْرَةُ.

Reading practice

To read and understand an Arabic text without diacritic marks (تَشْكِيلٌ), the reader must be able to infer short vowels (حَرَكَاتٌ) and other common marks such as sukoon (سُكُونٌ) and shadda (شَدَّةٌ). This requires a solid foundation in grammar (ٌنَحْو) and morphology (صَرْفٌ), and a fairly rich vocabulary.

The exercises on this site are designed to help you practice reading without diacritics. To learn how it works, click the link below.

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This is a famous book series for teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. Aimed primarily at young people, the texts from these books cover a range of topics ordered in increasing difficulty.

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StoryLearning

Learn A Language Through Stories

Short Stories In Arabic: Learn A New Language With Stories You Love!

When you're learning Arabic , it can be super-difficult to find books to read at an intermediate level. And yet, reading — and particularly reading short stories — is one of the best, most enjoyable ways to improve your language skills.

Luckily, if you're looking for the best books of short stories in Modern Standard Arabic I can recommend this little gem:

• Short Stories In Arabic For Intermediate Learners

The eight short stories in this book have been written with learners like you in mind. 

This article will fill you in on exactly what to expect when you open the book. And I'll explain why reading short stories is such a satisfying way to master your new language.

Why Short Stories Will Work For Your Learning

Many people are surprised to hear me recommending that they learn through stories. And yet, in all my years of teaching, I've found stories to be the most effective and enjoyable way to learn a new language.

Indeed, in each of the eight languages I've learned, stories have been a vital part of the journey. 

Why? Because they cement the learning into your long term memory in a way that classroom practice and textbooks can't imitate.

When you're reading a story written at the right level, you naturally absorb vocabulary and grammar. 

Here's why stories work:

• You're reading in context. Instead of meeting unfamiliar words and grammar in isolation, you understand them as part of a whole sentence or paragraph. Even if you don't exactly know what they mean, the context lets you make a good guess and carry on.
• The meaning gives you clues. When you're reading a series of related events, they become easy to follow. Fiction is great for language learning because it makes your reading experience so much fun.
• Emotion kicks in. Stories engage you on an emotional level as well as an academic one. Not only does that make the language more memorable, but it also engages your memory cells. So you're more likely to recognise those new words when you come across them again.

Successfully reading a short story brings a tremendous sense of achievement and a real boost to your confidence.

Introducing… “Intermediate Short Stories In Arabic”

I've published one short story book in Modern Standard Arabic so far.

This book uses my unique StoryLearning® method to teach you Arabic naturally through repeated and meaningful exposure to common words and grammar.

Eight, fascinating stories range from thriller and crime through to science fiction and history. What’s more, the plots keep you hooked and you’ll dearly want the characters to succeed.

As is usual in Arabic, the whole book is written right to left , so the first story starts at the back. However, you will find the English introduction at the front. 

Every story is written at the low-mid intermediate (ACTFL) level of Modern Standard Arabic, which equates to B1-B2 of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference.)

You get to read at your level and focus on the plot without feeling overwhelmed with a wall of words you don't understand. 

All of a sudden, reading in Arabic becomes easy. You can ditch the frustration and concentrate on learning instead.

Click here to purchase your copy now.

What's Included In Short Stories In Arabic?

I've crafted these books to be fun and easy to use. Yet they're comprehensive enough to include enough challenges to help you get the most out of your learning.

Inside you'll find: 

• Reading practice that's fun — so you can spend your time with the story instead of the dictionary.
• Controlled language at an intermediate level — helps you read and understand thousands of commonly-used MSA words. 
• Authentic spoken dialogues — introduce conversational expressions and improve your speaking while you read.
• Accessible grammar — learn new structures naturally and with less confusion.
• Vocabulary lists — bolded words throughout the stories let you quickly check their meanings without interrupting your flow.
• Beautifully hand-drawn illustrations — bring the stories to life, making them even more memorable.

Of course, reading stories is vital, but you'll want to practice your listening skills too. 

We can offer you a high-quality new audio recording of Short Stories in Arabic to double your learning; available now for separate purchase.  

And there's also a handy ​Interactive app so you can read, listen and learn all at the same time whether you're at home or on the go! 

Those words “I don't have enough time” should never cross your lips again!

About The Author

In case you’re new here, let me introduce myself. My name is Olly Richards and I’m a language educator, author and polyglot from the UK, who speaks 8 languages.

I’ve created dozens of critically acclaimed language courses and published a bestselling series of short story books in sixteen languages.

I’ve also been featured widely in international press from the BBC to the Independent, and am a regular speaker at international language events.

What Do Readers Say About These Short Story Books?

Students from around the globe love learning with my short story books. But don’t take my word for it.

Here’s how readers describe the experience of learning with short stories: 

Language Teachers Love These Short Story In Arabic Books Too

As you can see, language learners around the world love learning with Short Stories in Arabic. But they’re not the only ones…

Language teachers often tell me how much they enjoy using these stories in their lessons because they make learning fun and minimise all those hours of stressful lesson prep.

Supplementary teaching materials are available to accompany these books for teachers who want quick, easy, and engaging supplementary materials for their lessons.

If you’re a teacher, click here to find out more.

Short Stories In Arabic: A Great Way To Learn Fast & Have Fun!

As you can see, reading short stories in Arabic is one of the best things you can do to improve your language skills.

And best of all… it allows you to learn the language in a fun and natural way, without memorising long lists of words and grammar rules.

So what are you waiting for?

Head on over to Amazon or your favourite local bookshop and grab your copy of my German short story books now!

Click the link below to purchase your copy (available in Kindle & Paperback):

Happy reading!

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